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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_steering&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Torque steering">Torque steering</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unintentional steering by engine torque</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about unintentional torque disequilibrium. For intentional torque targeting, see <a href="/wiki/Torque_vectoring" title="Torque vectoring">torque vectoring</a>. For differential torque for steering, see <a href="/wiki/Differential_steering" title="Differential steering">differential steering</a>.</div> <p><b>Torque steer</b> is the unintended influence of <a href="/wiki/Torque#Machine_torque" title="Torque">engine torque</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Steering" title="Steering">steering</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">front-wheel-drive</a> vehicles. For example, during heavy acceleration, the steering may pull to one side, which may be disturbing to the driver. The effect is manifested either as a tugging sensation in the steering wheel, or a veering of the vehicle from the intended path. Torque steer is directly related to differences in the forces in the <a href="/wiki/Contact_patch" title="Contact patch">contact patches</a> of the left and right <a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">drive wheels</a>. The effect becomes more evident when high torques are applied to the drive wheels because of a high overall reduction ratio between the engine and wheels,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> high engine torque, or some combination of the two. Torque steer is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Steering_kickback" title="Steering kickback">steering kickback</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_steer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Root causes for torque steer are:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Incorrect <a href="/wiki/Tire#Sidewall" title="Tire">sidewall</a> ply design allowing deformation of the tire sidewall.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Excessive horsepower/torque</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Asymmetries" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetries">Asymmetric</a> <a href="/wiki/Driveshaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Driveshaft">driveshaft</a> angles due to any combination of </p> <ul><li><ul><li>Unequal driveshaft length or diameter<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torque_steering.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Torque_steering.gif/220px-Torque_steering.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Torque_steering.gif/330px-Torque_steering.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Torque_steering.gif/440px-Torque_steering.gif 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Torque-steer effect simulated using <a href="/wiki/MSC_Adams" title="MSC Adams">MSC Adams</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li>Transient movement of the engine</li> <li>Tolerances in engine mounts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_roll" title="Body roll">Body roll</a></li> <li>Single wheel bump</li></ul></li> <li>Different driveshaft torques left to right (due to wheel bearing or differential problems)</li> <li>Suspension geometry <ul><li>Large <a href="/wiki/Scrub_radius" title="Scrub radius">scrub radius</a></li> <li>Worn <a href="/wiki/Control_arm" title="Control arm">control arm</a> <a href="/wiki/Bushing_(isolator)" title="Bushing (isolator)">bushings</a></li></ul></li> <li>Unequal traction forces due to road surface (<a href="/wiki/Friction#Coefficient_of_friction" title="Friction">μ</a>-split) in combination with <a href="/wiki/Kingpin_(automotive_part)" title="Kingpin (automotive part)">kingpin</a> offset</li></ul> <p>The problems associated with unequal-length driveshafts are endemic to the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_engine" title="Transverse engine">transverse engine</a> layout combined with an end-mounted transmission unit; some manufacturers have mitigated this completely by mounting the engine longitudinally but still driving the front wheels—this indeed was the solution adopted on the earliest front-wheel-drive Citroens. Early <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> front-driven models such as the <a href="/wiki/Renault_4" title="Renault 4">R4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault_5" title="Renault 5">R5</a> Phase I, <a href="/wiki/Renault_12" title="Renault 12">R12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault_18" title="Renault 18">R18</a> and certain <a href="/wiki/Renault_21" title="Renault 21">R21</a> models also adopted this layout, as does <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> to the present day in its midsize models upward. The key disadvantage is packaging; in the case of Audi, which mounts the power unit ahead of the front axle line, handling is compromised by front-heavy weight distribution. This configuration does however facilitate the easy addition of <a href="/wiki/All-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="All-wheel drive">all-wheel drive</a>; <a href="/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Subaru</a> also uses the overhung longitudinal engine for the same reason, but mitigates the problem of an unbalanced center of gravity by using a "flat-four" <a href="/wiki/Boxer_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxer engine">boxer engine</a>. Renault, on the other hand, placed the engine <i>behind</i> the front axle line, but this compromises interior packaging since it forces the engine towards the firewall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ways_to_reduce_the_effect_of_torque_steer">Ways to reduce the effect of torque steer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_steer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ways to reduce the effect of torque steer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Employ the use of a tire with proper sidewall ply design, mitigating the sidewall deformation.</li> <li>Where unequal length driveshafts are used, their torsional stiffness must be made equal. This can be accomplished by making the shorter shaft hollow, and the longer shaft solid. This solution can be observed on the early <a href="/wiki/Autobianchi" title="Autobianchi">Autobianchi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a> front wheel drive models such as the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_128" title="Fiat 128">Fiat 128</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiat_127" title="Fiat 127">Fiat 127</a>, and was also later adopted on the original <a href="/wiki/Ford_Fiesta" title="Ford Fiesta">Ford Fiesta</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Mass_damper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass damper">mass damper</a> is usually employed on the longer shaft to combat whirling caused by <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_resonance" title="Mechanical resonance">resonance</a>.</li> <li>Have both driveshafts be of equal length by using an intermediate shaft (or "lay shaft") on one side of the transmission. This is already implemented on most modern cars.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the driveshafts have different length and excessive torque is applied, the longer <a href="/wiki/Half_shaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Half shaft">half shaft</a> flexes more than the shorter one. However, this is a short-term transient effect. To avoid fatigue failure, the amount of driveshaft torsional deflection must necessarily be small. Effects due to one wheel spinning more slowly than the other are usually negligible. Equal lengths of the driveshafts, in the case of no asymmetric suspension deflection due to roll or bump, keep the drive shaft angles equal. The main component of torque steer occurs when the torques in the driveshaft and the hub are summed vectorially, giving a resultant torque vector around the steering pivot axis (<a href="/wiki/Kingpin_(automotive_part)" title="Kingpin (automotive part)">kingpin</a>). These torques can be substantial, and in the case of shafts making equal angles to the hub shafts, will oppose one another at the steering rack, and so will cancel. These torques are strongly influenced by the position of the driveshaft constant-velocity joint in relation to the steering axis. However, due to other requirements such as achieving a small or negative <a href="/wiki/Scrub_radius" title="Scrub radius">scrub radius</a>, an optimum solution is not generally possible with simple suspension configurations such as <a href="/wiki/MacPherson_strut" title="MacPherson strut">MacPherson strut</a>.</li> <li>Equalise the torque better between the driveshafts by using a low friction <a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanical_device)" title="Differential (mechanical device)">differential</a>. The torque difference is zero if the differential is frictionless, and <a href="/wiki/Limited_slip_differential" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited slip differential">limited slip differentials</a>, intended to increase power transfer, actually make torque steer worse in suspensions that have not been designed to accommodate the LSD.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These design features include the careful positioning of suspension pivot points and driveshaft CV joints (to keep the resultant torque steer to a manageable amount) and low steer/longitudinal force compliance.</li> <li>Reduce the amount of torque from the front axle by passing part of torque to the rear axle. This is achieved on <a href="/wiki/All-wheel-drive" class="mw-redirect" title="All-wheel-drive">all-wheel-drive</a> (AWD) vehicles with full-time AWD.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_assisted_steering" class="mw-redirect" title="Power assisted steering">Power assisted steering</a> (set on most modern cars) make the torque steer effect less noticeable to the driver. <a href="/wiki/Steer-by-wire" title="Steer-by-wire">Steer-by-wire</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also hides the effect of torque steer from the driver. <a href="/wiki/Power_Steering#Electric_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Steering">EPAS</a> can be calibrated to directly suppress the torque effect at the handwheel, and the steer effect on the vehicle.</li> <li>Check the <a href="/wiki/Control_arm" title="Control arm">Control arm</a> bushings. The driver will experience torque steer when accelerating because of worn out control-arm bushings.</li></ul> <p>Rear-wheel-drive vehicles still are affected by torque steer in the sense that any of the above situations will still apply a steering moment to the car (though from the rear wheels instead of the front). However, the torque-steer effect at the rear wheels will not send any torque response back through the steering column, so the driver will not have to fight the steering wheel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_steer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Differential_steering" title="Differential steering">Differential steering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_steer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._Y._Wong" class="citation web cs1">J. Y. Wong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ca.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470170387.html#">"Theory of Ground Vehicles, 4th Edition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601203908/https://www.wiley.com/en-ca/Theory+of+Ground+Vehicles%2C+4th+Edition-p-9780470170380">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Ground+Vehicles%2C+4th+Edition&rft.au=J.+Y.+Wong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca.wiley.com%2FWileyCDA%2FWileyTitle%2FproductCd-0470170387.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorque+steer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJens_Dornhege" class="citation web cs1">Jens Dornhege. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mscsoftware.com/support/library/conf/adams/euro/2002/papers/005_EUC_008_FORD.pdf">"Torque Steer Influences on McPherson Front Axles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000001/http://www.mscsoftware.com/support/library/conf/adams/euro/2002/papers/005_EUC_008_FORD.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torque+Steer+Influences+on+McPherson+Front+Axles&rft.au=Jens+Dornhege&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mscsoftware.com%2Fsupport%2Flibrary%2Fconf%2Fadams%2Feuro%2F2002%2Fpapers%2F005_EUC_008_FORD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorque+steer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Swan2020" class="citation web cs1">Tony Swan (20 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caranddriver.com/roadtests/9964/pontiac-grand-prix-gxp.html">"Car and Driver 2005 Pontiac Grand Prix GXP"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021015433/http://www.caranddriver.com/roadtests/9964/pontiac-grand-prix-gxp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Car+and+Driver+2005+Pontiac+Grand+Prix+GXP&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft.au=Tony+Swan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caranddriver.com%2Froadtests%2F9964%2Fpontiac-grand-prix-gxp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorque+steer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mph-online.com/mag/streetknowledge/003">"What is Torque Steer?"</a>. MPH Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211131642/http://www.mph-online.com/mag/streetknowledge/003">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Torque+Steer%3F&rft.pub=MPH+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mph-online.com%2Fmag%2Fstreetknowledge%2F003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorque+steer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/960717/%7C">https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/960717/%7C</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601203910/https://saemobilus.sae.org/search/?prodCd=960717/%7C">Archived</a> 1 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> SAE paper 960717</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Yih" class="citation web cs1">Paul Yih. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cdr.stanford.edu/dynamic/bywire/acc2004_r1.pdf">"Vehicle State Estimation Using Steering Torque"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926050814/http://www-cdr.stanford.edu/dynamic/bywire/acc2004_r1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vehicle+State+Estimation+Using+Steering+Torque&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.au=Paul+Yih&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-cdr.stanford.edu%2Fdynamic%2Fbywire%2Facc2004_r1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorque+steer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_steer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caranddriver.com/features/11q1/ford_revoknuckle_and_gm_hiper_strut_explained-tech_dept">Ford RevoKnuckle and GM HiPer Strut Explained - Car&Driver 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title="Alloy wheel">Alloy wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubcap" title="Hubcap">Hubcap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Off-road_tire" title="Off-road tire">Off-road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_slick" title="Racing slick">Racing slick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_tire" title="Radial tire">Radial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_tyre" title="Rain tyre">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-flat_tire" title="Run-flat tire">Run-flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_tire" title="Snow tire">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_tire" title="Spare tire">Spare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubeless_tire" title="Tubeless tire">Tubeless</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric 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