CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Education in the United States - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6eb2adb1-c392-4a46-97b1-8ccb3a18a5bb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Education_in_the_United_States","wgTitle":"Education in the United States","wgCurRevisionId":1259068791,"wgRevisionId":1259068791,"wgArticleId":123427,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pending changes protected pages","Use American English from March 2019","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from May 2016","Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2024","All pages needing cleanup", "Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2024","All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2014","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from November 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009","All articles with self-published sources","Articles with self-published sources from April 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013", "Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Education in the United States","Public education in the United States","Society of the United States"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Education_in_the_United_States","wgRelevantArticleId":123427,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":1259068791,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q861654","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pitman_High_School_Class_of_2019_Graduation_Ceremony_01.jpg/1200px-Pitman_High_School_Class_of_2019_Graduation_Ceremony_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pitman_High_School_Class_of_2019_Graduation_Ceremony_01.jpg/800px-Pitman_High_School_Class_of_2019_Graduation_Ceremony_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pitman_High_School_Class_of_2019_Graduation_Ceremony_01.jpg/640px-Pitman_High_School_Class_of_2019_Graduation_Ceremony_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Education in the United States - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Education_in_the_United_States rootpage-Education_in_the_United_States skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Education+in+the+United+States" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Education+in+the+United+States" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Education+in+the+United+States" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Education+in+the+United+States" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Statistics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Statistics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Attainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Remedial_education_in_college" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remedial_education_in_college"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Remedial education in college </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remedial_education_in_college-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Sex differences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_achievement_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_achievement_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Religious achievement differences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_achievement_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 International comparison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teacher_pay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teacher_pay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Teacher pay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teacher_pay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Educational stages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_childhood_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_childhood_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Early childhood education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_childhood_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early childhood education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_childhood_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preschool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preschool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Preschool </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preschool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-K–12_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#K–12_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 K–12 education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-K–12_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Higher education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Higher education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universities_and_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities_and_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Universities and colleges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities_and_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graduate_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graduate_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Graduate degrees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graduate_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Vocational </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Cost </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Student_loan_debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_loan_debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Student loan debt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_loan_debt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_labor_and_adjunctification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_labor_and_adjunctification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Academic labor and adjunctification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_labor_and_adjunctification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Credential_inflation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Credential_inflation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Credential inflation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Credential_inflation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance_and_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_and_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Governance and funding </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance_and_funding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance and funding subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance_and_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_for_K–12_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_for_K–12_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Funding for K–12 schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_for_K–12_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judicial_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Judicial intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1.1 Federal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1.2 State </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Pensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_for_college" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_for_college"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Funding for college </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_for_college-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Affirmative_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affirmative_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Affirmative action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affirmative_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Behavior </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corporal_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporal_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Corporal punishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporal_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_safety_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_safety_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 School safety and security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_safety_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cheating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.3 Cheating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Curriculum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Content_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Content knowledge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Literacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English-language_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-language_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3 English-language education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-language_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.4 Mathematics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.5 Sex education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT_curriculum_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_curriculum_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.6 LGBT curriculum laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_curriculum_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textbook_review_and_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textbook_review_and_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.7 Textbook review and adoption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textbook_review_and_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigrant_students_and_grade_placement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigrant_students_and_grade_placement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Immigrant students and grade placement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigrant_students_and_grade_placement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inequality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inequality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Inequality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inequality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racial_achievement_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_achievement_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.1 Racial achievement differences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_achievement_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.2 Economic impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_to_prison_pipeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_to_prison_pipeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 School to prison pipeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_to_prison_pipeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardized_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardized_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Standardized testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardized_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cost_of_taking_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_of_taking_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7.1 Cost of taking tests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_of_taking_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reading_and_writing_habits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reading_and_writing_habits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Reading and writing habits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reading_and_writing_habits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_meals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_meals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 School meals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_meals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Education in the United States</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="التعليم في الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التعليم في الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E-d%C9%99_t%C9%99hsil" title="ABŞ-də təhsil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ-də təhsil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukasyon_sa_Estados_Unidos" title="Edukasyon sa Estados Unidos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Edukasyon sa Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kolstv%C3%AD_ve_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1tech_americk%C3%BDch" title="Školství ve Spojených státech amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Školství ve Spojených státech amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildungssystem_in_den_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Bildungssystem in den Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bildungssystem in den Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_educativo_de_Estados_Unidos" title="Sistema educativo de Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema educativo de Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="آموزش در ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آموزش در ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_%C3%A9ducatif_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Système éducatif aux États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système éducatif aux États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%90%EC%9C%A1" title="미국의 교육 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국의 교육" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan_di_Amerika_Serikat" title="Pendidikan di Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendidikan di Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istruzione_negli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Istruzione negli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Istruzione negli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan_di_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Pendidikan di Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendidikan di Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3-%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="АНУ-ын боловсрол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="АНУ-ын боловсрол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onderwijs_in_de_Verenigde_Staten" title="Onderwijs in de Verenigde Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Onderwijs in de Verenigde Staten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="アメリカ合衆国の教育 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国の教育" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQSHda_ta%CA%BClim" title="AQSHda taʼlim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="AQSHda taʼlim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_nos_Estados_Unidos" title="Educação nos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Educação nos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQSh_bilimlendiriw_sistemas%C4%B1" title="AQSh bilimlendiriw sisteması – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="AQSh bilimlendiriw sisteması" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Образование в США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Образование в США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහිදී අධ්‍යාපනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහිදී අධ්‍යාපනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Education in the United States" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kolstvo_v_USA" title="Školstvo v USA – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Školstvo v USA" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulutus_Yhdysvalloissa" title="Koulutus Yhdysvalloissa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koulutus Yhdysvalloissa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utbildning_i_USA" title="Utbildning i USA – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utbildning i USA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri%27nde_E%C4%9Fitim" title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde Eğitim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde Eğitim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Система освіти Сполучених Штатів Америки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Система освіти Сполучених Штатів Америки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ریاستہائے متحدہ میں تعلیمی نظام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاستہائے متحدہ میں تعلیمی نظام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_d%E1%BB%A5c_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Giáo dục Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo dục Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="美国教育 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国教育" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q861654#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Education_in_the_United_States" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Education_in_the_United_States" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Education_in_the_United_States" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&oldid=1259068791" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Education_in_the_United_States&id=1259068791&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEducation_in_the_United_States">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEducation_in_the_United_States">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Education_in_the_United_States&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q861654" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle">Checked</indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-autoreview" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending" title="All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users"><img alt="Page protected with pending changes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2>This is an accepted version of this page</div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Education_in_the_United_States">reviewed</a> on 23 November 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-lead_rewrite" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> may need to be rewritten. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit">improve the lead</a> and read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead layout guide</a>. (November 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Education in the United States of America</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">National education budget (2023-24)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$222.1 billion (0.8% of GDP)<a href="#cite_note-digest-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Per student</th><td class="infobox-data">More than $11,000 (2005)<a href="#cite_note-OCED05-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">General details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">System type</th><td class="infobox-data">Federal, state, local, private</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Literacy (2017 est.)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">99%<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Male</th><td class="infobox-data">99%<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Female</th><td class="infobox-data">99%<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Enrollment (2020<a href="#cite_note-NCES-2020-4">[4]</a>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">49.4 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary</th><td class="infobox-data">34.1 million1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Secondary</th><td class="infobox-data">15.3 million2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Post secondary</th><td class="infobox-data">19 million3</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Attainment</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary diploma</a></th><td class="infobox-data">91% (among 25–68 year-olds, 2018)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Post-secondary diploma</a></th><td class="infobox-data">46.4% (among 25–64 year-olds, 2017)<a href="#cite_note-OCED-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align: left;background:#e6e6ff;">1Includes <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> 2Includes middle school and high school 3Includes <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduate school</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Education in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#002868; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Summary</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States_by_state_or_territory" title="Category:Education in the United States by state or territory">By state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_insular_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Education in insular areas of the United States">in insular areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States_by_subject" title="Category:Education in the United States by subject">By subject area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">History of education in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Chicago" title="History of education in Chicago">History of education in Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Kentucky" title="History of education in Kentucky">History of education in Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">History of education in Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Missouri" title="History of education in Missouri">History of education in Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_New_York_City" title="History of education in New York City">History of education in New York City</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Curriculum topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Normal schools in the United States">Normal schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship_degree" title="Apprenticeship degree">Apprenticeship degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_education_in_the_United_States" title="Art education in the United States">Art education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_education_in_the_United_States" title="Civic education in the United States">Civic education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education_and_programs_within_the_United_States" title="Music education and programs within the United States">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_the_United_States" title="Legal education in the United States">Legal education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school_in_the_United_States" title="Law school in the United States">Law school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Medical education in the United States">Medical education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_States" title="Medical school in the United States">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_degrees_in_the_United_States" title="Nursing degrees in the United States">Nursing degrees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental education in the United States">Environmental education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_education_in_the_United_States" title="Language education in the United States">Language education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education_in_the_United_States" title="Mathematics education in the United States">Mathematics education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex education in the United States">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education_in_the_United_States" title="Vocational education in the United States">Vocational education</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> <a href="/wiki/Education_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Education policy of the United States">Education policy issues</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">Accreditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-tertiary-education_accreditation" title="Pre-tertiary-education accreditation">Primary and secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education accreditation in the United States">Post-secondary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Education finance in the United States">Financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Issues in higher education in the United States">Post-secondary issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_and_financing_issues_facing_higher_education_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost and financing issues facing higher education in the United States">Cost and financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_inflation" title="Educational inflation">Credentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_overproduction" title="Elite overproduction">Elite overproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_unemployment#United_States" title="Graduate unemployment">Graduate unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_financial_aid_in_the_United_States" title="Student financial aid in the United States">Student financial aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_loans_in_the_United_States" title="Student loans in the United States">Student loans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_reform##Contemporary_issues_(United_States)" title="Education reform">Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Charter schools in the United States">Charter schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Educational inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achievement_gaps_in_the_United_States" title="Achievement gaps in the United States">Achievement gaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">Desegregation busing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex differences in education in the United States">Gender achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_Start_(program)" title="Head Start (program)">Head Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_choice" title="School choice">School choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_diversity_in_United_States_schools" title="Racial diversity in United States schools">Racial diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standards-based_education_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Standards-based education reform in the United States">Standards-based reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="School corporal punishment in the United States">School corporal punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_meal_programs_in_the_United_States" title="School meal programs in the United States">School meals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_violence_in_the_United_States" title="School violence in the United States">School violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sexual harassment in education in the United States">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Qatari involvement in higher education in the United States">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education_in_the_United_States" title="Special education in the United States">Special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship_in_the_United_States" title="Apprenticeship in the United States">Apprenticeship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School-to-work_transition" title="School-to-work transition">School-to-work transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Community colleges in the United States">Community colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit higher education in the United States">For-profit higher education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit colleges in the United States">For-profit colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_universities_in_the_United_States" title="List of research universities in the United States">Research universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_school_(United_States)" title="Community school (United States)">Community school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full-service_community_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Full-service community schools in the United States">Full-service community schools</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Levels of education</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education_in_the_United_States" title="Early childhood education in the United States">Early childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_education_in_the_United_States" title="K–12 education in the United States">K–12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Primary education in the United States">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Secondary education in the United States">Secondary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">Post-secondary</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Educational_organizations_based_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Educational organizations based in the United States">Organizations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/16px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/24px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/32px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_the_U.S." title="Template:Education in the U.S."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_the_U.S." title="Template talk:Education in the U.S."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_the_U.S." title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in the U.S."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pitman_High_School_Class_of_2019_Graduation_Ceremony_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pitman_High_School_Class_of_2019_Graduation_Ceremony_01.jpg/220px-Pitman_High_School_Class_of_2019_Graduation_Ceremony_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pitman_High_School_Class_of_2019_Graduation_Ceremony_01.jpg/330px-Pitman_High_School_Class_of_2019_Graduation_Ceremony_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pitman_High_School_Class_of_2019_Graduation_Ceremony_01.jpg/440px-Pitman_High_School_Class_of_2019_Graduation_Ceremony_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The 2019 graduation ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Pitman_High_School" title="Pitman High School">Pitman High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pitman,_New_Jersey" title="Pitman, New Jersey">Pitman, New Jersey</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, education is provided in <a href="/wiki/State_school#United_States" title="State school">public</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private schools</a> and by individuals through <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_the_United_States" title="Homeschooling in the United States">homeschooling</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State governments</a> set overall educational standards, often mandate <a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">standardized tests</a> for <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_education_in_the_United_States" title="K–12 education in the United States">K–12</a> public school systems and supervise, usually through a board of regents, state colleges, and universities. The bulk of the $1.3 trillion in funding comes from <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">local</a> governments, with <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal</a> funding accounting for about $260 billion in 2021<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> compared to around $200 billion in past years.<a href="#cite_note-digest-2">[2]</a> Private schools are free to determine their own curriculum and staffing policies, with voluntary accreditation available through independent regional accreditation authorities, although some state regulation can apply. As of 2013, about 87% of school-age children attended state-funded public schools, about 10% attended tuition and foundation-funded private schools,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and roughly 3% were home-schooled.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Total expenditures for American public elementary and secondary schools amounted to $927 billion in 2020–21 (in constant 2021–22 dollars).<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> By state law, education is <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a> over an age range starting between five and eight and ending somewhere between ages sixteen and nineteen, depending on the state.<a href="#cite_note-US_States-13">[13]</a> This requirement can be satisfied in public or state-certified <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private schools</a>, or an approved home school program. Compulsory education is divided into three levels: <a href="/wiki/Primary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Primary education in the United States">elementary school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_school#United_States" title="Middle school">middle or junior high school</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High_school_in_the_United_States" title="High school in the United States">high school</a>. Numerous publicly and privately administered colleges and universities offer a wide variety of post-secondary education. <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">Post-secondary education</a> is divided into <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a>, as the first tertiary degree, and graduate school. Higher education includes public and private research universities, usually private liberal arts colleges, community colleges, for-profit colleges, and many other kinds and combinations of institutions. College enrollment rates in the United States have increased over the long term.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Student_loans_in_the_United_States" title="Student loans in the United States">student loan debt</a> has also risen to $1.5 trillion. The large majority of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25, and the most prestigious – <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-usnews.com-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The country placed first in the annual <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a> Best Countries for Education rankings.<a href="#cite_note-usnews.com-17">[17]</a> The U.S. has by far the most <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country#United_States" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">Nobel Prize winners</a> in history, with 403 (having won 406 awards).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 2010, the United States had a higher combined per-pupil spending for primary, secondary, and post-secondary education than any other <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> country (which overlaps with almost all of the countries designated as being <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>) and the U.S. education sector consumed a greater percentage of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) than the average OECD country.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 2014, the country spent 6.2% of its GDP on all levels of education—1.0 percentage points above the OECD average of 5.2%.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 2018, primary and secondary per-pupil spending in the United States was 34 percent higher than the OECD average (ranking 5th of 36 countries reporting data), post-secondary per-pupil spending was double the OECD average (ranking 2nd), and the U.S. education sector consumed 6 percent of the U.S. GDP (ranking 6th).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> From 1960 through 2017, per-pupil spending in public kindergartens, primary schools, and secondary schools increased in inflation-adjusted terms from $3,793 to $14,439.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> From 1950 through 2015, student-teacher and student-nonteaching staff ratios in public kindergartens, primary schools, and secondary schools declined from 27.5 students per teacher and 65 students per nonteaching staff member in 1950 to 16.1 students per teacher and 16.1 students per nonteaching staff member in 2015 (with nonteaching staffing increasing by 709%), while teacher salaries declined by 2% in inflation-adjusted terms from 1992 to 2015.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> From 1976 to 2018, enrollment at post-secondary institutions increased by 78% and full-time faculty employed increased by 92%, while full-time administrators employed increased by 164% and other non-faculty staffing increased by 452%, and non-instructional spending increased by 48% from 2010 to 2018 while instructional spending increased by 17%.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Enrollment in post-secondary institutions in the United States declined from 18.1 million in 2010 to 15.4 million in 2021,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> while enrollment in public kindergartens, primary schools, and secondary schools declined by 4% from 2012 to 2022 and enrollment in private schools or <a href="/wiki/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Charter schools in the United States">charter schools</a> for the same age levels increased by 2% each.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> rated U.S. education as 14th best in the world. The <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of American 15-year-olds as 19th in the world in reading literacy, mathematics, and science with the average American student scoring 495, compared with the OECD Average of 488.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 2017, 46.4% of Americans aged 25 to 64 attained some form of post-secondary education.<a href="#cite_note-OCED-5">[5]</a> 48% of Americans aged 25 to 34 attained some form of tertiary education, about 4% above the OECD average of 44%.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> 35% of Americans aged 25 and over have achieved a bachelor's degree or higher.<a href="#cite_note-Census-2019-35">[35]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">History of education in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> encouraged its towns to support free public schools funded by taxation. In the early 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> took the lead in <a href="/wiki/Education_reform" title="Education reform">education reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a> with programs designed by <a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a> that were widely emulated across the North. Teachers were specially trained in <a href="/wiki/Normal_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Normal schools in the United States">normal schools</a> and taught <a href="/wiki/The_three_Rs" title="The three Rs">the three Rs</a> (reading, writing, and arithmetic) and also history and geography. Public education was at the elementary level in most places. After the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> end in 1865, cities began building high schools. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> was far behind <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">northern</a> standards on every educational measure and gave weak support to its segregated all-black schools. However, northern philanthropy and northern churches provided assistance to private black colleges across the South. Religious denominations across the country set up their private colleges. States also opened state universities, but they were quite small until well into the 20th century. In 1823, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Read_Hall" title="Samuel Read Hall">Samuel Read Hall</a> founded the first <a href="/wiki/Normal_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Normal schools in the United States">normal school</a>, the Columbian School in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Vermont" title="Concord, Vermont">Concord, Vermont</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-melrosemirror.media.mit.edu-37">[37]</a> aimed at improving the quality of the burgeoning common school system by producing more qualified teachers. During <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Education" title="United States Office of Education">United States Office of Education</a> was created in an attempt to standardize educational reform across the country. At the outset, the goals of the Office were to track <a href="/wiki/Statistical_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical data">statistical data</a> on schools and provide insight into the educational outcomes of schools in each state. While supportive of educational improvement, the office lacked the power to enforce policies in any state. Educational aims across the states in the nineteenth century were broad, making it difficult to create shared goals and priorities. States like <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, with long-established educational institutions, had well-developed priorities in place by the time the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Education" title="United States Office of Education">Office of Education</a> was established. In the South and the West, however, newly formed common school systems had different needs and priorities.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Competing interests among state legislators limited the ability of the Office of Education to enact change. In the mid-19th century, the rapidly increasing Catholic population led to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">parochial schools</a> in the largest cities. Theologically oriented <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a>, Lutheran, and Jewish bodies on a smaller scale set up their own parochial schools. There were debates over whether tax money could be used to support them, with the answer typically being no. From about 1876, thirty-nine states passed a constitutional amendment to their state constitutions, called <a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a> after <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a>, one of their chief promoters, forbidding the use of public tax money to fund local parochial schools. States passed laws to make <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">schooling compulsory</a> between 1852 (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) and 1917 (<a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>). They also used federal funding designated by the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Land-Grant_Acts" title="Morrill Land-Grant Acts">Morrill Land-Grant Acts</a> of 1862 and 1890 to set up <a href="/wiki/Land_grant_colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Land grant colleges">land grant colleges</a> specializing in agriculture and engineering. By 1870, every state had free elementary schools,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> albeit only in urban centers. According to a 2018 study in the <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Journal" title="The Economic Journal">Economic Journal</a>, states were more likely to adopt compulsory education laws during the Age of Mass Migration (1850–1914) if they hosted more European immigrants with lower exposure to civic values.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Following Reconstruction the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_University" title="Tuskegee University">Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute</a> was founded in 1881 as a state college, in <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee,_Alabama" title="Tuskegee, Alabama">Tuskegee, Alabama</a>, to train "Colored Teachers," led by <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a>, (1856–1915), who was himself a freed slave. His movement spread, leading many other Southern states to establish small colleges for "Colored or Negro" students entitled "A. & M." ("Agricultural and Mechanical") or "A. & T." ("Agricultural and Technical"), some of which later developed into state universities. Before the 1940s, there were very few black students at private or state colleges in the North and almost none in the South.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Responding to the many competing academic philosophies being promoted at the time, an influential working group of educators, known as the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ten" title="Committee of Ten">Committee of Ten</a> and established in 1892 by the <a href="/wiki/National_Education_Association" title="National Education Association">National Education Association</a>, recommended that children should receive twelve years of instruction, consisting of eight years of <a href="/wiki/Elementary_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary education">elementary education</a> (in what were also known as "<a href="/wiki/Grammar_school#United_States" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a>") followed by four years in <a href="/wiki/High_school_in_the_United_States" title="High school in the United States">high school</a> ("freshmen", "sophomores", "juniors" and "seniors"). Gradually by the late 1890s, regional associations of high schools, colleges and universities were being organized to coordinate proper accrediting standards, examinations, and regular surveys of various institutions in order to assure equal treatment in graduation and admissions requirements, as well as course completion and transfer procedures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> By 1910, 72% of children were attending school. Between 1910 and 1940 the <a href="/wiki/High_school_movement" title="High school movement">high school movement</a> resulted in a rapid increase in public high school enrollment and graduations.<a href="#cite_note-Spooner-42">[42]</a> By 1930, 100% of children were attending school, excluding children with significant disabilities or medical concerns.<a href="#cite_note-Spooner-42">[42]</a> Private schools spread during this time, as well as colleges and, in the rural centers, <a href="/wiki/Land_grant_colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Land grant colleges">land grant colleges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spooner-42">[42]</a> In 1922, an attempt was made by the voters of Oregon to enact the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Compulsory_Education_Act" title="Oregon Compulsory Education Act">Oregon Compulsory Education Act</a>, which would require all children between the ages of 8 and 16 to attend <a href="/wiki/State_school#United_States" title="State school">public schools</a>, only leaving exceptions for mentally or physically unfit children, exceeding a certain living distance from a public school, or having written consent from a county superintendent to receive private instruction. The law was passed by popular vote but was later ruled unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in <a href="/wiki/Pierce_v._Society_of_Sisters" title="Pierce v. Society of Sisters">Pierce v. Society of Sisters</a>, determining that "a child is not a mere creature of the state". This case settled the dispute about whether or not private schools had the right to do business and educate within the United States.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> By 1938, there was a movement to bring education to six years of elementary school, four years of junior high school, and four years of high school.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, enrollment in high schools and colleges plummeted as many high school and college students and teachers dropped out to enlist or take war-related jobs.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The 1946 <a href="/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Act" title="National School Lunch Act">National School Lunch Act</a> provided low-cost or free <a href="/wiki/School_meal" title="School meal">school lunch meals</a> to qualified low-income students through subsidies to schools based on the idea that a "full stomach" during the day supports class attention and studying. The 1954 Supreme Court case <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas</a> made racial desegregation of public elementary and high schools mandatory, although white families often attempted to avoid desegregation by sending their children to private secular or religious schools.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In the years following this decision, the number of Black teachers rose in the North but dropped in the South.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 1965, the far-reaching <a href="/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act" title="Elementary and Secondary Education Act">Elementary and Secondary Education Act</a> ('ESEA'), passed as a part of President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/War_on_poverty" title="War on poverty">War on poverty</a>, provided funds for primary and secondary education ('Title I funding'). Title VI explicitly forbade the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/National_curriculum" title="National curriculum">national curriculum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 created the <a href="/wiki/Pell_Grant" title="Pell Grant">Pell Grant</a> program which provides financial support to students from low-income families to access higher education. In 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Education_for_All_Handicapped_Children_Act" title="Education for All Handicapped Children Act">Education for All Handicapped Children Act</a> established funding for <a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">special education</a> in schools. The Higher <a href="/wiki/Education_Amendments_of_1972" title="Education Amendments of 1972">Education Amendments of 1972</a> made changes to the <a href="/wiki/Pell_Grant" title="Pell Grant">Pell Grant</a>. The 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) required all public schools accepting federal funds to provide equal access to education and one free meal a day for children with physical and mental disabilities. The 1983 <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Excellence_in_Education" title="National Commission on Excellence in Education">National Commission on Excellence in Education</a> report, famously titled <a href="/wiki/A_Nation_at_Risk" title="A Nation at Risk">A Nation at Risk</a>, touched off a wave of federal, state, and local reform efforts, but by 1990 the country still spent only 2% of its budget on education, compared with 30% on support for the elderly.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 1990, the EHA was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act" title="Individuals with Disabilities Education Act">Individuals with Disabilities Education Act</a> (IDEA), which placed more focus on students as individuals, and also provided for more post-high school transition services. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a> of 2001, passed by a bipartisan coalition in Congress, provided federal aid to the states in exchange for measures to penalize schools that were not meeting the goals as measured by standardized state exams in mathematics and language skills. This made <a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">standardized testing</a> a requirement.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In the same year, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> diluted some of the century-old "Blaine" laws upheld an Ohio law allowing aid to <a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">parochial schools</a> under specific circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The 2006 <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_Higher_Education" title="Commission on the Future of Higher Education">Commission on the Future of Higher Education</a> evaluated higher education. In December 2015, then-American President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> signed legislation replacing No Child Left Behind with the <a href="/wiki/Every_Student_Succeeds_Act" title="Every Student Succeeds Act">Every Student Succeeds Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hirschfeld_Davis-58">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> of 2007–2009 was caused a sharp decline in tax revenues in all American states and cities. The response included cuts to education budgets. <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">Obama's $800 billion stimulus package</a> of 2009 included $100 billion for public schools, which every state used to protect its education budget. In terms of sponsoring innovation; however, then-President Obama and then-Education Secretary <a href="/wiki/Arne_Duncan" title="Arne Duncan">Arne Duncan</a> pursued K-12 education reform through the <a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Top" title="Race to the Top">Race to the Top</a> grant program. With over $15 billion of grants at stake, 34 states quickly revised their education laws according to the proposals of advanced educational reformers. In the competition, points were awarded for allowing charter schools to multiply, for compensating teachers on a merit basis including student test scores, and for adopting higher educational standards. There were incentives for states to establish college and career-ready standards, which in practice meant adopting the <a href="/wiki/Common_Core" title="Common Core">Common Core State Standards Initiative</a> that had been developed on a bipartisan basis by the <a href="/wiki/National_Governors_Association" title="National Governors Association">National Governors Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chief_State_School_Officers" title="Council of Chief State School Officers">Council of Chief State School Officers</a>. The criteria were not mandatory, they were incentives to improve opportunities to get a grant. Most states revised their laws accordingly, even though they realized it was unlikely they would win a highly competitive new grant. Race to the Top had strong bipartisan support, with centrist elements from both parties. It was opposed by the left wing of the Democratic Party, and by the right wing of the Republican Party, and criticized for centralizing too much power in Washington. Complaints also came from middle-class families, who were annoyed at the increasing emphasis on teaching to the test, rather than encouraging teachers to show creativity and stimulating students' imagination.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Voters in both major parties have been critical of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Core" title="Common Core">Common Core</a> initiative.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> During the 2010s, American <a href="/wiki/Student_loans_in_the_United_States" title="Student loans in the United States">student loan debt</a> became recognized as a social problem.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Like every wealthy country, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant had a <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States">great impact on education in the United States</a>, requiring schools to implement technology and transition to virtual meetings.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Although the use of technology improves the grading process and the quality of information received,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> critics assess it a poor substitute for in-person learning, and that online-only education disadvantages students without internet access, who disproportionately live in poor households, and that technology may make it harder for students to pay attention.<a href="#cite_note-weforum.org-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zilibotti-71">[71]</a> Some colleges and universities became vulnerable to permanent closure during the pandemic. Universities and colleges were refunding tuition monies to students while investing in online technology and tools, making it harder to invest into empty campuses. Schools are defined as being in low financial health if their combined revenue and unrestricted assets will no longer cover operating expenses in six years. Before COVID-19, 13 institutions were in danger of closing within 6 years in New England.<a href="#cite_note-Fern-72">[72]</a> With the presence of COVID-19, that number has increased to 25 institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Fern-72">[72]</a> In the United States due to the financial impact caused by COVID-19, 110 more colleges and universities are now at risk of closing. This labels the total number of colleges and universities in peril due to pandemic to be 345 institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Fern-72">[72]</a> While prestigious colleges and universities have historically had financial cushion due to high levels of enrollment, private colleges at a low risk have dropped from 485 to 385.<a href="#cite_note-Fern-72">[72]</a> Federal COVID-19 relief has assisted students and universities. However, it has not been enough to bandage the financial wound created by COVID-19. Colby-Sawyer College located in New Hampshire has received about $780,000 in assistance through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">United States Department of Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fern-72">[72]</a> About half of this money was dispersed amongst the student body. Colby-Swayer College was also capable of receiving a loan of $2.65 million, to avoid layoffs of their 312 employees.<a href="#cite_note-Fern-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Zilibotti" title="Fabrizio Zilibotti">Fabrizio Zilibotti</a> co-authored a January 2022 study with professors from the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a>, showing that "the pandemic is widening educational inequality and that the learning gaps created by the crisis will persist."<a href="#cite_note-Zilibotti-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> As of result, COVID-19 educational impact in the United States has ended by March 11, 2022, as Deltacron cases fall and ahead of the living with an <a href="/wiki/Endemic_COVID-19" title="Endemic COVID-19">endemic phase</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Educational_Attainment_in_the_United_States_2009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Educational_Attainment_in_the_United_States_2009.png/220px-Educational_Attainment_in_the_United_States_2009.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Educational_Attainment_in_the_United_States_2009.png/330px-Educational_Attainment_in_the_United_States_2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Educational_Attainment_in_the_United_States_2009.png/440px-Educational_Attainment_in_the_United_States_2009.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Educational attainment in the United States from 1940 to 2009<a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2009-74">[74]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2000, 76.6 million students had enrolled in schools from <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten#United_States" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> through graduate schools. Of these, 72% aged 12 to 17 were considered academically "on track" for their age, i.e. enrolled in at or above grade level. Of those enrolled in elementary and secondary schools, 5.7 million (10%) were attending private schools.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_US_High_School_Graduation_Rate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2017_US_High_School_Graduation_Rate.svg/220px-2017_US_High_School_Graduation_Rate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2017_US_High_School_Graduation_Rate.svg/330px-2017_US_High_School_Graduation_Rate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2017_US_High_School_Graduation_Rate.svg/440px-2017_US_High_School_Graduation_Rate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>High school graduation rate per state as of 2017 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  90.0–90.4%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  85.0–89.9%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  80.0–84.9%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  69.9–79.9%</div></figcaption></figure>As of 2022, 89% of the adult population had completed high school and 34% had received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> or higher. The average salary for college or <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> graduates is greater than $51,000, exceeding the national average of those without a high school diploma by more than $23,000, according to a 2005 study by the U.S. Census Bureau.<a href="#cite_note-census-76">[76]</a> The 2010 <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">unemployment</a> rate for high school graduates was 10.8%; the rate for college graduates was 4.9%.<a href="#cite_note-wp100606-77">[77]</a> The country has a reading <a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy rate</a> of 99% of the population over age 15,<a href="#cite_note-EDU-78">[78]</a> while ranking below average in science and mathematics understanding compared to other developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In 2014, a record high of 82% of high school seniors graduated, although one of the reasons for that success might be a <a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">decline in academic standards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The poor performance has pushed public and private efforts such as the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a>. In addition, the ratio of college-educated adults entering the workforce to the general population (33%) is slightly below the mean of other[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] developed countries (35%)<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and rate of participation of the labor force in <a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">continuing education</a> is high.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> A 2000s (decade) study by Jon Miller of <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a> concluded that "A slightly higher proportion of American adults qualify as scientifically literate than European or Japanese adults".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In 2006, there were roughly 600,000 <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">homeless students in the United States</a>, but after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a> this number more than doubled to approximately 1.36 million.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The Institute for Child Poverty and Homelessness keeps track of state by state levels of child homelessness.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a>, 27% of U.S. students live in a mother-only household, 20% live in poverty, and 9% are non-English speaking.<a href="#cite_note-Kolbe-86">[86]</a> An additional factor in the United States education system is the socioeconomic background of the students being tested. According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Children_in_Poverty" title="National Center for Children in Poverty">National Center for Children in Poverty</a>, 41% of U.S. children under the age of 18 come from lower-income families.<a href="#cite_note-Kobal-2018-87">[87]</a> These students require specialized attention to perform well in school and on the standardized tests.<a href="#cite_note-Kobal-2018-87">[87]</a> The Human Rights Measurement Initiative<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> finds that the United States is achieving 77.8% of what should be possible on the right to education at its level of income.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Resulting from <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States">school closures necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic</a>, over one million eligible children were not enrolled in kindergarten for the 2021–2022 school year.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The 2022 annual Report on the Condition of Education<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> conducted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics" title="National Center for Education Statistics">National Center for Education Statistics</a> (NCES) for the U.S. Department of Education<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> indicates that prekindergarten to grade 12 enrollment decreased from 50.8 million in fall 2019 to 49.4 million students in fall 2020, a 3% decrease, which matches 2009 enrollment, eradicating the previous decade of growth. During the 2019–2020 school year, enrollment rates decreased by 6% for those aged five, dropping from 91% to 84%, and by 13% for those aged three and four, from 54% to 40%.<a href="#cite_note-NCES-2020-4">[4]</a> Summer 2022 polls and surveys revealed that mental health issues were reported by 60% of college students, with educational institutions being understaffed and unprepared to effectively address the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> A five-year, $14 million study of <a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States#Measuring_adult_literacy" title="Literacy in the United States">U.S. adult literacy</a> involving lengthy interviews of U.S. adults, the most comprehensive study of literacy ever commissioned by the U.S. government,<a href="#cite_note-nces93275-94">[94]</a> was released in September 1993. It involved lengthy interviews of over 26,700 adults statistically balanced for age, gender, ethnicity, education level, and location (urban, suburban, or rural) in 12 states across the U.S. and was designed to represent the U.S. population as a whole. This government study showed that 21% to 23% of adult Americans were not "able to locate information in text", could not "make low-level inferences using printed materials", and were unable to "integrate easily identifiable pieces of information".<a href="#cite_note-nces93275-94">[94]</a> The U.S. Department of Education's 2003 statistics indicated that 14% of the population—or 32 million adults—had very low <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> skills.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Statistics were similar in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In 2015, only 37% of students were able to read at a proficient level, a level which has barely changed since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attainment">Attainment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attainment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment in the United States</a></div> In the 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment" title="Educational attainment">educational attainment</a> of the U.S. population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education and a rising number of college graduates that outnumber high school dropouts. As a whole, the population of the United States is becoming increasingly more educated.<a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2009-74">[74]</a> Post-secondary education is valued very highly by American society and is one of the main determinants of <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States#Social_status" title="Social class in the United States">status</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As with <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">income</a>, however, there are significant discrepancies in terms of race, age, household configuration and geography.<a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-98">[98]</a> Since the 1980s, the number of educated Americans has continued to grow, but at a slower rate. Some have attributed this to an increase in the foreign-born portion of the workforce. However, the decreasing growth of the educational workforce has instead been primarily due to the slowing down in educational attainment of people schooled in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Remedial_education_in_college">Remedial education in college</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Remedial education in college">edit</a>]</div> Despite high school graduates formally qualifying for college, only 4% of two-year and four-year colleges do not have any students in noncredit <a href="/wiki/Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">remedial courses</a>. Over 200 colleges place most of their first-year students in one or more remedial courses. Almost 40% of students in remedial courses fail to complete them. The cause cannot be excessively demanding college courses, since <a href="/wiki/Grade_inflation" title="Grade inflation">grade inflation</a> has made those courses increasingly easy in recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sex_differences">Sex differences</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sex differences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex differences in education in the United States">Sex differences in education in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algebra_I_by_Sex_or_Race_(2015-16).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Algebra_I_by_Sex_or_Race_%282015-16%29.png/220px-Algebra_I_by_Sex_or_Race_%282015-16%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Algebra_I_by_Sex_or_Race_%282015-16%29.png/330px-Algebra_I_by_Sex_or_Race_%282015-16%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Algebra_I_by_Sex_or_Race_%282015-16%29.png/440px-Algebra_I_by_Sex_or_Race_%282015-16%29.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Significant race or sex differences exist in the completion of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education_in_the_United_States#Secondary_school" title="Mathematics education in the United States">Algebra I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></figcaption></figure> According to research over the past 20 years, girls generally outperform boys in the classroom on measures of grades across all subjects and graduation rates. This is a turnaround from the early 20th century when boys usually outperformed girls. Boys have still been found to score higher on standardized tests than girls and go on to be better represented in the more prestigious, high-paying STEM fields. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_achievement_differences">Religious achievement differences</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religious achievement differences">edit</a>]</div> According to a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> study in 2016, there is an association between <a href="/wiki/Religiosity_and_education" title="Religiosity and education">education and religious affiliation</a>. About 77% of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">American Hindus</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">graduate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">post-graduate</a> degree followed by <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalists</a> (67%), <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a> (59%), <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a> (59%), <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalians</a> (56%), <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterians</a> (47%), and <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> (46%).<a href="#cite_note-Pew2016-103">[103]</a> According to the same study, about 43% of <a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_the_United_States" title="Atheism in the United States">American atheists</a>, 42% of <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostics</a>, and 24% of those who say their religion is "nothing in particular" have a <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">graduate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">post-graduate</a> degree.<a href="#cite_note-Pew2016-103">[103]</a> Largely owing to the size of their constituency, more <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a> hold <a href="/wiki/College_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="College degree">college degrees</a> (over 19 million) than do members of any other faith community in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Pew2016-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_comparison">International comparison</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: International comparison">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_universities_and_colleges_outside_the_United_States" title="List of American universities and colleges outside the United States">List of American universities and colleges outside the United States</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> 2003, which emphasizes problem-solving, American 15-year-olds ranked 24th of 38 in mathematics, 19th of 38 in science, 12th of 38 in reading, and 26th of 38 in problem-solving.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In the 2006 assessment, the U.S. ranked 35th out of 57 in mathematics and 29th out of 57 in science. Reading scores could not be reported due to printing errors in the instructions of the U.S. test booklets. U.S. scores were behind those of most other developed nations.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PISA_Reading_Scores_(2018).png" class="mw-file-description" title="On the 2018 PISA Reading test, Asian Americans, Asians, and European Americans outclass their global peers."><img alt="On the 2018 PISA Reading test, Asian Americans, Asians, and European Americans outclass their global peers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/PISA_Reading_Scores_%282018%29.png" decoding="async" width="843" height="593" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>On the 2018 PISA Reading test, Asian Americans, Asians, and European Americans outclass their global peers.</figcaption></figure> In 2007, Americans stood second only to Canadians in the percentage of 35 to 64-year-olds holding at least two-year degrees. Among 25 to 34-year-olds, the country stands tenth. The nation stands 15 out of 29 rated nations for college completion rates, slightly above Mexico and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-bfp081207-106">[106]</a> In 2009, US fourth and eighth graders tested above average on the <a href="/wiki/Trends_in_International_Mathematics_and_Science_Study" title="Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study">Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study</a> tests, which emphasizes traditional learning.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In 2012, the OECD ranked American students 25th in math, 17th in science, and 14th in reading compared with students in 27 other countries.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In the 2013 OECD Survey of Adult Skills, 33 nations took part with adults ages 16 to 65, surveying skills such as: numeracy, literacy, and problem-solving. The Educational Testing Service (ETS) found that millennials—aged from teens to early 30s—scored low. Millennials in Spain and Italy scored lower than those in the U.S., while in numeracy, the three countries tied for last. U.S. millennials came in last among all 33 nations for problem-solving skills.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 2014, the United States was one of three OECD countries where the government spent more on schools in rich neighborhoods than in poor neighborhoods, the others being Turkey and Israel.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking">a 2016 report</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>, of the top ten colleges and universities in the world, eight are American.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teacher_pay">Teacher pay</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Teacher pay">edit</a>]</div> According to data from the National Teacher and Principal Survey, the average base salary for public school teachers in 2020–21 was $61,600, but this number varied significantly from state to state.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford15Dec22-112">[112]</a> Teachers in New York had the highest average base salary at $90,222, while teachers in Mississippi had the lowest at $46,862. A significant number of teachers have to work extra hours or other jobs to make up for low pay, with nearly 17% of teachers having a job outside the school system in 2020–21. Public school teachers also work more than the required 39.4 hours a week, with an average of 52 hours worked per week, only 25.2 of which is spent on teaching. Additionally, teachers earn lower weekly wages and receive lower overall compensation for their work than similar college-educated peers, a phenomenon known as the "pay penalty."<a href="#cite_note-Stanford15Dec22-112">[112]</a> Federal legislation proposed in December 2022 and endorsed February 2023 by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> chair <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> would set a minimum salary of $60,000 per year for teachers.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford15Dec22-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_stages">Educational stages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Educational stages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Education_in_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Education_in_the_United_States.svg/220px-Education_in_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Education_in_the_United_States.svg/330px-Education_in_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Education_in_the_United_States.svg/440px-Education_in_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of education in the United States<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Formal_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal education">Formal education</a> in the U.S. is divided into a number of distinct <a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">educational stages</a>. Most children enter the public education system around the age of five or six. Children are assigned to year groups known as grades. The American school year traditionally begins at the end of August or early in September, after a traditional <a href="/wiki/Summer_vacation" title="Summer vacation">summer vacation</a> or break. Children customarily advance together from one grade to the next as a single cohort or "class" upon reaching the end of each school year in late May or early June. Depending upon their circumstances, children may begin school in <a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">pre-kindergarten</a>, kindergarten, or first grade. Students normally attend 12 grades of study over 12 calendar years of primary/elementary and secondary education before graduating and earning a diploma that makes them eligible for admission to higher education. Education is mandatory until age 16 (18 in some states). In the U.S., <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_numeral" title="Ordinal numeral">ordinal numbers</a> (e.g., first grade) are used for identifying grades. Typical ages and grade groupings in contemporary, public, and private schools may be found through the U.S. Department of Education. Generally, there are three stages: elementary school (grades K/1–2/3/4/5/6), intermediate school (3/4–5/6), middle school / junior high school (grades 5/6/7–8/9), and high school / senior high school (grades 9/10–12).<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] There is variability in the exact arrangement of grades, as the following table indicates. Note that many people may not choose to attain higher education immediately after high school graduation, so the age of completing each level of education may vary. The table below shows the traditional education path of a student completing an undergraduate degree immediately after high school. <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:auto;text-align:center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Category</th> <th>School Grade Level</th> <th>Ages </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">Pre-kindergarten</a></td> <td>3–5 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #bfbfbf;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_education_in_the_United_States#Elementary_school" title="Primary education in the United States">Elementary school</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a></td> <td>5–6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="1st grade">1st grade</a></td> <td>6–7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd grade">2nd grade</a></td> <td>7–8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd grade">3rd grade</a></td> <td>8–9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fourth_grade" title="Fourth grade">4th grade</a></td> <td>9–10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="5th grade">5th grade</a></td> <td>10–11 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_United_States#Middle_school_/_Junior_high_school" title="Secondary education in the United States">Middle school</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="6th grade">6th grade</a></td> <td>11–12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="7th grade">7th grade</a></td> <td>12–13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="8th grade">8th grade</a></td> <td>13–14 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_United_States#High_school_/_Senior_high_school" title="Secondary education in the United States">High school</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="9th grade">9th grade</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freshman" title="Freshman">Freshman</a></td> <td>14–15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="10th grade">10th grade</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sophomore" title="Sophomore">Sophomore</a></td> <td>15–16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="11th grade">11th grade</a> / <a href="/wiki/Junior_(education_year)" title="Junior (education year)">Junior</a></td> <td>16–17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="12th grade">12th grade</a> / <a href="/wiki/Senior_(education)" title="Senior (education)">Senior</a></td> <td>17–18 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational education</a></td> <td>16 and up[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">Adult education</a></td> <td>18 and up </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:auto;text-align:center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">Higher education</a> </th> <th>Grade level </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a></td> <td>Freshman </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sophomore </td></tr> <tr> <td>Junior </td></tr> <tr> <td>Senior </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">Graduate school</a> (with various degrees and curricular partitions thereof) </td></tr></tbody></table> In K–12 education, sometimes students who receive failing grades are <a href="/wiki/Grade_retention" title="Grade retention">held back a year</a> and repeat coursework in the hope of earning satisfactory scores on the second try. High school graduates sometimes take one or more <a href="/wiki/Gap_year" title="Gap year">gap years</a> before the first year of college, for travel, work, public service, or independent learning. Some might opt for a <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_year" title="Postgraduate year">postgraduate year</a> before college.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Many high schoolers also earn an associate degree when they graduate high school.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Many undergraduate college programs now commonly are five-year programs. This is especially common in technical fields, such as engineering. The five-year period often includes one or more periods of internship with an employer in the chosen field. Of students who were freshmen in 2005 seeking bachelor's degrees at public institutions, 32% took four years, 12% took five years, 6% took six years, and 43% did not graduate within six years. The numbers for private non-profit institutions were 52% in four, 10% in five, 4% in six, and 35% failing to graduate.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Some undergraduate institutions offer an accelerated three-year bachelor's degree, or a combined five-year bachelor's and master's degrees. Many times, these accelerated degrees are offered online or as evening courses and are targeted mainly but not always for <a href="/wiki/Adult_learner" title="Adult learner">adult learners</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nontraditional_student" title="Nontraditional student">nontraditional students</a>. Many graduate students do not start professional schools immediately after finishing undergraduate studies but work for a time while saving up money or deciding on a career direction. The <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics" title="National Center for Education Statistics">National Center for Education Statistics</a> found that in 1999–2000, 73% of undergraduates had characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Nontraditional_student" title="Nontraditional student">nontraditional students</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nces-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_childhood_education">Early childhood education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early childhood education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education_in_the_United_States" title="Early childhood education in the United States">Early childhood education in the United States</a></div> Early childhood teaching in the U.S. relates to the teaching of children (formally and informally) from birth up to the age of eight.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The education services are delivered via <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">preschools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergartens</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preschool">Preschool</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Preschool">edit</a>]</div> Preschool (sometimes called pre-kindergarten or jr. kindergarten) refers to non-compulsory <a href="/wiki/Classroom" title="Classroom">classroom</a>-based early-childhood education. The <a href="/wiki/Head_Start_(program)" title="Head Start (program)">Head Start program</a> is a federally funded early childhood education program for low-income children and their families founded in 1965 that prepares children, especially those of a disadvantaged population, to better succeed in school. However, limited seats are available to students aspiring to take part in the Head Start program. Many community-based programs, commercial enterprises, non-profit organizations, faith communities, and independent childcare providers offer preschool education. Preschool may be general or may have a particular focus, such as arts education, religious education, sports training, or foreign language learning, along with providing general education.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the United States, Preschool programs are not required, but they are encouraged by educators. Only 69% of 4-year-old American children are enrolled in preschool. Preschool age ranges anywhere from 3 to 5 years old. The curriculum for the day will consist of music, art, pretend play, science, reading, math, and other social activities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="K–12_education">K–12 education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: K–12 education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/K-12_education_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="K-12 education in the United States">K-12 education in the United States</a></div> The U.S. is governed by federal, state, and local education policy. Education is compulsory for all children, but the age at which one can discontinue schooling varies by state and is from 14 to 18 years old.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Free public education is typically provided from Kindergarten (ages 5 and 6) to 12th Grade (ages 17 and 18). Around 85% of students enter public schooling while the remainder are educated through homeschooling or privately funded schools.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Schooling is divided into primary education, called elementary school, and secondary education. Secondary education consists of two "phases" in most areas, which includes a <a href="/wiki/Middle_school#United_States" title="Middle school">middle/junior high school</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_school_in_the_United_States" title="High school in the United States">high school</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Higher education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">Higher education in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYIT61jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NYIT61jeh.JPG/220px-NYIT61jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NYIT61jeh.JPG/330px-NYIT61jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NYIT61jeh.JPG/440px-NYIT61jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A building on the campus of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Institute_of_Technology" title="New York Institute of Technology">New York Institute of Technology</a>, founded in 1955 in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChicagoPileTeam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of people in suits standing in three rows on the steps in front of a stone building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ChicagoPileTeam.png/220px-ChicagoPileTeam.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ChicagoPileTeam.png/330px-ChicagoPileTeam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ChicagoPileTeam.png/440px-ChicagoPileTeam.png 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> team that worked on the production of the world's first man-made, self-sustaining <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> in the front row and <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd" class="mw-redirect" title="Leó Szilárd">Leó Szilárd</a> in the second </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Miami_Otto_G._Richter_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/University_of_Miami_Otto_G._Richter_Library.jpg/220px-University_of_Miami_Otto_G._Richter_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/University_of_Miami_Otto_G._Richter_Library.jpg/330px-University_of_Miami_Otto_G._Richter_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/University_of_Miami_Otto_G._Richter_Library.jpg/440px-University_of_Miami_Otto_G._Richter_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a>, founded in 1925 in <a href="/wiki/Coral_Gables,_Florida" title="Coral Gables, Florida">Coral Gables, Florida</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:10px"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment in the United States</a>, age 25 and over (2018)<a href="#cite_note-Census-2019-35">[35]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Education </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>High school graduate </td> <td align="right">89.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some college </td> <td align="right">61.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate degree </td> <td align="right">45.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bachelor's degree </td> <td align="right">34.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Master's degree </td> <td align="right">13.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doctorate or professional degree </td> <td align="right">3.5% </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">Higher education in the United States</a> is an optional final stage of <a href="/wiki/Formal_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal learning">formal learning</a> following <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a>, often at one of the 4,495 colleges or <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> and junior colleges in the country.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In 2008, 36% of enrolled students graduated from college in four years. 57% completed their undergraduate requirements in six years, at the same college they first enrolled in.<a href="#cite_note-wp0910222-124">[124]</a> The U.S. ranks 10th among industrial countries for percentage of adults with college degrees.<a href="#cite_note-wp100606-77">[77]</a> Over the past 40 years the gap in graduation rates for wealthy students and low-income students has widened significantly. 77% of the wealthiest <a href="/wiki/Quartile" title="Quartile">quartile</a> of students obtained undergraduate degrees by age 24 in 2013, up from 40% in 1970. 9% of the least affluent quartile obtained degrees by the same age in 2013, up from 6% in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> There are over 7,000 post-secondary institutions in the United States offering a diverse number of programs catered to students with different aptitudes, skills, and educational needs.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Compared with the higher education systems of other countries, post-secondary education in the United States is largely deregulated, giving students a variety of choices. Common <a href="/wiki/College_admissions_in_the_United_States" title="College admissions in the United States">admission</a> requirements to gain entry to any American university requires a meeting a certain age threshold, high school transcript documenting grades, coursework, and rigor of core high school subject areas as well as performance in AP and IB courses, class ranking, ACT or <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> scores, extracurricular activities, an admissions essay, and letters of recommendation from teachers and guidance counselors. Other admissions criteria may include an interview, personal background, <a href="/wiki/Legacy_preferences" title="Legacy preferences">legacy preferences</a> (family members having attended the school), ability to pay tuition, potential to donate money to the school <a href="/wiki/Development_case" title="Development case">development case</a>, evaluation of student character (based on essays or interviews), and general discretion by the admissions office. While universities will rarely list that they require a certain standardized test score, class ranking, or GPA for admission, each university usually has a rough threshold below which admission is unlikely. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities_and_colleges">Universities and colleges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Universities and colleges">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1904_World%27s_Fair_Administration_Building_(Brookings_Hall,_Washington_University)_seen_from_the_southeast_with_the_Italian_Pavilion_in_the_foreground.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1904_World%27s_Fair_Administration_Building_%28Brookings_Hall%2C_Washington_University%29_seen_from_the_southeast_with_the_Italian_Pavilion_in_the_foreground.jpg/220px-1904_World%27s_Fair_Administration_Building_%28Brookings_Hall%2C_Washington_University%29_seen_from_the_southeast_with_the_Italian_Pavilion_in_the_foreground.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1904_World%27s_Fair_Administration_Building_%28Brookings_Hall%2C_Washington_University%29_seen_from_the_southeast_with_the_Italian_Pavilion_in_the_foreground.jpg/330px-1904_World%27s_Fair_Administration_Building_%28Brookings_Hall%2C_Washington_University%29_seen_from_the_southeast_with_the_Italian_Pavilion_in_the_foreground.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1904_World%27s_Fair_Administration_Building_%28Brookings_Hall%2C_Washington_University%29_seen_from_the_southeast_with_the_Italian_Pavilion_in_the_foreground.jpg/440px-1904_World%27s_Fair_Administration_Building_%28Brookings_Hall%2C_Washington_University%29_seen_from_the_southeast_with_the_Italian_Pavilion_in_the_foreground.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3313" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brookings_Hall" title="Brookings Hall">Brookings Hall</a> at <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>, established in 1853</figcaption></figure> The traditional path to American higher education is typically through a college or university, the most prestigious forms of higher education in the United States. Universities in the United States are institutions that issue bachelor's, master's, professional, or doctorate degrees; colleges often award solely bachelor's degrees. Some universities offer programs at all degree levels from the associate to the doctorate and are distinguished from community and junior colleges where the highest degree offered is the associate degree or a diploma. Though there is no prescribed definition of a university or college in the United States, universities are generally research-oriented institutions offering undergraduate, graduate, and <a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">professional</a> programs. American universities come in a variety of forms that serve different educational needs. Some <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">counties and cities</a> have established and funded four-year institutions. Some of these institutions, such as the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a>, are still operated by local governments. Others such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisville" title="University of Louisville">University of Louisville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wichita_State_University" title="Wichita State University">Wichita State University</a> are now operated as state universities. Four-year institutions may be <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> or <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a> colleges or universities. Private institutions are privately funded and there is a wide variety in size, focus, and operation. Some private institutions are large <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research universities</a>, while others are small <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Liberal arts colleges in the United States">liberal arts colleges</a> that concentrate on undergraduate education. Some private universities are <a href="/wiki/Nonsectarian" title="Nonsectarian">nonsectarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a>, while others are religiously affiliated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rankings">Rankings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rankings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking</a></div> Among the United States' most prominent and world-renowned institutions are large research universities that are ranked in such annual publications, including the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a>, <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly" title="Washington Monthly">Washington Monthly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a>, by test preparation services such as <a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_Review" title="The Princeton Review">The Princeton Review</a> or by another university such as the Top American Research Universities ranked by The Center at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thecenter-127">[127]</a> These rankings are based on factors such as <a href="/wiki/Brand_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand recognition">brand recognition</a>, number of Nobel Prize winners, <a href="/wiki/College_admissions_in_the_United_States#How_colleges_evaluate_applicants" title="College admissions in the United States">selectivity in admissions</a>, generosity of alumni donors, and volume and quality of faculty research. Among the elite top forty <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankings of universities in the United States">domestically</a> and internationally ranked institutions identified by the QS 2025 rankings include six of the eight <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> schools; private universities <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Chicago">The University of Chicago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a>; 1 of the 10 schools in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_system" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California system">University of California system</a> (<a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a>); and the research intensive schools <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Other types of universities in the United States include <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Liberal arts colleges in the United States">liberal arts schools</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reed_College" title="Reed College">Reed College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a>), religiously affiliated and denomination universities (<a href="/wiki/DePaul_University" title="DePaul University">DePaul University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a>), <a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">military</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">United States Merchant Marine Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a>), art and design schools (<a href="/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music" title="Berklee College of Music">Berklee College of Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School" title="Juilliard School">Juilliard School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology" title="Fashion Institute of Technology">Fashion Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design" title="Parsons School of Design">Parsons School of Design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design" title="Rhode Island School of Design">Rhode Island School of Design</a>), <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_State_University" title="Kentucky State University">Kentucky State University</a>), and <a href="/wiki/For-profit_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit higher education in the United States">for-profit universities</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Phoenix" title="University of Phoenix">University of Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Education_Group#Western_International_University_(closed,_2019)" title="Apollo Education Group">Western International University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a>).<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> While most private institutions are non-profit, a growing number in the past decade have been established as for-profit. The American university curriculum varies widely depending on the program and institution. Typically, an undergraduate student will be able to select an <a href="/wiki/Academic_major" title="Academic major">academic "major" or concentration</a>, which comprises the core main or special subjects, and students may change their major one or more times. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Graduate_degrees">Graduate degrees</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Graduate degrees">edit</a>]</div> Some students, typically those with a bachelor's degree, may choose to continue on to <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">graduate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">professional school</a>, which are graduate and professional institutions typically attached to a university. Graduate degrees may be either <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degrees</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">M.S.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Social_Work" title="Master of Social Work">M.S.W.</a>), <a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">professional degrees</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">M.B.A.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">J.D.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">M.D.</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate degrees</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>). Programs range from full-time, evening and executive which allows for flexibility with students' schedules.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academia</a>-focused graduate school typically includes some combination of coursework and research (often requiring a <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a> to be written), while professional graduate-level schools grants a <a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">first professional degree</a>. These include <a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_States" title="Medical school in the United States">medical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_school_in_the_United_States" title="Law school in the United States">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_business_schools_in_the_United_States" title="List of business schools in the United States">business</a>, <a href="/wiki/School_of_education" title="School of education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">divinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">journalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Social_Work_Education" title="Council on Social Work Education">social work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_school_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture school in the United States">architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Engineering_education#United_States" title="Engineering education">engineering</a> schools. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocational">Vocational</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vocational">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education_in_the_United_States" title="Vocational education in the United States">Vocational education in the United States</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Community colleges in the United States">Community</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">junior colleges</a> in the United States are public comprehensive institutions that offer a wide range of educational services that generally lasts two years. Community colleges are generally publicly funded (usually by local cities or counties) and offer career certifications and part-time programs. Though it is cheaper in terms of tuition, less competitive to get into, and not as prestigious as going to a four-year university, they form another post-secondary option for students seeking to enter the realm of American higher education. Community and junior colleges generally emphasize practical career-oriented education that is focused on a vocational curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Though some community and junior colleges offer accredited bachelor's degree programs, community and junior colleges typically offer a college diploma or an associate degree such as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_of_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate of arts">A.A.</a>, A.S., or a <a href="/wiki/Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">vocational certificate</a>, although some community colleges offer a limited number of bachelor's degrees. Community and junior colleges also offer trade school certifications for <a href="/wiki/Skilled_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Skilled trade">skilled trades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technician" title="Technician">technical</a> careers. Students can also earn credits at a community or junior college and <a href="/wiki/Transfer_admissions_in_the_United_States" title="Transfer admissions in the United States">transfer</a> them to a four-year university afterward. Many community colleges have relationships with four-year state universities and colleges or even private universities that enable some community college students to <a href="/wiki/Transfer_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer student">transfer</a> to these universities to pursue a bachelor's degree after the completion of a two-year program at the community college. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost">Cost</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cost">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/College_tuition_in_the_United_States" title="College tuition in the United States">College tuition in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_education_expenditure_as_share_of_GDP,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/US_education_expenditure_as_share_of_GDP%2C_OWID.svg/220px-US_education_expenditure_as_share_of_GDP%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/US_education_expenditure_as_share_of_GDP%2C_OWID.svg/330px-US_education_expenditure_as_share_of_GDP%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/US_education_expenditure_as_share_of_GDP%2C_OWID.svg/440px-US_education_expenditure_as_share_of_GDP%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>U.S. education expenditure as share of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> from 1950 to 2015<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:College_Tuition_State_Funding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/College_Tuition_State_Funding.svg/220px-College_Tuition_State_Funding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/College_Tuition_State_Funding.svg/330px-College_Tuition_State_Funding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/College_Tuition_State_Funding.svg/440px-College_Tuition_State_Funding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>A study comparing college revenue per student by tuition and state funding in 2008 dollars<a href="#cite_note-DeltaCost-133">[133]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:College_tuition_cpi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/College_tuition_cpi.jpg/220px-College_tuition_cpi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/College_tuition_cpi.jpg/330px-College_tuition_cpi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/College_tuition_cpi.jpg/440px-College_tuition_cpi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>The cost of U.S. college education relative to the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">consumer price index</a></figcaption></figure> A few charity institutions cover all of the students' tuition, although scholarships (both merit-based and need-based) are widely available. Generally, private universities charge much higher tuition than their public counterparts, which rely on state funds to make up the difference. Annual undergraduate tuition varies widely from state to state, and many additional fees apply. In 2009, the average annual tuition at a public university for residents of the state was $7,020.<a href="#cite_note-wp0910222-124">[124]</a> Tuition for public school students from outside the state is generally comparable to private school prices, although students can often qualify for state residency after their first year. Private schools are typically much higher, although prices vary widely from "no-frills" private schools to highly specialized technical institutes. Depending upon the type of school and program, annual graduate program tuition can vary from $15,000 to as high as $50,000. Note that these prices do not include living expenses (rent, room/board, etc.) or additional fees that schools add on such as "activities fees" or <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a>. These fees, especially room and board, can range from $6,000 to $12,000 per academic year (assuming a single student without children).<a href="#cite_note-collegeboard-134">[134]</a> The mean annual total cost, including all costs associated with a full-time post-secondary schooling, such as tuition and fees, books and supplies, room and board, as reported by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collegeboard.com">collegeboard.com</a> for 2010:<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <ul><li>Public university (4 years): $27,967 (per year)</li> <li>Private university (4 years): $40,476 (per year)</li></ul> Total, four-year schooling: <ul><li>Public university: $111,868</li> <li>Private university: $161,904</li></ul> College costs are rising at the same time that state appropriations for aid are shrinking. This has led to debate over funding at both the state and local levels. From 2002 to 2004 alone, tuition rates at public schools increased by over 14%, largely due to dwindling state funding. An increase of 6% occurred over the same period for private schools.<a href="#cite_note-collegeboard-134">[134]</a> Between 1982 and 2007, college tuition and fees rose three times as fast as median family income, in constant dollars.<a href="#cite_note-bfp081207-106">[106]</a> From the U.S. Census Bureau, the median salary of an individual who has only a high school diploma is $27,967; the median salary of an individual who has a bachelor's degree is $47,345.<a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau-136">[136]</a> Certain degrees, such as in engineering, typically result in salaries far exceeding high school graduates, whereas degrees in teaching and social work fall below.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The debt of the average college graduate for student loans in 2010 was $23,200.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> A 2010 study indicates that the <a href="/wiki/Return_on_investment" title="Return on investment">return on investment</a> for graduating from the top 1,000 colleges exceeds 4% over a high school degree.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Student_loan_debt">Student loan debt</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Student loan debt">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Student_loans_in_the_United_States" title="Student loans in the United States">student loan debt</a> topped $1.5 trillion. More than 40 million people hold college debt, which is largely owned by the U.S. government and serviced by private, for-profit companies such as <a href="/wiki/Navient" title="Navient">Navient</a>. Student loan debt has reached levels that have affected US society, reducing opportunities for millions of people following college.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_labor_and_adjunctification">Academic labor and adjunctification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Academic labor and adjunctification">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Uni_in_the_USA" title="Uni in the USA">Uni in the USA</a>, "One of the reasons American universities have thrived is due to their remarkable management of financial resources."<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> To combat costs colleges have hired adjunct professors to teach. In 2008, these teachers cost about $1,800 per 3-credit class as opposed to $8,000 per class for a tenured professor. Two-thirds of college instructors were adjuncts. There are differences of opinion on whether these adjuncts teach better or worse than regular professors. There is a suspicion that student evaluation of adjuncts, along with their subsequent continued employment, can lead to <a href="/wiki/Grade_inflation" title="Grade inflation">grade inflation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Credential_inflation">Credential inflation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Credential inflation">edit</a>]</div> Economics professor Alan Zagier blames <a href="/wiki/Educational_inflation" title="Educational inflation">credential inflation</a> for the admission of so many unqualified students into college. He reports that the number of new jobs requiring college degrees is <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">less than the number of college graduates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wp100606-77">[77]</a> He states that the more money that a state spends on higher education, the slower the economy grows, the opposite of long-held notions.<a href="#cite_note-wp100606-77">[77]</a> Other studies have shown that the level of cognitive achievement attained by students in a country (as measured by academic testing) is closely correlated with the country's economic growth, but that "increasing the average number of years of schooling attained by the labor force boosts the economy only when increased levels of school attainment also boost cognitive skills. In other words, it is not enough simply to spend more time in school; something has to be learned there."<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance_and_funding">Governance and funding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Governance and funding">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Education policy of the United States">Education policy of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_school_funding_in_the_United_States" title="Public school funding in the United States">Public school funding in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_US_education_expenditures.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Total_US_education_expenditures.png/220px-Total_US_education_expenditures.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Total_US_education_expenditures.png/330px-Total_US_education_expenditures.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Total_US_education_expenditures.png/440px-Total_US_education_expenditures.png 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>Total U.S. education expenditures in absolute dollars and as a percent of GDP from 1965 to 2015</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">national</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">state</a> governments share power over public education, with the states exercising most of the control. Except for Hawaii, states delegate power to <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">county</a>, <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> or <a href="/wiki/Township_(United_States)" title="Township (United States)">township</a>-level <a href="/wiki/School_board" class="mw-redirect" title="School board">school boards</a> that exercise control over a school district. Some school districts may further delegate significant authority to principals, such as those who have adopted the <a href="/wiki/Portfolio_strategy" title="Portfolio strategy">Portfolio strategy</a>. The U.S. federal government exercises its control through its Department of Education. Though education is not mentioned in the U.S. Constitution, federal governments traditionally employ threats of decreased funding to enforce laws pertaining to education.<a href="#cite_note-doe2-144">[144]</a> Under recent administrations, initiatives such as the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Top" title="Race to the Top">Race to the Top</a> have attempted to assert more central control in a heavily decentralized system. <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonprofit">Nonprofit</a> private schools are widespread, are largely independent of the government, and include secular as well as <a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">parochial schools</a>. <a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">Educational accreditation</a> decisions for private schools are made by <a href="/wiki/Regional_accreditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional accreditation">voluntary regional associations</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_for_K–12_schools">Funding for K–12 schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Funding for K–12 schools">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funding_of_K-12_schools_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Funding_of_K-12_schools_map.png/220px-Funding_of_K-12_schools_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Funding_of_K-12_schools_map.png/330px-Funding_of_K-12_schools_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Funding_of_K-12_schools_map.png/440px-Funding_of_K-12_schools_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>Funding of K through 12th grade schools by <a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">school district</a> as of 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_and_local_spending_on_education.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/State_and_local_spending_on_education.png/220px-State_and_local_spending_on_education.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/State_and_local_spending_on_education.png/330px-State_and_local_spending_on_education.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/State_and_local_spending_on_education.png/440px-State_and_local_spending_on_education.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>State and local spending on education as of the 2015–16 school year</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_government_spending_on_education.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/State_government_spending_on_education.png/220px-State_government_spending_on_education.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/State_government_spending_on_education.png/330px-State_government_spending_on_education.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/State_government_spending_on_education.png/440px-State_government_spending_on_education.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Percent of state government revenue spent on education in 2013</figcaption></figure> According to a 2005 report from the OECD, the United States is tied for first place with <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> when it comes to annual spending per student on its public schools, with each of those two countries spending more than $11,000.<a href="#cite_note-OCED05-1">[1]</a> However, the United States is ranked 37th in the world in education spending as a percentage of gross domestic product.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Government figures exist for education spending in the United States per student, and by state. They show a very wide range of expenditures and a steady increase in per-pupil funding since 2011.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Changes in funding appear to have little effect on a school system's performance. Between 1970 and 2012, the full amount spent by all levels of government on the K–12 education of an individual public school student graduating in any given year, <a href="/wiki/Adjusted_for_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjusted for inflation">adjusted for inflation</a>, increased by 185%. The average funding by state governments increased by 120% per student. However, scores in mathematics, science, and language arts over that same period remained almost unchanged. Multi-year periods in which a state's funding per student declined substantially also appear to have had little effect.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Property taxes as a primary source of funding for public education have become highly controversial, for a number of reasons. First, if a state's population and land values escalate rapidly, many longtime residents may find themselves paying property taxes much higher than anticipated. In response to this phenomenon, California's citizens passed <a href="/wiki/1978_California_Proposition_13" title="1978 California Proposition 13">Proposition 13</a> in 1978, which severely restricted the ability of the Legislature to expand the state's educational system to keep up with growth. Some states, such as Michigan, have investigated or implemented alternative schemes for funding education that may sidestep the problems of funding based mainly on property taxes by providing funding based on sales or income tax. These schemes also have failings, negatively impacting funding in a slow economy.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> One of the biggest debates in funding public schools is funding by local taxes or state taxes. The federal government supplies around 8.5% of the public school system funds, according to a 2005 report by the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics" title="National Center for Education Statistics">National Center for Education Statistics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nces_revenues-151">[151]</a> The remaining split between state and local governments averages 48.7% from states and 42.8% from local sources.<a href="#cite_note-nces_revenues-151">[151]</a> Rural schools struggle with funding concerns. State funding sources often favor wealthier districts. The state establishes a minimum flat amount deemed "adequate" to educate a child based on equalized assessed value of property taxes. This favors wealthier districts with a much larger tax base. This, combined with the history of slow payment in the state, leaves rural districts searching for funds. Lack of funding leads to limited resources for teachers. Resources that directly relate to funding include access to high-speed internet, online learning programs, and advanced course offerings.<a href="#cite_note-Rural_Education,_2011-152">[152]</a> These resources can enhance a student's learning opportunities, but may not be available to everyone if a district cannot afford to offer specific programs. One study found that school districts spend less efficiently in areas in which they face little or no competition from other public schools, in large districts, and in areas in which residents are poor or less educated.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Some public schools are experimenting with recruiting teachers from developing countries in order to fill the teacher shortage, as U.S. citizens with college degrees are turning away from the demanding, low paid profession.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judicial_intervention">Judicial intervention</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Judicial intervention">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Federal">Federal</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Federal">edit</a>]</div> The reliance on local funding sources has led to a long history of court challenges about how states fund their schools. These challenges have relied on interpretations of state constitutions after a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruling that school funding was not a federal obligation specified in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a>, whose authors left education funding and the management to states. (<a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Independent_School_District_v._Rodriguez" title="San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez">San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez</a>, 411 U.S. 1 (1973)). The state court cases, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> case of <a href="/wiki/Serrano_v._Priest" title="Serrano v. Priest">Serrano v. Priest</a>, 5 Cal.3d 584 (1971), were initially concerned with equity in funding, which was defined in terms of variations in spending across local school districts. More recently, state court cases have begun to consider what has been called 'adequacy.' These cases have questioned whether the total amount of spending was sufficient to meet state constitutional requirements. From 1985 to 1999, a United States district court judge required the state of Missouri to <a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Jenkins" title="Missouri v. Jenkins">triple the budget of Kansas City Public Schools</a>, although in the end, test scores in the district did not rise; the racial achievement gap did not diminish; and there was less, not more, integration.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Perhaps the most famous adequacy case is <a href="/wiki/Abbott_v._Burke" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott v. Burke">Abbott v. Burke</a>, 100 N.J. 269, 495 A.2d 376 (1985), which has involved state court supervision over several decades and has led to some of the highest spending of any U.S. districts in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Abbott_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott districts">Abbott districts</a>. The background and results of these cases are analyzed in a book by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hanushek" title="Eric Hanushek">Eric Hanushek</a> and Alfred Lindseth.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> That analysis concludes that funding differences are not closely related to student outcomes and thus that the outcomes of the court cases have not led to improved policies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="State">State</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: State">edit</a>]</div> Judicial intervention has even taken place at the state level. In <a href="/wiki/McCleary_v._Washington" title="McCleary v. Washington">McCleary v. Washington</a>,<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> a Supreme Court decision that found the state had failed to "amply" fund public education for Washington's 1 million school children. Washington state had budgeted $18.2 billion for education spending in the two-year fiscal period ending in July 2015. The state Supreme Court decided that this budget must be boosted by $3.3 billion in total by July 2019. On September 11, 2014, the state Supreme Court found the legislature in contempt for failing to uphold a court order to come up with a plan to boost its education budget by billions of dollars over the next five years. The state had argued that it had adequately funded education and said diverting tax revenue could lead to shortfalls in other public services.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania">Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania</a> ruled in <a href="/wiki/William_Penn_School_District_v._Pennsylvania_Department_of_Education" title="William Penn School District v. Pennsylvania Department of Education">William Penn School District v. Pennsylvania Department of Education</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania General Assembly</a> had created "manifest deficiencies" between high-wealth and low-wealth school districts with "no rational basis" for the funding gaps. The ruling stated that the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution" title="Pennsylvania Constitution">Pennsylvania Constitution</a>'s Education Clause was "clearly, palpably, and plainly violated because of a failure to provide all students with access to a comprehensive, effective, and contemporary system of public education that will give them a meaningful opportunity to succeed academically, socially, and civically."<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pensions">Pensions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Pensions">edit</a>]</div> While the hiring of teachers for public schools is done at the local school district level, the pension funds for teachers are usually managed at the state level. Some states have significant deficits when future requirements for teacher pensions are examined. In 2014, these were projected deficits for various states: Illinois -$187 billion, Connecticut -$57 billion, Kentucky -$41 billion, Hawaii -$16.5 billion, and Louisiana -$45.6 billion. These deficits range from 184% to 318% of these states' annual total budget.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_for_college">Funding for college</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Funding for college">edit</a>]</div> At the college and university level student loan funding is split in half; half is managed by the Department of Education directly, called the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Direct_Student_Loan_Program" title="Federal Direct Student Loan Program">Federal Direct Student Loan Program</a> (FDSLP). The other half is managed by commercial entities such as banks, credit unions, and financial services firms such as <a href="/wiki/Sallie_Mae" title="Sallie Mae">Sallie Mae</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Family_Education_Loan_Program" title="Federal Family Education Loan Program">Federal Family Education Loan Program</a> (FFELP). Some schools accept only FFELP loans; others accept only FDSLP. Still others accept both, and a few schools will not accept either, in which case students must seek out private alternatives for student loans.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Grant funding is provided by the federal <a href="/wiki/Pell_Grant" title="Pell Grant">Pell Grant</a> program. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affirmative_action">Affirmative action</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Affirmative action">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">Affirmative action in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_College_attendance,_analyzed_by_race_and_schools%27_overall_admission_rates.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2021_College_attendance%2C_analyzed_by_race_and_schools%27_overall_admission_rates.svg/220px-2021_College_attendance%2C_analyzed_by_race_and_schools%27_overall_admission_rates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2021_College_attendance%2C_analyzed_by_race_and_schools%27_overall_admission_rates.svg/330px-2021_College_attendance%2C_analyzed_by_race_and_schools%27_overall_admission_rates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2021_College_attendance%2C_analyzed_by_race_and_schools%27_overall_admission_rates.svg/440px-2021_College_attendance%2C_analyzed_by_race_and_schools%27_overall_admission_rates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>College attendance in the U.S. by race and schools' overall admission rates as of 2021<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_20230703-162">[162]</a> shown by comparative areas of upper four pie charts; elite schools make up a small fraction of all enrollment.</figcaption></figure> <table style="text-align:center; float:right; clear:right; margin-left:4em; margin:auto;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Overall admit rate</th> <th>Black admit rate</th> <th>% difference </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard</a> </th> <td>10.0%</td> <td>16.7%</td> <td>+ 67.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> </th> <td>15.9%</td> <td>31.6%</td> <td>+ 98.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a> </th> <td>16.6%</td> <td>26.3%</td> <td>+ 58.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a> </th> <td>21.2%</td> <td>30.1%</td> <td>+ 42.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown</a> </th> <td>22.0%</td> <td>30.7%</td> <td>+ 39.5% </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2023 the Supreme Court decision, <a href="/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._Harvard" title="Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard">Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard</a>, the Supreme Court ruled that considering race as a factor in admitting students was a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment</a>. This decision overturned previous rulings that allowed colleges to consider race when accepting students. African American academics <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Louis Gates">Henry Louis Gates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lani_Guinier" title="Lani Guinier">Lani Guinier</a>, while favoring affirmative action, have argued that in practice, it has led to <a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States#Recent_Migration_Trends_and_Factors" title="African immigration to the United States">recent black immigrants</a> and their children being greatly overrepresented at elite institutions, at the expense of the historic African American community made up of descendants of slaves.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavior">Behavior</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Behavior">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corporal_punishment">Corporal punishment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Corporal punishment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="School corporal punishment in the United States">School corporal punishment in the United States</a></div> The United States is one of the very few <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed</a> countries where <a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="School corporal punishment in the United States">corporal punishment</a> is legal in its public schools. Although the practice has been banned in an increasing number of states beginning in the 1970s, in 2024 only 33 out of 50 states have this ban and the remaining 17 states do not. The punishment virtually always consists of <a href="/wiki/Spanking" title="Spanking">spanking</a> the buttocks of a student with a paddle in a punishment known as "<a href="/wiki/Paddling_(spanking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddling (spanking)">paddling</a>."<a href="#cite_note-corpun-165">[165]</a> Students can be physically punished from kindergarten to the end of high school, meaning that even <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adults</a> who have reached the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a> are sometimes spanked by school officials.<a href="#cite_note-corpun-165">[165]</a> Although extremely rare relative to the overall U.S. student population, more than 167,000 students were paddled in the 2011–2012 school year in American public schools.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2015-166">[166]</a> Virtually all paddling in public schools occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, however, with 70% of paddled students living in just five states: Mississippi, Texas, Alabama, Arkansas, and Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2015-166">[166]</a> The practice has been on a steady decline in American schools.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="School_safety_and_security">School safety and security</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: School safety and security">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics" title="National Center for Education Statistics">National Center for Education Statistics</a> reported statistics about public schools in the United States in 2013–2014. They stated that, during that time, 93% controlled access to their buildings during school hours, and that 88% have in place a written crisis response plan. They also reported that 82% of schools have a system that notifies parents in the event of an emergency. According to their report, 75% of schools have security cameras in use.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> During the 2015–16 school year in the United States, the National Center for Education Statistics reported the following: 9% of schools reported that one or more students had threatened a physical attack with a weapon. 95% of schools had given their students lockdown procedure drills, and 92% had drilled them on evacuation procedures.<a href="#cite_note-nces.ed.gov-169">[169]</a> Around 20% of schools had one or more security guards or security personnel while 10.9% had one or more full or part-time law enforcement officers. 42% of schools had at least one school resource officer.<a href="#cite_note-nces.ed.gov-169">[169]</a> In some schools, a police officer, titled a <a href="/wiki/School_resource_officer" title="School resource officer">school resource officer</a>, is on site to screen students for firearms and to help avoid disruptions.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some schools are fast adopting <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition technology</a>, ostensibly "for the protection of children".<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The technology is claimed by its proponents to be useful in detecting people falling on the threat list for sex offenses, suspension from school, and so on. However, human rights advocacy group, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, argues that the technology could also threaten the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a> and could pose a great risk to children of color.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cheating">Cheating</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cheating">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_dishonesty#United_States" title="Academic dishonesty">Academic dishonesty § United States</a></div> In 2006, A survey reported by <a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a> found that 50% to 95% of American students admitted to having cheated in high school or college at one time or another, results that cast some doubt on measured academic attainment tests.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curriculum">Curriculum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Curriculum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg/220px-No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg/330px-No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg/440px-No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_High_School_(Hamilton,_Ohio)" title="Hamilton High School (Hamilton, Ohio)">Hamilton High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ohio" title="Hamilton, Ohio">Hamilton, Ohio</a>, on January 8, 2002</figcaption></figure> Curricula in the United States can vary widely from district to district. Different schools offer classes centering on different topics, and vary in quality. Some private schools even include religious classes as mandatory for attendance. This raises the question of government funding vouchers in states with anti-Catholic Blaine Amendments in their constitution. This in turn has produced camps of argument over the standardization of curricula and to what degree it should exist. These same groups often are advocates of standardized testing, which was mandated by the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a>. The goal of No Child Left Behind was to improve the education system in the United States by holding schools and teachers accountable for student achievement, including the <a href="/wiki/Achievement_gaps_in_the_United_States" title="Achievement gaps in the United States">educational achievement gap between minority and non-minority children in public schools</a>. While the <a href="/wiki/National_Assessment_of_Educational_Progress" title="National Assessment of Educational Progress">National Assessment of Education Progress</a> (NAEP) has served as an educational barometer for the US since 1969 by administering standardized tests on a regular basis to random schools throughout the United States, efforts over the last decade at the state and federal levels have mandated annual standardized test administration for all public schools across the country.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Along with administering and scoring the annual standardized tests, in some cases the teachers are being scored on how well their own students perform on the tests. Teachers are under pressure to continuously raise scores to prove they are worthy of keeping their jobs. This approach has been criticized because there are so many external factors, such as domestic violence, hunger, and homelessness among students, that affect how well students perform.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Schools that score poorly wind up being slated for closure or downsizing, which gives direct influence on the administration to result to dangerous tactics such as intimidation, cheating and drilling of information to raise scores.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-177">[177]</a> Uncritical use of standardized test scores to evaluate teacher and school performance is inappropriate, because the students' scores are influenced by three things: what students learn in school, what students learn outside of school, and the students' innate <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The school only has control over one of these three factors. <a href="/wiki/Value-added_modeling" title="Value-added modeling">Value-added modeling</a> has been proposed to cope with this criticism by statistically controlling for innate ability and out-of-school contextual factors.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] In a value-added system of interpreting test scores, analysts estimate an expected score for each student, based on factors such as the student's own previous test scores, primary language, or socioeconomic status. The difference between the student's expected score and actual score is presumed to be due primarily to the teacher's efforts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Content_knowledge">Content knowledge</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Content knowledge">edit</a>]</div> There is debate over which subjects should receive the most focus, with astronomy and geography among those cited as not being taught enough in schools.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> A major criticism of American educational curricula is that it overemphasizes math and reading skills without providing the content knowledge needed to understand the texts used to teach the latter. Poor students are more likely to lack said content knowledge, which contributes to the <a href="/wiki/Achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Achievement gap in the United States">achievement gap in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literacy">Literacy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Literacy">edit</a>]</div> Reading skills are typically taught using a three cues system based on identifying meaning, sentence structure, and visual information such as the first letter in a word.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> This method has been criticized by psychologists such as <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Shanahan_(educator)" title="Timothy Shanahan (educator)">Timothy Shanahan</a> for lacking a basis in scientific evidence, citing studies that find that good readers look at all the letters in a word.<a href="#cite_note-Timothy_Shanahan,_Reading_Rockets-186">[186]</a> According to J. Richard Gentry, teachers draw insufficient attention to spelling. Spelling is itself frequently taught in a confusing manner, such as with reading prompts that may use words that are above grade level.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English-language_education">English-language education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: English-language education">edit</a>]</div> Schools in the 50 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, teach primarily in English, with the exception of specialized <a href="/wiki/Language_immersion" title="Language immersion">language immersion</a> programs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2015, 584,000 students in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> were taught in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, their native language.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a> instigated a 10-year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee language</a> from childhood on up through school immersion programs as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-preservation-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-kpep-191">[191]</a> <a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> In 2010, 84 children were being educated in this manner.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> As of 2000, some 9.7 million children aged 5 to 17 primarily speak a language other than English at home. Of those, about 1.3 million children do not speak English well or at all.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Mathematics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education_in_the_United_States" title="Mathematics education in the United States">Mathematics education in the United States</a></div> According to a 1997 report by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a>, passing rigorous high-school mathematics courses predicts successful completion of university programs regardless of major or family income.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Starting in 2010, mathematics curricula across the country have moved into closer agreement for each grade level. The <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a>, a standardized university entrance exam, has been reformed to better reflect the contents of the Common Core.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> As of 2023, twenty-seven states require students to pass three math courses before graduation from high school, and seventeen states and the District of Columbia require four.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sex_education">Sex education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sex education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sex_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex education in the United States">Sex education in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Adolescent_Birth_Rates_over_Time.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/US_Adolescent_Birth_Rates_over_Time.png/220px-US_Adolescent_Birth_Rates_over_Time.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/US_Adolescent_Birth_Rates_over_Time.png/330px-US_Adolescent_Birth_Rates_over_Time.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/US_Adolescent_Birth_Rates_over_Time.png/440px-US_Adolescent_Birth_Rates_over_Time.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy_in_the_United_States" title="Teenage pregnancy in the United States">teenage pregnancy</a> rates have been falling in recent years; Asian Americans have the lowest rate among all demographic groups.</figcaption></figure> Almost all students in the U.S. receive some form of sex education at least once between grades 7 and 12; many schools begin addressing some topics as early as grades 4 or 5.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> However, what students learn varies widely, because curriculum decisions are so decentralized. Many states have laws governing what is taught in sex education classes or allowing parents to opt out. Some state laws leave curriculum decisions to individual school districts.<a href="#cite_note-Kaiser_2002-200">[200]</a> A 1999 study by the <a href="/wiki/Guttmacher_Institute" title="Guttmacher Institute">Guttmacher Institute</a> found that most U.S. sex education courses in grades 7 through 12 cover puberty, <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">STDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">abstinence</a>, implications of teenage pregnancy, and how to resist peer pressure. Other studied topics, such as methods of birth control and infection prevention, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>, and factual and ethical information about <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, varied more widely.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> However, according to a 2004 survey, a majority of the 1,001 parent groups polled wants complete sex education in schools. The American people are heavily divided over the issue. Over 80% of polled parents agreed with the statement "Sex education in school makes it easier for me to talk to my child about sexual issues", while under 17% agreed with the statement that their children were being exposed to "subjects I don't think my child should be discussing". 10% believed that their children's sexual education class forced them to discuss sexual issues "too early". On the other hand, 49% of the respondents (the largest group) were "somewhat confident" that the values taught in their children's sex ed classes were similar to those taught at home, and 23% were less confident still. (The <a href="/wiki/Margin_of_error" title="Margin of error">margin of error</a> was plus or minus 4.7%.)<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_74" title="The 74">The 74</a>, an American education news website, the United States uses two methods to teach sex education. Comprehensive sex education focuses on sexual risk reduction. This method focuses on the benefits of contraception and safe sex. The abstinence-emphasized curriculum focuses on sexual risk avoidance, discouraging activity that could become a "gateway" to sexual activities.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LGBT_curriculum_laws">LGBT curriculum laws</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: LGBT curriculum laws">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_curriculum_laws_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT curriculum laws in the United States">Anti-LGBT curriculum laws in the United States</a></div> At least 20 states have had their legislatures introduce derivative bills of the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Parental_Rights_in_Education_Act" title="Florida Parental Rights in Education Act">Florida Parental Rights in Education Act</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>,<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>,<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> In April 2022, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> became the second state to pass a similar bill, with governor <a href="/wiki/Kay_Ivey" title="Kay Ivey">Kay Ivey</a> signing House Bill 322, legislation which additionally requires all students to use either male or female bathrooms in Alabama public schools based on their biological sex. Some states have had similar provisions to Florida's law since the 1980s, though they have never gained the name of "Don't Say Gay" bills by critics until recently.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Textbook_review_and_adoption">Textbook review and adoption</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Textbook review and adoption">edit</a>]</div> In some states, textbooks are selected for all students at the state level, and decisions made by larger states, such as California and Texas, that represent a considerable market for textbook publishers and can exert influence over the content of textbooks generally, thereby influencing the curriculum taught in public schools.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Board of Education">Texas Board of Education</a> passed more than 100 amendments to the curriculum standards, affecting history, sociology, and economics courses to 'add balance' given that academia was 'skewed too far to the left'.<a href="#cite_note-TexasConservative-217">[217]</a> One specific result of these amendments is to increase education on Moses' influences on the founding of the United States, going as far as calling him a "founding father".<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> A critical review of the twelve most widely used American <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a> history textbooks argued that they often disseminate factually incorrect, <a href="/wiki/Eurocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocentric">Eurocentric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythologized</a> views of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">American history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> As of January 2009, the four largest college textbook publishers in the United States were: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a> (including such imprints as <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a> (formerly Thomson Learning), <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Education">McGraw-Hill Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other U.S. textbook publishers include: <a href="/wiki/Abeka" title="Abeka">Abeka</a>, <a href="/wiki/BJU_Press" title="BJU Press">BJU Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jones_and_Bartlett_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones and Bartlett Publishers">Jones and Bartlett Publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/F._A._Davis_Company" title="F. A. Davis Company">F. A. Davis Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flat_World_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat World Knowledge">Flat World Knowledge</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigrant_students_and_grade_placement">Immigrant students and grade placement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Immigrant students and grade placement">edit</a>]</div> The method of placing students in a specific grade based on birthday cut-off dates has often been used with immigrant children. A study conducted by Dylan Conger on the effects of grade placement on English learners found that schools are often rushed to make a decision on what grade an incoming student should be placed in, so they base their decision on the child's birthday.<a href="#cite_note-Conger-2013-220">[220]</a> Unfortunately, teachers and staff are not always able to test the child's knowledge to determine what grade level would be better for the students based on what they already know.<a href="#cite_note-Conger-2013-220">[220]</a> This can cause some difficulties for immigrant students. A study conducted on teacher expectations of Somali Bantu refugee students found that teachers can hold expectations for students to already know certain material when they enter their classroom, such as how to use a computer or how to behave in a classroom.<a href="#cite_note-Tran-2017-221">[221]</a> When these students learned something that the teacher already expected them to know, it was not given the same importance compared to learning something that was being taught in that grade level, such as math proficiency or computer use.<a href="#cite_note-Tran-2017-221">[221]</a> Things can become more difficult for students when entering in the middle of the academic year. A study focused on the impact of late arrivals for immigrant students found that, due to constant moving, students entering in the middle of the academic year encountered material they were not familiar with or ended up repeating material they had already learned.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> There is still limited research that has been conducted in the United States on the effects of placing immigrant students in a specific grade based on birthday cut-off dates. A study on <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>'s education policy on children of migrants, where students under seven years were enrolled in kindergarten and older students in first grade, found that even though older students placed in first-grade classrooms were more obedient, the students had trouble connecting with their classmates, and teachers had to address them differently due to their age.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> While data supports the theory that English-language (EL) literacy interventions are beneficial for students of all grade levels and socioeconomic status, including disadvantaged immigrant students, poor implementation of EL instruction has contributed to downward assimilation and long-term or permanent Limited English Proficiency (LEP) status for many immigrant youths.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> LEP status serves as a nonacademic factor for student course enrollment, negatively affecting immigrant student learning opportunities by separating English-learning from other coursework.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Focus on English literacy, and organizational constraints such as immigrant student population, may take away needed resources from challenging academic courses, such as math and science courses that are less English-dependent, thereby impeding LEP students' educational opportunities and post-secondary education preparation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inequality">Inequality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Inequality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Educational_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Educational inequality in the United States">Educational inequality in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racial_achievement_differences">Racial achievement differences</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Racial achievement differences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAEP-reading-trends-race-2004.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/NAEP-reading-trends-race-2004.png/220px-NAEP-reading-trends-race-2004.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/NAEP-reading-trends-race-2004.png/330px-NAEP-reading-trends-race-2004.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/NAEP-reading-trends-race-2004.png/440px-NAEP-reading-trends-race-2004.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Assessment_of_Educational_Progress" title="National Assessment of Educational Progress">NAEP</a> reading long-term trends for ages 9 (light gray), 13 (dark gray), and 17 (black) from 1970 to 2000</figcaption></figure> The racial achievement gap in the U.S. refers to the educational disparities between Black and Hispanic students compared with Asian and Caucasian students.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> This disparity manifests itself in a variety of ways: African-American and Hispanic students are more likely to receive lower grades, score lower on standardized tests, drop out of high school, and are less likely to enter and complete college.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Several reasons have been suggested for these disparities. One explanation is the disparity in income that exists between <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">Whites</a>. This school of thought argues that the origin of this "<a href="/wiki/Wealth_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth gap">wealth gap</a>" is the slavery and racism that made it extremely difficult for African-Americans to accumulate wealth for almost 100 years after slavery was abolished. A comparable history of discrimination created a similar gap between Hispanics and Whites. This results in many minority children being born into low socioeconomic backgrounds, which in turn affects educational opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Another explanation has to do with family structure. Professor <a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Lino Graglia</a> has suggested that Blacks and Hispanics are falling behind in education because they are increasingly <a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">raised in single-parent families</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Other scholars, meanwhile, have long and continuously argued against this myth of the black family, pointing instead to class and race-based oppressions along social and economic lines, as discussed below.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Other explanations offered for the racial achievement gap include: social class, <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">institutional racism</a>, lower quality of schools and teachers in minority communities, and civil injustice. Most authors mention several such factors as influential on outcomes, both in the United States<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> and worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Distributions_of_SAT_Math_Scores_by_Race_or_Ethnicity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Distributions_of_SAT_Math_Scores_by_Race_or_Ethnicity.png/220px-Distributions_of_SAT_Math_Scores_by_Race_or_Ethnicity.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Distributions_of_SAT_Math_Scores_by_Race_or_Ethnicity.png/330px-Distributions_of_SAT_Math_Scores_by_Race_or_Ethnicity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Distributions_of_SAT_Math_Scores_by_Race_or_Ethnicity.png/440px-Distributions_of_SAT_Math_Scores_by_Race_or_Ethnicity.png 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_impact">Economic impact</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Economic impact">edit</a>]</div> Current education trends in the United States represent multiple achievement gaps across ethnicities, income levels, and geography. In an economic analysis, consulting firm <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey & Company</a> reports that closing the educational achievement gap between the United States and nations such as Finland and Korea would have increased US GDP by 9–16% in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-mckinseyonsociety.com-238">[238]</a> Narrowing the gap between white students and black and Hispanic students would have added another 2–4% GDP, while closing the gap between poor and other students would have yielded a 3–5% increase in GDP, and that of under-performing states and the rest of the nation another 3–5% GDP. In sum, McKinsey's report suggests, "These educational gaps impose on the United States the economic equivalent of a permanent national recession."<a href="#cite_note-mckinseyonsociety.com-238">[238]</a> The households and demographics featuring the highest educational attainment in the United States are also among those with the highest <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth in the United States">wealth</a>. Thus, while the population of the U.S. is becoming increasingly educated on all levels, a direct link between income and educational attainment remains.<a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/ACT_(test)" title="ACT (test)">ACT Inc.</a> reports that 25% of US graduating high school seniors meet college-readiness benchmarks in English, reading, mathematics, and science.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Including the 22% of students who do not graduate on time, fewer than 20% of the American youth, who should graduate high school each year, do so prepared for college.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> The United States has fallen behind the rest of the developed world in education, creating a global achievement gap that alone costs the nation 9–16% of potential GDP each year.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_to_prison_pipeline">School to prison pipeline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: School to prison pipeline">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/School-to-prison_pipeline" title="School-to-prison pipeline">school-to-prison pipeline</a> (SPP) is the disproportionate tendency of minors and young adults from disadvantaged backgrounds to become incarcerated, because of increasingly harsh school and municipal policies which mirror law enforcement methods. This inhibits many of these young adults from going to college.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wald_Losen_2003_pp._9–15-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kim_2010_p.-244">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardized_testing">Standardized testing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Standardized testing">edit</a>]</div> Requiring students to take <a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">standardized tests</a> (everyone takes the same test under reasonably equal circumstances, and gets scored the same way) for college admissions is a controversial topic. These tests can create unequal opportunities for students based on their economic status, race, and ability status. For example, students with <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a> may not, through no fault of their own, read the test material as quickly or easily as students without dyslexia. Similarly, impoverished students who are hungry when they take the test due to <a href="/wiki/Food_insecurity_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Food insecurity in the United States">food insecurity</a>, or who did not sleep well due to noisy, overcrowded housing, often do not score as well as students who are healthy, well-nourished, and well-rested. Students in under-funded, low-income schools often have the disadvantage of <a href="/wiki/Class_size" title="Class size">larger class sizes</a> taught by teachers with less experience. It is therefore common for students of color, those with disabilities, and those from low-income communities to have lower scores on academic tests. While these lower scores may accurately reflect the individual student's performance, the lower performance is most likely due to "generations of exclusionary housing, education, and economic policy", rather than anything an individual student could remedy on their own.<a href="#cite_note-Olson2-245">[245]</a> These achievement gaps aren't a new concept. In 1991, the gap between the average scores of white students and those of black students was 0.91 standard deviations, while in 2020, the gap had decreased to 0.79 standard deviations.<a href="#cite_note-Olson2-245">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cost_of_taking_tests">Cost of taking tests</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Cost of taking tests">edit</a>]</div> Taking university admissions tests can be costly for students, both in terms of optional <a href="/wiki/Test_preparation" title="Test preparation">test preparation</a> programs and in the cost of registering for and attending test. The <a href="/wiki/ACT_(test)" title="ACT (test)">ACT</a> and <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> can cost $55–$70 and $52–$68 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Many wealthier students voluntarily take the tests multiple time to see the best score<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> they can get, and will submit "super-scores", or a score consisting of their best scores from each section. Students from low-income families cannot afford to take the test multiple times. Students in low-income communities oftentimes do not have the same resources for test prep that their peers from more affluent backgrounds do. This discrepancy in resources available causes there to be a significant difference in the scores of students from different racial backgrounds. One study found that 59% of white students and 80% of Asian test takers are deemed "college ready"<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> by the SAT standards in comparison to the under 25% of Black students and under 33% of Hispanic/Latino students who are deemed "college ready". While the <a href="/wiki/College_Board" title="College Board">College Board</a> reports that socioeconomic factors do not directly impact a student's performance, it can indirectly impact it through the course of access to prep courses and better schooling – experiences outside the test itself that can heavily affect test scores. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reading_and_writing_habits">Reading and writing habits</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Reading and writing habits">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkeley_Heights_NJ_public_library_books_and_shelves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Berkeley_Heights_NJ_public_library_books_and_shelves.jpg/220px-Berkeley_Heights_NJ_public_library_books_and_shelves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Berkeley_Heights_NJ_public_library_books_and_shelves.jpg/330px-Berkeley_Heights_NJ_public_library_books_and_shelves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Berkeley_Heights_NJ_public_library_books_and_shelves.jpg/440px-Berkeley_Heights_NJ_public_library_books_and_shelves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>The interior of Berkeley Heights Public Library in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Heights,_New_Jersey" title="Berkeley Heights, New Jersey">Berkeley Heights, New Jersey</a> in June 2012</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Libraries</a> have been considered essential to educational goals.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Library books are more readily available to Americans than to people in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Austria, and all the Mediterranean nations. The average American borrowed more library books in 2001 than his or her peers in Germany, Austria, Norway, Ireland, Luxembourg, France, and throughout the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-Trans-Atlantic_Comparisons_2-250">[250]</a> Americans buy more books than Europeans do.<a href="#cite_note-Trans-Atlantic_Comparisons_2-250">[250]</a> Teachers have been frustrated with the lack of parent involvement in the learning process, particularly in the earlier grades. Children spend about 26% of their time in school, sleep 37%, leaving about 37% of their time left over.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Teachers believe that parents are not supervising their children's free time to encourage the learning process, such as basic literacy, which is crucial not only to later success in life but also to keep them out of prison.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> The 2003 National Adult Literacy Survey indicated that 70% of inmates in American prisons cannot read above a fourth grade level, which notes a "link between academic failure and delinquency, violence and crime is welded to reading failure."<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="School_meals">School meals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: School meals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/School_meal_programs_in_the_United_States" title="School meal programs in the United States">School meal programs in the United States</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universal_School_Meal_Programs_in_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of US states with universal school meal programs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Universal_School_Meal_Programs_in_the_United_States.svg/400px-Universal_School_Meal_Programs_in_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Universal_School_Meal_Programs_in_the_United_States.svg/600px-Universal_School_Meal_Programs_in_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Universal_School_Meal_Programs_in_the_United_States.svg/800px-Universal_School_Meal_Programs_in_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption> Universal school meal programs in the United States <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Permanent universal school meal program</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Former temporary universal school meal program</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No universal school meal program</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/28px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/42px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/56px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Board" title="College Board">College Board</a> examinations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-generation_college_students_in_the_United_States" title="First-generation college students in the United States">First-generation college students in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_education_in_the_United_States" title="Language education in the United States">Language education in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_educated_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of state educated in the United States">List of heads of state educated in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_graduation_exams_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state graduation exams in the United States">List of state graduation exams in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">Lists of school districts in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcome-based_education" title="Outcome-based education">Outcome-based education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States#Education_spending" title="Social programs in the United States">Social programs in the United States and education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_Inequality_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational Inequality in the United States">Educational Inequality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tech ed">Tech ed</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OCED05-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCED05_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCED05_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/general/oecdcallsforbroaderaccesstopost-schooleducationandtraining.htm">"OECD calls for broader access to post-school education and training"</a>. Oecd.org. September 13, 2005. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OECD+calls+for+broader+access+to+post-school+education+and+training&rft.pub=Oecd.org&rft.date=2005-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fgeneral%2Foecdcallsforbroaderaccesstopost-schooleducationandtraining.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-digest-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-digest_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-digest_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024">"USA Spending Department of Education"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317134641/https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2024. Retrieved March 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USA+Spending+Department+of+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaspending.gov%2Fagency%2Fdepartment-of-education%3Ffy%3D2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia.gov-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053602/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html">"The World Factbook"</a>. CIA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html">the original</a> on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCES-2020-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCES-2020_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCES-2020_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVéronique_Irwin_and_Josue_De_La_Rosa2022" class="citation web cs1">Véronique Irwin and Josue De La Rosa (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2022/2022144.pdf">"Report on the Condition of Education 2022"</a> (PDF). nces.ed.gov. National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. pp. iii, 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531143805/https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2022/2022144.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nces.ed.gov&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+Condition+of+Education+2022&rft.pages=iii%2C+10&rft.date=2022-05&rft.au=V%C3%A9ronique+Irwin+and+Josue+De+La+Rosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fpubs2022%2F2022144.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCED-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCED_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCED_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190812052359/https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=USA&treshold=10&topic=EO">"United States"</a>. OECD. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=USA&treshold=10&topic=EO">the original</a> on August 12, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States&rft.pub=OECD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgpseducation.oecd.org%2FCountryProfile%3FprimaryCountry%3DUSA%26treshold%3D10%26topic%3DEO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/pdf/coe_cac.pdf">"International Educational Attainment"</a> (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved August 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Educational+Attainment&rft.pages=2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fprograms%2Fcoe%2Fpdf%2Fcoe_cac.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828232655/http://gpseducation.oecd.org/Content/EAGCountryNotes/USA.pdf">"United States"</a> (PDF). OECD. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gpseducation.oecd.org/Content/EAGCountryNotes/USA.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 28, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States&rft.pub=OECD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgpseducation.oecd.org%2FContent%2FEAGCountryNotes%2FUSA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/educational-attainment/2018/cps-detailed-tables/table-2-1.xlsx">"Educational Attainment of the Population 25 Years and Over, by Selected Characteristics: 2018"</a>. United States Census Bureau. February 21, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Educational+Attainment+of+the+Population+25+Years+and+Over%2C+by+Selected+Characteristics%3A+2018&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdemo%2Ftables%2Feducational-attainment%2F2018%2Fcps-detailed-tables%2Ftable-2-1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/200486/outlays-of-the-us-department-of-education-since-2000/">"U.S. Department of Education - outlays 2027"</a>. Statista. Retrieved October 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=U.S.+Department+of+Education+-+outlays+2027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F200486%2Foutlays-of-the-us-department-of-education-since-2000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capenet.org/facts.html">"CAPE – Private School Facts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAPE+%E2%80%93+Private+School+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capenet.org%2Ffacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211121027/http://www.hslda.org/docs/news/2013/201309030.asp">"U.S. Department of Education: Homeschooling Continues to Grow!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hslda.org/docs/news/2013/201309030.asp">the original</a> on December 11, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Department+of+Education%3A+Homeschooling+Continues+to+Grow%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hslda.org%2Fdocs%2Fnews%2F2013%2F201309030.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66">"National Center for Education Statistics"</a>. nces.ed.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Center+for+Education+Statistics&rft.pub=nces.ed.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Ffastfacts%2Fdisplay.asp%3Fid%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_States-13"><a href="#cite_ref-US_States_13-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d22/tables/dt22_234.10.asp?current=yes">Age range for compulsory school attendance and special education services, and policies on year-round schools and kindergarten programs</a>. Retrieved 31 May 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506225234/https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_cpb.asp">"U.S. college enrollment rates"</a>. NCES. March 18, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_cpb.asp">the original</a> on May 6, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+college+enrollment+rates&rft.pub=NCES&rft.date=2019-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fprograms%2Fcoe%2Findicator_cpb.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFink2019" class="citation web cs1">Fink, Jenni (October 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768">"U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved April 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=U.S.+Schools+Take+8+of+10+Top+Spots+on+U.S.+News%27+Best+Global+Universities&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Jenni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fus-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNietzel2023" class="citation web cs1">Nietzel, Michael T. (March 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2023/03/22/us-universities-dominate-latest-qs-world-rankings-by-academic-field/">"U.S. Universities Dominate Latest QS World Rankings By Academic Field"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved April 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=U.S.+Universities+Dominate+Latest+QS+World+Rankings+By+Academic+Field&rft.date=2023-03-22&rft.aulast=Nietzel&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmichaeltnietzel%2F2023%2F03%2F22%2Fus-universities-dominate-latest-qs-world-rankings-by-academic-field%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usnews.com-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usnews.com_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usnews.com_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education">"Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. April 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Best+Countries+for+Education%3A+North+American+and+European+countries+are+seen+as+offering+the+best+opportunities+for+education.&rft.date=2023-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbest-countries%2Fbest-countries-for-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings">"2022-2023 Best Global Universities Rankings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. Retrieved April 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=2022-2023+Best+Global+Universities+Rankings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-global-universities%2Frankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes">"All Nobel Prizes"</a>. NobelPrize.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=All+Nobel+Prizes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Flists%2Fall-nobel-prizes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-education-spending-tops-global-list-study-shows/">"U.S. education spending tops global list, study shows"</a>. CBS News. June 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=U.S.+education+spending+tops+global+list%2C+study+shows&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-education-spending-tops-global-list-study-shows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/pdf/Indicator_CMD/coe_cmd_2018_05.pdf">"Education Expenditures by Country"</a> (PDF). National Center for Education Statistics. May 11, 2018. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828232653/https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/pdf/Indicator_CMD/coe_cmd_2018_05.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+Expenditures+by+Country&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Education+Statistics&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fprograms%2Fcoe%2Fpdf%2FIndicator_CMD%2Fcoe_cmd_2018_05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/cmd/education-expenditures-by-country">"COE - Education Expenditures by Country"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics" title="National Center for Education Statistics">National Center for Education Statistics</a>. 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COE+-+Education+Expenditures+by+Country&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Education+Statistics&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fprograms%2Fcoe%2Findicator%2Fcmd%2Feducation-expenditures-by-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeAngelis2020" class="citation magazine cs1">DeAngelis, Corey A. (June 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.org/commentary/inflation-adjusted-k-12-education-spending-per-student-has-increased-by-280-percent-since-1960/">"Inflation-Adjusted K-12 Education Spending Per Student Has Increased By 280 Percent Since 1960"</a>. Reason. Reason Foundation. Retrieved May 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Inflation-Adjusted+K-12+Education+Spending+Per+Student+Has+Increased+By+280+Percent+Since+1960&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft.aulast=DeAngelis&rft.aufirst=Corey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.org%2Fcommentary%2Finflation-adjusted-k-12-education-spending-per-student-has-increased-by-280-percent-since-1960%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d19/tables/dt19_236.55.asp?current=yes">"Total and current expenditures per pupil in public elementary and secondary schools: Selected years, 1919-20 through 2016-17"</a>. Digest of Education Statistics. National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved May 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digest+of+Education+Statistics&rft.atitle=Total+and+current+expenditures+per+pupil+in+public+elementary+and+secondary+schools%3A+Selected+years%2C+1919-20+through+2016-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fprograms%2Fdigest%2Fd19%2Ftables%2Fdt19_236.55.asp%3Fcurrent%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill2017" class="citation news cs1">Will, Madeline (May 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/teachers-less-frequently-hired-more-often-fired-than-other-school-staffers/2017/05">"Teachers Less Frequently Hired, More Often Fired Than Other School Staffers"</a>. Education Week. Editorial Projects in Education, Inc. Retrieved May 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Week&rft.atitle=Teachers+Less+Frequently+Hired%2C+More+Often+Fired+Than+Other+School+Staffers&rft.date=2017-05-09&rft.aulast=Will&rft.aufirst=Madeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edweek.org%2Fteaching-learning%2Fteachers-less-frequently-hired-more-often-fired-than-other-school-staffers%2F2017%2F05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScafidi2017" class="citation report cs1">Scafidi, Benjamin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED583004.pdf">Back to the Staffing Surge: The Great Teacher Salary Stagnation and the Decades-Long Employment Growth in American Public Schools</a> (PDF). Education Resources Information Center (Report). EdChoice. Retrieved May 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Back+to+the+Staffing+Surge%3A+The+Great+Teacher+Salary+Stagnation+and+the+Decades-Long+Employment+Growth+in+American+Public+Schools&rft.pub=EdChoice&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Scafidi&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED583004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2023" class="citation report cs1">Weinstein, Paul (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.progressivepolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/PPI_College_Admin_Bloat.pdf">How to Cut Administrative Bloat at U.S. Colleges</a> (PDF) (Report). Progressive Policy Institute. Retrieved May 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=How+to+Cut+Administrative+Bloat+at+U.S.+Colleges&rft.pub=Progressive+Policy+Institute&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.progressivepolicy.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F08%2FPPI_College_Admin_Bloat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell-Domenech2024" class="citation news cs1">O'Connell-Domenech, Alejandra (January 10, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/changing-america/enrichment/education/4398533-college-enrollment-could-take-a-big-hit-in-2025-heres-why/">"College enrollment could take a big hit in 2025. Here's why"</a>. The Hill. Nexstar Media Group. Retrieved May 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=College+enrollment+could+take+a+big+hit+in+2025.+Here%27s+why.&rft.date=2024-01-10&rft.aulast=O%27Connell-Domenech&rft.aufirst=Alejandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fchanging-america%2Fenrichment%2Feducation%2F4398533-college-enrollment-could-take-a-big-hit-in-2025-heres-why%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2024" class="citation news cs1">Allen, Catherine (April 21, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/data-graphics/public-school-enrollment-us-states-map-chart-rcna119262">"Public school enrollment falling nationwide, data shows"</a>. NBC News. Retrieved May 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Public+school+enrollment+falling+nationwide%2C+data+shows&rft.date=2024-04-21&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fdata-graphics%2Fpublic-school-enrollment-us-states-map-chart-rcna119262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisa-2015-results-in-focus.pdf">"PISA - Results in Focus"</a> (PDF). OECD. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161208150138/https://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisa-2015-results-in-focus.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PISA+-+Results+in+Focus&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fpisa%2Fpisa-2015-results-in-focus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=USA&treshold=10&topic=PI">"United States - Student performance (PISA 2015)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+-+Student+performance+%28PISA+2015%29&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgpseducation.oecd.org%2FCountryProfile%3FprimaryCountry%3DUSA%26treshold%3D10%26topic%3DPI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pellinstitute.org/downloads/publications-Indicators_of_Higher_Education_Equity_in_the_US_2018_Historical_Trend_Report.pdf">"Indicators of Higher Education Equity in the United States"</a> (PDF). Pell Institute. p. 127. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815230344/http://pellinstitute.org/downloads/publications-Indicators_of_Higher_Education_Equity_in_the_US_2018_Historical_Trend_Report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indicators+of+Higher+Education+Equity+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Pell+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpellinstitute.org%2Fdownloads%2Fpublications-Indicators_of_Higher_Education_Equity_in_the_US_2018_Historical_Trend_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/pdf/coe_cac.pdf">"International Educational Attainment"</a> (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved August 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Educational+Attainment&rft.pages=6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fprograms%2Fcoe%2Fpdf%2Fcoe_cac.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828232655/http://gpseducation.oecd.org/Content/EAGCountryNotes/USA.pdf">"United States"</a> (PDF). OECD. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gpseducation.oecd.org/Content/EAGCountryNotes/USA.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 28, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=OECD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgpseducation.oecd.org%2FContent%2FEAGCountryNotes%2FUSA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census-2019-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census-2019_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census-2019_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/educational-attainment/2018/cps-detailed-tables/table-2-1.xlsx">"Educational Attainment of the Population 25 Years and Over, by Selected Characteristics: 2018"</a>. United States Census Bureau. February 21, 2019. p. 1. Retrieved August 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Educational+Attainment+of+the+Population+25+Years+and+Over%2C+by+Selected+Characteristics%3A+2018&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdemo%2Ftables%2Feducational-attainment%2F2018%2Fcps-detailed-tables%2Ftable-2-1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oldstonehousemuseum.org/srhallbio.html">Samuel Read Hall Biography at the Old Stone House Museum website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100405231650/http://www.oldstonehousemuseum.org/srhallbio.html">Archived</a> April 5, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved on July 3, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-melrosemirror.media.mit.edu-37"><a href="#cite_ref-melrosemirror.media.mit.edu_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060920192639/http://melrosemirror.media.mit.edu/servlet/pluto?state=303034706167653030375765625061676530303269643030353130353631">"An early Yankee=April 1, 2005"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://melrosemirror.media.mit.edu/servlet/pluto?state=303034706167653030375765625061676530303269643030353130353631">the original</a> on September 20, 2006. Retrieved January 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+early+Yankee%3DApril+1%2C+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmelrosemirror.media.mit.edu%2Fservlet%2Fpluto%3Fstate%3D303034706167653030375765625061676530303269643030353130353631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteudeman2018" class="citation journal cs1">Steudeman, Michael J. (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2018.3">"From Civic Imperative to Bird's-Eye View: Renegotiating the Idioms of Education Governance during the Reconstruction Era"</a>. History of Education Quarterly. 58 (2): 199–228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2018.3">10.1017/heq.2018.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2680">0018-2680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=From+Civic+Imperative+to+Bird%27s-Eye+View%3A+Renegotiating+the+Idioms+of+Education+Governance+during+the+Reconstruction+Era&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-228&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fheq.2018.3&rft.issn=0018-2680&rft.aulast=Steudeman&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fheq.2018.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Paul Monroe, "A cyclopedia of education" (4 vol. 1911) covers each state </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandieraMohnenRasulViarengo2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bandiera, Oriana; Mohnen, Myra; Rasul, Imran; Viarengo, Martina (June 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/eopp/eopp57.pdf">"Nation-Building Through Compulsory Schooling During the Age of Mass Migration"</a> (PDF). The Economic Journal. 129 (617): 62–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fecoj.12624">10.1111/ecoj.12624</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0133">0013-0133</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808164135/http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/eopp/eopp57.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Nation-Building+Through+Compulsory+Schooling+During+the+Age+of+Mass+Migration&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=617&rft.pages=62-109&rft.date=2018-06-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fecoj.12624&rft.issn=0013-0133&rft.aulast=Bandiera&rft.aufirst=Oriana&rft.au=Mohnen%2C+Myra&rft.au=Rasul%2C+Imran&rft.au=Viarengo%2C+Martina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsticerd.lse.ac.uk%2Fdps%2Feopp%2Feopp57.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Walter R., Allen, Edgar G. Epps, and Nesha Z. Haniff, College in Black and White: African American students in predominantly White and in historically Black public universities (SUNY Press, 1991). </li> <li id="cite_note-Spooner-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spooner_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spooner_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spooner_42-2">c</a> Spooner, F. (2014). Serving students with healthcare needs. In M. Agran (Ed.), Equity and full participation for individuals with severe disabilities: A vision for the future (p. 239). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Pub. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorgenson1968" class="citation journal cs1">Jorgenson, Lloyd P. (1968). "The Oregon School Law of 1922: Passage and Sequel". The Catholic Historical Review. 54 (3). Catholic University of America Press: 455–466. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25018244">25018244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Oregon+School+Law+of+1922%3A+Passage+and+Sequel&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=455-466&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25018244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jorgenson&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100826053451/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,788381,00.html">"Education: 6-4-4 Preferred"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. August 22, 1938. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,788381,00.html">the original</a> on August 26, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Education%3A+6-4-4+Preferred&rft.date=1938-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C788381%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Campbell, pp 78–9, 226–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Grace Palladino, Teenagers: An American History (1996) p 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Steven Mintz, <a href="/wiki/Huck%27s_Raft:_A_History_of_American_Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood">Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood</a> (2006) pp 258–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordinTurner1980" class="citation journal cs1">Nordin, Virginia Davis; Turner, William Lloyd (1980). "More than Segregation Academies: The Growing Protestant Fundamentalist Schools". The Phi Delta Kappan. 61 (6): 391–394.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phi+Delta+Kappan&rft.atitle=More+than+Segregation+Academies%3A+The+Growing+Protestant+Fundamentalist+Schools&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=391-394&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Nordin&rft.aufirst=Virginia+Davis&rft.au=Turner%2C+William+Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarper1983" class="citation journal cs1">Carper, James C. (1983). "The Christian Day School Movement". The Educational Forum. 47 (2): 135–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00131728309335955">10.1080/00131728309335955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Educational+Forum&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Day+School+Movement&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-149&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00131728309335955&rft.aulast=Carper&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarperLayman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Carper, James C.; Layman, Jack (1995). "Independent Christian Day Schools Past, Present, and Prognosis". Journal of Research on Christian Education. 4 (1): 7–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10656219509484824">10.1080/10656219509484824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+on+Christian+Education&rft.atitle=Independent+Christian+Day+Schools+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Prognosis&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-19&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10656219509484824&rft.aulast=Carper&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft.au=Layman%2C+Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakleyStowellLogan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Oakley D, Stowell J, Logan JR (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3769798">"The impact of desegregation on black teachers in the metropolis, 1970–2000"</a>. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 39 (9): 1576–1598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01419870902780997">10.1080/01419870902780997</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3769798">3769798</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24039318">24039318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+desegregation+on+black+teachers+in+the+metropolis%2C+1970%E2%80%932000&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1576-1598&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3769798%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24039318&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01419870902780997&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Stowell%2C+J&rft.au=Logan%2C+JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3769798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> "The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 forbids federally determined curricula." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120801233604/http://www.hoover.org/pubaffairs/dailyreport/archive/2864556.html">Hoover Institution – Daily Report Archives – Secretary Riley Reignites the Math Wars</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"U.S. spending". <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>. April 19, 1990. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=U.S.+spending&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1990-04-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesse_Rhodes2012" class="citation book cs1">Jesse Rhodes (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fDvg6r8oHKIC&pg=PA179">An Education in Politics: The Origins and Evolution of No Child Left Behind</a>. Cornell U.P. pp. 179–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801464669" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801464669"><bdi>978-0801464669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Education+in+Politics%3A+The+Origins+and+Evolution+of+No+Child+Left+Behind&rft.pages=179-81&rft.pub=Cornell+U.P.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0801464669&rft.au=Jesse+Rhodes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfDvg6r8oHKIC%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Brill2011" class="citation book cs1">Steven Brill (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9_e6RjCtpcAC&pg=PA84">Class Warfare: Inside the Fight to Fix America's Schools</a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451611991" title="Special:BookSources/9781451611991"><bdi>9781451611991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+Warfare%3A+Inside+the+Fight+to+Fix+America%27s+Schools&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781451611991&rft.au=Steven+Brill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9_e6RjCtpcAC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ed.gov/nclb/overview/intro/factsheet.html">"Archived: Fact Sheet on No Child Left Behind"</a>. May 3, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived%3A+Fact+Sheet+on+No+Child+Left+Behind&rft.date=2006-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ed.gov%2Fnclb%2Foverview%2Fintro%2Ffactsheet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021002104112/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=000&invol=00-1751">"Zeman vs Simmon-Harris, US Supreme Court certoriari 00-1751"</a>. findlaw.com. June 27, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=000&invol=00-1751">the original</a> on October 2, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=findlaw.com&rft.atitle=Zeman+vs+Simmon-Harris%2C+US+Supreme+Court+certoriari+00-1751&rft.date=2002-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fscripts%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fcourt%3DUS%26vol%3D000%26invol%3D00-1751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirschfeld_Davis-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Hirschfeld_Davis_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschfeld_Davis2015" class="citation news cs1">Hirschfeld Davis, Julie (December 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/11/us/politics/president-obama-signs-into-law-a-rewrite-of-no-child-left-behind.html">"President Obama Signs into Law a Rewrite of No Child Left Behind"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=President+Obama+Signs+into+Law+a+Rewrite+of+No+Child+Left+Behind&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft.aulast=Hirschfeld+Davis&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F12%2F11%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fpresident-obama-signs-into-law-a-rewrite-of-no-child-left-behind.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Zimmerman" title="Jonathan Zimmerman">Jonathan Zimmerman</a>, "Education in the Age of Obama: The Paradox of Consensus" in Zelizer, ed., The Presidency of Barack Obama pp 110–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuinn2012" class="citation journal cs1">McGuinn, Patrick (2012). "Stimulating reform: Race to the Top, competitive grants and the Obama education agenda". Educational Policy. 26 (1): 136–159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0895904811425911">10.1177/0895904811425911</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154566214">154566214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Policy&rft.atitle=Stimulating+reform%3A+Race+to+the+Top%2C+competitive+grants+and+the+Obama+education+agenda&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=136-159&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0895904811425911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154566214%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McGuinn&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ferguson, Maria (2015). "Washington View So you want to be an education president?". Phi Delta Kappan. 96 (6): 72–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0031721715575307">10.1177/0031721715575307</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145724054">145724054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phi+Delta+Kappan&rft.atitle=Washington+View+So+you+want+to+be+an+education+president%3F.&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=72-73&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0031721715575307&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145724054%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/25/opinion/sunday/student-debt-loan-default-college.html">"Opinion | the Student Debt Problem is Worse Than We Imagined"</a>. The New York Times. August 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%26%23124%3B+the+Student+Debt+Problem+is+Worse+Than+We+Imagined&rft.date=2018-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2018%2F08%2F25%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fstudent-debt-loan-default-college.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/economy-budget/309760-student-debt-is-americas-most-pressing-economic-problem">"Student debt is America's most pressing economic problem"</a>. December 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Student+debt+is+America%27s+most+pressing+economic+problem&rft.date=2016-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fpundits-blog%2Feconomy-budget%2F309760-student-debt-is-americas-most-pressing-economic-problem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2018" class="citation news cs1">Griffin, Riley (October 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-17/the-student-loan-debt-crisis-is-about-to-get-worse">"The Student Loan Debt Crisis Is About to Get Worse"</a>. Bloomberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=The+Student+Loan+Debt+Crisis+Is+About+to+Get+Worse&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Riley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2018-10-17%2Fthe-student-loan-debt-crisis-is-about-to-get-worse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackfriedman/2018/11/28/student-loan-debt-crisis/">"Betsy DeVos: Student Loan Debt is Now A 'Crisis'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos%3A+Student+Loan+Debt+is+Now+A+%27Crisis%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fzackfriedman%2F2018%2F11%2F28%2Fstudent-loan-debt-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/student-loan-debt-crisis/">"Will a Student Loan Debt Crisis Sink the U.S. Economy?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+a+Student+Loan+Debt+Crisis+Sink+the+U.S.+Economy%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fknowledge.wharton.upenn.edu%2Farticle%2Fstudent-loan-debt-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagel2020" class="citation web cs1">Nagel, David (March 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thejournal.com/articles/2020/03/16/more-major-education-systems-shut-down.aspx">"More Than Half of All States Have Shut Down All of Their Schools"</a>. THE Journal. Retrieved June 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=THE+Journal&rft.atitle=More+Than+Half+of+All+States+Have+Shut+Down+All+of+Their+Schools&rft.date=2020-03-06&rft.aulast=Nagel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthejournal.com%2Farticles%2F2020%2F03%2F16%2Fmore-major-education-systems-shut-down.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerold2020" class="citation news cs1">Herold, Benjamin (April 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2020/03/26/the-scramble-to-move-americas-schools-online.html">"The Scramble to Move America's Schools Online - Education Week"</a>. Education Week. Retrieved June 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Week&rft.atitle=The+Scramble+to+Move+America%27s+Schools+Online+-+Education+Week&rft.date=2020-04-01&rft.aulast=Herold&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edweek.org%2Few%2Farticles%2F2020%2F03%2F26%2Fthe-scramble-to-move-americas-schools-online.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.futureeducators.org/technology-in-classrooms-pros-cons/">"Technology in Classrooms: Pros and Cons – Future Educators"</a>. June 22, 2019. Retrieved June 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technology+in+Classrooms%3A+Pros+and+Cons+%E2%80%93+Future+Educators&rft.date=2019-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.futureeducators.org%2Ftechnology-in-classrooms-pros-cons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-weforum.org-70"><a href="#cite_ref-weforum.org_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/coronavirus-education-global-covid19-online-digital-learning/">"The COVID-19 pandemic has changed education forever. This is how"</a>. World Economic Forum. April 29, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=The+COVID-19+pandemic+has+changed+education+forever.+This+is+how&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2020%2F04%2Fcoronavirus-education-global-covid19-online-digital-learning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zilibotti-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zilibotti_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zilibotti_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesco_Agostinelli,_Matthias_Doepke,_Giuseppe_Sorrenti_&_Fabrizio_Zilibotti2020" class="citation journal cs1">Francesco Agostinelli, Matthias Doepke, Giuseppe Sorrenti & Fabrizio Zilibotti (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w28264">"When the Great Equalizer Shuts Down: Schools, Peers, and Parents in Pandemic Times"</a>. Journal of Public Economics. 206 (104574). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw28264">10.3386/w28264</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2727">0047-2727</a>. 28264. Retrieved July 27, 2022. <q>Online education is an imperfect substitute for in-person learning, particularly for children from low-income families. Peer effects also change: schools allow children from different socio-economic backgrounds to mix together, and this effect is lost when schools are closed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Economics&rft.atitle=When+the+Great+Equalizer+Shuts+Down%3A+Schools%2C+Peers%2C+and+Parents+in+Pandemic+Times&rft.volume=206&rft.issue=104574&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw28264&rft.issn=0047-2727&rft.au=Francesco+Agostinelli%2C+Matthias+Doepke%2C+Giuseppe+Sorrenti+%26+Fabrizio+Zilibotti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw28264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Fern-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fern_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fern_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fern_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fern_72-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fern_72-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fern_72-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFern2020" class="citation web cs1">Fern, Deirdre (May 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/05/08/metro/amid-pandemic-growing-list-colleges-financial-peril/">"Amid coronavirus pandemic, a growing list of colleges in financial peril"</a>. The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Amid+coronavirus+pandemic%2C+a+growing+list+of+colleges+in+financial+peril&rft.date=2020-05-08&rft.aulast=Fern&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2F2020%2F05%2F08%2Fmetro%2Famid-pandemic-growing-list-colleges-financial-peril%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2022" class="citation web cs1">Cummings, Mike (January 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yale.edu/2021/01/05/covid-school-closures-most-harm-students-poorest-neighborhoods">"COVID school closures most harm students from poorest neighborhood"</a>. news.yale.edu. Yale News. Retrieved July 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.yale.edu&rft.atitle=COVID+school+closures+most+harm+students+from+poorest+neighborhood&rft.date=2022-01-05&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yale.edu%2F2021%2F01%2F05%2Fcovid-school-closures-most-harm-students-poorest-neighborhoods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2009-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2009_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2009_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyanSiebens2016" class="citation web cs1">Ryan, Camille; Siebens, Julie (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2016/demo/p20-578.pdf">"Educational Attainment in the United States: 2015"</a> (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615014108/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2016/demo/p20-578.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 15, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Educational+Attainment+in+the+United+States%3A+2015&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2016-03&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft.au=Siebens%2C+Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FCensus%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2016%2Fdemo%2Fp20-578.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capenet.org/facts.html#:~:text=There%20are%2034,576%20private%20schools,2%20of%20the%20PSS%20Report">"CAPE | Private School Facts"</a>. www.capenet.org. 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.capenet.org&rft.atitle=CAPE+%7C+Private+School+Facts&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capenet.org%2Ffacts.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThere%2520are%252034%2C576%2520private%2520schools%2C2%2520of%2520the%2520PSS%2520Report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-76"><a href="#cite_ref-census_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050330044033/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/education/004214.html">"US Census Press Releases"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/education/004214.html">the original</a> on March 30, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Census+Press+Releases&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2FPress-Release%2Fwww%2Freleases%2Farchives%2Feducation%2F004214.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wp100606-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wp100606_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp100606_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp100606_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp100606_77-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagier2010" class="citation news cs1">Zagier, Alan Scher (June 6, 2010). "Rethinking the four-year degree". Washington Post. Washington Post. pp. A2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+four-year+degree&rft.pages=A2&rft.date=2010-06-06&rft.aulast=Zagier&rft.aufirst=Alan+Scher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EDU-78"><a href="#cite_ref-EDU_78-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF">A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st Century</a>, U.S. Department of Education, 2003. Accessed May 13, 2006. 2% of the population do not have minimal literacy and 14% have Below Basic prose literacy. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/index.asp">"Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)"</a>. nces.ed.gov. Retrieved May 5, 2024. <q>reading literacy, science literacy and mathematics literacy all rank near the bottom of OECD-countries,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nces.ed.gov&rft.atitle=Program+for+International+Student+Assessment+%28PISA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fsurveys%2Fpisa%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPondiscio2016" class="citation web cs1">Pondiscio, Robert (January 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edexcellence.net/articles/the-phoniest-statistic-in-education">"The Phoniest Statistic in Education"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Fordham_Institute" title="Thomas B. Fordham Institute">Thomas B. Fordham Institute</a>. Retrieved July 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomas+B.+Fordham+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Phoniest+Statistic+in+Education&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft.aulast=Pondiscio&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedexcellence.net%2Farticles%2Fthe-phoniest-statistic-in-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527072725/http://www.ecs.org/html/offsite.asp?document=http%3A%2Fcc">"Offsite Link from ECS"</a>. www.ecs.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecs.org/html/offsite.asp?document=http%3A%2Fcc">the original</a> on May 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ecs.org&rft.atitle=Offsite+Link+from+ECS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecs.org%2Fhtml%2Foffsite.asp%3Fdocument%3Dhttp%253A%252Fcc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/education-at-a-glance-2005_eag-2005-en">Education at Glance 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723201800/http://www.ecs.org/html/offsite.asp?document=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdataoecd%2F20%2F25%2F35345692.pdf">Archived</a> July 23, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>: Participation in continuing education and training </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/02/070218134322.htm">Scientific Literacy: How Do Americans Stack Up?</a>." <a href="/wiki/Science_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Daily">Science Daily</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaytonBrown2015" class="citation web cs1">Layton, Lyndsey; Brown, Emma (September 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/number-of-us-homeless-students-has-doubled-since-before-the-recession/2015/09/14/0c1fadb6-58c2-11e5-8bb1-b488d231bba2_story.html">"Number of homeless students in U.S. has doubled since before the recession"</a> – via www.washingtonpost.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+homeless+students+in+U.S.+has+doubled+since+before+the+recession&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft.aulast=Layton&rft.aufirst=Lyndsey&rft.au=Brown%2C+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Feducation%2Fnumber-of-us-homeless-students-has-doubled-since-before-the-recession%2F2015%2F09%2F14%2F0c1fadb6-58c2-11e5-8bb1-b488d231bba2_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icphusa.org/interactive_data/the-united-states-of-homelessness/">"The United States of Homelessness"</a>. Institute for Children, Poverty & Homelessness.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Children%2C+Poverty+%26+Homelessness&rft.atitle=The+United+States+of+Homelessness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icphusa.org%2Finteractive_data%2Fthe-united-states-of-homelessness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolbe-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolbe_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolbe2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kolbe, Lloyd J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-publhealth-040218-043727">"School Health as a Strategy to Improve Both Public Health and Education"</a>. Annual Review of Public Health. 40: 443–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-publhealth-040218-043727">10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043727</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30566386">30566386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=School+Health+as+a+Strategy+to+Improve+Both+Public+Health+and+Education&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=443-463&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-publhealth-040218-043727&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30566386&rft.aulast=Kolbe&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-publhealth-040218-043727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kobal-2018-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kobal-2018_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kobal-2018_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobalJiang2018" class="citation web cs1">Kobal, H.; Jiang, Y. (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nccp.org/publication/basic-facts-about-low-income-children-children-under-18-years-2016/">"Basic Facts about Low-Income Children: Children under 18 Years, 2016"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Children_in_Poverty" title="National Center for Children in Poverty">National Center for Children in Poverty</a>. Retrieved February 27, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Children+in+Poverty&rft.atitle=Basic+Facts+about+Low-Income+Children%3A+Children+under+18+Years%2C+2016&rft.date=2018-01&rft.aulast=Kobal&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nccp.org%2Fpublication%2Fbasic-facts-about-low-income-children-children-under-18-years-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/">"Human Rights Measurement Initiative"</a>. Human Rights Measurement Initiative. Retrieved February 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Measurement+Initiative&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Measurement+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanrightsmeasurement.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rightstracker.org/">"United States - HRMI Rights Tracker"</a>. rightstracker.org. Retrieved February 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rightstracker.org&rft.atitle=United+States+-+HRMI+Rights+Tracker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frightstracker.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2021" class="citation news cs1">Goldstein, Dana (August 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/07/us/covid-kindergarten-enrollment.html">"The Kindergarten Exodus"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved July 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Kindergarten+Exodus&rft.date=2021-08-07&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F08%2F07%2Fus%2Fcovid-kindergarten-enrollment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKena2016" class="citation web cs1">Kena, Grace (May 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/blogs/nces/post/where-can-i-find-information-about-the-condition-of-education-in-the-united-states">"Where can I find information about the condition of education in the United States?"</a>. nces.ed.gov. National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved August 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nces.ed.gov&rft.atitle=Where+can+I+find+information+about+the+condition+of+education+in+the+United+States%3F&rft.date=2016-05-26&rft.aulast=Kena&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fblogs%2Fnces%2Fpost%2Fwhere-can-i-find-information-about-the-condition-of-education-in-the-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuykendall052022" class="citation news cs1">Kuykendall05, Kristal (May 31, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thejournal.com/articles/2022/05/31/report-shows-historic-decline-in-us-public-school-enrollment-from-fall-2019-to-fall-2020.aspx">"Report: Historic Decline in U.S. Public School Enrollment From Fall 2019 to Fall 2020; Dropout Rates Fell Since 2010 Among Hispanic, Black Students"</a>. thejournal.com. The Journal. Retrieved August 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=thejournal.com&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Historic+Decline+in+U.S.+Public+School+Enrollment+From+Fall+2019+to+Fall+2020%3B+Dropout+Rates+Fell+Since+2010+Among+Hispanic%2C+Black+Students&rft.date=2022-05-31&rft.aulast=Kuykendall05&rft.aufirst=Kristal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthejournal.com%2Farticles%2F2022%2F05%2F31%2Freport-shows-historic-decline-in-us-public-school-enrollment-from-fall-2019-to-fall-2020.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLEONHARDT2022" class="citation news cs1">LEONHARDT, Megan (July 2, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/well/2022/07/12/mental-health-crisis-college-schools-unprepared/">"Crisis on campus: 60% of college kids are living with mental health disorders, and schools are woefully unprepared"</a>. fortune.com. Fortune. Retrieved August 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=fortune.com&rft.atitle=Crisis+on+campus%3A+60%25+of+college+kids+are+living+with+mental+health+disorders%2C+and+schools+are+woefully+unprepared&rft.date=2022-07-02&rft.aulast=LEONHARDT&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2Fwell%2F2022%2F07%2F12%2Fmental-health-crisis-college-schools-unprepared%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nces93275-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nces93275_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nces93275_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93275.pdf">"Literacy in America"</a> (PDF). National Center for Educational Statistics. April 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030620064907/http://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93275.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 20, 2003. Retrieved December 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Literacy+in+America&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Educational+Statistics&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fpubs93%2F93275.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToppo2009" class="citation web cs1">Toppo, Greg (January 8, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/education/2009-01-08-adult-literacy_N.htm">"Literacy study: 1 in 7 U.S. adults are unable to read this story"</a>. Usatoday.com. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Literacy+study%3A+1+in+7+U.S.+adults+are+unable+to+read+this+story&rft.pub=Usatoday.com&rft.date=2009-01-08&rft.aulast=Toppo&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2F2009-01-08-adult-literacy_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/06/illiteracy-rate_n_3880355.html">"The U.S. Illiteracy Rate Hasn't Changed in 10 Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>. September 6, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+Illiteracy+Rate+Hasn%27t+Changed+in+10+Years&rft.date=2013-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F09%2F06%2Filliteracy-rate_n_3880355.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/reading_math_g12_2015/#reading/acl#header">"NAEP - 2015 Mathematics & Reading Assessments"</a>. www.nationsreportcard.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationsreportcard.gov&rft.atitle=NAEP+-+2015+Mathematics+%26+Reading+Assessments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsreportcard.gov%2Freading_math_g12_2015%2F%23reading%2Facl%23header&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf">"US Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States, 2003"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040825101913/http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 25, 2004. Retrieved July 31, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Census+Bureau+report+on+educational+attainment+in+the+United+States%2C+2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2004pubs%2Fp20-550.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_F._Katz" title="Lawrence F. Katz">Lawrence F. Katz</a>. The Race between Education and Technology. The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButrymowicz2017" class="citation web cs1">Butrymowicz, Sarah (January 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hechingerreport.org/colleges-enroll-students-arent-prepared-higher-education/">"Most colleges enroll many students who aren't prepared for higher education"</a>. Hechinger Report. Teachers College at Columbia University. Retrieved March 1, 2019. <q>A high school diploma, no matter how recently earned, doesn't guarantee that students are prepared for college courses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hechinger+Report&rft.atitle=Most+colleges+enroll+many+students+who+aren%27t+prepared+for+higher+education&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft.aulast=Butrymowicz&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhechingerreport.org%2Fcolleges-enroll-students-arent-prepared-higher-education%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaschik2016" class="citation web cs1">Jaschik, Scott (March 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/03/29/survey-finds-grade-inflation-continues-rise-four-year-colleges-not-community-college">"Grade Inflation, Higher and Higher"</a>. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved July 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.atitle=Grade+Inflation%2C+Higher+and+Higher&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft.aulast=Jaschik&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F03%2F29%2Fsurvey-finds-grade-inflation-continues-rise-four-year-colleges-not-community-college&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ed.gov/datastory/stem/algebra/index.html">"A Leak in the STEM Pipeline: Taking Algebra Early"</a>. U.S. Department of Education. November 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Leak+in+the+STEM+Pipeline%3A+Taking+Algebra+Early&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Education&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ed.gov%2Fdatastory%2Fstem%2Falgebra%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew2016-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew2016_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew2016_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew2016_103-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/04/the-most-and-least-educated-u-s-religious-groups/">"The most and least educated U.S. religious group"</a>. Pew Research Center. October 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+most+and+least+educated+U.S.+religious+group&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2016-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2016%2F11%2F04%2Fthe-most-and-least-educated-u-s-religious-groups%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2005/2005003.pdf">"International Outcomes of Learning in Mathematics Literacy and Problem Solving"</a> (PDF). National Center for Education Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050516053839/http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2005/2005003.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2005. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Outcomes+of+Learning+in+Mathematics+Literacy+and+Problem+Solving&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Education+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fpubs2005%2F2005003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisaproducts/39703267.pdf">"PISA 2006 Science Competencies for Tomorrow's World Volume 1: Analysis"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907200146/http://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisaproducts/39703267.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PISA+2006+Science+Competencies+for+Tomorrow%27s+World+Volume+1%3A+Analysis.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fpisa%2Fpisaproducts%2F39703267.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bfp081207-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bfp081207_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfp081207_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroder,_David_S._(columnist)2008" class="citation book cs1">Broder, David S. (columnist) (December 7, 2008). College affordability about future. Burlington Free Press (and other column subscribers).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=College+affordability+about+future&rft.pub=Burlington+Free+Press+%28and+other+column+subscribers%29&rft.date=2008-12-07&rft.au=Broder%2C+David+S.+%28columnist%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_Mathews2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Mathews" title="Jay Mathews">Jay Mathews</a> (October 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130224114743/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/class-struggle/2009/10/politicians_and_pundits_are_us.html#more">"Tests don't always offer right answers"</a>. Washington Post. pp. 3B. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/class-struggle/2009/10/politicians_and_pundits_are_us.html#more">the original</a> on February 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Tests+don%27t+always+offer+right+answers&rft.pages=3B&rft.date=2009-10-19&rft.au=Jay+Mathews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2Fclass-struggle%2F2009%2F10%2Fpoliticians_and_pundits_are_us.html%23more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnoyRothstein2015" class="citation journal cs1">Carnoy, Martin; Rothstein, Richard (2015). "What International Test Scores Tell Us". Society. 52 (2): 122–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12115-015-9869-3">10.1007/s12115-015-9869-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143594805">143594805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society&rft.atitle=What+International+Test+Scores+Tell+Us.&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=122-128&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12115-015-9869-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143594805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Carnoy&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Rothstein%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL). "No Time to Lose, How to Build a World-Class Education System State by State." NCSL, Aug. 2016. Web. 07 Oct 2016. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncsl.org/documents/educ/EDU_International_final_v3.pdf">http://www.ncsl.org/documents/educ/EDU_International_final_v3.pdf</a>>. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21640331-importance-intellectual-capital-grows-privilege-has-become-increasingly">"Education, and class. America's new aristocracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. January 24, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Education%2C+and+class.+America%27s+new+aristocracy&rft.date=2015-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fleaders%2F21640331-importance-intellectual-capital-grows-privilege-has-become-increasingly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022072047/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings">"Top World University Rankings – US Best Global Universities"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings">the original</a> on October 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Top+World+University+Rankings+%E2%80%93+US+Best+Global+Universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-global-universities%2Frankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanford15Dec22-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford15Dec22_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford15Dec22_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford15Dec22_112-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanford2022" class="citation news cs1">Stanford, Libby (December 15, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/teachers-would-make-at-least-60k-under-new-federal-bill/2022/12">"Teachers Would Make at Least $60K Under New Federal Bill"</a>. Education Week. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-4232">0277-4232</a>. Retrieved February 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Week&rft.atitle=Teachers+Would+Make+at+Least+%2460K+Under+New+Federal+Bill&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft.issn=0277-4232&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=Libby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edweek.org%2Fpolicy-politics%2Fteachers-would-make-at-least-60k-under-new-federal-bill%2F2022%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill2023" class="citation news cs1">Will, Madeline (February 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/the-push-for-a-60k-base-teacher-salary-gains-steam-as-bernie-sanders-signs-on/2023/02">"The Push for a $60K Base Teacher Salary Gains Steam as Bernie Sanders Signs On"</a>. Education Week. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-4232">0277-4232</a>. Retrieved February 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Week&rft.atitle=The+Push+for+a+%2460K+Base+Teacher+Salary+Gains+Steam+as+Bernie+Sanders+Signs+On&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft.issn=0277-4232&rft.aulast=Will&rft.aufirst=Madeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edweek.org%2Fpolicy-politics%2Fthe-push-for-a-60k-base-teacher-salary-gains-steam-as-bernie-sanders-signs-on%2F2023%2F02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d01/fig1.asp">"The structure of education in the United States"</a>. nces.ed.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nces.ed.gov&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+education+in+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fprograms%2Fdigest%2Fd01%2Ffig1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-structure-us.html">Structure of U.S. Education</a>, U.S. Network for Education Information: U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved August 13, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavoye2022" class="citation news cs1">Savoye, Craig (March 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0312/p14s01-lehl.html">"Between high school and college, a 'PG' year"</a>. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved May 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Between+high+school+and+college%2C+a+%27PG%27+year&rft.date=2022-03-12&rft.aulast=Savoye&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2002%2F0312%2Fp14s01-lehl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeClair" class="citation web cs1">LeClair, Mitch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/07/07/more-students-getting-college-degrees-in-high-school/29846455/">"More students getting college degrees in high school"</a>. USA TODAY. Retrieved March 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=More+students+getting+college+degrees+in+high+school&rft.aulast=LeClair&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2015%2F07%2F07%2Fmore-students-getting-college-degrees-in-high-school%2F29846455%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106184400/http://www.cic.edu/Research-and-Data/Making-the-Case/Pages/Four-Five-Six-Year-Graduation-Rates.aspx">"Four-, Five-, and Six-Year Graduation Rates"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cic.edu/Research-and-Data/Making-the-Case/Pages/Four-Five-Six-Year-Graduation-Rates.aspx">the original</a> on November 6, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Four-%2C+Five-%2C+and+Six-Year+Graduation+Rates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cic.edu%2FResearch-and-Data%2FMaking-the-Case%2FPages%2FFour-Five-Six-Year-Graduation-Rates.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nces-119"><a href="#cite_ref-nces_119-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/2002012.pdf">National Center for Education Statistics. "Nontraditional Undergraduates", Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. (p. 2) Accessed June 17, 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naeyc.org/about-us">"About Us"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Education_of_Young_Children" title="National Association for the Education of Young Children">National Association for the Education of Young Children</a>. n.d. Retrieved October 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=National+Association+for+the+Education+of+Young+Children&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naeyc.org%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d08/tables/dt08_165.asp">"Age range for compulsory school attendance and special education services, and policies on year-round schools and kindergarten programs"</a>. Nces.ed.gov. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Age+range+for+compulsory+school+attendance+and+special+education+services%2C+and+policies+on+year-round+schools+and+kindergarten+programs&rft.pub=Nces.ed.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fprograms%2Fdigest%2Fd08%2Ftables%2Fdt08_165.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403044956/http://factfinder.census.gov/jsp/saff/SAFFInfo.jsp?_pageId=tp5_education">"Education. United States Census (2000)"</a>. Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/jsp/saff/SAFFInfo.jsp?_pageId=tp5_education">the original</a> on April 3, 2009. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education.+United+States+Census+%282000%29&rft.pub=Factfinder.census.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fjsp%2Fsaff%2FSAFFInfo.jsp%3F_pageId%3Dtp5_education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Nat'l Ctr. for Educ. Statistics, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://howtopickagreatcollege.com/DESStats2010.pdf">Degree-Granting Institutions and Branches, by Type and Control of Institution and State of Jurisdiction, 2009–10</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302164643/http://howtopickagreatcollege.com/DESStats2010.pdf">Archived</a> March 2, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (September 2010). Retrieved December 1, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-wp0910222-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wp0910222_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp0910222_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelle_Singletary2009" class="citation news cs1">Michelle Singletary (October 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/21/AR2009102103664.html">"The Color of Money:Getting through college these days almost requires a degree in thrift"</a>. Washington Post. pp. 20A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Money%3AGetting+through+college+these+days+almost+requires+a+degree+in+thrift&rft.pages=20A&rft.date=2009-10-22&rft.au=Michelle+Singletary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F10%2F21%2FAR2009102103664.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorn2015" class="citation news cs1">Korn, Melissa (February 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/big-gap-in-college-graduation-rates-for-rich-and-poor-study-finds-1422997677">"Big Gap in College Graduation Rates for Rich and Poor, Study Finds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. Retrieved February 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Big+Gap+in+College+Graduation+Rates+for+Rich+and+Poor%2C+Study+Finds&rft.date=2015-02-03&rft.aulast=Korn&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fbig-gap-in-college-graduation-rates-for-rich-and-poor-study-finds-1422997677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/xls/tabn105.50.xls">"Number of educational institutions, by level and control of Institution"</a>. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. 2019. p. 1. Retrieved August 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+educational+institutions%2C+by+level+and+control+of+Institution&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Education%2C+National+Center+for+Education+Statistics&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fprograms%2Fdigest%2Fd17%2Ftables%2Fxls%2Ftabn105.50.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thecenter-127"><a href="#cite_ref-thecenter_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061031142155/http://thecenter.ufl.edu/research.html">"The Top American Research Universities"</a>. The Center (University of Florida). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecenter.ufl.edu/research.html">the original</a> on October 31, 2006. Retrieved November 7, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Top+American+Research+Universities&rft.pub=The+Center+%28University+of+Florida%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecenter.ufl.edu%2Fresearch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings?page=2&sort_by=rank&order_by=asc">"QS World University Rankings - 2025"</a>. QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved August 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QS+World+University+Rankings+-+2025&rft.pub=QS+Quacquarelli+Symonds+Limited&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%3Fpage%3D2%26sort_by%3Drank%26order_by%3Dasc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2014" class="citation report cs1">Anthony, Amanda (2014). A Review of the U.S. Higher Education System: Its Structure, Funding, Quality and the Future (Report). United States Census Bureau. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54171217">54171217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+Review+of+the+U.S.+Higher+Education+System%3A+Its+Structure%2C+Funding%2C+Quality+and+the+Future&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54171217%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scheller.gatech.edu/">"Graduate School Program Options: MBA"</a>. Scheller College of Business. Retrieved June 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graduate+School+Program+Options%3A+MBA&rft.pub=Scheller+College+of+Business&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscheller.gatech.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/postsec-inst.doc">"Organization of U.S. Education - Tertiary Institutions"</a>. p. 2. Retrieved August 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organization+of+U.S.+Education+-+Tertiary+Institutions&rft.pages=2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ed.gov%2Fabout%2Foffices%2Flist%2Fous%2Finternational%2Fusnei%2Fus%2Fpostsec-inst.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/us-education-expenditure-as-share-of-gdp-public-and-private-institutions">"US education expenditure as share of GDP"</a>. Our World in Data. Retrieved March 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=US+education+expenditure+as+share+of+GDP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fus-education-expenditure-as-share-of-gdp-public-and-private-institutions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeltaCost-133"><a href="#cite_ref-DeltaCost_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808055659/http://www.deltacostproject.org/resources/pdf/Trends-in-College-Spending-98-08.pdf">"Trends in College Spending 1998–2008"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deltacostproject.org/resources/pdf/Trends-in-College-Spending-98-08.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 8, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trends+in+College+Spending+1998%E2%80%932008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deltacostproject.org%2Fresources%2Fpdf%2FTrends-in-College-Spending-98-08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-collegeboard-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collegeboard_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collegeboard_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060603184127/http://www.collegeboard.com/press/article/0%2C3183%2C29541%2C00.html">"Tuition Levels Rise but Many Students Pay Significantly Less than Published Rates"</a>. Collegeboard.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collegeboard.com/press/article/0,3183,29541,00.html">the original</a> on June 3, 2006. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuition+Levels+Rise+but+Many+Students+Pay+Significantly+Less+than+Published+Rates&rft.pub=Collegeboard.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegeboard.com%2Fpress%2Farticle%2F0%2C3183%2C29541%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.collegeboard.org/college-pricing-student-aid">"College Pricing and Student Aid – Pressroom"</a>. Press.collegeboard.org. April 9, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=College+Pricing+and+Student+Aid+%E2%80%93+Pressroom&rft.pub=Press.collegeboard.org&rft.date=2013-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.collegeboard.org%2Fcollege-pricing-student-aid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Census_Bureau-136"><a href="#cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110316075844/http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032010/perinc/new03_019.htm">"The U.S. Census Bureau (2010)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032010/perinc/new03_019.htm">the original</a> on March 16, 2011. Retrieved April 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Census+Bureau+%282010%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhhes%2Fwww%2Fcpstables%2F032010%2Fperinc%2Fnew03_019.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorkfed.org/research/college-labor-market/index.html">The Labor Market for Recent College Graduates</a>, Federal Reserve Bank of New York</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Labor+Market+for+Recent+College+Graduates&rft.pub=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorkfed.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollege-labor-market%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowe" class="citation web cs1">Crowe, Aaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234324/http://www.walletpop.com/blog/2010/09/21/free-things-people-pay-for-too-often/?icid=main%7Chtmlws-main-n%7Cdl6%7Csec1_lnk3%7C171948">"Ten things that aren't free – but should be (and how to get them for free anyway) – DailyFinance"</a>. Walletpop.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walletpop.com/blog/2010/09/21/free-things-people-pay-for-too-often/?icid=main%7Chtmlws-main-n%7Cdl6%7Csec1_lnk3%7C171948">the original</a> on July 26, 2018. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+things+that+aren%27t+free+%E2%80%93+but+should+be+%28and+how+to+get+them+for+free+anyway%29+%E2%80%93+DailyFinance&rft.pub=Walletpop.com&rft.aulast=Crowe&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walletpop.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F21%2Ffree-things-people-pay-for-too-often%2F%3Ficid%3Dmain%257Chtmlws-main-n%257Cdl6%257Csec1_lnk3%257C171948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.payscale.com/education/compare-college-costs-and-ROI">"College ROI 2013 Methodology"</a>. Payscale.com. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=College+ROI+2013+Methodology&rft.pub=Payscale.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.payscale.com%2Feducation%2Fcompare-college-costs-and-ROI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman" class="citation web cs1">Friedman, Zack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackfriedman/2018/06/13/student-loan-debt-statistics-2018/">"Student Loan Debt Statistics in 2018: A$1.5 Trillion Crisis"</a>. Forbes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Student+Loan+Debt+Statistics+in+2018%3A+A%241.5+Trillion+Crisis&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Zack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fzackfriedman%2F2018%2F06%2F13%2Fstudent-loan-debt-statistics-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130923091612/http://www.uniintheusa.com/how-why/paying-for-us-uni/609/can-i-afford-it">"Student Loans For Study Abroad | Scholarship to Study in USA"</a>. University in the USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniintheusa.com/how-why/paying-for-us-uni/609/can-i-afford-it">the original</a> on September 23, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Student+Loans+For+Study+Abroad+%26%23124%3B+Scholarship+to+Study+in+USA&rft.pub=University+in+the+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniintheusa.com%2Fhow-why%2Fpaying-for-us-uni%2F609%2Fcan-i-afford-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark,_Kim2008" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Kim (November 17–24, 2008). Does it Matter That Your Professor Is Part Time?. U.S. News & World Report.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Does+it+Matter+That+Your+Professor+Is+Part+Time%3F&rft.pub=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.date=2008-11-17%2F2008-11-24&rft.au=Clark%2C+Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Eric A. Hanushek, Ludger Woessmann, Eliot A. Jamison and Dean T. Jamison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://educationnext.org/education-and-economic-growth/">"Education and Economic Growth: It's not just going to school, but learning something while there that matters"</a>, Education Next, Spring 2008 / Vol. 8, No. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-doe2-144"><a href="#cite_ref-doe2_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html">"Federal Role in Education"</a>. United States Department of Education. February 13, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Role+in+Education&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Education&rft.date=2012-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ed.gov%2Fabout%2Foverview%2Ffed%2Frole.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111112103702/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_edu_spe-education-spending-of-gdp">"Education Spending Statistics"</a>. nationmaster.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/edu_edu_spe-education-spending-of-gdp">the original</a> on November 12, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+Spending+Statistics&rft.pub=nationmaster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmaster.com%2Fgraph%2Fedu_edu_spe-education-spending-of-gdp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/public-school-spending-per-pupil.html">"Public School Spending Per Pupil Increases by Largest Amount in 11 Years"</a>. United States Census Bureau. May 18, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Public+School+Spending+Per+Pupil+Increases+by+Largest+Amount+in+11+Years&rft.date=2021-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2F2021%2Fpublic-school-spending-per-pupil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/2020/comm/school-system-spending.html">"U.S. School System Spending Per Pupil by Region"</a>. United States Census Bureau. May 11, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=U.S.+School+System+Spending+Per+Pupil+by+Region&rft.date=2020-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fvisualizations%2F2020%2Fcomm%2Fschool-system-spending.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66">"How much money does the United States spend on public elementary and secondary schools?"</a>. National Center for Education Statistics. US Department of Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Education+Statistics&rft.atitle=How+much+money+does+the+United+States+spend+on+public+elementary+and+secondary+schools%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Ffastfacts%2Fdisplay.asp%3Fid%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulson2014" class="citation web cs1">Coulson, Andrew (March 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa746.pdf">"State Education Trends: Academic Performance and Spending over the Past 40 Years"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319192756/http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa746.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 19, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cato+Institute&rft.atitle=State+Education+Trends%3A+Academic+Performance+and+Spending+over+the+Past+40+Years&rft.date=2014-03-18&rft.aulast=Coulson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobject.cato.org%2Fsites%2Fcato.org%2Ffiles%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2Fpa746.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuke2008" class="citation news cs1">Luke, Peter (May 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080531230920/http://www.mlive.com/flintjournal/voices/index.ssf/2008/05/a_tax_increase_for_michigan_sc.html">"A tax increase for Michigan school funding is possible only if school districts cut costs, says Flint Journal columnist Peter Luke"</a>. The Flint Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/flintjournal/voices/index.ssf/2008/05/a_tax_increase_for_michigan_sc.html">the original</a> on May 31, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Flint+Journal&rft.atitle=A+tax+increase+for+Michigan+school+funding+is+possible+only+if+school+districts+cut+costs%2C+says+Flint+Journal+columnist+Peter+Luke&rft.date=2008-05-27&rft.aulast=Luke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fflintjournal%2Fvoices%2Findex.ssf%2F2008%2F05%2Fa_tax_increase_for_michigan_sc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nces_revenues-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nces_revenues_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nces_revenues_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/pubs/npefs03/tables.asp">"Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, Table 1"</a>. National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved June 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revenues+and+Expenditures+for+Public+Elementary+and+Secondary+Education%2C+Table+1&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Education+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fccd%2Fpubs%2Fnpefs03%2Ftables.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rural_Education,_2011-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Rural_Education,_2011_152-0">^</a> Rural Education, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagofed.org/digital_assets/publications/working_papers/2000/wp2000_04.pdf">"Using Market Valuation to Assess the Importance and Efficiency of Public School Spending, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615225026/http://chicagofed.org/digital_assets/publications/working_papers/2000/wp2000_04.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Using+Market+Valuation+to+Assess+the+Importance+and+Efficiency+of+Public+School+Spending%2C+Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Chicago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagofed.org%2Fdigital_assets%2Fpublications%2Fworking_papers%2F2000%2Fwp2000_04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene_SterlingJoffe-Block2018" class="citation news cs1">Greene Sterling, Terry; Joffe-Block, Jude (September 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/05/arizona-teachers-filipino-schools-low-pay">"The job Americans won't take: Arizona looks to Philippines to fill teacher shortage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved September 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+job+Americans+won%27t+take%3A+Arizona+looks+to+Philippines+to+fill+teacher+shortage&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft.aulast=Greene+Sterling&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Joffe-Block%2C+Jude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2018%2Fsep%2F05%2Farizona-teachers-filipino-schools-low-pay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiotti1998" class="citation web cs1">Ciotti, Paul (March 16, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-298.html">"Money And School Performance: Lessons from the Kansas City Desegregation Experiment"</a>. Cato Institute. Retrieved July 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Money+And+School+Performance%3A+Lessons+from+the+Kansas+City+Desegregation+Experiment&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft.date=1998-03-16&rft.aulast=Ciotti&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpubs%2Fpas%2Fpa-298.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hanushek" title="Eric Hanushek">Eric A. Hanushek</a> and Alfred A. Lindseth, Schoolhouses, Courthouses, and Statehouses: Solving the funding-achievement puzzle in America's public schools (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691130002" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691130002">978-0691130002</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/843627.opn.pdf">"McCleary v. Washington State"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111165030/http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/843627.opn.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McCleary+v.+Washington+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.wa.gov%2Fopinions%2Fpdf%2F843627.opn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavaliere2014" class="citation news cs1">Cavaliere, Victoria (September 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-washington-education-idUSKBN0H629R20140911">"Washington's Supreme Court holds state in contempt over education"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912030054/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/11/us-usa-washington-education-idUSKBN0H629R20140911">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Washington%27s+Supreme+Court+holds+state+in+contempt+over+education&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.aulast=Cavaliere&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-washington-education-idUSKBN0H629R20140911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannaGrahamMcGoldrick2023" class="citation web cs1">Hanna, Maddie; Graham, Kristen A.; McGoldrick, Gillian (February 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inquirer.com/news/school-funding-lawsuit-pennsylvania-result-20230207.html">"Landmark Pa. school funding case decided: The state's system is unconstitutional"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a>. Retrieved February 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Landmark+Pa.+school+funding+case+decided%3A+The+state%27s+system+is+unconstitutional&rft.date=2023-02-07&rft.aulast=Hanna&rft.aufirst=Maddie&rft.au=Graham%2C+Kristen+A.&rft.au=McGoldrick%2C+Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquirer.com%2Fnews%2Fschool-funding-lawsuit-pennsylvania-result-20230207.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRacioppi2014" class="citation news cs1">Racioppi, Dustin (March 23, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/21/public-pensions-in-perilous-straits/6684383/">"Dire Straits for some state pensions"</a>. USA Today. pp. 6B. Retrieved March 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Dire+Straits+for+some+state+pensions&rft.pages=6B&rft.date=2014-03-23&rft.aulast=Racioppi&rft.aufirst=Dustin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2014%2F03%2F21%2Fpublic-pensions-in-perilous-straits%2F6684383%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100716222149/http://www.gcc.edu/Student_Loans.php">"Student Loans"</a>. Grove City College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcc.edu/Student_Loans.php">the original</a> on July 16, 2010. Retrieved October 6, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Student+Loans&rft.pub=Grove+City+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcc.edu%2FStudent_Loans.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes_20230703-162"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_20230703_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArumStevens2023" class="citation news cs1">Arum, Richard; Stevens, Mitchell L. (July 3, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/07/03/opinion/for-most-college-students-affirmative-action-was-not-enough.html">"For Most College Students, Affirmative Action Was Never Enough"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703120500/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/07/03/opinion/for-most-college-students-affirmative-action-was-not-enough.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Most+College+Students%2C+Affirmative+Action+Was+Never+Enough&rft.date=2023-07-03&rft.aulast=Arum&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Mitchell+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2023%2F07%2F03%2Fopinion%2Ffor-most-college-students-affirmative-action-was-not-enough.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> Data as of 2021. Data source: U.S. Department of Education. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asianam.org/hall-of-shame/college-admission-officers/">"College Admission Officers"</a>. April 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=College+Admission+Officers&rft.date=2015-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasianam.org%2Fhall-of-shame%2Fcollege-admission-officers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRimerArenson,_Karen_W.2004" class="citation news cs1">Rimer, Sara; Arenson, Karen W. (June 24, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/24/us/top-colleges-take-more-blacks-but-which-ones.html">"Top Colleges Take More Blacks, But Which Ones?"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Top+Colleges+Take+More+Blacks%2C+But+Which+Ones%3F&rft.date=2004-06-24&rft.aulast=Rimer&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft.au=Arenson%2C+Karen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F06%2F24%2Fus%2Ftop-colleges-take-more-blacks-but-which-ones.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-corpun-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corpun_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-corpun_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell2016" class="citation web cs1">Farrell, Colin (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corpun.com/counuss.htm">"Corporal punishment in US schools"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Corporal_Punishment_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Corporal Punishment Research (page does not exist)">World Corporal Punishment Research</a>. Retrieved May 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corporal+punishment+in+US+schools&rft.pub=World+Corporal+Punishment+Research&rft.date=2016-02&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorpun.com%2Fcounuss.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-2015-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson-2015_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson-2015_166-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2015" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Melinda D. (December 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/12/corporal-punishment/420420/">"The States Where Teachers Can Still Spank Students"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved May 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+States+Where+Teachers+Can+Still+Spank+Students&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Melinda+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Feducation%2Farchive%2F2015%2F12%2Fcorporal-punishment%2F420420%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTauber2007" class="citation book cs1">Tauber, Robert T. (January 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6OQ9fn9il6gC">Classroom Management: Sound Theory and Effective Practice</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275996680" title="Special:BookSources/9780275996680"><bdi>9780275996680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classroom+Management%3A+Sound+Theory+and+Effective+Practice&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=9780275996680&rft.aulast=Tauber&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6OQ9fn9il6gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsba.org/newsroom/american-school-board-journal/latest-edition/security-checkpoint">"Security Checkpoint – National School Boards Association"</a>. www.nsba.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nsba.org&rft.atitle=Security+Checkpoint+%E2%80%93+National+School+Boards+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsba.org%2Fnewsroom%2Famerican-school-board-journal%2Flatest-edition%2Fsecurity-checkpoint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nces.ed.gov-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nces.ed.gov_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nces.ed.gov_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2017122">"Crime, Violence, Discipline, and Safety in U.S. Public Schools: Findings From the School Survey on Crime and Safety: 2015–16"</a>. nces.ed.gov. July 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nces.ed.gov&rft.atitle=Crime%2C+Violence%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Safety+in+U.S.+Public+Schools%3A+Findings+From+the+School+Survey+on+Crime+and+Safety%3A+2015%E2%80%9316&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fpubsearch%2Fpubsinfo.asp%3Fpubid%3D2017122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090329025942/http://www.schoolsecurity.org/resources/nasro_survey_2004.html">"StackPath"</a>. www.schoolsecurity.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schoolsecurity.org/resources/nasro_survey_2004.html">the original</a> on March 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.schoolsecurity.org&rft.atitle=StackPath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schoolsecurity.org%2Fresources%2Fnasro_survey_2004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100507153907/http://www.onlinepoliceacademy.org/school-resource-officer/">"School Resource Officer"</a>. Online Police Academy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlinepoliceacademy.org/school-resource-officer/">the original</a> on May 7, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+Resource+Officer&rft.pub=Online+Police+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlinepoliceacademy.org%2Fschool-resource-officer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/may/31/facial-recognition-school-new-york-privacy-fears">"New York school district's facial recognition system sparks privacy fears"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved May 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+York+school+district%27s+facial+recognition+system+sparks+privacy+fears&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2019%2Fmay%2F31%2Ffacial-recognition-school-new-york-privacy-fears&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/06/21/facial-recognition-technology-us-schools-threatens-rights">"Facial Recognition Technology in US Schools Threatens Rights"</a>. Human Rights Watch. June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facial+Recognition+Technology+in+US+Schools+Threatens+Rights&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2019%2F06%2F21%2Ffacial-recognition-technology-us-schools-threatens-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a>, pp. 123–7, March 2006; Cheating: "but everybody is doing it". </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/">"NAEP Nations Report Card - National Assessment of Educational Progress - NAEP"</a>. nces.ed.gov. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nces.ed.gov&rft.atitle=NAEP+Nations+Report+Card+-+National+Assessment+of+Educational+Progress+-+NAEP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fnationsreportcard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Hani (2016). "Relying on High-Stakes Standardized Tests to Evaluate Schools and Teachers: A Bad Idea". The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas. 89 (2): 67–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00098655.2016.1156628">10.1080/00098655.2016.1156628</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148015644">148015644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Clearing+House%3A+A+Journal+of+Educational+Strategies%2C+Issues+and+Ideas&rft.atitle=Relying+on+High-Stakes+Standardized+Tests+to+Evaluate+Schools+and+Teachers%3A+A+Bad+Idea&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-72&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00098655.2016.1156628&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148015644%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Hani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Mary (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=OVIC&id=GALE%7CEJ3010692244&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon">"Standardized Testing Is Harming Student Learning"</a>. go.galegroup.com. Retrieved March 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=go.galegroup.com&rft.atitle=Standardized+Testing+Is+Harming+Student+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.galegroup.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DOVIC%26id%3DGALE%26%23124%3BEJ3010692244%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26sid%3Dsummon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopham1999" class="citation journal cs1">Popham, W.J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711074236/http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/mar99/vol56/num06/Why-Standardized-Tests-Don%27t-Measure-Educational-Quality.aspx">"Why Standardized Test Scores Don't Measure Educational Quality"</a>. Educational Leadership. 56 (6): 8–15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/mar99/vol56/num06/Why-Standardized-Tests-Don%27t-Measure-Educational-Quality.aspx">the original</a> on July 11, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Leadership&rft.atitle=Why+Standardized+Test+Scores+Don%27t+Measure+Educational+Quality&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=8-15&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Popham&rft.aufirst=W.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascd.org%2Fpublications%2Feducational-leadership%2Fmar99%2Fvol56%2Fnum06%2FWhy-Standardized-Tests-Don%2527t-Measure-Educational-Quality.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fordhaminstitute.org/ohio/research/ohio-value-added-primer">Ohio Value-Added Primer</a>. Thomas B. Fordham Institute. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ohio+Value-Added+Primer&rft.pub=Thomas+B.+Fordham+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffordhaminstitute.org%2Fohio%2Fresearch%2Fohio-value-added-primer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101008014116/http://www.astrosociety.org/education/resources/useduc03.html">"Astronomy Education in the United States"</a>. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astrosociety.org/education/resources/useduc03.html">the original</a> on October 8, 2010. Retrieved October 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Astronomy+Education+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrosociety.org%2Feducation%2Fresources%2Fuseduc03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101008235002/http://genip.tamu.edu/">"What is GENIP?"</a>. Geographic Education National Implementation Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genip.tamu.edu/">the original</a> on October 8, 2010. Retrieved October 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+GENIP%3F&rft.pub=Geographic+Education+National+Implementation+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenip.tamu.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarm_de_Blij1999" class="citation web cs1">Harm de Blij (November 3, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009065111/http://geography.about.com/library/misc/bldeblij1.htm">"Geographic Education and Public Policy"</a>. About.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/library/misc/bldeblij1.htm">the original</a> on October 9, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geographic+Education+and+Public+Policy&rft.pub=About.com&rft.date=1999-11-03&rft.au=Harm+de+Blij&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fmisc%2Fbldeblij1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWexler2019" class="citation news cs1">Wexler, Natalie (July 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/08/the-radical-case-for-teaching-kids-stuff/592765/">"Elementary Education Has Gone Terribly Wrong"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved May 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Elementary+Education+Has+Gone+Terribly+Wrong&rft.date=2019-07-09&rft.aulast=Wexler&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2019%2F08%2Fthe-radical-case-for-teaching-kids-stuff%2F592765%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edweek.org/media/ed%20week%20reading%20instruction%20survey%20report-final%201.24.20.pdf">"Early reading instruction survey, EdWeek Research Center, USA"</a> (PDF). Education Week. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402145527/https://www.edweek.org/media/ed%20week%20reading%20instruction%20survey%20report-final%201.24.20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Week&rft.atitle=Early+reading+instruction+survey%2C+EdWeek+Research+Center%2C+USA&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edweek.org%2Fmedia%2Fed%2520week%2520reading%2520instruction%2520survey%2520report-final%25201.24.20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanford2019" class="citation news cs1">Hanford, Emily (August 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2019/08/22/whats-wrong-how-schools-teach-reading">"How a flawed idea is teaching millions of kids to be poor readers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/APM_Reports" class="mw-redirect" title="APM Reports">APM Reports</a>. Retrieved May 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APM+Reports&rft.atitle=How+a+flawed+idea+is+teaching+millions+of+kids+to+be+poor+readers&rft.date=2019-08-22&rft.aulast=Hanford&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apmreports.org%2Fepisode%2F2019%2F08%2F22%2Fwhats-wrong-how-schools-teach-reading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timothy_Shanahan,_Reading_Rockets-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Timothy_Shanahan,_Reading_Rockets_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Shanahan,_Reading_Rockets2019" class="citation web cs1">Timothy Shanahan, Reading Rockets (April 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.readingrockets.org/blogs/shanahan-literacy/it-good-idea-teach-three-cueing-systems-reading">"Is It a Good Idea to Teach the Three Cueing Systems in Reading"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+It+a+Good+Idea+to+Teach+the+Three+Cueing+Systems+in+Reading&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft.au=Timothy+Shanahan%2C+Reading+Rockets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.readingrockets.org%2Fblogs%2Fshanahan-literacy%2Fit-good-idea-teach-three-cueing-systems-reading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/raising-readers-writers-and-spellers/201508/why-america-can-t-read">"Why America Can't Read | Psychology Today"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a>. August 25, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=Why+America+Can%27t+Read+%7C+Psychology+Today&rft.date=2015-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fus%2Fblog%2Fraising-readers-writers-and-spellers%2F201508%2Fwhy-america-can-t-read&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puerto-rico.educationbug.org/public-schools">"Puerto Rico Public School – List of Puerto Rico Public Schools"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rico+Public+School+%E2%80%93+List+of+Puerto+Rico+Public+Schools&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpuerto-rico.educationbug.org%2Fpublic-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/weshallremain/native_now/language_cherokee">"Native Now: Language: Cherokee"</a>. We Shall Remain – American Experience – PBS. 2008. Retrieved April 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=We+Shall+Remain+%E2%80%93+American+Experience+%E2%80%93+PBS&rft.atitle=Native+Now%3A+Language%3A+Cherokee&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fweshallremain%2Fnative_now%2Flanguage_cherokee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-preservation-190"><a href="#cite_ref-preservation_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070520/http://www.cherokeepreservationfdn.org/cultural-preservation-connect/major-programs-and-initiatives/cherokee-language-revitalization">"Cherokee Language Revitalization"</a>. Cherokee Preservation Foundation. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cherokeepreservationfdn.org/cultural-preservation-connect/major-programs-and-initiatives/cherokee-language-revitalization">the original</a> on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cherokee+Preservation+Foundation&rft.atitle=Cherokee+Language+Revitalization&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherokeepreservationfdn.org%2Fcultural-preservation-connect%2Fmajor-programs-and-initiatives%2Fcherokee-language-revitalization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kpep-191"><a href="#cite_ref-kpep_191-0">^</a> Kituwah Preservation & Education Program Powerpoint, by Renissa Walker (2012)'. 2012. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChavez2012" class="citation news cs1">Chavez, Will (April 5, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cherokeephoenix.org/Article/Index/6142">"Immersion students win trophies at language fair"</a>. Cherokeephoenix.org. Retrieved April 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cherokeephoenix.org&rft.atitle=Immersion+students+win+trophies+at+language+fair&rft.date=2012-04-05&rft.aulast=Chavez&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherokeephoenix.org%2FArticle%2FIndex%2F6142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111022200/http://www.cherokee.org/Services/Education/ImmersionSchool.aspx">"Immersion School"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cherokee.org/Services/Education/ImmersionSchool.aspx">the original</a> on January 11, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immersion+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherokee.org%2FServices%2FEducation%2FImmersionSchool.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/phc-t20.html">"Summary Tables on Language Use and English Ability: 2000. United States Census (2000)"</a>. Census.gov. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+Tables+on+Language+Use+and+English+Ability%3A+2000.+United+States+Census+%282000%29&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fcen2000%2Fphc-t20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_Education" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Department of Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED415119.pdf">"Mathematics Equals Opportunity"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mathematics+Equals+Opportunity&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED415119.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickover2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_A._Pickover" title="Clifford A. Pickover">Pickover, Clifford A.</a> (2009). The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics. New York: Sterling. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5796-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5796-9"><bdi>978-1-4027-5796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Math+Book%3A+From+Pythagoras+to+the+57th+Dimension%2C+250+Milestones+in+the+History+of+Mathematics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-5796-9&rft.aulast=Pickover&rft.aufirst=Clifford+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewin2014" class="citation news cs1">Lewin, Tamar (March 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/06/education/major-changes-in-sat-announced-by-college-board.html">"A New SAT Aims to Realign With Schoolwork"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513073917/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/06/education/major-changes-in-sat-announced-by-college-board.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014. <q>He said he also wanted to make the test reflect more closely what students did in high school and, perhaps most important, rein in the intense coaching and tutoring on how to take the test that often gave affluent students an advantage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+New+SAT+Aims+to+Realign+With+Schoolwork&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Tamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F06%2Feducation%2Fmajor-changes-in-sat-announced-by-college-board.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2023" class="citation news cs1">Schwartz, Sarah (January 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230126215104/https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/do-students-need-four-years-of-high-school-math/2023/01">"Do Students Need Four Years of High School Math?"</a>. Education Week. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/do-students-need-four-years-of-high-school-math/2023/01">the original</a> on January 26, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Week&rft.atitle=Do+Students+Need+Four+Years+of+High+School+Math%3F&rft.date=2023-01-17&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edweek.org%2Fteaching-learning%2Fdo-students-need-four-years-of-high-school-math%2F2023%2F01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandrySinghDarroch2000" class="citation journal cs1">Landry DJ, Singh S, Darroch JE (September–October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3221200.html">"Sexuality education in fifth and sixth grades in U.S. public schools, 1999"</a>. Family Planning Perspectives. 32 (5): 212–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2648174">10.2307/2648174</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2648174">2648174</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11030258">11030258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Family+Planning+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Sexuality+education+in+fifth+and+sixth+grades+in+U.S.+public+schools%2C+1999&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=212-9&rft.date=2000-09%2F2000-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11030258&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2648174%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2648174&rft.aulast=Landry&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Singh%2C+S&rft.au=Darroch%2C+JE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2F3221200.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaiser_2002-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaiser_2002_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051127092023/http://www.kff.org/youthhivstds/upload/Sex-Education-in-the-U-S-Policy-and-Politics.pdf">"Sex Education in the U.S.: Policy and Politics"</a> (PDF). Issue Update. Kaiser Family Foundation. October 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kff.org/youthhivstds/upload/Sex-Education-in-the-U-S-Policy-and-Politics.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 27, 2005. Retrieved May 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Issue+Update&rft.atitle=Sex+Education+in+the+U.S.%3A+Policy+and+Politics&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kff.org%2Fyouthhivstds%2Fupload%2FSex-Education-in-the-U-S-Policy-and-Politics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarrochLandrySingh2000" class="citation journal cs1">Darroch JE, Landry DJ, Singh S (September–October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guttmacher.org/tables/3220400t.html#t3">"Changing emphases in sexuality education in U.S. public secondary schools, 1988–1999"</a>. Family Planning Perspectives. 32 (5): 204–11, 265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2648173">10.2307/2648173</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2648173">2648173</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11030257">11030257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Family+Planning+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Changing+emphases+in+sexuality+education+in+U.S.+public+secondary+schools%2C+1988%E2%80%931999&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=204-11%2C+265&rft.date=2000-09%2F2000-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11030257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2648173%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2648173&rft.aulast=Darroch&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Landry%2C+DJ&rft.au=Singh%2C+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Ftables%2F3220400t.html%23t3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> See especially Table 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2004/jan/kaiserpoll/publicfinal.pdf">"Sex Education in America – General Public/Parents Survey. NPR/Kaiser/Harvard survey (2004)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040405163729/http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2004/jan/kaiserpoll/publicfinal.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 5, 2004. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Sex+Education+in+America+%E2%80%93+General+Public%2FParents+Survey.+NPR%2FKaiser%2FHarvard+survey+%282004%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fprograms%2Fmorning%2Ffeatures%2F2004%2Fjan%2Fkaiserpoll%2Fpublicfinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2016" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, Lizzie (April 3, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the74million.org/article/sex-ed-america-2016-where-the-info-is-often-absent-and-sometimes-legally-inaccurate">"Sex Ed, America, 2016: Where the Information Is Often Absent – or Medically Inaccurate"</a>. Retrieved April 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sex+Ed%2C+America%2C+2016%3A+Where+the+Information+Is+Often+Absent+%E2%80%93+or+Medically+Inaccurate&rft.date=2016-04-03&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the74million.org%2Farticle%2Fsex-ed-america-2016-where-the-info-is-often-absent-and-sometimes-legally-inaccurate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigdon2022" class="citation web cs1">Migdon, Brooke (September 30, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/diversity-inclusion/3669273-arizona-students-protest-new-laws-targeting-lgbtq-community/">"Arizona students protest new laws targeting LGBTQ+ community"</a>. The Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114122627/https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/diversity-inclusion/3669273-arizona-students-protest-new-laws-targeting-lgbtq-community/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Arizona+students+protest+new+laws+targeting+LGBTQ%2B+community&rft.date=2022-09-30&rft.aulast=Migdon&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fchanging-america%2Frespect%2Fdiversity-inclusion%2F3669273-arizona-students-protest-new-laws-targeting-lgbtq-community%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/georgia-legislators-introduce-florida-style-dont-say-gay-bill-rcna19535">"Georgia legislators introduce a Florida-style 'Don't Say Gay' bill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. March 10, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114122626/https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/georgia-legislators-introduce-florida-style-dont-say-gay-bill-rcna19535">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Georgia+legislators+introduce+a+Florida-style+%27Don%27t+Say+Gay%27+bill&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnbc-out%2Fout-news%2Fgeorgia-legislators-introduce-florida-style-dont-say-gay-bill-rcna19535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTa2023" class="citation web cs1">Ta, Linh (January 12, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/local/des-moines/2023/01/12/iowa-dont-say-gay-anti-trans-bill-introduced">""Don't Say Gay" bill introduced by Iowa Republican leaders"</a>. Axios. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114122652/https://www.axios.com/local/des-moines/2023/01/12/iowa-dont-say-gay-anti-trans-bill-introduced">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=%22Don%27t+Say+Gay%22+bill+introduced+by+Iowa+Republican+leaders&rft.date=2023-01-12&rft.aulast=Ta&rft.aufirst=Linh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2Flocal%2Fdes-moines%2F2023%2F01%2F12%2Fiowa-dont-say-gay-anti-trans-bill-introduced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legis.iowa.gov/legislation/BillBook?ga=89&ba=SF%202024">"Iowa Legislature - Senate File 2024"</a>. www.legis.iowa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114122650/https://www.legis.iowa.gov/legislation/BillBook?ga=89&ba=SF%202024">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legis.iowa.gov&rft.atitle=Iowa+Legislature+-+Senate+File+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legis.iowa.gov%2Flegislation%2FBillBook%3Fga%3D89%26ba%3DSF%25202024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHope2022" class="citation web cs1">Hope, Jamie A. (December 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigancapitolconfidential.com/votes/michigan-bill-mirrors-floridas-parental-rights-in-education-law">"Michigan bill mirrors Florida's Parental Rights in Education law"</a>. Michigan Capitol Confidential. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321190348/https://www.michigancapitolconfidential.com/votes/michigan-bill-mirrors-floridas-parental-rights-in-education-law">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Capitol+Confidential&rft.atitle=Michigan+bill+mirrors+Florida%27s+Parental+Rights+in+Education+law&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft.aulast=Hope&rft.aufirst=Jamie+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigancapitolconfidential.com%2Fvotes%2Fmichigan-bill-mirrors-floridas-parental-rights-in-education-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kfvs12.com/story/17701166/dont-say-gay-bill-a-hot-issue-in-mo">""Don't say gay" bill a hot issue in Mo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KFVS-TV" title="KFVS-TV">KFVS-TV</a>. April 25, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114122659/https://www.kfvs12.com/story/17701166/dont-say-gay-bill-a-hot-issue-in-mo/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KFVS-TV&rft.atitle=%22Don%27t+say+gay%22+bill+a+hot+issue+in+Mo.&rft.date=2012-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kfvs12.com%2Fstory%2F17701166%2Fdont-say-gay-bill-a-hot-issue-in-mo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/134/hb616">"House Bill 616 | 134th General Assembly | Ohio Legislature"</a>. www.legislature.ohio.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114122627/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/134/hb616">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislature.ohio.gov&rft.atitle=House+Bill+616+%7C+134th+General+Assembly+%7C+Ohio+Legislature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislature.ohio.gov%2Flegislation%2F134%2Fhb616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosa-Figueroa2022" class="citation web cs1">Rosa-Figueroa, Alex (April 27, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kswo.com/2022/04/27/dont-say-gay-law-filed-oklahoma/">""Don't Say Gay" law filed in Oklahoma"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KSWO-TV" title="KSWO-TV">KSWO-TV</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114122627/https://www.kswo.com/2022/04/27/dont-say-gay-law-filed-oklahoma/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KSWO-TV&rft.atitle=%22Don%27t+Say+Gay%22+law+filed+in+Oklahoma&rft.date=2022-04-27&rft.aulast=Rosa-Figueroa&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kswo.com%2F2022%2F04%2F27%2Fdont-say-gay-law-filed-oklahoma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scstatehouse.gov/billsearch.php?billnumbers=4605&session=124&summary=T&PRINT=1">"Session 124 - (2021-2022) - South Carolina Legislature"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114122656/https://www.scstatehouse.gov/billsearch.php?billnumbers=4605&session=124&summary=T&PRINT=1">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Session+124+-+%282021-2022%29+-+South+Carolina+Legislature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scstatehouse.gov%2Fbillsearch.php%3Fbillnumbers%3D4605%26session%3D124%26summary%3DT%26PRINT%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcur.org/politics-elections-and-government/2022-04-11/not-just-florida-missouri-and-a-wave-of-other-states-propose-so-called-dont-say-gay-bills">"Not just Florida. Missouri and a wave of other states propose so-called 'Don't Say Gay' bills"</a>. KCUR 89.3 - NPR in Kansas City. April 11, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114122627/https://www.kcur.org/politics-elections-and-government/2022-04-11/not-just-florida-missouri-and-a-wave-of-other-states-propose-so-called-dont-say-gay-bills">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KCUR+89.3+-+NPR+in+Kansas+City&rft.atitle=Not+just+Florida.+Missouri+and+a+wave+of+other+states+propose+so-called+%27Don%27t+Say+Gay%27+bills&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcur.org%2Fpolitics-elections-and-government%2F2022-04-11%2Fnot-just-florida-missouri-and-a-wave-of-other-states-propose-so-called-dont-say-gay-bills&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/in-some-states-versions-of-dont-say-gay-bills-have-been-around-for-awhile">"In some states, versions of 'Don't Say Gay' bills have been around for awhile"</a>. PBS NewsHour. April 21, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219003539/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/in-some-states-versions-of-dont-say-gay-bills-have-been-around-for-awhile">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=In+some+states%2C+versions+of+%27Don%27t+Say+Gay%27+bills+have+been+around+for+awhile&rft.date=2022-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fnation%2Fin-some-states-versions-of-dont-say-gay-bills-have-been-around-for-awhile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legiscan.com/AL/text/HB322/id/2510962">"Alabama HB322 | 2022 | Regular Session"</a>. LegiScan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114233632/https://legiscan.com/AL/text/HB322/id/2510962">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LegiScan&rft.atitle=Alabama+HB322+%7C+2022+%7C+Regular+Session&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegiscan.com%2FAL%2Ftext%2FHB322%2Fid%2F2510962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake" class="citation web cs1">Blake, Mariah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906142506/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2010/1001.blake.html">"Revisionaries: How a group of Texas conservatives is rewriting your kids' textbooks. January/February 2010"</a>. Washingtonmonthly.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2010/1001.blake.html">the original</a> on September 6, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revisionaries%3A+How+a+group+of+Texas+conservatives+is+rewriting+your+kids%27+textbooks.+January%2FFebruary+2010&rft.pub=Washingtonmonthly.com&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Mariah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonmonthly.com%2Ffeatures%2F2010%2F1001.blake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TexasConservative-217"><a href="#cite_ref-TexasConservative_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJr2010" class="citation news cs1">Jr, James C. Mckinley (March 12, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/13/education/13texas.html">"Texas Conservatives win Curriculum Change"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Texas+Conservatives+win+Curriculum+Change&rft.date=2010-03-12&rft.aulast=Jr&rft.aufirst=James+C.+Mckinley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F03%2F13%2Feducation%2F13texas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/23/us/texas-approves-disputed-history-texts-for-schools.html">"Texas Approves Disputed History Texts for Schools"</a>. The New York Times. November 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Texas+Approves+Disputed+History+Texts+for+Schools&rft.date=2014-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F11%2F23%2Fus%2Ftexas-approves-disputed-history-texts-for-schools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a href="/wiki/James_W._Loewen" title="James W. Loewen">James W. Loewen</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Lies_My_Teacher_Told_Me:_Everything_Your_American_History_Textbook_Got_Wrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong">Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong</a>" (The New Press, 1995) </li> <li id="cite_note-Conger-2013-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conger-2013_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conger-2013_220-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConger2013" class="citation journal cs1">Conger, Dylan (December 2013). "The Effect of Grade Placement on English Language Learners' Academic Achievement". Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. 35 (4): 395–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3102%2F0162373713493315">10.3102/0162373713493315</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-3737">0162-3737</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146464010">146464010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Evaluation+and+Policy+Analysis&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Grade+Placement+on+English+Language+Learners%27+Academic+Achievement&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=395-412&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146464010%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0162-3737&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3102%2F0162373713493315&rft.aulast=Conger&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tran-2017-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tran-2017_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tran-2017_221-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranBirman2017" class="citation journal cs1">Tran, Nellie; Birman, Dina (December 24, 2017). "Acculturation and Assimilation: A Qualitative Inquiry of Teacher Expectations for Somali Bantu Refugee Students". Education and Urban Society. 51 (5): 712–736. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0013124517747033">10.1177/0013124517747033</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-1245">0013-1245</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149023286">149023286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+and+Urban+Society&rft.atitle=Acculturation+and+Assimilation%3A+A+Qualitative+Inquiry+of+Teacher+Expectations+for+Somali+Bantu+Refugee+Students&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=712-736&rft.date=2017-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149023286%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0013-1245&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0013124517747033&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Nellie&rft.au=Birman%2C+Dina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllard2016" class="citation journal cs1">Allard, Elaine C. (October 24, 2016). "Latecomers: The Sources and Impacts of Late Arrival Among Adolescent Immigrant Students". Anthropology & Education Quarterly. 47 (4): 366–384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Faeq.12166">10.1111/aeq.12166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7761">0161-7761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+%26+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Latecomers%3A+The+Sources+and+Impacts+of+Late+Arrival+Among+Adolescent+Immigrant+Students&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=366-384&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Faeq.12166&rft.issn=0161-7761&rft.aulast=Allard&rft.aufirst=Elaine+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArphattananon2012" class="citation journal cs1">Arphattananon, Thithimadee (June 11, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18251%2Fijme.v14i1.537">"Education that Leads to Nowhere: Thailand's Education Policy for Children of Migrants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Multicultural_Education" title="International Journal of Multicultural Education">International Journal of Multicultural Education</a>. 14 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18251%2Fijme.v14i1.537">10.18251/ijme.v14i1.537</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-5267">1934-5267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Multicultural+Education&rft.atitle=Education+that+Leads+to+Nowhere%3A+Thailand%27s+Education+Policy+for+Children+of+Migrants&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012-06-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18251%2Fijme.v14i1.537&rft.issn=1934-5267&rft.aulast=Arphattananon&rft.aufirst=Thithimadee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18251%252Fijme.v14i1.537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdesopeLavinThompsonUngerleider2011" class="citation journal cs1">Adesope, Olusola O.; Lavin, Tracy; Thompson, Terri; Ungerleider, Charles (January 6, 2011). "Pedagogical strategies for teaching literacy to ESL immigrant students: A meta-analysis". British Journal of Educational Psychology. 81 (4): 629–653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8279.2010.02015.x">10.1111/j.2044-8279.2010.02015.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-0998">0007-0998</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22050311">22050311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Educational+Psychology&rft.atitle=Pedagogical+strategies+for+teaching+literacy+to+ESL+immigrant+students%3A+A+meta-analysis&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=629-653&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft.issn=0007-0998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22050311&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8279.2010.02015.x&rft.aulast=Adesope&rft.aufirst=Olusola+O.&rft.au=Lavin%2C+Tracy&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Terri&rft.au=Ungerleider%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallahanWilkinsonMullerFrisco2008" class="citation journal cs1">Callahan, Rebecca; Wilkinson, Lindsey; Muller, Chandra; Frisco, Michelle (February 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898206">"ESL Placement and Schools"</a>. Educational Policy. 23 (2): 355–384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0895904807310034">10.1177/0895904807310034</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0895-9048">0895-9048</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898206">2898206</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20617111">20617111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Policy&rft.atitle=ESL+Placement+and+Schools&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=355-384&rft.date=2008-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2898206%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0895-9048&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20617111&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0895904807310034&rft.aulast=Callahan&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Lindsey&rft.au=Muller%2C+Chandra&rft.au=Frisco%2C+Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2898206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nea.org/home/20380.htm">"Students Affected by Achievement Gaps"</a>. NEA. December 3, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Students+Affected+by+Achievement+Gaps&rft.pub=NEA&rft.date=2008-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nea.org%2Fhome%2F20380.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsell2004" class="citation news cs1">Ansell, Susan E. (September 10, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edweek.org/ew/issues/achievement-gap/">"Research Center: Achievement Gap"</a>. Education Week. Edweek.org. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Week&rft.atitle=Research+Center%3A+Achievement+Gap&rft.date=2004-09-10&rft.aulast=Ansell&rft.aufirst=Susan+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edweek.org%2Few%2Fissues%2Fachievement-gap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Singham, Mano. 2005. The Achievement Gap in U.S. Education: Canaries in the Mine. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Education. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2012" class="citation news cs1">Parker, Kathleen (December 13, 2012). "Reluctant First Father". <a href="/wiki/Florida_Today" title="Florida Today">Florida Today</a>. <a href="/wiki/Melbourne,_Florida" title="Melbourne, Florida">Melbourne, Florida</a>. pp. 7A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Today&rft.atitle=Reluctant+First+Father&rft.pages=7A&rft.date=2012-12-13&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/11/lino-graglia-affirmative-action_n_2278180.html">"Lino Graglia, UT Law Professor, Decries Single Motherhood, Black Test Scores, And Affirmative Action (VIDEO)"</a>. Huffingtonpost.com. December 11, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lino+Graglia%2C+UT+Law+Professor%2C+Decries+Single+Motherhood%2C+Black+Test+Scores%2C+And+Affirmative+Action+%28VIDEO%29&rft.pub=Huffingtonpost.com&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F12%2F11%2Flino-graglia-affirmative-action_n_2278180.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenhouten1970" class="citation journal cs1">Tenhouten, Warren D. (1970). "The Black Family: Myth and Reality". Psychiatry. 33 (2): 145–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00332747.1970.11023622">10.1080/00332747.1970.11023622</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5443875">5443875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+Black+Family%3A+Myth+and+Reality&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-173&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00332747.1970.11023622&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5443875&rft.aulast=Tenhouten&rft.aufirst=Warren+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvester1995" class="citation journal cs1">Sylvester, Elaine I. (1995). "The Black Family Structure: A Viable Structure or a Myth?". Intertext. 3 (1): 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intertext&rft.atitle=The+Black+Family+Structure%3A+A+Viable+Structure+or+a+Myth%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Sylvester&rft.aufirst=Elaine+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagier2017" class="citation news cs1">Zagier, Alan Scher (January 10, 2017). "The dangerous myth of the 'missing black father'". Washington Post. Washington Post. pp. A2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+dangerous+myth+of+the+%27missing+black+father%27&rft.pages=A2&rft.date=2017-01-10&rft.aulast=Zagier&rft.aufirst=Alan+Scher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivas1998" class="citation journal cs1">Olivas, Michael A. (1998). "Professor Graglia, Meet My Father". Bilingual Review. 23 (2): 106–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bilingual+Review&rft.atitle=Professor+Graglia%2C+Meet+My+Father&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=106-107&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Olivas&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberty_Coles_&_Charles_Green2010" class="citation book cs1">Roberty Coles & Charles Green (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IYa-AwAAQBAJ">The Myth of the Missing Black Father</a>. Columbia U.P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231143530" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231143530"><bdi>978-0231143530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Missing+Black+Father&rft.pub=Columbia+U.P.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0231143530&rft.au=Roberty+Coles+%26+Charles+Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIYa-AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrnsteinMurray1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Herrnstein" title="Richard Herrnstein">Herrnstein, Richard J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray, Charles</a> (1994). <a href="/wiki/The_bell_curve:_intelligence_and_class_structure_in_American_life" class="mw-redirect" title="The bell curve: intelligence and class structure in American life">The bell curve: intelligence and class structure in American life</a> ([4. Dr.] ed.). New York, N.Y.: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-914673-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-914673-6"><bdi>978-0-02-914673-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+bell+curve%3A+intelligence+and+class+structure+in+American+life&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.edition=%5B4.+Dr.%5D&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-02-914673-6&rft.aulast=Herrnstein&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.au=Murray%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn2008" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Richard (2008). The global bell curve: race, IQ, and inequality worldwide. Augusta, Ga.: Washington Summit Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59368-028-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59368-028-2"><bdi>978-1-59368-028-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+global+bell+curve%3A+race%2C+IQ%2C+and+inequality+worldwide&rft.place=Augusta%2C+Ga.&rft.pub=Washington+Summit+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59368-028-2&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mckinseyonsociety.com-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mckinseyonsociety.com_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mckinseyonsociety.com_238-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904113411/https://mckinseyonsociety.com/downloads/reports/Education/achievement_gap_report.pdf">"McKinsey and Company, "The Economic Impact of the Achievement Gap on America's Schools.""</a> (PDF). April 2009. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mckinseyonsociety.com/downloads/reports/Education/achievement_gap_report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 4, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McKinsey+and+Company%2C+%22The+Economic+Impact+of+the+Achievement+Gap+on+America%27s+Schools.%22&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmckinseyonsociety.com%2Fdownloads%2Freports%2FEducation%2Fachievement_gap_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922091931/http://www.act.org/research-policy/college-career-readiness-report-2012/">"The Condition of College & Career Readiness 2012"</a>. ACT. August 21, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.act.org/research-policy/college-career-readiness-report-2012/">the original</a> on September 22, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Condition+of+College+%26+Career+Readiness+2012&rft.pub=ACT&rft.date=2013-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.act.org%2Fresearch-policy%2Fcollege-career-readiness-report-2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> U.S. Department of Education, "Public School Graduates and Dropouts from the Common Core Data: School Year 2009–10" (provisional data). January 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> McKinsey and Company, "The Economic Impact of the Achievement Gap on America's Schools." April 2009. Forty years ago, the US led the world in high school graduation rates; now it is 18th out of 24 industrial nations. In 1995, the US was tied for first in college graduation; it now is 14th. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/issues/juvenile-justice/school-prison-pipeline">"School-to-Prison Pipeline"</a>. American Civil Liberties Union.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.atitle=School-to-Prison+Pipeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fissues%2Fjuvenile-justice%2Fschool-prison-pipeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wald_Losen_2003_pp._9–15-243"><a href="#cite_ref-Wald_Losen_2003_pp._9–15_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldLosen2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wald, Johanna; Losen, Daniel J. (2003). "Defining and redirecting a school-to-prison pipeline". New Directions for Youth Development. 2003 (99). Wiley: 9–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fyd.51">10.1002/yd.51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1533-8916">1533-8916</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14635431">14635431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Directions+for+Youth+Development&rft.atitle=Defining+and+redirecting+a+school-to-prison+pipeline&rft.volume=2003&rft.issue=99&rft.pages=9-15&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1533-8916&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14635431&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fyd.51&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft.au=Losen%2C+Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim_2010_p.-244"><a href="#cite_ref-Kim_2010_p._244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2010" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Catherine (2010). The school-to-prison pipeline: structuring legal reform. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4844-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4844-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-4844-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/682614132">682614132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+school-to-prison+pipeline%3A+structuring+legal+reform&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F682614132&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-4844-2&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson2-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olson2_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson2_245-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithReeves2020" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Ember; Reeves, Richard V. (December 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/12/01/sat-math-scores-mirror-and-maintain-racial-inequity/">"SAT math scores mirror and maintain racial inequity"</a>. Brookings Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings+Institution&rft.atitle=SAT+math+scores+mirror+and+maintain+racial+inequity&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ember&rft.au=Reeves%2C+Richard+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Fup-front%2F2020%2F12%2F01%2Fsat-math-scores-mirror-and-maintain-racial-inequity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailycardinal.com/article/2020/09/why-we-should-do-away-with-standardized-testing">"Why we should do away with standardized testing"</a>. The Daily Cardinal. Retrieved September 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Cardinal&rft.atitle=Why+we+should+do+away+with+standardized+testing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailycardinal.com%2Farticle%2F2020%2F09%2Fwhy-we-should-do-away-with-standardized-testing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manhattanreview.com/sat-retaking/">"Retaking the Test"</a>. www.manhattanreview.com. Retrieved October 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.manhattanreview.com&rft.atitle=Retaking+the+Test&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manhattanreview.com%2Fsat-retaking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeiser2015" class="citation report cs1">Geiser, Saul (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cshe.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/publications/rops.cshe_.10.15.geiser.racesat.10.26.2015.pdf">The Growing Correlation Between Race and SAT Scores</a> (PDF) (Report). Research & Occasional Paper Series: CSHE.10.15. Center for Studies in Higher Education, University of California, Berkeley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Growing+Correlation+Between+Race+and+SAT+Scores&rft.series=Research+%26+Occasional+Paper+Series%3A+CSHE.10.15&rft.pub=Center+for+Studies+in+Higher+Education%2C+University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=2015-10&rft.aulast=Geiser&rft.aufirst=Saul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcshe.berkeley.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Frops.cshe_.10.15.geiser.racesat.10.26.2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doe.mass.edu/news/news.aspx?id=761">"Education Commissioner Highlights Importance of Libraries – Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education"</a>. Doe.mass.edu. June 5, 2002. Retrieved July 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+Commissioner+Highlights+Importance+of+Libraries+%E2%80%93+Massachusetts+Department+of+Elementary+and+Secondary+Education&rft.pub=Doe.mass.edu&rft.date=2002-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doe.mass.edu%2Fnews%2Fnews.aspx%3Fid%3D761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trans-Atlantic_Comparisons_2-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trans-Atlantic_Comparisons_2_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trans-Atlantic_Comparisons_2_250-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,628385,00.html">"Trans-Atlantic Comparisons, part 2: Why Europeans Have It Wrong About Americans"</a>. Spiegel Online. May 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Trans-Atlantic+Comparisons%2C+part+2%3A+Why+Europeans+Have+It+Wrong+About+Americans&rft.date=2009-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Feurope%2F0%2C1518%2C628385%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uft.org/our-rights/know-your-rights/length-school-day">"Length of School Day"</a>. uft.org/. Retrieved January 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uft.org%2F&rft.atitle=Length+of+School+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uft.org%2Four-rights%2Fknow-your-rights%2Flength-school-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2013" class="citation news cs1">Reed, Matt (October 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20131008/COLUMNISTS0207/310080001/">"Brevard's new literacy crusade:United Way"</a>. Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1A. Retrieved October 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Today&rft.atitle=Brevard%27s+new+literacy+crusade%3AUnited+Way&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=2013-10-19&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridatoday.com%2Farticle%2F20131008%2FCOLUMNISTS0207%2F310080001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPate2022" class="citation news cs1">Pate, Natalie (June 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statesmanjournal.com/in-depth/news/education/2022/06/29/elementary-school-reading-skills-impacts-future-success/65358646007/">"Early elementary reading skills can impact future success. How to help your child"</a>. Salem Statesman Journal. Retrieved August 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Early+elementary+reading+skills+can+impact+future+success.+How+to+help+your+child&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft.aulast=Pate&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statesmanjournal.com%2Fin-depth%2Fnews%2Feducation%2F2022%2F06%2F29%2Felementary-school-reading-skills-impacts-future-success%2F65358646007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Sennholz, Hans F., ed. Public Education and Indoctrination, in series, The Freeman Classics. Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education, 1993. iv, 203 p. N.B.: Sennholz is not clearly identified as the editor of this collection of essays on the subject, but his editorship seems probable.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Berliner" title="David Berliner">Berliner, David C.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Goldstein" title="Dana Goldstein">Goldstein, Dana</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UMcJAwAAQBAJ">The Teacher Wars: A History of America's Most Embattled Profession</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53695-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53695-0"><bdi>978-0-385-53695-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teacher+Wars%3A+A+History+of+America%27s+Most+Embattled+Profession&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-385-53695-0&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUMcJAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2014" class="citation book cs1">Green, Elizabeth (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildingbetterte0000gree">Building a Better Teacher: How Teaching Works (and How to Teach It to Everyone)</a>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08159-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08159-6"><bdi>978-0-393-08159-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+a+Better+Teacher%3A+How+Teaching+Works+%28and+How+to+Teach+It+to+Everyone%29&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08159-6&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuildingbetterte0000gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanushek2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hanushek" title="Eric Hanushek">Hanushek, Eric</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzFJi0Er4vkC">Endangering Prosperity: A Global View of the American School</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0373-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0373-0"><bdi>978-0-8157-0373-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endangering+Prosperity%3A+A+Global+View+of+the+American+School&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-0373-0&rft.aulast=Hanushek&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzFJi0Er4vkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Woodring, Paul. A Fourth of a Nation. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1957. 255 p. N.B.: Philosophical and practical reflections on education, teaching, educational psychology, and the training of teachers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> For a more detailed bibliography, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Education_in_the_United_States:_Bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Education in the United States: Bibliography">History of Education in the United States: Bibliography</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>James D. Anderson, <a href="/wiki/The_Education_of_Blacks_in_the_South,_1860%E2%80%931935" title="The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935">The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935</a> (University of North Carolina Press, 1988).</li> <li>Axtell, J. The school upon a hill: Education and society in colonial New England. Yale University Press. (1974).</li> <li>Maurice R. Berube; American School Reform: Progressive, Equity, and Excellence Movements, 1883–1993. 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23149656">online version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605000319/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23149656">Archived</a> June 5, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Brint, S., & Karabel, J. The Diverted Dream: Community colleges and the promise of educational opportunity in America, 1900–1985. Oxford University Press. (1989).</li> <li>Button, H. Warren and Provenzo, Eugene F. Jr. History of Education and Culture in America. Prentice-Hall, 1983. 379 pp.</li> <li>Cremin, Lawrence A. <a href="/wiki/The_Transformation_of_the_School:_Progressivism_in_American_Education,_1876%E2%80%931957" class="mw-redirect" title="The Transformation of the School: Progressivism in American Education, 1876–1957">The Transformation of the School: Progressivism in American Education, 1876–1957</a>. (1961).</li> <li>Cremin, Lawrence A. American Education: The Colonial Experience, 1607–1783. (1970); American Education: The National Experience, 1783–1876. (1980); American Education: The Metropolitan Experience, 1876–1980 (1990); standard 3 vol detailed scholarly history</li> <li>Curti, M. E. The social ideas of American educators, with new chapter on the last twenty-five years. (1959).</li> <li>Dorn, Sherman. Creating the Dropout: An Institutional and Social History of School Failure. Praeger, 1996. 167 pp.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517062832/http://johntaylorgatto.com/chapters/index.htm">Gatto, John Taylor. The Underground History of American Education: An Intimate Investigation into the Prison of Modern Schooling. Oxford Village Press, 2001, 412 pp. online version</a></li> <li>Herbst, Juergen. The once and future school: Three hundred and fifty years of American secondary education. (1996).</li> <li>Herbst, Juergen. School Choice and School Governance: A Historical Study of the United States and Germany 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-7302-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-7302-4">1-4039-7302-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2013" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Roger L. (2013). Town and Gown Relations: a Handbook of Best Practices. Jefferson, North Carolina/London, England: McFarland & Co., Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6399-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6399-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-6399-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828793570">828793570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Town+and+Gown+Relations%3A+a+Handbook+of+Best+Practices&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina%2FLondon%2C+England&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828793570&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6399-2&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988">* Krug, Edward A. The shaping of the American high school, 1880–1920. (1964); The American high school, 1920–1940. (1972). standard 2 vol scholarly history</li> <li>Lucas, C. J. American higher education: A history. (1994). pp.; reprinted essays from History of Education Quarterly</li> <li>Parkerson, Donald H. and Parkerson, Jo Ann. Transitions in American Education: A Social History of Teaching. Routledge, 2001. 242 pp.</li> <li>Parkerson, Donald H. and Parkerson, Jo Ann. The Emergence of the Common School in the U.S. Countryside. Edwin Mellen, 1998. 192 pp.</li> <li>Peterson, Paul E. The politics of school reform, 1870–1940. (1985).</li> <li>Ravitch, Diane. Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms. Simon & Schuster, 2000. 555 pp.</li> <li>Rury, John L. Education and Social Change: Themes in the History of American Schooling.; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2002.</li> <li>Sanders, James W The education of an urban minority: Catholics in Chicago, 1833–1965. (1977).</li> <li>Solomon, Barbara M. In the company of educated women: A history of women and higher education in America. (1985).</li> <li>Theobald, Paul. Call School: Rural Education in the Midwest to 1918. Southern Illinois U. Pr., 1995. 246 pp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Tyack" class="mw-redirect" title="David B. Tyack">David B. Tyack</a>. The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education (1974),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Tyack" title="David Tyack">Tyack, David</a> and Cuban, Larry. <a href="/wiki/Tinkering_Toward_Utopia:_A_Century_of_Public_School_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinkering Toward Utopia: A Century of Public School Reform">Tinkering Toward Utopia: A Century of Public School Reform</a>. Harvard U. Pr., 1995. 184 pp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Tyack" title="David Tyack">Tyack, David B.</a>, & Hansot, E. <a href="/wiki/Managers_of_Virtue:_Public_School_Leadership_in_America,_1820%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Managers of Virtue: Public School Leadership in America, 1820–1980">Managers of Virtue: Public School Leadership in America, 1820–1980</a>. (1982).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Veysey" title="Laurence Veysey">Veysey Lawrence R.</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Emergence_of_the_American_University" title="The Emergence of the American University">The Emergence of the American University</a>. (1965).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Education in the United States at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Education in the United States">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="q:Education in the United States">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861654" class="extiw" title="d:Q861654">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a> article <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Education_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Education in the United States">Education in the United States</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/">National Center for Education Statistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=USA">Information on education in the United States, OECD</a> – Contains indicators and information about the United States and how it compares to other OECD and non-OECD countries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gpseducation.oecd.org/Content/MapOfEducationSystem/USA/USA_1997_EN.pdf">Diagram of American education system, OECD</a> – Using 1997 ISCED classification of programs and typical ages.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_the_United_States_by_political_division" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._political_divisions_education" title="Template:U.S. political divisions education"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._political_divisions_education" title="Template talk:U.S. political divisions education"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._political_divisions_education" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. political divisions education"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_the_United_States_by_political_division" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education in the United States</a> by political division</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Alabama" title="Education in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Arkansas" title="Education in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_California" title="Education in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Connecticut" title="Education in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Florida" title="Education in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Education in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indiana" title="Education in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kansas" title="Education in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kentucky" title="Education in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Maine" title="Education in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Minnesota" title="Education in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mississippi" title="Education in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Missouri" title="Education in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_York_(state)" title="Education in New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Carolina" title="Education in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ohio" title="Education in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pennsylvania" title="Education in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Rhode_Island" title="Education in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Carolina" title="Education in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tennessee" title="Education in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Texas" title="Education in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Utah" title="Education in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vermont" title="Education in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Virginia" title="Education in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_West_Virginia" title="Education in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Education in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Education in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Education in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Argentina" title="Education in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Bahamas" title="Education in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Barbados" title="Education in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belize" title="Education in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bolivia" title="Education in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chile" title="Education in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Costa_Rica" title="Education in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cuba" title="Education in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Dominica" title="Education in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Education in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ecuador" title="Education in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_El_Salvador" title="Education in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Grenada" title="Education in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guatemala" title="Education in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guyana" title="Education in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Honduras" title="Education in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jamaica" title="Education in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nicaragua" title="Education in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Panama" title="Education in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Paraguay" title="Education in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Education in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Education in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Education in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Suriname" title="Education in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Education in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uruguay" title="Education in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Venezuela" title="Education in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Anguilla" title="Education in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Education in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Education in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Education in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greenland" title="Education in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montserrat" title="Education in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Education in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Caribbean (page does not exist)">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latin_America" title="Education in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South America (page does not exist)">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_the_World" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_the_World" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the World">Education in the World</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Algeria" title="Education in Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Angola" title="Education in Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Education in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Argentina" title="Education in Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Bahamas" title="Education in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bahrain" title="Education in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Barbados" title="Education in Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belize" title="Education in Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Benin" title="Education in Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bolivia" title="Education in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Botswana" title="Education in Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brunei" title="Education in Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Education in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Burundi" title="Education in Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cameroon" title="Education in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cape_Verde" title="Education in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Education in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chad" title="Education in Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chile" title="Education in Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Costa_Rica" title="Education in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Croatia" title="Education in Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cuba" title="Education in Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Denmark" title="Education in Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Djibouti" title="Education in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Dominica" title="Education in Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Education in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ecuador" title="Education in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_El_Salvador" title="Education in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Education in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Eritrea" title="Education in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Eswatini" title="Education in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ethiopia" title="Education in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Education in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Fiji" title="Education in Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gabon" title="Education in Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Gambia" title="Education in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ghana" title="Education in Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Grenada" title="Education in Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guatemala" title="Education in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guinea" title="Education in Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Education in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guyana" title="Education in Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Honduras" title="Education in Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Education in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jamaica" title="Education in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kenya" title="Education in Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kiribati" title="Education in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Education in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Laos" title="Education in Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lesotho" title="Education in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Liberia" title="Education in Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Libya" title="Education in Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Liechtenstein" title="Education in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lithuania" title="Education in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Luxembourg" title="Education in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Madagascar" title="Education in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malawi" title="Education in Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mali" title="Education in Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malta" title="Education in Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mauritania" title="Education in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mauritius" title="Education in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Moldova" title="Education in Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montenegro" title="Education in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Morocco" title="Education in Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mozambique" title="Education in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Namibia" title="Education in Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nauru" title="Education in Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nicaragua" title="Education in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Niger" title="Education in Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Oman" title="Education in Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Panama" title="Education in Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Education in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Paraguay" title="Education in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Rwanda" title="Education in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Education in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Education in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Education in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_San_Marino" title="Education in San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Senegal" title="Education in Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Seychelles" title="Education in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Education in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovakia" title="Education in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovenia" title="Education in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somalia" title="Education in Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Sudan" title="Education in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sudan" title="Education in Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Suriname" title="Education in Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tajikistan" title="Education in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tanzania" title="Education in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Togo" title="Education in Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tonga" title="Education in Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Education in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tunisia" title="Education in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkmenistan" title="Education in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uganda" title="Education in Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Education in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uruguay" title="Education in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Venezuela" title="Education in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Zambia" title="Education in Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Zimbabwe" title="Education in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&oldid=1259068791">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&oldid=1259068791</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Education in the United States">Education in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_education_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Public education in the United States">Public education in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society of the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pending_changes_protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages">Wikipedia pending changes protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_March_2019" title="Category:Use American English from March 2019">Use American English from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_May_2016" title="Category:Use mdy dates from May 2016">Use mdy dates from May 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_November_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2024">Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2024">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_November_2014" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2014">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2017" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2024">Articles with dead external links from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from April 2022">Articles with self-published sources from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 05:13 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_United_States&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-sfhjp","wgBackendResponseTime":232,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.967","walltime":"3.431","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16555,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":702728,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":82093,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":276,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":893155,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2818.500 1 -total"," 50.32% 1418.348 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.48% 718.133 141 Template:Cite_web"," 7.31% 206.070 40 Template:Cite_news"," 6.48% 182.516 26 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.27% 176.833 1 Template:World_topic"," 4.82% 135.737 1 Template:United_States_topics"," 4.71% 132.749 1 Template:Country_topics"," 4.51% 127.216 1 Template:Education_in_the_U.S."," 4.38% 123.354 1 Template:Sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.709","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9127070,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","16.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","14.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","10.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","7.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","80","4.3"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","80","4.3"],["is_alias_used \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:275\u003E","60","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","3.2"],["[others]","480","25.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7cd56fbfb6-r9nq9","timestamp":"20241126223250","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Education in the United States","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Education_in_the_United_States","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q861654","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q861654","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-10-21T21:59:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/90\/Pitman_High_School_Class_of_2019_Graduation_Ceremony_01.jpg","headline":"overview about the educational system of the United States of America"}</script> </body> </html>