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occupancy</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: buffer occupancy"> <meta name="keywords" content="buffer occupancy"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="buffer occupancy"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 504</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: buffer occupancy</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">234</span> Influence of Thermal Treatments on Ovomucoid as Allergenic Protein</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nasser%20A.%20Al-Shabib">Nasser A. Al-Shabib</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Food allergens are most common non-native form when exposed to the immune system. Most food proteins undergo various treatments (e.g. thermal or proteolytic processing) during food manufacturing. Such treatments have the potential to impact the chemical structure of food allergens so as to convert them to more denatured or unfolded forms. The conformational changes in the proteins may affect the allergenicity of treated-allergens. However, most allergenic proteins possess high resistance against thermal modification or digestive enzymes. In the present study, ovomucoid (a major allergenic protein of egg white) was heated in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) at different temperatures, aqueous solutions and on different surfaces for various times. The results indicated that different antibody-based methods had different sensitivities in detecting the heated ovomucoid. When using one particular immunoassay‚ the immunoreactivity of ovomucoid increased rapidly after heating in water whereas immunoreactivity declined after heating in alkaline buffer (pH 10). Ovomucoid appeared more immunoreactive when dissolved in PBS (pH 7.4) and heated on a stainless steel surface. To the best of our knowledge‚ this is the first time that antibody-based methods have been applied for the detection of ovomucoid adsorbed onto different surfaces under various conditions. The results obtained suggest that use of antibodies to detect ovomucoid after food processing may be problematic. False assurance will be given with the use of inappropriate‚ non-validated immunoassays such as those available commercially as ‘Swab’ tests. A greater understanding of antibody-protein interaction after processing of a protein is required. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ovomucoid" title="ovomucoid">ovomucoid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20treatment" title=" thermal treatment"> thermal treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solutions" title=" solutions"> solutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surfaces" title=" surfaces"> surfaces</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23303/influence-of-thermal-treatments-on-ovomucoid-as-allergenic-protein" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23303.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">448</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">233</span> Genetic Algorithm for In-Theatre Military Logistics Search-and-Delivery Path Planning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean%20Berger">Jean Berger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Barkaoui"> Mohamed Barkaoui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Discrete search path planning in time-constrained uncertain environment relying upon imperfect sensors is known to be hard, and current problem-solving techniques proposed so far to compute near real-time efficient path plans are mainly bounded to provide a few move solutions. A new information-theoretic –based open-loop decision model explicitly incorporating false alarm sensor readings, to solve a single agent military logistics search-and-delivery path planning problem with anticipated feedback is presented. The decision model consists in minimizing expected entropy considering anticipated possible observation outcomes over a given time horizon. The model captures uncertainty associated with observation events for all possible scenarios. Entropy represents a measure of uncertainty about the searched target location. Feedback information resulting from possible sensor observations outcomes along the projected path plan is exploited to update anticipated unit target occupancy beliefs. For the first time, a compact belief update formulation is generalized to explicitly include false positive observation events that may occur during plan execution. A novel genetic algorithm is then proposed to efficiently solve search path planning, providing near-optimal solutions for practical realistic problem instances. Given the run-time performance of the algorithm, natural extension to a closed-loop environment to progressively integrate real visit outcomes on a rolling time horizon can be easily envisioned. Computational results show the value of the approach in comparison to alternate heuristics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=search%20path%20planning" title="search path planning">search path planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=false%20alarm" title=" false alarm"> false alarm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=search-and-delivery" title=" search-and-delivery"> search-and-delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entropy" title=" entropy"> entropy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20algorithm" title=" genetic algorithm"> genetic algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2263/genetic-algorithm-for-in-theatre-military-logistics-search-and-delivery-path-planning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2263.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">360</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">232</span> Interference of Polymers Addition in Wastewaters Microbial Survey: Case Study of Viral Retention in Sludges</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Doriane%20Delafosse">Doriane Delafosse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dominique%20Fontvieille"> Dominique Fontvieille</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) generally display significant efficacy in virus retention yet, are sometimes highly variable, partly in relation to large fluctuating loads at the head of the plant and partly because of episodic dysfunctions in some treatment processes. The problem is especially sensitive when human enteric viruses, such as human Noroviruses Genogroup I or Adenoviruses, are in concern: their release downstream WWTP, in environments often interconnected to recreational areas, may be very harmful to human communities even at low concentrations. It points out the importance of WWTP permanent monitoring from which their internal treatment processes could be adjusted. One way to adjust primary treatments is to add coagulants and flocculants to sewage ahead settling tanks to improve decantation. In this work, sludge produced by three coagulants (two organics, one mineral), four flocculants (three cationic, one anionic), and their combinations were studied for their efficacy in human enteric virus retention. Sewage samples were coming from a WWTP in the vicinity of the laboratory. All experiments were performed three times and in triplicates in laboratory pilots, using Murine Norovirus (MNV-1), a surrogate of human Norovirus, as an internal control (spiking). Viruses were quantified by (RT-)qPCR after nucleic acid extraction from both treated water and sediment. Results: Low values of sludge virus retention (from 4 to 8% of the initial sewage concentration) were observed with each cationic organic flocculant added to wastewater and no coagulant. The largest part of the virus load was detected in the treated water (48 to 90%). However, it was not counterbalancing the amount of the introduced virus (MNV-1). The results pertained to two types of cationic flocculants, branched and linear, and in the last case, to two percentages of cations. Results were quite similar to the association of a linear cationic organic coagulant and an anionic flocculant, though suggesting that differences between water and sludges would sometimes be related to virus size or virus origins (autochthonous/allochthonous). FeCl₃, as a mineral coagulant associated with an anionic flocculant, significantly increased both auto- and allochthonous virus retention in the sediments (15 to 34%). Accordingly, virus load in treated water was lower (14 to 48%) but with a total that still does not reach the amount of the introduced virus (MNV-1). It also appeared that the virus retrieval in a bare 0.1M NaCl suspension varied rather strongly according to the FeCl₃ concentration, suggesting an inhibiting effect on the molecular analysis used to detect the virus. Finally, no viruses were detected in both phases (sediment and water) with the combination branched cationic coagulant-linear anionic flocculant, which was later demonstrated as an effect, here also, of polymers on the virus detection-molecular analysis. Conclusions: The combination of FeCl₃-anionic flocculant gave its highest performance to the decantation-based virus removal process. However, large unbalanced values in spiking experiments were observed, suggesting that polymers cast additional obstacles to both elution buffer and lysis buffer on their way to reach the virus. The situation was probably even worse with autochthonous viruses already embedded into sewage's particulate matter. Polymers and FeCl₃ also appeared to interfere in some steps of molecular analyses. More attention should be paid to such impediments wherever chemical additives are considered to be used to enhance WWTP processes. Acknowledgments: This research was supported by the ABIOLAB laboratory (Montbonnot Saint-Martin, France) and by the ASPOSAN association. Field experiments were possible thanks to the Grand Chambéry WWTP authorities (Chambéry, France). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flocculants-coagulants" title="flocculants-coagulants">flocculants-coagulants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymers" title=" polymers"> polymers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enteric%20viruses" title=" enteric viruses"> enteric viruses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater%20sedimentation%20treatment%20plant" title=" wastewater sedimentation treatment plant"> wastewater sedimentation treatment plant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153041/interference-of-polymers-addition-in-wastewaters-microbial-survey-case-study-of-viral-retention-in-sludges" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153041.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">124</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">231</span> Locating the Best Place for Earthquake Refugee Camps by OpenSource Software: A Case Study for Tehran, Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reyhaneh%20Saeedi">Reyhaneh Saeedi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Iran is one of the regions which are most prone for earthquakes annually having a large number of financial and mortality and financial losses. Every year around the world, a large number of people lose their home and life due to natural disasters such as earthquakes. It is necessary to provide and specify some suitable places for settling the homeless people before the occurrence of the earthquake, one of the most important factors in crisis planning and management. Some of the natural disasters can be Modeling and shown by Geospatial Information System (GIS). By using GIS, it would be possible to manage the spatial data and reach several goals by making use of the analyses existing in it. GIS has a determining role in disaster management because it can determine the best places for temporary resettling after such a disaster. In this research QuantumGIS software is used that It is an OpenSource software so that easy to access codes and It is also free. In this system, AHP method is used as decision model and to locate the best places for temporary resettling, is done based on the related organizations criteria with their weights and buffers. Also in this research are made the buffer layers of criteria and change them to the raster layers. Later on, the raster layers are multiplied on desired weights then, the results are added together. Eventually, there are suitable places for resettling of victims by desired criteria by different colors with their optimum rate in QuantumGIS platform. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20management" title="disaster management">disaster management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temporary%20resettlement" title=" temporary resettlement"> temporary resettlement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquake" title=" earthquake"> earthquake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=QuantumGIS" title=" QuantumGIS"> QuantumGIS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25074/locating-the-best-place-for-earthquake-refugee-camps-by-opensource-software-a-case-study-for-tehran-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25074.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">396</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">230</span> Study of Trend, Dimension and Effect of Organizational Politics on Workers Performance in Public Organizations </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eniola%20Simbiat%20Ibude">Eniola Simbiat Ibude</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Work politics could be referred to as office politics or organizational politics. Work place politics take different form, direction, and dimensions. Studies of these features of organizational politics have been conducted in the private sector and much has been left to be studied on the other side of the fence, namely in larger bureaucracies and in public sector system. This is the gap the study tried to fill. This study also focuses on the negative effects that perceptions of politics seem to have on job attitudes (i.e., job satisfaction, organizational commitment) and on affective performance. This was with a view to understanding the relevance of its effects on job performance. The descriptive survey research design of the ex-post facto type was adopted for this study since the variables being studied had already occurred and were, therefore, not manipulated. Data were analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistics of frequency counts, simple percentages, ANOVA, and multiple regression. Findings show that the joint and relative effect of organizational politics on workers performance, planning, coordination and supervision of work (B 0.71), delaying information for carrying out work (B 0.67), criticizing and wasting time for work done (B 0.56) has contributed to workers performance. The effect could be seen as negative on workers performance. Conclusively, every employee will not react to organizational politics the same way. The 'social arsenal' or the 'social skills' of the individual are a good buffer against the potential aftermaths of organizational politics. Also, from this study, it could be concluded that the perceptions of politics have a more complex relationship with job performance, a relationship that may be different for various types of employees. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bureaucracies" title="bureaucracies">bureaucracies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dimension" title=" dimension"> dimension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=politics" title=" politics"> politics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trend" title=" trend"> trend</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110509/study-of-trend-dimension-and-effect-of-organizational-politics-on-workers-performance-in-public-organizations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110509.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">241</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">229</span> Fuel Oxidation Reactions: Pathways and Reactive Intermediates Characterization via Synchrotron Photoionization Mass Spectrometry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giovanni%20Meloni">Giovanni Meloni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent results are presented from experiments carried out at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory using multiplexed synchrotron photoionization mass spectrometry. The reaction mixture and a buffer gas (He) are introduced through individually calibrated mass flow controllers into a quartz slow flow reactor held at constant pressure and temperature. The gaseous mixture effuses through a 650 μm pinhole into a 1.5 mm skimmer, forming a molecular beam that enters a differentially pumped ionizing chamber. The molecular beam is orthogonally intersected by a tunable synchrotron radiation produced by the ALS in the 8-11 eV energy range. Resultant ions are accelerated, collimated, and focused into an orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Reaction species are identified by their mass-to-charge ratios and photoionization (PI) spectra. Comparison of experimental PI spectra with literature and/or simulated curves is routinely done to assure the identity of a given species. With the aid of electronic structure calculations, potential energy surface scans are performed, and Franck-Condon spectral simulations are obtained. Examples of these experiments are discussed, ranging from new intermediates characterization to reaction mechanisms elucidation and biofuels oxidation pathways identification. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20spectrometry" title="mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reaction%20intermediates" title=" reaction intermediates"> reaction intermediates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synchrotron%20photoionization" title=" synchrotron photoionization"> synchrotron photoionization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidation%20reactions" title=" oxidation reactions"> oxidation reactions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173937/fuel-oxidation-reactions-pathways-and-reactive-intermediates-characterization-via-synchrotron-photoionization-mass-spectrometry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173937.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">228</span> Efficient Energy Extraction Circuit for Impact Harvesting from High Impedance Sources</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sherif%20Keddis">Sherif Keddis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Azzam"> Mohamed Azzam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norbert%20Schwesinger"> Norbert Schwesinger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Harvesting mechanical energy from footsteps or other impacts is a possibility to enable wireless autonomous sensor nodes. These can be used for a highly efficient control of connected devices such as lights, security systems, air conditioning systems or other smart home applications. They can also be used for accurate location or occupancy monitoring. Converting the mechanical energy into useful electrical energy can be achieved using the piezoelectric effect offering simple harvesting setups and low deflections. The challenge facing piezoelectric transducers is the achievable amount of energy per impact in the lower mJ range and the management of such low energies. Simple setups for energy extraction such as a full wave bridge connected directly to a capacitor are problematic due to the mismatch between high impedance sources and low impedance storage elements. Efficient energy circuits for piezoelectric harvesters are commonly designed for vibration harvesters and require periodic input energies with predictable frequencies. Due to the sporadic nature of impact harvesters, such circuits are not well suited. This paper presents a self-powered circuit that avoids the impedance mismatch during energy extraction by disconnecting the load until the source reaches its charge peak. The switch is implemented with passive components and works independent from the input frequency. Therefore, this circuit is suited for impact harvesting and sporadic inputs. For the same input energy, this circuit stores 150% of the energy in comparison to a directly connected capacitor to a bridge rectifier. The total efficiency, defined as the ratio of stored energy on a capacitor to available energy measured across a matched resistive load, is 63%. Although the resulting energy is already sufficient to power certain autonomous applications, further optimization of the circuit are still under investigation in order to improve the overall efficiency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomous%20sensors" title="autonomous sensors">autonomous sensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circuit%20design" title=" circuit design"> circuit design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20harvesting" title=" energy harvesting"> energy harvesting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20management" title=" energy management"> energy management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20harvester" title=" impact harvester"> impact harvester</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=piezoelectricity" title=" piezoelectricity"> piezoelectricity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100737/efficient-energy-extraction-circuit-for-impact-harvesting-from-high-impedance-sources" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100737.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">227</span> Highly Specific DNA-Aptamer-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Mercury (II) and Lead (II) Ions Detection in Water Samples</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Abu-Ali">H. Abu-Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Nabok"> A. Nabok</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Smith"> T. Smith</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aptamers are single-strand of DNA or RNA nucleotides sequence which is designed in vitro using selection process known as SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) were developed for the selective detection of many toxic materials. In this work, we have developed an electrochemical biosensor for highly selective and sensitive detection of Hg2+ and Pb2+ using a specific aptamer probe (SAP) labelled with ferrocene (or methylene blue) in (5′) end and the thiol group at its (3′) termini, respectively. The SAP has a specific coil structure that matching with G-G for Pb2+ and T-T for Hg2+ interaction binding nucleotides ions, respectively. Aptamers were immobilized onto surface of screen-printed gold electrodes via SH groups; then the cyclic voltammograms were recorded in binding buffer with the addition of the above metal salts in different concentrations. The resulted values of anode current increase upon binding heavy metal ions to aptamers and analyte due to the presence of electrochemically active probe, i.e. ferrocene or methylene blue group. The correlation between the anodic current values and the concentrations of Hg2+ and Pb2+ ions has been established in this work. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of using a specific DNA aptamers for electrochemical detection of heavy metals. Each increase in concentration of 0.1 μM results in an increase in the anode current value by simple DC electrochemical test i.e (Cyclic Voltammetry), thus providing an easy way of determining Hg2+ and Pb2+concentration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aptamer" title="aptamer">aptamer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=based" title=" based"> based</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensor" title=" biosensor"> biosensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA" title=" DNA"> DNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical" title=" electrochemical"> electrochemical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=highly" title=" highly"> highly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific" title=" specific"> specific</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86012/highly-specific-dna-aptamer-based-electrochemical-biosensor-for-mercury-ii-and-lead-ii-ions-detection-in-water-samples" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86012.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">226</span> Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria Inoculant on Fermentation Quality of Sweet Sorghum Silage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azizza%20Mala">Azizza Mala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Babo%20Fadlalla"> Babo Fadlalla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elnour%20Mohamed"> Elnour Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siran%20Wang"> Siran Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junfeng%20Li"> Junfeng Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tao%20Shao"> Tao Shao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sweet sorghum is considered one of the best plants for silage production and is now a more important feed crop in many countries worldwide. It is simple to ensile because of its high water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) concentration and low buffer capacity. This study investigated the effect of adding Pediococcus acidilactici AZZ5 and Lactobacillus plantarum AZZ4 isolated from elephant grass on the fermentation quality of sweet sorghum silage. One commercial bacteria Lactobacillus Plantarum, Ecosyl MTD/1(C.B.)), and two strains were used as additives Pediococcus acidilactici (AZZ5), Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. Plantarum (AZZ4) at 6 log colony forming units (cfu)/g of fresh sweet sorghum grass in laboratory silos (1000g). After 15, 30, and 60 days, the silos for each treatment were opened. All of the isolated strains enhanced the silage quality of sweet sorghum silage compared to the control, as evidenced by significantly (P < 0.05) lower ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) content and undesirable microbial counts, as well as greater lactic acid (L.A.) contents and lactic acid/acetic acid (LA/AA) ratios. In addition, AZZ4 performed better than all other inoculants during ensiling, as evidenced by a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in pH and ammonia-N contents and a significant increase in lactic acid contents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentation" title="fermentation">fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lactobacillus%20plantarum" title=" lactobacillus plantarum"> lactobacillus plantarum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lactic%20acid%20bacteria" title=" lactic acid bacteria"> lactic acid bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pediococcus%20acidilactic" title=" pediococcus acidilactic"> pediococcus acidilactic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sweet%20sorghum" title=" sweet sorghum"> sweet sorghum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162237/effect-of-lactic-acid-bacteria-inoculant-on-fermentation-quality-of-sweet-sorghum-silage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162237.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">225</span> Surface Modified Nano-Diamond/Polyimide Hybrid Composites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hati%CC%87ce%20Bi%CC%87rtane">Hati̇ce Bi̇rtane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asli%20Beyler%20%C3%87i%CC%87%C4%9Fi%CC%87l"> Asli Beyler Çi̇ği̇l</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Memet%20Vezi%CC%87r%20Kahraman"> Memet Vezi̇r Kahraman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polyimide (PI) is one of the most important super-engineering materials because of its mechanical properties and its thermal stability. Electronic industry is the typical extensive applications of polyimides including interlayer insulation films, buffer coating, films, alpha-ray shielding films, and alignment films for liquid crystal displays. The mechanical and thermal properties of polymers are generally improved by the addition of inorganic additives. The challenges in this area of high-performance organic/inorganic hybrid materials are to obtain significant improvements in the interfacial adhesion between the polymer matrix and the reinforcing material since the organic matrix is relatively incompatible with the inorganic phase. In this study, modified nanodiamond was prepared from the reaction of nanodiamond and (3-Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane. Poly(amic acid) was prepared from the reaction of 3,3',4,4'-Benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and 4,4'-Oxydianiline (ODA). Polyimide/modified nanodiamond hybrids were prepared by blending of poly(amic acid) and organically modified nanodiamond. The morphology of the Polyimide/ modified nanodiamond hybrids was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chemical structure of polyimide and Polyimide/modified nanodiamond hybrids was characterized by FTIR. FTIR results showed that the Polyimide/modified nanodiamond hybrids were successfully prepared. A thermal property of the Polyimide/modified nanodiamond hybrids was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20materials" title="hybrid materials">hybrid materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanodiamond" title=" nanodiamond"> nanodiamond</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyimide" title=" polyimide"> polyimide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer" title=" polymer"> polymer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44896/surface-modified-nano-diamondpolyimide-hybrid-composites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44896.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">243</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">224</span> Designing Modified Nanocarriers Containing Selenium Nanoparticles Extracted from the Lactobacillus acidophilus and Their Anticancer Properties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahnoosh%20Aliahmadi">Mahnoosh Aliahmadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akbar%20Esmaeili"> Akbar Esmaeili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study synthesized new modified imaging nanocapsules (NCs) of gallium@deferoxamine/folic acid/chitosan/polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol (Ga@DFA/FA/CS/PANI/PVA) containing Morus nigra extract by selenium nanoparticles prepared from Lactobacillus acidophilus. Se nanoparticles were then deposited on (Ga@DFA/FA/CS/PANI/PVA) using the impregnation method. The modified contrast agents were mixed with M. nigra extract, and their antibacterial activities were investigated by applying them to L929 cell lines. The influence of variable factors including surfactant, solvent, aqueous phase, pH, buffer, minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), cytotoxicity on cancer cells, antibiotic, antibiogram, release and loading, stirring effect, the concentration of nanoparticle, olive oil, and thermotical methods was investigated. The structure and morphology of the synthesized contrast agents were characterized by zeta potential sizer analysis (ZPS), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectra, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experimental section was conducted and monitored by response surface methods (RSM) and MTT conversion assay. Antibiogram testing of NCs on Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria was successful, and the MIC=2 factor was obtained with a less harmful effect. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imaging%20contrast%20agent" title="imaging contrast agent">imaging contrast agent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title=" nanoparticles"> nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=response%20surface%20method" title=" response surface method"> response surface method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lactobacillus%20acidophilus" title=" Lactobacillus acidophilus"> Lactobacillus acidophilus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=selenium" title=" selenium"> selenium</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152358/designing-modified-nanocarriers-containing-selenium-nanoparticles-extracted-from-the-lactobacillus-acidophilus-and-their-anticancer-properties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152358.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">223</span> RP-HPLC Method Development and Its Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Metoprolol Succinate and Olmesartan Medoxomil Combination in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Jain">S. Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Savalia"> R. Savalia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Saini"> V. Saini </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A simple, accurate, precise, sensitive and specific RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Metoprolol Succinate and Olmesartan Medoxomil in bulk and tablet dosage form. The RP-HPLC method has shown adequate separation for Metoprolol Succinate and Olmesartan Medoxomil from its degradation products. The separation was achieved on a Phenomenex luna ODS C18 (250mm X 4.6mm i.d., 5μm particle size) with an isocratic mixture of acetonitrile: 50mM phosphate buffer pH 4.0 adjusted with glacial acetic acid in the ratio of 55:45 v/v. The mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min, Injection volume 20μl and wavelength of detection was kept at 225nm. The retention time for Metoprolol Succinate and Olmesartan Medoxomil was 2.451±0.1min and 6.167±0.1min, respectively. The linearity of the proposed method was investigated in the range of 5-50μg/ml and 2-20μg/ml for Metoprolol Succinate and Olmesartan Medoxomil, respectively. Correlation coefficient was 0.999 and 0.9996 for Metoprolol Succinate and Olmesartan Medoxomil, respectively. The limit of detection was 0.2847μg/ml and 0.1251μg/ml for Metoprolol Succinate and Olmesartan Medoxomil, respectively and the limit of quantification was 0.8630μg/ml and 0.3793μg/ml for Metoprolol and Olmesartan, respectively. Proposed methods were validated as per ICH guidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness for estimation of Metoprolol Succinate and Olmesartan Medoxomil in commercially available tablet dosage form and results were found to be satisfactory. Thus the developed and validated stability indicating method can be used successfully for marketed formulations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metoprolol%20succinate" title="metoprolol succinate">metoprolol succinate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=olmesartan%20medoxomil" title=" olmesartan medoxomil"> olmesartan medoxomil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RP-HPLC%20method" title=" RP-HPLC method"> RP-HPLC method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=validation" title=" validation"> validation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICH" title=" ICH"> ICH</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15356/rp-hplc-method-development-and-its-validation-for-simultaneous-estimation-of-metoprolol-succinate-and-olmesartan-medoxomil-combination-in-bulk-and-tablet-dosage-form" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15356.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">315</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">222</span> Scheduling Building Projects: The Chronographical Modeling Concept</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adel%20Francis">Adel Francis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most of scheduling methods and software apply the critical path logic. This logic schedule activities, apply constraints between these activities and try to optimize and level the allocated resources. The extensive use of this logic produces a complex an erroneous network hard to present, follow and update. Planning and management building projects should tackle the coordination of works and the management of limited spaces, traffic, and supplies. Activities cannot be performed without the resources available and resources cannot be used beyond the capacity of workplaces. Otherwise, workspace congestion will negatively affect the flow of works. The objective of the space planning is to link the spatial and temporal aspects, promote efficient use of the site, define optimal site occupancy rates, and ensures suitable rotation of the workforce in the different spaces. The Chronographic scheduling modelling belongs to this category and models construction operations as well as their processes, logical constraints, association and organizational models, which help to better illustrate the schedule information using multiple flexible approaches. The model defined three categories of areas (punctual, surface and linear) and four different layers (space creation, systems, closing off space, finishing, and reduction of space). The Chronographical modelling is a more complete communication method, having the ability to alternate from one visual approach to another by manipulation of graphics via a set of parameters and their associated values. Each individual approach can help to schedule a certain project type or specialty. Visual communication can also be improved through layering, sheeting, juxtaposition, alterations, and permutations, allowing for groupings, hierarchies, and classification of project information. In this way, graphic representation becomes a living, transformable image, showing valuable information in a clear and comprehensible manner, simplifying the site management while simultaneously utilizing the visual space as efficiently as possible. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20projects" title="building projects">building projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chronographic%20modelling" title=" chronographic modelling"> chronographic modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CPM" title=" CPM"> CPM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20path" title=" critical path"> critical path</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precedence%20diagram" title=" precedence diagram"> precedence diagram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scheduling" title=" scheduling"> scheduling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78995/scheduling-building-projects-the-chronographical-modeling-concept" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78995.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">221</span> Promotion of a Healthy City by Medical Plants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ana%20M.%20G.%20Sperandio">Ana M. G. Sperandio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adriana%20A.%20C.%20Rosa"> Adriana A. C. Rosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jussara%20C.%20Guarnieri"> Jussara C. Guarnieri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study consists of a research of the Post Occupancy Assessment (POA) of Medicinal Gardens' project of Urban Social Center’s square, in the city of 'Santa Barbara d'Oeste', located in the interior of Sao Paulo, Brazil. In view of the fact that community gardens, as well as medicinal gardens, are based on innumerable functions. The addition to the pedagogical function rescues people from their origins through (re)contact with the land, as a vehicle for social integration. Bearing in mind the project has the potential to fight hunger among the low-income population, to treat some diseases, also works as a strategy of environmental recovery especially of idle land. Such as very often only accumulate weeds and garbage, and therefore, must be considered in the Municipal Master Plan for the activity to be regulated. Objective: Identify on implantation the medicinal plants' value and principles for the promotion of a healthy city. Methodology: Application of the walkthrough, where it is possible to affirm that this instrument has three routes: one officer applied within the urban social center and two complementary ones, one being about 3 miles and the other being almost 5,5 miles. Results: Through a dialogical course, one can observe the benefits that the community medicinal gardens bring to the local population. In addition, it is consistent with the proposal for the community to be enabled to access collective care with home orientations that rescue the local and regional culture making the physical environment. This project aims at promoting more pleasant and inclusive through the actions of the caregiver, local leadership and the co-participation of local government. Although with the aim of increasing the supply value and improving the living conditions of social groups and interrelationship. Conclusion: This type of urban intervention, which articulates social participation, rescue of medicinal cultures and local knowledge, intersectoriality, social inclusion, among other premises connected with health promotion, and the city presents a potential for reverberation of practices in social networks with the objective of meeting the healthy city strategies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=healthy%20city" title="healthy city">healthy city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=healthy%20urban%20planning" title=" healthy urban planning"> healthy urban planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicinal%20gardens" title=" medicinal gardens"> medicinal gardens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20participation" title=" social participation"> social participation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91234/promotion-of-a-healthy-city-by-medical-plants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91234.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">220</span> Preliminary Study of the Cost-Effectiveness of Green Walls: Analyzing Cases from the Perspective of Life Cycle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jyun-Huei%20Huang">Jyun-Huei Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ting-I%20Lee"> Ting-I Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Urban heat island effect is derived from the reduction of vegetative cover by urban development. Because plants can improve air quality and microclimate, green walls have been applied as a sustainable design approach to cool building temperature. By using plants to green vertical surfaces, they decrease room temperature and, as a result, decrease the energy use for air conditioning. Based on their structures, green walls can be divided into two categories, green façades and living walls. A green façade uses the climbing ability of a plant itself, while a living wall assembles planter modules. The latter one is widely adopted in public space, as it is time-effective and less limited. Although a living wall saves energy spent on cooling, it is not necessarily cost-effective from the perspective of a lifecycle analysis. The Italian study shows that the overall benefit of a living wall is only greater than its costs after 47 years of its establishment. In Taiwan, urban greening policies encourage establishment of green walls by referring to their benefits of energy saving while neglecting their low performance on cost-effectiveness. Thus, this research aims at understanding the perception of appliers and consumers on the cost-effectiveness of their living wall products from the lifecycle viewpoint. It adopts semi-structured interviews and field observations on the maintenance of the products. By comparing the two results, it generates insights for sustainable urban greening policies. The preliminary finding shows that stakeholders do not have a holistic sense of lifecycle or cost-effectiveness. Most importantly, a living wall well maintained is often with high input due to the availability of its maintenance budget, and thus less sustainable. In conclusion, without a comprehensive sense of cost-effectiveness throughout a product’s lifecycle, it is very difficult for suppliers and consumers to maintain a living wall system while achieve sustainability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=case%20study" title="case study">case study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maintenance" title=" maintenance"> maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-occupancy%20evaluation" title=" post-occupancy evaluation"> post-occupancy evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20greening" title=" vertical greening"> vertical greening</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67160/preliminary-study-of-the-cost-effectiveness-of-green-walls-analyzing-cases-from-the-perspective-of-life-cycle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67160.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">265</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">219</span> Effect of Ethyl Cellulose and Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose Polymer on the Release Profile of Diltiazem Hydrochloride Sustained Release Pellets </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahana%20Sharmin">Shahana Sharmin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present study, the effect of cellulose polymers Ethyl Cellulose and Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose was evaluated on the release profile of drug from sustained release pellet. Diltiazem Hydrochloride, an antihypertensive, cardio-protective agent and slow channel blocker were used as a model drug to evaluate its release characteristics from different pellets formulations. Diltiazem Hydrochloride sustained release pellets were prepared by drug loading (drug binder suspension) on neutral pellets followed by different percentages of spraying, i.e. 2%,4%, 6%, 8% and 10% coating suspension using ethyl cellulose and hydroxy-propyl methyl cellulose polymer in a fixed 85:15 ratios respectively. The in vitro dissolution studies of Diltiazem Hydrochloride from these sustained release pellets were carried out in pH 7.2 phosphate buffer for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 hrs using USP-I method. Statistically, significant differences were found among the drug release profile from different formulations. Polymer content with the highest concentration of Ethyl cellulose on the pellets shows the highest release retarding rate of the drug. The retarding capacity decreases with the decreased concentration of ethyl cellulose. The release mechanism was explored and explained with zero order, first order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer’s equations. Finally, the study showed that the profile and kinetics of drug release were functions of polymer type, polymer concentration & the physico-chemical properties of the drug. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diltiazem%20hydrochloride" title="diltiazem hydrochloride">diltiazem hydrochloride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethyl%20cellulose" title=" ethyl cellulose"> ethyl cellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydroxy%20propyl%20methyl%20cellulose" title=" hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose"> hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=release%20kinetics" title=" release kinetics"> release kinetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustained%20release%20pellets" title=" sustained release pellets"> sustained release pellets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21180/effect-of-ethyl-cellulose-and-hydroxy-propyl-methyl-cellulose-polymer-on-the-release-profile-of-diltiazem-hydrochloride-sustained-release-pellets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21180.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">414</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">218</span> Optimization of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Purifications to Improving the Production of Hepatitis B Vaccines on Pichia pastoris</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rizky%20Kusuma%20Cahyani">Rizky Kusuma Cahyani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hepatitis B is a liver inflammatory disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). This infection can be prevented by vaccination which contains HBV surface protein (sHBsAg). However, vaccine supply is limited. Several attempts have been conducted to produce local sHBsAg. However, the purity degree and protein yield are still inadequate. Therefore optimization of HBsAg purification steps is required to obtain high yield with better purification fold. In this study, optimization of purification was done in 2 steps, precipitation using variation of NaCl concentration (0,3 M; 0,5 M; 0,7 M) and PEG (3%, 5%, 7%); ion exchange chromatography (IEC) using NaCl 300-500 mM elution buffer concentration.To determine HBsAg protein, bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used in this study. Visualization of HBsAg protein was done by SDS-PAGE analysis. Based on quantitative analysis, optimal condition at precipitation step was given 0,3 M NaCl and PEG 3%, while in ion exchange chromatography step, the optimum condition when protein eluted with NaCl 500 mM. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis indicates that the presence of protein HBsAg with a molecular weight of 25 kDa (monomer) and 50 kDa (dimer). The optimum condition for purification of sHBsAg produced in Pichia pastoris gave a yield of 47% and purification fold 17x so that it would increase the production of hepatitis B vaccine to be more optimal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hepatitis%20B%20virus" title="hepatitis B virus">hepatitis B virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HBsAg" title=" HBsAg"> HBsAg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hepatitis%20B%20surface%20antigen" title=" hepatitis B surface antigen"> hepatitis B surface antigen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pichia%20pastoris" title=" Pichia pastoris"> Pichia pastoris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=purification" title=" purification"> purification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91001/optimization-of-hepatitis-b-surface-antigen-purifications-to-improving-the-production-of-hepatitis-b-vaccines-on-pichia-pastoris" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91001.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">217</span> The Social Impact of Green Buildings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elise%20Machline">Elise Machline</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Policy instruments have been developed worldwide to reduce the energy demand of buildings. Two types of such instruments have been green building rating systems and energy efficiency standards for buildings -such as Green Star (Australia), LEED (United States, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), Energy Star (United States), and BREEAM (United Kingdom, Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method). The popularity of the idea of sustainable development has allowed the actors to consider the potential value generated by the environmental performance of buildings, labeled “green value” in the literature. Sustainable performances of buildings are expected to improve their attractiveness, increasing their value. A growing number of empirical studies demonstrate that green buildings yield rental/sale premia, as well as higher occupancy rates and thus higher asset values. The results suggest that green buildings are not affordable to all and that their construction tends to have a gentrifying effect. An increasing number of countries are institutionalizing green strategies for affordable housing. In that sense, making green buildings affordable to all will depend on government policies. That research aims to investigate whether green building fosters inequality in Israel, under the banner of sustainability. The method is comparison (of the market value). This method involves comparing the green buildings sale prices with non-certified buildings of the same type that have undergone recent transactions. The “market value” is deduced from those sources by analogy. The results show that, in Israel, green building projects are usually addressed to the middle to upper classes. The green apartment’s sale premium is about 19% (comparing to non-certified dwelling). There is a link between energy and/or environmental performance and the financial value of the dwellings. Moreover, price differential is much higher than the value of energy savings. This perpetuates socio-spatial and socio-economic inequality as well as ecological vulnerability for the poor and other socially marginal groups. Moreover, there are no green affordable housings and the authorities do not subsidy green building or retrofitting. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20building" title="green building">green building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gentrification" title=" gentrification"> gentrification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20housing" title=" social housing"> social housing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20value" title=" green value"> green value</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20building%20certification" title=" green building certification"> green building certification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25991/the-social-impact-of-green-buildings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25991.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">419</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">216</span> Comparative Study of Amyloidogenic Potential of AgNO3 and Freund's Adjuvant (AF) with That of Vitamin Free Casein, on Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Experimental Amyloidosis in Mice</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Javed">Alireza Javed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keivan%20Jamshidi"> Keivan Jamshidi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reactive amyloidosis is a condition that complicates a long list of chronic inflammation, chronic infectious, malignant, and hereditary disorders. In the present study the potential effects of two amyloidogenic substances: ie. AgNO3 and Freund's Adjuvant (AF) with that of vitamin free casein, on spatio-temporal pattern of experimental amyloidosis in mice, were compared. For this purpose, a total of 40 male Swees mice, obtained from Pasteur Institute Tehran, after being weighted were randomly divided into 4 groups including 2 treatments, 1 control (vitamin free casein) and 1 positive control (normal saline). At the end of 3rd, 5th and 7th weeks of experiment 3 mice were randomly selected and euthnised. Spleen sample of each animal obtained and preserved in 10% neutral buffer formalin. Sample were then processed through different stages of dehydration, clearing and impregnation and finally embedded in paraffin blocks. Sections of 5µm thickness then cut and stained by alkaline Congo red techniques. Spleen weights and the data obtained from the microscopic quantitative analysis did show no significant differences between groups A and B, A and C, and B and C. However, significant differences were observed between groups A and D, B and D, and C and D respectively. It is concluded that two compounds ie; AgNO3 and Freund's Adjuvant have the same potential, as does vitamin free casein have, in spatio – temporal pattern of experimental amyloidosis in mice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amyloidosis" title="amyloidosis">amyloidosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mice" title=" mice"> mice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AgNO3" title=" AgNO3"> AgNO3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Freund%27s%20Adjuvant" title=" Freund's Adjuvant"> Freund's Adjuvant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34107/comparative-study-of-amyloidogenic-potential-of-agno3-and-freunds-adjuvant-af-with-that-of-vitamin-free-casein-on-spatio-temporal-pattern-of-experimental-amyloidosis-in-mice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34107.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">370</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">215</span> Biogas as a Renewable Energy Fuel: A Review of Biogas Upgrading, Utilization and Storage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imran%20Ullah%20Khana">Imran Ullah Khana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Hafiz%20Dzarfan%20Othmanb"> Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othmanb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haslenda%20Hashima"> Haslenda Hashima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takeshi%20Matsuurad"> Takeshi Matsuurad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20F.%20Ismailb"> A. F. Ismailb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Rezaei-DashtArzhandib"> M. Rezaei-DashtArzhandib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Wan%20Azelee"> I. Wan Azelee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biogas upgrading is a widely studied and discussed topic, and its utilization as a natural gas substitute has gained significant attention in recent years. The production of biomethane provides a versatile application in both heat and power generation and as a vehicular fuel. This paper systematically reviews the state of the art of biogas upgrading technologies with upgrading efficiency, methane (CH4) loss, environmental effect, development and commercialization, and challenges in terms of energy consumption and economic assessment. The market situation for biogas upgrading has changed rapidly in recent years, giving membrane separation a significant market share with traditional biogas upgrading technologies. In addition, the potential utilization of biogas, efficient conversion into bio-compressed natural gas (bio-CNG), and storage systems are investigated in depth. Two storing systems for bio-CNG at filling stations, namely buffer and cascade storage systems are used. The best storage system should be selected on the basis of the advantages of both systems. Also, the fuel economy and mass emissions for bio-CNG and CNG-filled vehicles are studied. There is the same fuel economy and less carbon dioxide (CO2) emission for bio-CNG. Based on the results of comparisons between the technical features of upgrading technologies, various specific requirements for biogas utilization and the relevant investment, and operating and maintenance costs, future recommendations are made for biogas upgrading. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biogas%20upgrading" title="biogas upgrading">biogas upgrading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost" title=" cost"> cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=utilization" title=" utilization"> utilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-CNG" title=" bio-CNG"> bio-CNG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=storage" title=" storage"> storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy" title=" energy"> energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184961/biogas-as-a-renewable-energy-fuel-a-review-of-biogas-upgrading-utilization-and-storage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184961.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">50</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">214</span> Hygrothermal Assessment of Internally Insulated Prefabricated Concrete Wall in Polish Climatic Condition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Kaczorek">D. Kaczorek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Internal insulation of external walls is often problematic due to increased moisture content in the wall and interstitial or surface condensation risk. In this paper, the hygrothermal performance of prefabricated, concrete, large panel, external wall typical for WK70 system, commonly used in Poland in the 70’s, with inside, additional insulation was investigated. Thermal insulation board made out of hygroscopic, natural materials with moisture buffer capacity and extruded polystyrene (EPS) board was used as interior insulation. Experience with this natural insulation is rare in Poland. The analysis was performed using WUFI software. First of all, the impact of various standard boundary conditions on the behavior of the different wall assemblies was tested. The comparison of results showed that the moisture class according to the EN ISO 13788 leads to too high values of total moisture content in the wall since the boundary condition according to the EN 15026 should be usually applied. Then, hygrothermal 1D-simulations were conducted by WUFI Pro for analysis of internally added insulation, and the weak point like the joint of the wall with the concrete ceiling was verified using 2D simulations. Results showed that, in the Warsaw climate and the indoor conditions adopted in accordance with EN 15026, in the tested wall assemblies, regardless of the type of interior insulation, there would not be any problems with moisture - inside the structure and on the interior surface. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20large%20panel%20wall" title="concrete large panel wall">concrete large panel wall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hygrothermal%20simulation" title=" hygrothermal simulation"> hygrothermal simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internal%20insulation" title=" internal insulation"> internal insulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moisture%20related%20issues" title=" moisture related issues"> moisture related issues</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80225/hygrothermal-assessment-of-internally-insulated-prefabricated-concrete-wall-in-polish-climatic-condition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80225.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">213</span> Full Characterization of Heterogeneous Antibody Samples under Denaturing and Native Conditions on a Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rowan%20Moore">Rowan Moore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kai%20Scheffler"> Kai Scheffler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eugen%20Damoc"> Eugen Damoc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jennifer%20Sutton"> Jennifer Sutton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aaron%20Bailey"> Aaron Bailey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephane%20Houel"> Stephane Houel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simon%20Cubbon"> Simon Cubbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonathan%20Josephs"> Jonathan Josephs</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: MS analysis of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) at the protein and peptide levels is critical during development and production of biopharmaceuticals. The compositions of current generation therapeutic proteins are often complex due to various modifications which may affect efficacy. Intact proteins analyzed by MS are detected in higher charge states that also provide more complexity in mass spectra. Protein analysis in native or native-like conditions with zero or minimal organic solvent and neutral or weakly acidic pH decreases charge state value resulting in mAb detection at higher m/z ranges with more spatial resolution. Methods: Three commercially available mAbs were used for all experiments. Intact proteins were desalted online using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) or reversed phase chromatography coupled on-line with a mass spectrometer. For streamlined use of the LC- MS platform we used a single SEC column and alternately selected specific mobile phases to perform separations in either denaturing or native-like conditions: buffer A (20 % ACN, 0.1 % FA) with Buffer B (100 mM ammonium acetate). For peptide analysis mAbs were proteolytically digested with and without prior reduction and alkylation. The mass spectrometer used for all experiments was a commercially available Thermo Scientific™ hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap™ mass spectrometer, equipped with the new BioPharma option which includes a new High Mass Range (HMR) mode that allows for improved high mass transmission and mass detection up to 8000 m/z. Results: We have analyzed the profiles of three mAbs under reducing and native conditions by direct infusion with offline desalting and with on-line desalting via size exclusion and reversed phase type columns. The presence of high salt under denaturing conditions was found to influence the observed charge state envelope and impact mass accuracy after spectral deconvolution. The significantly lower charge states observed under native conditions improves the spatial resolution of protein signals and has significant benefits for the analysis of antibody mixtures, e.g. lysine variants, degradants or sequence variants. This type of analysis requires the detection of masses beyond the standard mass range ranging up to 6000 m/z requiring the extended capabilities available in the new HMR mode. We have compared each antibody sample that was analyzed individually with mixtures in various relative concentrations. For this type of analysis, we observed that apparent native structures persist and ESI is benefited by the addition of low amounts of acetonitrile and formic acid in combination with the ammonium acetate-buffered mobile phase. For analyses on the peptide level we analyzed reduced/alkylated, and non-reduced proteolytic digests of the individual antibodies separated via reversed phase chromatography aiming to retrieve as much information as possible regarding sequence coverage, disulfide bridges, post-translational modifications such as various glycans, sequence variants, and their relative quantification. All data acquired were submitted to a single software package for analysis aiming to obtain a complete picture of the molecules analyzed. Here we demonstrate the capabilities of the mass spectrometer to fully characterize homogeneous and heterogeneous therapeutic proteins on one single platform. Conclusion: Full characterization of heterogeneous intact protein mixtures by improved mass separation on a quadrupole-Orbitrap™ mass spectrometer with extended capabilities has been demonstrated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disulfide%20bond%20analysis" title="disulfide bond analysis">disulfide bond analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intact%20analysis" title=" intact analysis"> intact analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=native%20analysis" title=" native analysis"> native analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20spectrometry" title=" mass spectrometry"> mass spectrometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monoclonal%20antibodies" title=" monoclonal antibodies"> monoclonal antibodies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peptide%20mapping" title=" peptide mapping"> peptide mapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-translational%20modifications" title=" post-translational modifications"> post-translational modifications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequence%20variants" title=" sequence variants"> sequence variants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=size%20exclusion%20chromatography" title=" size exclusion chromatography"> size exclusion chromatography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=therapeutic%20protein%20analysis" title=" therapeutic protein analysis"> therapeutic protein analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UHPLC" title=" UHPLC"> UHPLC</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63438/full-characterization-of-heterogeneous-antibody-samples-under-denaturing-and-native-conditions-on-a-hybrid-quadrupole-orbitrap-mass-spectrometer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63438.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">361</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">212</span> A Review On Traditional Agroforestry Systems In Europe Revisited: Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services, And Future Perspectives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thuy%20Hang%20Le">Thuy Hang Le</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traditional agroforestry systems are land-use practices still widespread in tropical and subtropical countries, while in Europe have significantly decreased due to land-use intensification, land abandonment, and urbanization. Nevertheless, scientific evidence reveals that traditional agroforestry systems significantly support biodiversity and ecosystem services and may positively contribute to socioeconomic rural regional development. We worked out a review that follows the PRISMA approach and compiled comprehensive information on traditional agroforestry systems in Europe. Based on the differentiation of different land-use systems, also considering the agricultural as well as forestry components, we compiled information regarding current distribution, management (agrodiversity), biodiversity and agrobiodiversity, ecosystem and landscape services, threats, and restoration initiatives. From a total of 3,304 studies that dealt with agroforestry systems in Europe, both “modern” (e.g., buffer strip) and “traditional” (e.g., meadow orchards), we filtered out 158 studies from 35 European countries which represent the basis for in-depth investigation. We found, for example, that the traditional pastoral agroforestry system in the Mediterranean region, the so-called Dehesa, can harbor up to 300 plant species as well as 238 bird species, of which 134 are breeding birds. With regard to carbon storage, the traditional orchard agroforestry system in Germany stocks ranged between 6.5 and 9.8 Mg C ha−1, showing significantly higher values compared to an intensively used grassland with around 3.4 to 6.7 Mg C ha−1. With the remarkably high benefit for biodiversity and ecosystem services provided, the important role and multifunctionality of traditional agroforestry systems in Europe should be acknowledged and promoted. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiversity" title="biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecosystem%20services" title=" ecosystem services"> ecosystem services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landscape%20services" title=" landscape services"> landscape services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traditional%20agroforestry%20systems" title=" traditional agroforestry systems"> traditional agroforestry systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169777/a-review-on-traditional-agroforestry-systems-in-europe-revisited-biodiversity-ecosystem-services-and-future-perspectives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169777.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">211</span> Effect of Oral Immonoglobulin (IgY) Ingestion on Post Exercise Muscle Soreness and Muscle Damage Markers in Females</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bert%20H.%20Jacobson">Bert H. Jacobson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taylor%20Monaghan"> Taylor Monaghan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Sellers"> John Sellers</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Intense resistance-type activity generally elicits delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in individuals unaccustomed to such action. DOMS is a combination of contractile tissue microtrauma, osmotic pressure changes, alteration calcium regulation, and inflammation. Elevated muscle-specific enzyme creatine kinase (CK) is a marker of striated muscle damage. Avian immunoglobulin (IgY) mediates inflammation and may thereby reduce post-exercise DOMS. Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of oral IgY and placebo (Pl) on CK, serum relevels, and perceived pain following induced DOMS. Methods: Healthy college-aged females (N=16) were randomly divided into an experimental group (IgY) and a control group (PL). CK serum levels were recorded followed by 14 days of supplementation of either IgY or Pl at the following doses: days 1-2 =4.5 g, days 3-5 =9.0 g, and days 6-14 =13.5 g. Following the 14 d, lower limb DOMS was induced using two methods of resistance training. After 48 hours, subjects reported for a second blood draw. Results: One-way ANOVA resulted in the IgY group posting significantly less (p < 0.05) serum CK than the PL group. Furthermore, the IgY group experienced significantly less post-test perceived soreness than the Pl group. Conclusion: IgY supplementation lessens muscle CK levels and perceived muscle soreness following exercise, possibly due to an anti-inflammatory effect. It was suggested that IgY may serve as a buffer for DOMS thereby allowing the participant to continue vigorous exercise without discomfort. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=muscle" title="muscle">muscle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soreness" title=" soreness"> soreness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damage" title=" damage"> damage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=serum" title=" serum"> serum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87731/effect-of-oral-immonoglobulin-igy-ingestion-on-post-exercise-muscle-soreness-and-muscle-damage-markers-in-females" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87731.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">210</span> Socioeconomic Impacts of Innovative Housing Construction Technologies in Slum Upgrading: Case of Mathare Valley Nairobi, Kenya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edmund%20M.%20Muthigani">Edmund M. Muthigani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Adequate, decent housing is a universal human right integral component. Resources’ costs and intensified rural-urban migration have increased the demand for affordable housing in urban areas. Modern knowledge-based economy uses innovation. The construction industry uses product and process innovation to provide adequate and decent low-cost housing. Kenya adopted innovation practices in slum upgrading that used cost-effectively locally available building materials. This study objectively looked at the outcomes, social and economic impacts of innovative housing technologies construction in the Mathare valley slums upgrading project. Methods: This post-occupancy study used an exploratory-descriptive research design. Random sampling was used to sample 384 users of low-cost housing projects in Mathare Valley, Nairobi County. Research instruments included semi-structured questionnaires and interview guides. Pilot study, validity and reliability tests ensured the quality of a study. Ethical considerations included university approval and consent. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 21 was applied to compute the descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: Slum-upgrading had a significant-positive outcome on improved houses and community. Social impacts included communal facilities, assurance of security of tenure, and retained frameworks of establishments. Economic impacts included employment; affordable and durable units (p values <0.05). The upgrading process didn’t influence rent fees, was corrupt and led to the displacement of residents. Conclusion: Slum upgrading process impacted positively. Similar projects should consider residents in decision-making. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovation" title="innovation">innovation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technologies" title=" technologies"> technologies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slum%20upgrading" title=" slum upgrading"> slum upgrading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mathare%20valley%20slum" title=" Mathare valley slum"> Mathare valley slum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20impact" title=" social impact"> social impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20impact" title=" economic impact"> economic impact</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144065/socioeconomic-impacts-of-innovative-housing-construction-technologies-in-slum-upgrading-case-of-mathare-valley-nairobi-kenya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144065.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">209</span> Development of an Aptamer-Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based Electrochemical Sensor to Detect Pathogenic Bacteria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meltem%20Agar">Meltem Agar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maisem%20Laabei"> Maisem Laabei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hannah%20Leese"> Hannah Leese</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pedro%20Estrela"> Pedro Estrela</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pathogenic bacteria and the diseases they cause have become a global problem. Their early detection is vital and can only be possible by detecting the bacteria causing the disease accurately and rapidly. Great progress has been made in this field with the use of biosensors. Molecularly imprinted polymers have gain broad interest because of their excellent properties over natural receptors, such as being stable in a variety of conditions, inexpensive, biocompatible and having long shelf life. These properties make molecularly imprinted polymers an attractive candidate to be used in biosensors. In this study it is aimed to produce an aptamer-molecularly imprinted polymer based electrochemical sensor by utilizing the properties of molecularly imprinted polymers coupled with the enhanced specificity offered by DNA aptamers. These ‘apta-MIP’ sensors were used for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The experimental parameters for the fabrication of sensor were optimized, and detection of the bacteria was evaluated via Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Sensitivity and selectivity experiments were conducted. Furthermore, molecularly imprinted polymer only and aptamer only electrochemical sensors were produced separately, and their performance were compared with the electrochemical sensor produced in this study. Aptamer-molecularly imprinted polymer based electrochemical sensor showed good sensitivity and selectivity in terms of detection of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The performance of the sensor was assessed in buffer solution and tap water. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aptamer" title="aptamer">aptamer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20sensor" title=" electrochemical sensor"> electrochemical sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=staphylococcus%20aureus" title=" staphylococcus aureus"> staphylococcus aureus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecularly%20imprinted%20polymer" title=" molecularly imprinted polymer"> molecularly imprinted polymer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171368/development-of-an-aptamer-molecularly-imprinted-polymer-based-electrochemical-sensor-to-detect-pathogenic-bacteria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171368.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">208</span> High Pressure Delignification Process for Nanocrystalline Cellulose Production from Agro-Waste Biomass</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sakinul%20Islam">Sakinul Islam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nhol%20Kao"> Nhol Kao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sati%20Bhattacharya"> Sati Bhattacharya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahul%20Gupta"> Rahul Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) has been widely used for miscellaneous applications due to its superior properties over other nanomaterials. However, the major problems associated with the production of NCC are long reaction time, low production rate and inefficient process. The mass production of NCC within a short period of time is still a great challenge. The main objective of this study is to produce NCC from rice husk agro waste biomass from a high pressure delignification process (HPDP), followed by bleaching and hydrolysis processes. The HPDP has not been explored for NCC production from rice husk biomass (RHB) until now. In order to produce NCC, powder rice husk (PRH) was placed into a stainless steel reactor at 80 ˚C under 5 bars. Aqueous solution of NaOH (4M) was used for the dissolution of lignin and other amorphous impurities from PRH. After certain experimental times (1h, 3.5h and 6h), bleaching and hydrolysis were carried out on delignified samples. NaOCl (20%) and H2SO4 (4M) solutions were used for bleaching and hydrolysis processes, respectively. The NCC suspension from hydrolysis was sonicated and neutralized by buffer solution for various characterisations. Finally NCC suspension was dried and analyzed by FTIR, XRD, SEM, AFM and TEM. The chemical composition of NCC and PRH was estimated by TAPPI (Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry) standard methods to observe the product purity. It was found that, the 6h of the HPDP was more efficient to produce good quality NCC than that at 1h and 3.5h due to low separation of non-cellulosic components from RHB. The analyses indicated the crystallinity of NCC to be 71 %, particle size of 20-50 nm (diameter) and 100-200 nm in length. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanocrystalline%20cellulose" title="nanocrystalline cellulose">nanocrystalline cellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NCC" title=" NCC"> NCC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20pressure%20delignification" title=" high pressure delignification"> high pressure delignification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bleaching" title=" bleaching"> bleaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrolysis" title=" hydrolysis"> hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agro-waste%20biomass" title=" agro-waste biomass"> agro-waste biomass</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47263/high-pressure-delignification-process-for-nanocrystalline-cellulose-production-from-agro-waste-biomass" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47263.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">207</span> The Influence of Firm Characteristics on Profitability: Evidence from Italian Hospitality Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elisa%20Menicucci">Elisa Menicucci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guido%20Paolucci"> Guido Paolucci</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: The aim of this paper is to investigate the factors influencing profitability in the Italian hospitality industry during the period 2008-2016. Design/methodology/approach: This study examines the profitability and its determinants using a sample of 2366 Italian hotel firms. First, we use a multidimensional measure of profitability including attributes as return on equity, return on assets and occupancy rate. Second, we examine variables that are potentially related with performance and we sort these into five categories: market variables, business model, ownership structure, management education and control variables. Findings: The results show that financial crisis, business model and ownership structure influence profitability of hotel firms. Specific factors such as the internationalization, location, firm’s declaring accommodation as their primary activity and chain affiliation are associated positively with profitability. We also find that larger hotel firms have higher performance rankings, while hotels with higher operating cash flow volatility, greater sales volatility and a higher occurrence of losses have lower profitability. Research limitations/implications: Findings suggest the importance of considering firm specific factors to evaluate the profitability of a hotel firm. Results also provide evidence for academics to critically evaluate factors that would ensure profitability of hotels in developed countries such as Italy. Practical implications: This investigation offers valuable information and strategic implications for government, tourism policymakers, tourist hotel owners, hoteliers and tourism managers in their decision-making. Originality/value: This paper provides interesting insights into the characteristics and practices of profitable hotels in Italy. Few econometric studies empirically explored the determinants of performance in the European hospitality field so far. Therefore, this paper tries to close an important gap in the existing literature improving the understanding of profitability in the Italian hospitality industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hotel%20firms" title="hotel firms">hotel firms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=profitability" title=" profitability"> profitability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=determinants" title=" determinants"> determinants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Italian%20hospitality%20industry" title=" Italian hospitality industry"> Italian hospitality industry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69959/the-influence-of-firm-characteristics-on-profitability-evidence-from-italian-hospitality-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69959.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">206</span> Optimization of Tangential Flow Filtration Process for Purifying DNA Vaccine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Piyakajornkul%20T.">Piyakajornkul T.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noppiboon%20S."> Noppiboon S.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hochareon%20L."> Hochareon L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kitsubun%20P."> Kitsubun P.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, DNA vaccines become an interesting subject in the third vaccine generation. The platform of DNA vaccines production has been developed and its downstream process becomes challenging due to the quality of the products in terms of purity and percentage of supercoiled DNA. To overcome these challenges, tangential flow filtration (TFF), which is involved in the purification process, could be used since it provides effective separation of impurity prior to performing further purification steps. However, operating conditions of TFF is varied based on several factors such as sizes of target particle and impurities, a concentration of solution as well as a concentration polarization on the membrane surface. In this study, pVAX1/lacZ was used as a model of TFF optimization in order to prevent a concentration polarization that can lead to the membrane fouling and also minimize a diafiltration volume while maintaining the maximum permeate flux resulting in proper operating times and buffer volume. By using trans membrane pressure (TMP) excursion method, feed flow rates and TMP were varied. The results showed a correlation of permeate flux with TMP where the maximum volume concentration factor reached 2.5 times of the initial volume when feed flow rate and TMP were 7 liters/m²/min and 1 bar, respectively. It was optimal operating conditions before TFF system undergone pressure independent regime. In addition, the diafiltration volume was 14 times of the concentrated volume prior to performing a further anion chromatography process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concentration%20polarization" title="concentration polarization">concentration polarization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20vaccines" title=" DNA vaccines"> DNA vaccines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permeate%20flux" title=" permeate flux"> permeate flux</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressure%20dependent" title=" pressure dependent"> pressure dependent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tangential%20flow%20filtration%20%28TFF%29" title=" tangential flow filtration (TFF)"> tangential flow filtration (TFF)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trans%20membrane%20pressure%20%28TMP%29" title=" trans membrane pressure (TMP)"> trans membrane pressure (TMP)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95337/optimization-of-tangential-flow-filtration-process-for-purifying-dna-vaccine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95337.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">205</span> Development of Stability Indicating Method and Characterization of Degradation Impurity of Nirmaltrelvir in Its Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ravi%20Patel">Ravi Patel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ravisinh%20Solanki"> Ravisinh Solanki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dignesh%20Khunt"> Dignesh Khunt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A stability-indicating reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for estimating Nirmatrelvir in its self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS). The separation of Nirmatrelvir and its degradation products was accomplished by employing an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse plus C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column, through which the mobile phase 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH 4.0) as mobile phase A and Acetonitrile as mobile phase B in a ratio of (40:60 % v/v) was pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, through the HPLC system. Chromatographic separation and elution were monitored by a photo-diode array detector at 210 nm. Stress studies have been employed to evaluate this method's ability to indicate stability. Nirmatrelvir was exposed to several stress conditions, such as acid, alkali, oxidative, photolytic, and thermal degradations. Significant degradation was observed during acid and alkali hydrolysis, and the resulting degradation product was successfully separated from the Nirmatrelvir peak, preventing any interference. Furthermore, the primary degradant produced under alkali degradation conditions was identified using UPLC-ESI-TQ-MS/MS. The method was validated in accordance with the International Council on Harmonization (ICH) and found to be selective, precise, accurate, linear, and robust. The apparent permeability of Nirmatrelvir SEDDS was 4.20 ± 0.21×10-6 cm/sec, and the average proportion of free drug recovered was 0.5%. The method developed in this study was feasible and accurate for routine quality control evaluation of Nirmatrelvir SEDDS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nirmatrelvir" title="Nirmatrelvir">Nirmatrelvir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEDDS" title=" SEDDS"> SEDDS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=degradation%20study" title=" degradation study"> degradation study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HPLC" title=" HPLC"> HPLC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LC-MS%2FMS" title=" LC-MS/MS"> LC-MS/MS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191370/development-of-stability-indicating-method-and-characterization-of-degradation-impurity-of-nirmaltrelvir-in-its-self-emulsifying-drug-delivery-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a 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