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cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Търсене в Уикипедия" aria-label="Търсене в Уикипедия" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Специални:Търсене"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Търсене</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Лични инструменти"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Облик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg" class=""><span>Направете дарение</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class=""><span>Създаване на сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Влизане</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg"><span>Направете дарение</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Създаване на сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Влизане</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането"><span>научете повече</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Приноси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Характеристика" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Характеристика"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Характеристика</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Характеристика-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Светлинна_фаза" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Светлинна_фаза"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Светлинна фаза</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Светлинна_фаза-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Тъмнинна_фаза" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Тъмнинна_фаза"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Тъмнинна фаза</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Тъмнинна_фаза-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Тъмнинна фаза</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Тъмнинна_фаза-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Въглеродна_фиксация" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Въглеродна_фиксация"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Въглеродна фиксация</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Въглеродна_фиксация-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Цикъл_на_Калвин" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Цикъл_на_Калвин"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Цикъл на Калвин</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Цикъл_на_Калвин-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Еволюция" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Еволюция"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Еволюция</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Еволюция-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ефективност" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ефективност"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ефективност</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ефективност-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Исторически_изследвания" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Исторически_изследвания"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Исторически изследвания</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Исторически_изследвания-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Бележки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Бележки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Бележки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Бележки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Вижте_също" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Вижте_също"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Вижте също</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Вижте_също-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Скриване/показване на съдържанието</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Фотосинтеза</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 149 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">149 езика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintese" title="Fotosintese – африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fotosintese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese – швейцарски немски" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Photosynthese" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарски немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi" title="Fotosintesi – арагонски" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fotosintesi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تركيب ضوئي – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركيب ضوئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="فوطوسانتيز – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فوطوسانتيز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="সালোক সংশ্লেষণ – асамски" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সালোক সংশ্লেষণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="асамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesis" title="Fotosíntesis – астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fotosíntesis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – аварски" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="аварски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez" title="Fotosintez – азербайджански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fotosintez" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="فوتوسینتز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فوتوسینتز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – башкирски" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкирски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuot%C4%97sintez%C4%97" title="Fuotėsintezė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Fuotėsintezė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7" title="Фотасінтэз – беларуски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фотасінтэз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7" title="Фотасынтэз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фотасынтэз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="সালোকসংশ্লেষণ – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সালোকসংশ্লেষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="འོད་སྦྱོར་ནུས་པ། – тибетски" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འོད་སྦྱོར་ནུས་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="тибетски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintezenn" title="Fotosintezenn – бретонски" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fotosintezenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – босненски" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босненски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesi" title="Fotosíntesi – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fotosíntesi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – чеченски" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="чеченски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – себуански" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%92_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎤᎦᎵᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᏗᏍᎩ – черокски" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎦᎵᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᏗᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="черокски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="فۆتۆسینتەسیس – кюрдски (централен)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆتۆسینتەسیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="кюрдски (централен)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynt%C3%A9za" title="Fotosyntéza – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fotosyntéza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffotosynthesis" title="Ffotosynthesis – уелски" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffotosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уелски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Photosynthese" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosenteze" title="Fotosenteze – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fotosenteze" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Φωτοσύνθεση – гръцки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωτοσύνθεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="гръцки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintezo" title="Fotosintezo – есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fotosintezo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesis" title="Fotosíntesis – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fotosíntesis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%BCntees" title="Fotosüntees – естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fotosüntees" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi" title="Fotosintesi – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fotosintesi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesi" title="Fotosíntesi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fotosíntesi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="فتوسنتز – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فتوسنتز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynteesi" title="Fotosynteesi – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fotosynteesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%BCntees" title="Fotosüntees – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Fotosüntees" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynth%C3%A8se" title="Photosynthèse – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Photosynthèse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footos%C3%BCntees" title="Footosüntees – северен фризийски" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Footosüntees" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северен фризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynteze" title="Fotosynteze – западнофризийски" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fotosynteze" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3taisint%C3%A9is" title="Fótaisintéis – ирландски" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fótaisintéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosent%C3%A8z" title="Fotosentèz – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fotosentèz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foto-cho-chur" title="Foto-cho-chur – шотландски келтски" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Foto-cho-chur" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шотландски келтски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntese" title="Fotosíntese – галисийски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fotosíntese" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesapemo%C3%B1anga" title="Tesapemoñanga – гуарани" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tesapemoñanga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – горонтало" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="горонтало" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A3" title="પ્રકાશસંશ્લેષણ – гуджарати" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રકાશસંશ્લેષણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуджарати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-haaghey_sollysh" title="Co-haaghey sollysh – манкски" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-haaghey sollysh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="манкски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%96%D7%94" title="פוטוסינתזה – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוטוסינתזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – хърватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosent%C3%A8z" title="Fotosentèz – хаитянски креолски" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fotosentèz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="хаитянски креолски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoszint%C3%A9zis" title="Fotoszintézis – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fotoszintézis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%A6" title="Ֆոտոսինթեզ – арменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆոտոսինթեզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese – интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Photosynthese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis – илоко" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – ингушетски" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ингушетски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintezo" title="Fotosintezo – идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fotosintezo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3still%C3%ADfun" title="Ljóstillífun – исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljóstillífun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi_clorofilliana" title="Fotosintesi clorofilliana – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fotosintesi clorofilliana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="光合成 – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光合成" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosint%C3%A8sis" title="Fotosintèsis – явански" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fotosintèsis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="явански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ფოტოსინთეზი – грузински" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოტოსინთეზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – казахски" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ದ್ಯುತಿಸಂಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ – каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ಯುತಿಸಂಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="광합성 – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광합성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosentez" title="Fotosentez – кюрдски" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fotosentez" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="кюрдски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – киргизки" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – лезгински" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезгински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynthees" title="Fotosynthees – лимбургски" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fotosynthees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi" title="Fotosintesi – ломбардски" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fotosintesi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ломбардски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%87" title="ການສັງເຄາະແສງ – лаоски" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການສັງເຄາະແສງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаоски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%97" title="Fotosintezė – литовски" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fotosintezė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosint%C4%93ze" title="Fotosintēze – латвийски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fotosintēze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латвийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण – майтхили" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="майтхили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – малгашки" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малгашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосинтеза – македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фотосинтеза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രകാശസംശ്ലേഷണം – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകാശസംശ്ലേഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – монголски" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монголски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BA" title="လျးသံယိုဂ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="လျးသံယိုဂ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण – марати" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="марати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AE%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အလင်းမှီစုဖွဲ့ခြင်း – бирмански" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလင်းမှီစုဖွဲ့ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирмански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthees" title="Photosynthees – долнонемски" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Photosynthees" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="долнонемски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese – долносаксонски" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="долносаксонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण – непалски" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="फोटोसिन्थेसिस – неварски" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फोटोसिन्थेसिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynthese" title="Fotosynthese – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fotosynthese" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese – норвежки (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвежки (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese – норвежки (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежки (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosint%C3%A8si" title="Fotosintèsi – окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fotosintèsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaariftina" title="Jaariftina – оромо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jaariftina" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A3" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਸੰਸਲੇਸ਼ਣ – пенджабски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਸੰਸਲੇਸ਼ਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – пампанга" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="пампанга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – нигерийски пиджин" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="нигерийски пиджин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Добра статия"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynteza" title="Fotosynteza – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fotosynteza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DD%A8_%D9%BE%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="چانݨ پکائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چانݨ پکائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B2_(%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%AF_%D9%88%DA%93%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%88_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%81%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84)" title="فوټوسينتيسز (د لمر د وړانګو په مرسته د موادو ترکيب او يوځای کول) – пущу" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فوټوسينتيسز (د لمر د وړانګو په مرسته د موادو ترکيب او يوځای کول)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пущу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoss%C3%ADntese" title="Fotossíntese – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fotossíntese" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_wayllay" title="Inti wayllay – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inti wayllay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%83" title="Fotosinteză – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fotosinteză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосінтеза – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фотосінтеза" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="प्रभासंयोगः – санскрит" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्रभासंयोगः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="санскрит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – саха" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – шотландски" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A6%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B3" title="ڦوٽوسنٿيسس – синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڦوٽوسنٿيسس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – сърбохърватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сърбохърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රභාසංශ්ලේෂණය – синхалски" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රභාසංශ්ලේෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="синхалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynt%C3%A9za" title="Fotosyntéza – словашки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fotosyntéza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – словенски" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirukanerujeko" title="Chirukanerujeko – шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chirukanerujeko" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habka_Samayska_Cuntada" title="Habka Samayska Cuntada – сомалийски" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Habka Samayska Cuntada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомалийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосинтеза – сръбски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фотосинтеза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сръбски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosint%C3%A9sis" title="Potosintésis – сундански" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Potosintésis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntes" title="Fotosyntes – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fotosyntes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usanisinuru" title="Usanisinuru – суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usanisinuru" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஒளித்தொகுப்பு – тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளித்தொகுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF" title="కిరణజన్య సంయోగ క్రియ – телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కిరణజన్య సంయోగ క్రియ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – таджикски" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87" title="การสังเคราะห์ด้วยแสง – тайски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสังเคราะห์ด้วยแสง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis – тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosentez" title="Fotosentez – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fotosentez" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – татарски" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B2_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="فوتوسىنتېز رولى – уйгурски" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فوتوسىنتېز رولى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="уйгурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81" title="ضیائی تالیف – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ضیائی تالیف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez" title="Fotosintez – узбекски" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fotosintez" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ACntezi" title="Fotosìntezi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fotosìntezi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez" title="Fotosintez – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Fotosintez" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_h%E1%BB%A3p" title="Quang hợp – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quang hợp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 – ву китайски" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-photosynthesis" title="I-photosynthesis – кхоса" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="кхоса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%96" title="פאטאסינטעז – идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאטאסינטעז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong-ha%CC%8Dp-s%C3%AAng" title="Kong-ha̍p-sêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kong-ha̍p-sêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 – кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11982#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Преглед на основната страница [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Статия</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" rel="discussion" title="Беседа за страницата [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Промяна на езиковия вариант" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">български</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Прегледи"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0"><span>Преглед</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Редактиране</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=history" title="Предишни версии на страницата [h]" accesskey="h"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Инструменти" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Инструменти</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Допълнителни опции" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Действия </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">скриване</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">от Уикипедия, свободната енциклопедия</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bg" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bg.svg/250px-Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bg.svg/375px-Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bg.svg/500px-Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption>Фотосинтезата преобразува <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Слънчева енергия">слънчевата енергия</a> в химическа, разгражда <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода">водата</a>, освобождавайки <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород">кислород</a>, и свързва <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Въглероден диоксид">въглеродния диоксид</a> във <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Въглехидрат">въглехидрати</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Фотосинтезата</b> е <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Анаболизъм">анаболитен</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биохимия">биохимичен</a> процес, при който със слънчевата светлина <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Въглероден диоксид">въглеродният диоксид</a> се фиксира и влиза в състава на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Органични съединения">органични съединения</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1997508_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1997508-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> В най-разпространения вариант на процеса участва <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода">вода</a>, синтезират се <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Въглехидрат">въглехидрати</a> и се отделя <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород">кислород</a> като страничен продукт. Фотосинтезиращите <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Организъм">организми</a> се наричат фотоавтотрофи. Такива са <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Кормусни растения">висшите растения</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Водорасли">водораслите</a> и много <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии">бактерии</a>. Фотосинтезата поддържа нивото на кислород в атмосферата<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant2006488_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant2006488-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> и създава над 99% от първичната <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Биомаса">биомаса</a> в световен мащаб.<sup id="cite_ref-Field1988237&#32;–&#32;240_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field1988237&#32;–&#32;240-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Характеристика"><span id=".D0.A5.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Характеристика</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: Характеристика" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Характеристика"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Въпреки междувидовите различия, фотосинтезата започва с поглъщането на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фотон">фотони</a> от <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Белтък">белтъци</a>, които насочват светлинните лъчи към други белтъци, изграждащи <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Реакционен център (страницата не съществува)">реакционен център</a> и съдържащи <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Хлорофил">хлорофили</a> и спомагателни пигменти като <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Каротиноид">каротиноиди</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лутеин">лутеин</a>. В <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Еволюция">еволюционното</a> си развитие листата са получили много приспособления за да поемат повече светлина. При растенията тези белтъци се намират в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Клетъчни органели">органели</a>, наричани <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хлоропласт">хлоропласти</a>, а при бактериите те са вградени в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Клетъчна мембрана">клетъчната мембрана</a>. Част от светлинната енергия, събрана от хлорофилите, се използва за синтеза на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="АТФ">АТФ</a>, а останалата се използва за отстраняване на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон">електрони</a> от електронен донор, най-често H<sub>2</sub>O, но това могат да бъдат и други молекули като <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Сероводород">H<sub>2</sub>S</a>. Тези електрони преминават по електронтранспортни вериги през фотосистема 2; мембранни белъчни комплекси – <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Пластохинон (страницата не съществува)">пластохинон</a>, цитохром-b<sub>6</sub>f и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Пластоцианин (страницата не съществува)">пластоцианин</a>; фотосистема 1; <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Феридоксин (страницата не съществува)">феридоксин</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%94%D0%A4_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="НАДФ редуктаза (страницата не съществува)">НАДФ редуктаза</a> за получаване на редуциран <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%94%D0%A4" title="НАДФ">НАДФ</a>. Тези реакции приключват светлинната фаза на фотосинтезата. </p><p>Впоследствие получените от светлинната фаза АТФ и НАДФ участват в поредица от реакции, превръщащи <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Въглероден диоксид">CO<sub>2</sub></a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Органични съединения">органични съединения</a>. При <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Растения">растенията</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Цианобактерии">цианобактериите</a> този <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82" title="Метаболитен път">метаболитен път</a> е известен като <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Цикъл на Калвин (страницата не съществува)">цикъл на Калвин</a>, но при някои бактерии процесът протича по различен начин, например чрез <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Обратен цикъл на Кребс (страницата не съществува)">обратен цикъл на Кребс</a> при <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorobium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorobium (страницата не съществува)">Chlorobium</a></i>. Цикълът на Калвин фиксира 3 молекули <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Въглероден диоксид">CO<sub>2</sub></a> чрез ензима <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рубиско (страницата не съществува)">рубиско</a>. Полученият в светлинната фаза АТФ се използва за субстратно фосфолириране, а НАДФ – за редукция. От получените 6 молекули <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%90%D0%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ГАФ (страницата не съществува)">ГАФ</a>, една се използва за синтеза на въглехидрати, а останалите 5 се преобразуват в риблозо-1,5-дифосфат, който се фиксира с рубиско и затваря метаболитния цикъл. Тези реакции приключват тъмнинната фаза на фотосинтезата, а получените АДФ и НАДФ могат да се използват отново в светлинната фаза. </p><p>Много фотосинтезиращи организми са развили адаптации, които им помагат да концентрират или съхраняват въглероден диоксид, намалявайки загубите на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Въглероден диоксид">CO<sub>2</sub></a> в резултат на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фотодишане (страницата не съществува)">фотодишането</a>. Освен морфологични промени, висшите растения са развили C<sub>3</sub>-, C<sub>4</sub>- и CAM-фиксация на въглерод. </p><p>Общото <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Химично уравнение">уравнение</a> на кислородната фотосинтеза е: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {6CO2 + 6H2O ->[h\nu] C6H12O6 + 6O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {6CO2 + 6H2O ->[h\nu] C6H12O6 + 6O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba10eba4c3eb1d26e5c93f7cb7c59830942daafb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.311ex; width:35.984ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {6CO2 + 6H2O ->[h\nu] C6H12O6 + 6O2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>При други фотосинтетични процеси за източник на електрони служи не вода, а друго съединение. Така някои анаеробни микроорганизми използват слънчевата светлина, за да се окислят <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Арсенит (страницата не съществува)">арсенит</a> до <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Арсенат (страницата не съществува)">арсенат</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold200836_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold200836-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2 + AsO3^3- ->[h\nu] AsO4^3- + CO}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>AsO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>AsO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>CO</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2 + AsO3^3- ->[h\nu] AsO4^3- + CO}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/df1a625d6cf87bfd0d28b450532060586a5ab5a2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.311ex; width:31.74ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2 + AsO3^3- ->[h\nu] AsO4^3- + CO}}}"></span><sup id="cite_ref-Kulp2008967&#32;–&#32;970_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulp2008967&#32;–&#32;970-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Светлинна_фаза"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.B2.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.84.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.B0"></span>Светлинна фаза</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: Светлинна фаза" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Светлинна фаза"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Светлинната фаза на фотосинтезата е процес на поглъщане на светлинна енергия и складирането ѝ под формата на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Макроергично съединение">макроергични съединения</a> – <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="АТФ">АТФ</a> и редуциран <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%94%D0%A4" title="НАДФ">НАДФ</a>, използвани за нуждите на клетъчния <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Метаболизъм">метаболизъм</a>. Страничен процес е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотолиза">фотолиза</a> на най-често водни молекули, при което се отделя <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород">кислород</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Thylakoid_membrane.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thylakoid_membrane.png/500px-Thylakoid_membrane.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thylakoid_membrane.png/750px-Thylakoid_membrane.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Thylakoid_membrane.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Схематично представяне на светлинната фаза на фотосинтезата, протичаща в тилакоидната мембрана на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хлоропласт">хлоропластите</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Поглъщането на светлина се случва в специализирани белтъчни единици, наречени <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фотосистема">фотосистеми</a> (I и II). Фотосистемата съдържа множество <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Пигмент">пигментни</a> молекули, групирани в <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Светлосъбиращ комплекс (страницата не съществува)">светлосъбиращ комплекс</a>, които насочват фотоните към <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Реакционен център (страницата не съществува)">реакционен център</a>, представляващ белтъчен комплекс с пигментна молекула. </p><p>Светлинната фаза започва след избиването на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон">електрон</a> от реакционния център на фотосистема II след абсорбцията на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фотон">фотон</a>. Избитият електрон се предава по <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Електрон-транспортна верига">електрон-транспортна верига</a> с крайна цел <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Окислително-редукционни процеси">редуцирането</a> на молекула <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%94%D0%A4" title="НАДФ">НАДФ</a><sup>+</sup> до НАДФ.H+H<sup>+</sup>, а преносът на електрона по електрон-транспортната верига служи за създаването на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Електрохимия">електрохимичен</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон">протонен</a> градиент между двете страни на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тилакоидна мембрана (страницата не съществува)">тилакоидната мембрана</a>. Протонният градиент се използва за получаването на енергия под формата на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="АТФ">АТФ</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%A4_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="АТФ синтаза">АТФ синтаза</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон">Електронът</a> преминава чрез мембранните белтъчни преносители <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Пластохинон (страницата не съществува)">пластохинон</a>, цитохром-b<sub>6</sub>f и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Пластоцианин (страницата не съществува)">пластоцианин</a> до фотосистема I. Електронът от фотосистема I е отделен от реакционния център след поглъщане на фотон. Недостигът на електрони във фотосистема I се компенсира чрез <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотолиза">фотолизата</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода">вода</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O ->[h\nu] O2 + 4H^{+}+ 4 e^{-}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O ->[h\nu] O2 + 4H^{+}+ 4 e^{-}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e62cf1abce4176ab9b5f9c62e74ddf9d700a0fc3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.311ex; width:26.465ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O ->[h\nu] O2 + 4H^{+}+ 4 e^{-}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Така електроните от водата преминават през фотосистема I, електрон-транспортните вериги и фотосистема II до крайния акцептор, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%94%D0%A4_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="НАДФ редуктаза (страницата не съществува)">НАДФ редуктазният комплекс</a>. При този пренос на електрони се поглъщат фотони от двете фотосистеми, което създава <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Електрохимичен градиент (страницата не съществува)">електрохимичен градиент</a>, който позволява производството на енергия от клетката. </p><p>Общото уравнение на химичните реакции в хода на светлинната фаза на фотосинтезата за организмите, при които няма цикличен пренос на електрони, може да се запише във вида:<sup id="cite_ref-Raven2005124&#32;–&#32;127_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven2005124&#32;–&#32;127-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 H2O + 2 NADP^+ + 3 ADP + 3 P_{I}->[h\nu] 2 NADP.H + H^+ + 3 ATP + O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>NADP</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>ADP</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>P</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>I</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>NADP</mtext> <mo>⋅</mo> <mtext>H</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>ATP</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2 H2O + 2 NADP^+ + 3 ADP + 3 P_{I}->[h\nu] 2 NADP.H + H^+ + 3 ATP + O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2d1ad0fcef65eb3da9f1fc6822518a376d567fe8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.311ex; width:72.63ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 H2O + 2 NADP^+ + 3 ADP + 3 P_{I}->[h\nu] 2 NADP.H + H^+ + 3 ATP + O2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Не всяка <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Светлина">светлина</a> поддържат фотосинтезата. <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Електромагнитен спектър">Спектърът на светлината</a>, който растението може да използва за <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Анаболизъм">анаболитни</a> нужди, зависи от спомагателните <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Пигмент">пигменти</a> в листата или другите фотосинтезиращи части. За зелените <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Растения">растения</a> този спектър наподобява <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Абсорбция">абсорбционния спектър</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Хлорофил">хлорофила</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Каротеноид">каротеноидите</a>, с пикове на абсорбция в синьо-виолетовата и червената светлина. При червените водорасли се използват <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фикобилин (страницата не съществува)">фикобилини</a>, които имат максимуми в синьо-зелената област. Тази адаптация им позволява да обитават по-дълбоки слоеве на водата. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Тъмнинна_фаза"><span id=".D0.A2.D1.8A.D0.BC.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.84.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.B0"></span>Тъмнинна фаза</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Тъмнинна фаза" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Тъмнинна фаза"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>В тъмнинната фаза енергията, съхранена в светлинна фаза, се използва за биосинтеза на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Въглехидрат">въглехидрати</a>. Необходима е предварителна фиксация на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Въглероден диоксид">въглероден диоксид</a>, който се използва като източник на въглеродни атоми. Чрез поредица от химични реакции с помощта на редукционните еквиваленти от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%94%D0%A4" title="НАДФ">НАДФ.H+H<sup>+</sup></a> и енергията от <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="АТФ">АТФ</a>, въглеродният диоксид се превръща във <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Въглехидрат">въглехидрати</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Въглеродна_фиксация"><span id=".D0.92.D1.8A.D0.B3.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.84.D0.B8.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Въглеродна фиксация</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Редактиране на раздел: Въглеродна фиксация" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Въглеродна фиксация"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Чрез фиксация, въглеродния диоксид се свързва с <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Пентоза">петвъглеродния</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Монозахарид">монозахарид</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE-1,5-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рибулозо-1,5-бисфосфат (страницата не съществува)">рибулозо-1,5-бисфосфат</a>, до получаването на нестабилно шествъглеродно междинно съединение. Това междинно съединение бързо се разпада до две молекули <a href="/w/index.php?title=3-%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-фосфоглицерат (страницата не съществува)">3-фосфоглицерат</a>. Химичната реакция на фиксация на въглероден диоксид се катализира от <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Ензим">ензима</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE-1,5-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рибулозо-1,5-бисфосфат карбоксилаза оксигеназа (страницата не съществува)">рибулозо-1,5-бисфосфат карбоксилаза оксигеназа</a> (РуБисКО). Това се нарича C3-фиксация, тъй като продуктът на реакцията, катализирана от РуБисКО, е съединението <a href="/wiki/3-%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="3-фосфо-глицерат">3-фосфо-глицерат</a>, което притежава три въглеродни атома. Около 90% от растенията се характеризират с C3-фиксация на въглероден диоксид.<sup id="cite_ref-Monson1999551&#32;–&#32;580_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monson1999551&#32;–&#32;580-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>При друга група растения е известна C4-фиксация, а съответните растения се означават като C4-растения. Реакцията на фиксация протича в клетките на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Мезофил">мезофила</a>, където въглеродният диоксид се свързва с молекула <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фосфоенолпируват (страницата не съществува)">фосфоенолпируват</a> с помощта на ензима <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фосфоенолпируваткарбоксилаза (страницата не съществува)">фосфоенолпируваткарбоксилаза</a>. Продуктът на биохимичната реакция е <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Оксалоцетна киселина (страницата не съществува)">оксалоцетна киселина</a>, притежаваща четири въглеродни атома и даваща името на този тип фиксация. В класическия си вид C4-фиксацията продължава с редуциране на оксалоцетната киселина до <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ябълчена киселина">ябълчена киселина</a>. Ябълчената киселина се транспортира до клетките на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дихателно снопче (страницата не съществува)">дихателните снопчета</a>, където се локализират ензимите от <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Цикъл на Калвин (страницата не съществува)">цикъла на Калвин</a> и РуБисКО. Тя се декарбоксилира до <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пирогроздена киселина">пируват</a>, а отделеният въглероден диоксид се поема от ензима РуБисКО и аналогично на C3-фиксация навлиза в цикъла на Калвин.<sup id="cite_ref-Taiz2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taiz2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Растенията с C4-фиксация произвеждат повече <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Въглехидрат">въглехидрати</a> в сравнение с растенията, притежаващи C3-фиксация, при висока <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура">температура</a> и висока <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Осветеност">интензивност</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Слънчева светлина">слънчевата светлина</a>. Растенията с C4-фиксация са едва около 3% от всички растителни видове.<sup id="cite_ref-Monson1999551&#32;–&#32;580_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monson1999551&#32;–&#32;580-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Такива са някои растения от промишлено значение като <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Царевица">царевица</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Сорго">сорго</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Захарна тръстика">захарна тръстика</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Просо">просо</a> и други. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Ксерофит">Ксерофитните</a> растения, като <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Кактуси">кактусите</a> и повечето <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Сукулент">сукулентни</a> растения, притежават различен механизъм за фиксация на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Въглероден диоксид">въглероден диоксид</a>, означаван като CAM-фиксация. Процесът е подобен на C4-фиксацията, но няма физическо отделяне на фосфоенолпиреваткарбоксилазата и <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Ензим">ензимите</a> от <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Цикъл на Калвин (страницата не съществува)">цикъла на Калвин</a>. CAM-растенията фиксират въглерод нощем, когато техните <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Устица">устица</a> са отворени. Тогава този тип растения фиксират въглероден диоксид до <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ябълчена киселина">ябълчена киселина</a>, която денем декарбоксилират до <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Пируват">пируват</a> и въглероден диоксид, коът се фиксира от РуБисКО. При CAM-растенията няма физическо, а времево отделяне на фиксацията от цикъла на Калвин. Счита се, че съществуват около 16 000 вида растения с CAM-фиксация.<sup id="cite_ref-Dodd2002569&#32;–&#32;580_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodd2002569&#32;–&#32;580-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Цикъл_на_Калвин"><span id=".D0.A6.D0.B8.D0.BA.D1.8A.D0.BB_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.9A.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.BD"></span>Цикъл на Калвин</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Редактиране на раздел: Цикъл на Калвин" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Цикъл на Калвин"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Цикъл на Калвин (страницата не съществува)">Цикъл на Калвин</a></i><br /></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Calvin-cycle4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Calvin-cycle4.svg/500px-Calvin-cycle4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="458" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Calvin-cycle4.svg/750px-Calvin-cycle4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Calvin-cycle4.svg/1000px-Calvin-cycle4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Схематично представяне на цикъла на Калвин</figcaption></figure> <p>Фиксацията на въглероден диоксид е първият етап от цикличен процес, свързан с биосинтезата на въглехидрати, наричан <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Цикъл на Калвин (страницата не съществува)">цикъл на Калвин</a>. В хода на първите етапи от метаболитния път, <a href="/wiki/3-%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="3-фосфо-глицерат">3-фосфоглицерата</a> се редуцира до <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4-3-%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Глицералдехид-3-фосфат">глицералдехид-3-фосфат</a> в присъствието на необходимите <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Кофактор">кофактори</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="АТФ">АТФ</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%94%D0%A4" title="НАДФ">НАДФ.H<sup>+</sup></a>, получени по време на светлинната фаза на фотосинтезата. След наличието на достатъчно молекули <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%90%D0%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ГАФ (страницата не съществува)">ГАФ</a> се осъществява регенерация на първоначалната молекула <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE-1,5-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рибулозо-1,5-бифосфат (страницата не съществува)">рибулозо-1,5-бифосфат</a>, а новофиксираният <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Въглероден диоксид">въглероден диоксид</a> излиза от цикъла под формата на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Въглехидрат">въглехидрати</a>, които могат да се използват за синтез на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аминокиселина">аминокиселини</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Липид">липиди</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Еволюция"><span id=".D0.95.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.8E.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Еволюция</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Редактиране на раздел: Еволюция" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Еволюция"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Фотосинтезата възниква в началото на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Еволюция">еволюционната история</a>, когато всички форми на живот на Земята са <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Микроорганизъм">микроорганизми</a>, а атмосферата е редукционна и съдържа много повече <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Въглероден диоксид">CO<sub>2</sub></a>, отколкото в настоящата геологична епоха. Първите фотосинтезиращи организми вероятно се появяват преди около 3500 милиона години и използват като източник на електрони не вода, а <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород">водород</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Сероводород">сероводород</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson2006109&#32;–&#32;117_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson2006109&#32;–&#32;117-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Цианобактериите се появяват по-късно, преди около 3000 милиона години, и драстично променят Земята, предизвиквайки преди около 2400 милиона години т.нар. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кислородна катастрофа (страницата не съществува)">кислородна катастрофа</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Buick20082731&#32;–&#32;2743_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buick20082731&#32;–&#32;2743-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Увеличаването на концентрацията на кислород в атмосферата дава възможност за появата на по-сложни форми на живот, като <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Протисти">протистите</a>. Преди около 1000 милиона години някои протисти образуват <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Симбиоза">симбионтна връзка</a> с цианобактерии, от която произлиза предшественикът на съвременните <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Растения">растения</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodríguez-Ezpeleta20051325&#32;–&#32;1330_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodríguez-Ezpeleta20051325&#32;–&#32;1330-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Хлоропластите в съвременните растения водят началото си от тези древни симбионтни цианобактерии.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould2008491&#32;–&#32;517_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould2008491&#32;–&#32;517-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ефективност"><span id=".D0.95.D1.84.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82"></span>Ефективност</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Редактиране на раздел: Ефективност" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Ефективност"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ефективност на фотосинтезата (страницата не съществува)">Ефективност на фотосинтезата</a></i><br /></div></dd></dl> <p>Растенията обикновено преобразуват енергията на светлината в химична енергия с <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ефективност на фотосинтезата (страницата не съществува)">ефективност</a> около 3 – 6%.<sup id="cite_ref-Miyamoto1997_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyamoto1997-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrenberg2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrenberg2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Светлината, която е погълната, но не е преобразувана, се разсейва главно като топлина с малък дял (1 – 2%), който се преизлъчва като <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Флуоресценция на хлорофила (страницата не съществува)">флуоресценция на хлорофила</a> с по-голяма дължина на вълната.<sup id="cite_ref-Maxwell2000659&#32;–&#32;668_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell2000659&#32;–&#32;668-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Това явление позволява измерване на фотосинтезата чрез флуорометри.<sup id="cite_ref-Maxwell2000659&#32;–&#32;668_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell2000659&#32;–&#32;668-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Действителната ефективност на фотосинтезата варира между 0,1% и 8% в зависимост от честотата и интензитета на преобразуваната светлина, температурата и концентрацията на въглероден диоксид във въздуха.<sup id="cite_ref-Govindjee2023_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Govindjee2023-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> За сравнение <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Слънчева батерия">фотоволтаичните панели</a> преобразуват светлината в електрическа енергия с ефективност около 6 – 20% за серийно произвежданите панели и над 40% при лабораторни устройства. </p><p>Ефективността на реакциите от светлинната и тъмнинната фаза могат да бъдат измерени, но връзката между тях може да бъде много сложна.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenqvist200639&#32;–&#32;78_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenqvist200639&#32;–&#32;78-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Например, енергийните молекули на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Аденозинтрифосфат">АТФ</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%94%D0%A4" title="НАДФ">НАДФ</a>, създавани при светлинната реакция, могат да се използват за въглеродна фиксация или за <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фотореспирация (страницата не съществува)">фотореспирация</a> приз C3 растенията.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenqvist200639&#32;–&#32;78_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenqvist200639&#32;–&#32;78-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Електроните също може да се насочват към различни поглъщащи атоми.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker200466&#32;–&#32;79_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker200466&#32;–&#32;79-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flexas199939&#32;–&#32;48_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flexas199939&#32;–&#32;48-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fryer1998571&#32;–&#32;580_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fryer1998571&#32;–&#32;580-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> По тази причина не е рядкост изследователите да разграничават работата, извършвана при нефотореспираторни условия и тази при фотореспираторни условия.<sup id="cite_ref-Earl2004177&#32;–&#32;186_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earl2004177&#32;–&#32;186-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Genty198987&#32;–&#32;92_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genty198987&#32;–&#32;92-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baker200889&#32;–&#32;113_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker200889&#32;–&#32;113-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Чрез флуоресценцията на хлорофила при фотосистема II може да се измери светлинната реакция, а чрез инфрачервени газови анализатори – тъмнинната реакция.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernacchi20021992&#32;–&#32;1998_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernacchi20021992&#32;–&#32;1998-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Двете могат да се изследват едновременно чрез едновременното използване на двете системи или чрез интерирани системи, включващи флуорометър и газообменна система.<sup id="cite_ref-Ribas-Carbo2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ribas-Carbo2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Инфрачервените газови анализатори и някои сензори за влажност са достатъчно чувствителни, за да измерят надеждно фотосинтетичната асимилация на CO<sub>2</sub> и ΔH<sub>2</sub>O.<sup id="cite_ref-Long20032393&#32;–&#32;2401_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long20032393&#32;–&#32;2401-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Чрез измерването на асимилацията на CO<sub>2</sub>, ΔH<sub>2</sub>O, температурата на листата, атмосферното налягане, площта на листата и фотосинтетично активното излъчване става възможно да се изчислят въглеродната асимилация, транспирацията, устичната проводимост и междуклетъчния CO<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-Long20032393&#32;–&#32;2401_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long20032393&#32;–&#32;2401-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Исторически_изследвания"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.B8.D0.B7.D1.81.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Исторически изследвания</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Редактиране на раздел: Исторически изследвания" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Исторически изследвания"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Сред първите изследвания на фотосинтезата са <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Експеримент">експериментите</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Ян ван Хелмонт">Ян ван Хелмонт</a> от средата на <a href="/wiki/17_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="17 век">17 век</a>, който измерва на разликите в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Тегло">теглата</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Почва">почвата</a> и на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Растения">растението</a> в началото и в края на растежа му. Той забелязва, че масата на почвата се променя незначително, което води до заключението, че основната растителна маса идва не от веществата от почвата. Ян ван Хелмонт прави извода, че растежът и натрупването на маса в растението идва от водата, което е само отчасти правилно, тъй като не се отчита фиксирането на въглероден диоксид. Въпреки това експериментите на Ван Хелмонт са първото доказателство, че растенията нарастват благодарение на процеса на фотосинтеза, а не само от хранителните вещества от почвата. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:PriestleyFuseli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PriestleyFuseli.jpg/150px-PriestleyFuseli.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PriestleyFuseli.jpg/225px-PriestleyFuseli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PriestleyFuseli.jpg/300px-PriestleyFuseli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Джоузеф Пристли">Джоузеф Пристли</a>, сочен като откривател на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород">кислорода</a></figcaption></figure> <p>В средата на 18 век <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Джоузеф Пристли">Джоузеф Пристли</a> открива <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород">кислорода</a> и полага основите на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Физиология">физиологията</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Растения">растенията</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Животни">животните</a>. През 1778 г <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ян Ингенхауз (страницата не съществува)">Ян Ингенхауз</a> повтаря експериментите на Пристли. Той открива, че растенията възстановяват кислорода, единствено ако са изложени на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Слънчева светлина">слънчева светлина</a>. През 1796 г <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Жан Сенебие (страницата не съществува)">Жан Сенебие</a> със свои опити демонстрира, че зелените растения поглъщат <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Въглероден диоксид">въглероден диоксид</a> и отделят <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород">кислород</a> под действие на слънчева светлина. Малко по-късно <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8E%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Никола де Сосюр (страницата не съществува)">Никола де Сосюр</a> показва, че натрупването на растителната <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Биомаса">биомаса</a> не е единствено в резултат на фиксацията на въглероден диоксид, но и в резултат на поемането на вода. Това води до окончателното определяне на началните вещества и продуктите на общата реакция на фотосинтеза. Счита се, че през началото на 19 век общото уравнение е било известно, въпреки че редица детайли в механизма на процеса са били слабо проучени. </p><p>През 20 век <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Корнелис ван Нил (страницата не съществува)">Корнелис ван Нил</a>, в опити с <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Пурпурни сулфобактерии (страницата не съществува)">пурпурни сулфобактерии</a> той за първи път демонстрира, че фотосинтезата е всъщност светлинно зависима <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Окислително-редукционни процеси">окислително-редукционна реакция</a>, при която <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород">водородът</a> редуцира <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Въглероден диоксид">въглероден диоксид</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Роберт Емерсън (страницата не съществува)">Роберт Емерсън</a> открива наличието на две реакции, които са светлинно зависими, но изискват различни дължини на вълната. С червена светлина реакциите от светлинната фаза на фотосинтезата е потисната, но когато синя и червена светлина се комбинират, скоростта на процеса значително нараства. Обяснението е в наличието на различни абсорбционни максимуми, характерни за съответните реакционни центрове на двете фотосистеми. Фотосистема II има абсорбционен максимум около 600 nm, докато фотосистема I притежава максимум на абсорбция около 700 nm. Заключенията от подобни експерименти показват, че ефективността на процеса е максимална, когато двете фотосистеми получават еднакво количество енергия от двете дължини на вълната. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Melvin_Calvin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Melvin_Calvin.jpg/150px-Melvin_Calvin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Melvin_Calvin.jpg/225px-Melvin_Calvin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Melvin_Calvin.jpg/300px-Melvin_Calvin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3087" data-file-height="3999" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мелвин Калвин">Мелвин Калвин</a> в лабораторията си</figcaption></figure> <p>Британският биохимик <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Робърт Хил (страницата не съществува)">Робърт Хил</a> също допринася за развитието на познанието на фотосинтезата. Хил изказва хипотезата, че фотосинтетичните реакции включват производни на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Цитохром (страницата не съществува)">цитохромите</a>. В свои експерименти, направени между 1937 и 1939 г, той доказва, че <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород">кислородът</a>, отделен в резултат на фотосинтеза, произлиза от <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода">водата</a>. В експерименти с радиоактивно белязане <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сам Рубен (страницата не съществува)">Сам Рубен</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мартин Кемън (страницата не съществува)">Мартин Кемън</a> окончателно доказват, че кислородът, отделен в течение на фотосинтезата, произлиза от молекулите на водата. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мелвин Калвин">Мелвин Калвин</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Адрю Бенсон (страницата не съществува)">Адрю Бенсон</a>, заедно с <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Джеймс Бесшам (страницата не съществува)">Джеймс Бесшам</a> проучват детайлно механизма на фиксация на въглероден диоксид. Те показват, че въглеродният диоксид навлиза в цикличен биохимичен процес, произвеждащ въглехидрати. Този процес е известен с името <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Цикъл на Калвин (страницата не съществува)">цикъл на Калвин</a>, но се среща и като цикъл на Калвин-Бенсон и по-рядко като цикъл на Калвин-Бенсон-Басшам. </p><p>Нобеловият лауреат за химия от 1992 г, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рудолф Маркус (страницата не съществува)">Рудолф Маркус</a>, открива механизмите и значението на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Електрон-транспортна верига">електрон-транспортните вериги</a>, които играят ключова роля в процесите на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Клетъчно дишане">клетъчно дишане</a> и фотосинтеза. </p><p>Други учени с важни открития в областта на фотосинтезата са <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Ото Варбург">Ото Варбург</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Диан Бърк (страницата не съществува)">Диан Бърк</a>, които показват, че биохимичната реакция, която всъщност е отговорна за разделянето на молекулата на въглеродния диоксид, е зависима и активирана от процеса на дишане.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_Media2013_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Media2013-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Бележки"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B6.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Бележки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Редактиране на раздел: Бележки" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Бележки"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Smith1997508-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith1997508_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1997">Smith 1997</a>, с. 508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryant2006488-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bryant2006488_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2006">Bryant 2006</a>, с. 488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Field1988237&#32;–&#32;240-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Field1988237&#32;–&#32;240_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFField1988">Field 1988</a>, с. 237 – 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold200836-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold200836_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold2008">Arnold 2008</a>, с. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulp2008967&#32;–&#32;970-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kulp2008967&#32;–&#32;970_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulp2008">Kulp 2008</a>, с. 967 – 970.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raven2005124&#32;–&#32;127-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Raven2005124&#32;–&#32;127_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaven2005">Raven 2005</a>, с. 124 – 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monson1999551&#32;–&#32;580-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Monson1999551&#32;–&#32;580_7-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monson1999551&#32;–&#32;580_7-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonson1999">Monson 1999</a>, с. 551 – 580.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taiz2006-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Taiz2006_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaiz2006">Taiz 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodd2002569&#32;–&#32;580-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dodd2002569&#32;–&#32;580_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodd2002">Dodd 2002</a>, с. 569 – 580.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson2006109&#32;–&#32;117-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Olson2006109&#32;–&#32;117_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson2006">Olson 2006</a>, с. 109 – 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buick20082731&#32;–&#32;2743-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Buick20082731&#32;–&#32;2743_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuick2008">Buick 2008</a>, с. 2731 – 2743.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodríguez-Ezpeleta20051325&#32;–&#32;1330-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rodríguez-Ezpeleta20051325&#32;–&#32;1330_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez-Ezpeleta2005">Rodríguez-Ezpeleta 2005</a>, с. 1325 – 1330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould2008491&#32;–&#32;517-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gould2008491&#32;–&#32;517_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould2008">Gould 2008</a>, с. 491 – 517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miyamoto1997-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Miyamoto1997_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyamoto1997">Miyamoto 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrenberg2017-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrenberg2017_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrenberg2017">Ehrenberg 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maxwell2000659&#32;–&#32;668-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Maxwell2000659&#32;–&#32;668_16-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maxwell2000659&#32;–&#32;668_16-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaxwell2000">Maxwell 2000</a>, с. 659 – 668.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Govindjee2023-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Govindjee2023_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGovindjee2023">Govindjee 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenqvist200639&#32;–&#32;78-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenqvist200639&#32;–&#32;78_18-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenqvist200639&#32;–&#32;78_18-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenqvist2006">Rosenqvist 2006</a>, с. 39 – 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker200466&#32;–&#32;79-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Baker200466&#32;–&#32;79_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, с. 66 – 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flexas199939&#32;–&#32;48-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Flexas199939&#32;–&#32;48_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlexas1999">Flexas 1999</a>, с. 39 – 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fryer1998571&#32;–&#32;580-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fryer1998571&#32;–&#32;580_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFryer1998">Fryer 1998</a>, с. 571 – 580.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earl2004177&#32;–&#32;186-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Earl2004177&#32;–&#32;186_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarl2004">Earl 2004</a>, с. 177 – 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genty198987&#32;–&#32;92-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Genty198987&#32;–&#32;92_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGenty1989">Genty 1989</a>, с. 87 – 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker200889&#32;–&#32;113-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Baker200889&#32;–&#32;113_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2008">Baker 2008</a>, с. 89 – 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernacchi20021992&#32;–&#32;1998-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bernacchi20021992&#32;–&#32;1998_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernacchi2002">Bernacchi 2002</a>, с. 1992 – 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ribas-Carbo2010-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ribas-Carbo2010_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRibas-Carbo2010">Ribas-Carbo 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long20032393&#32;–&#32;2401-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Long20032393&#32;–&#32;2401_27-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long20032393&#32;–&#32;2401_27-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLong2003">Long 2003</a>, с. 2393 – 2401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel_Media2013-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Media2013_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNobel_Media2013">Nobel Media 2013</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Цитирани източници</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFArnoldAugust_2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Arnold, Carrie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cen.acs.org/articles/86/web/2008/08/Anaerobic-Photosynthesis.html">Anaerobic Photosynthesis</a> //  <i>Chemical & Engineering News</i> 86 (33).  August 2008. p. 36.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBaker2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Baker, NR et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119181850/https://books.google.com/books?id=wDSywgEACAAJ&pg=PA66">Chapter 3: Chlorophyll fluorescence as a probe of photosynthetic productivity</a> //  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119181850/https://books.google.com/books?id=wDSywgEACAAJ&pg=PA66">Chlorophylla Fluorescence a Signature of Photosynthesis</a>.  Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Springer, 2004.  Архивиран от [ оригинала] на 2023-01-19. Посетен на 2019-04-17.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBaker_NR2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Baker NR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728092159/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Chlorophyll-fluorescence%3A-a-probe-of-photosynthesis-Baker/32dc109c20cbaf1ac4055eecbb25f110119d0d82">Chlorophyll fluorescence: A probe of photosynthesis <i>in vivo</i></a> //  <i>Annual Review of Plant Biology</i> 59.  2008. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092759">10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092759</a>. p. 89 – 113.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/32dc109c20cbaf1ac4055eecbb25f110119d0d82">оригинала</a> на 2020-07-28. Посетен на 2020-01-17.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBernacchi2002" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Bernacchi, CJ et al. Temperature response of mesophyll conductance. Implications for the determination of Rubisco enzyme kinetics and for limitations to photosynthesis in vivo //  <i>Plant Physiology</i> 130 (4).  2002. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.008250">10.1104/pp.008250</a>. p. 1992 – 1998.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBryantNovember_2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Bryant, D. A. et al. Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated //  <i>Trends Microbiol</i> 14 (11).  November 2006. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001">10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001</a>. p. 488.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBuickAugust_2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Buick, R. When did oxygenic photosynthesis evolve? //  <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i> 363 (1504).  August 2008. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0041">10.1098/rstb.2008.0041</a>. p. 2731 – 2743.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDoddApril_2002" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Dodd, AN et al. Crassulacean acid metabolism: plastic, fantastic //  <i>Journal of Experimental Botany</i> 53 (369).  April 2002. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/53.369.569">10.1093/jexbot/53.369.569</a>. p. 569 – 580.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEarl2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Earl, H et al. Estimating photosynthetic electron transport via chlorophyll fluorometry without Photosystem II light saturation //  <i>Photosynthesis Research</i> 82 (2).  2004. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11120-004-1454-3">10.1007/s11120-004-1454-3</a>. p. 177 – 186.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEhrenberg2017-12-15" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Ehrenberg, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knowablemagazine.org/article/sustainability/2017/photosynthesis-fix">The photosynthesis fix</a> //  <i>Knowable Magazine</i>.  Annual Reviews, 2017-12-15. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/knowable-121917-115502">10.1146/knowable-121917-115502</a>. Посетен на 2018-04-03.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFieldJuly_1998" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Field, CB et al. Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components //  <i>Science</i> 281 (5374).  July 1998. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5374.237">10.1126/science.281.5374.237</a>. p. 237 – 240.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFlexasJanuary_1999" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Flexas, J et al. Water stress induces different levels of photosynthesis and electron transport rate regulation in grapevines //  <i>Plant, Cell and Environment</i> 22 (1).  January 1999. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00371.x">10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00371.x</a>. p. 39 – 48.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFryer1998" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Fryer, MJ et al. Relationship between CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation, photosynthetic electron transport, and active O<sub>2</sub> metabolism in leaves of maize in the field during periods of low temperature //  <i>Plant Physiology</i> 116 (2).  1998. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.116.2.571">10.1104/pp.116.2.571</a>. p. 571 – 580.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGenty1989" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Genty, B et al. The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence //  <i>Biochimica et Biophysica Acta – General Subjects</i> 990 (1).  1989. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4165(89)80016-9">10.1016/s0304-4165(89)80016-9</a>. p. 87 – 92.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGould2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Gould, SB et al. Plastid evolution //  <i>Annual Review of Plant Biology</i> 59.  2008. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092915">10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092915</a>. p. 491 – 517.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGovindjee2023" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Govindjee, Rajni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.life.illinois.edu/govindjee/whatisit.htm">What is Photosynthesis?</a> //  life.illinois.edu.  life.illinois.edu, 2023. Посетен на 2023-01-15.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKulpAugust_2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Kulp, TR et al. Arsenic(III) fuels anoxygenic photosynthesis in hot spring biofilms from Mono Lake, California //  <i>Science</i> 321 (5891).  August 2008. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1160799">10.1126/science.1160799</a>. p. 967 – 970.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLong2003" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Long, SP et al. Gas exchange measurements, what can they tell us about the underlying limitations to photosynthesis? Procedures and sources of error //  <i>Journal of Experimental Botany</i> 54 (392).  2003. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erg262">10.1093/jxb/erg262</a>. p. 2393 – 2401.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMaxwellApril_2000" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Maxwell, K et al. Chlorophyll fluorescence – a practical guide //  <i>Journal of Experimental Botany</i> 51 (345).  April 2000. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/51.345.659">10.1093/jexbot/51.345.659</a>. p. 659 – 668.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMiyamoto1997" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Miyamoto, K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130907040322/http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7241e/w7241e05.htm#1.2.1%20photosynthetic%20efficiency">Chapter 1 – Biological energy production</a> //  Renewable biological systems for alternative sustainable energy production (FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin – 128).  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1997.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7241e/w7241e05.htm#1.2.1%20photosynthetic%20efficiency">оригинала</a> на 2013-09-07. Посетен на 4 януари 2009.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMonson1999" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Monson, RK et al. 16 //  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=H7Wv9ZImW-QC&pg=PA551">C₄ plant biology</a>.  Boston, Academic Press, 1999. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0126144400" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-12-614440-0</a>. p. 551 – 580.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNobel_Media2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130530233850/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1931/warburg.html">Otto Warburg – Biography</a> //  nobelprize.org.  Nobel Media, 2013.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1931/warburg.html">оригинала</a> на 2013-05-30. Посетен на 2022-12-29.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOlsonMay_2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Olson, JM. Photosynthesis in the Archean era //  <i>Photosynthesis Research</i> 88 (2).  May 2006. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5">10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5</a>. p. 109 – 117.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRaven2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Raven, PH et al. Biology of Plants,. 7th.  New York, W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, 2005. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0716710072" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7167-1007-2</a>. p. 124 – 127.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRibas-Carbo2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Ribas-Carbo, M et al. <i>In vivo</i> measurement of plant respiration //  <i>University of Wollongong Research Online</i>.  2010.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez-Ezpeleta26_юли_2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Rodríguez-Ezpeleta, Naiara et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16051178">Monophyly of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes: green plants, red algae, and glaucophytes</a> //  <i>Current Biology: CB</i> 15 (14).  26 юли 2005. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.040">10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.040</a>. p. 1325 – 1330. Посетен на 26 август 2009.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRosenqvist2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Rosenqvist, E et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119181849/https://books.google.com/books?id=8vfxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">Chapter 2: Chlorophyll Fluorescence: A General Description and Nomenclature</a> //  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119181849/https://books.google.com/books?id=8vfxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">Practical Applications of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Plant Biology</a>.  Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006.  Архивиран от [ оригинала] на 2023-01-19. Посетен на 2019-04-17.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSmith1997" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Smith, A. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_e9s4">Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology</a>.  Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0198547684" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-854768-4</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_e9s4/page/508">508</a>.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTaiz2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Taiz, L. et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plantphysiology0000taiz_y5k4">Plant Physiology</a>. 4.  Sinauer Associates, 2006. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780878938568" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-87893-856-8</a>.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Вижте_също"><span id=".D0.92.D0.B8.D0.B6.D1.82.D0.B5_.D1.81.D1.8A.D1.89.D0.BE"></span>Вижте също</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Редактиране на раздел: Вижте също" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Вижте също"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint plainlinks" style="clear: right; border: solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; width: 250px; padding: 2px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top:5px;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Общомедия"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><figcaption>Общомедия</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left:40px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Общомедия">Общомедия</a> разполага с мултимедийно съдържание за <div class="interProject"><i><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photosynthesis?uselang=bg">Фотосинтеза</a></b></i>.</div> </div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Слънчева енергия">Слънчева енергия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Клетъчно дишане">Клетъчно дишане</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Взето от „<a dir="ltr" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Фотосинтеза&oldid=12398966">https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Фотосинтеза&oldid=12398966</a>“.</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Специални:Категории">Категория</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Категория:Фотосинтеза">Фотосинтеза</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Скрита категория: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8,_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_ISBN" title="Категория:Страници, използващи вълшебни препратки ISBN">Страници, използващи вълшебни препратки ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Последната промяна на страницата е извършена на 30 октомври 2024 г. в 10:48 ч.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Текстът е достъпен под лиценза <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.bg">Creative Commons Признание-Споделяне на споделеното</a>; може да са приложени допълнителни условия. 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