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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">FIFO (computing and electronics)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO" title="FIFO – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="FIFO" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO_(ra%C4%8Dunarstvo_i_elektronika)" title="FIFO (računarstvo i elektronika) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="FIFO (računarstvo i elektronika)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO" title="FIFO – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="FIFO" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoda_FIFO" title="Metoda FIFO – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metoda FIFO" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_In_%E2%80%93_First_Out" title="First In – First Out – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="First In – First Out" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Come_First_Served" title="First Come First Served – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="First Come First Served" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_in,_first_out" title="First in, first out – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="First in, first out" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO" title="FIFO – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="FIFO" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_(%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="خروج به ترتیب ورود (رایانه و الکترونیک) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خروج به ترتیب ورود (رایانه و الکترونیک)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_in,_first_out_(informatique)" title="First in, first out (informatique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="First in, first out (informatique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EC%9E%85_%EC%84%A0%EC%B6%9C" title="선입 선출 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선입 선출" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO" title="FIFO – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="FIFO" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO" title="FIFO – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="FIFO" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO" title="FIFO – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="FIFO" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="נכנס ראשון יוצא ראשון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נכנס ראשון יוצא ראשון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO" title="FIFO – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="FIFO" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO" title="FIFO – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="FIFO" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_In_First_Out" title="First In First Out – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="First In First Out" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO" title="FIFO – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="FIFO" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_In_%E2%80%93_First_Out" title="First In – First Out – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="First In – First Out" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifo" title="Fifo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fifo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO" title="FIFO – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="FIFO" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO" title="FIFO – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="FIFO" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO" title="FIFO – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="FIFO" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoda_FIFO" title="Metoda FIFO – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metoda FIFO" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO" title="FIFO – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="FIFO" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO_(datastruktur)" title="FIFO (datastruktur) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="FIFO (datastruktur)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO_algoritmas%C4%B1" title="FIFO algoritması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="FIFO algoritması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%96_FIFO" title="Алгоритм заміщення комірок пам'яті FIFO – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алгоритм заміщення комірок пам'яті FIFO" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%85%A5%E5%85%88%E5%87%BA%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="先入先出演算法 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="先入先出演算法" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%80%B2%E5%85%88%E5%87%BA%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="先進先出演算法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="先進先出演算法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q515636#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22FIFO%22+computing+and+electronics">"FIFO" computing and electronics</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22FIFO%22+computing+and+electronics+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22FIFO%22+computing+and+electronics&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22FIFO%22+computing+and+electronics+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22FIFO%22+computing+and+electronics">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22FIFO%22+computing+and+electronics&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Data_Queue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Data_Queue.svg/220px-Data_Queue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Data_Queue.svg/330px-Data_Queue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Data_Queue.svg/440px-Data_Queue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Representation of a FIFO queue</figcaption></figure> <p>In computing and in <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems theory</a>, <b>first in, first out</b> (the first in is the first out), <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronymized</a> as <b>FIFO</b>, is a method for organizing the manipulation of a data structure (often, specifically a <a href="/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">data buffer</a>) where the oldest (first) entry, or "head" of the <a href="/wiki/Queue_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queue (data structure)">queue</a>, is processed first. </p><p>Such processing is analogous to servicing people in a <a href="/wiki/Queue_area" title="Queue area">queue area</a> on a <a href="/wiki/First-come,_first-served" class="mw-redirect" title="First-come, first-served">first-come, first-served</a> (FCFS) basis, i.e. in the same sequence in which they arrive at the queue's tail. </p><p>FCFS is also the <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a> term for the FIFO <a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">operating system scheduling</a> algorithm, which gives every process <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a> (CPU) time in the order in which it is demanded.<sup id="cite_ref-TanenbaumBos2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TanenbaumBos2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FIFO's opposite is <a href="/wiki/LIFO_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="LIFO (computing)">LIFO</a>, last-in-first-out, where the youngest entry or "top of the stack" is processed first.<sup id="cite_ref-Kruse_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kruse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Priority_queue" title="Priority queue">priority queue</a> is neither FIFO or LIFO but may adopt similar behaviour temporarily or by default. <a href="/wiki/Queueing_theory" title="Queueing theory">Queueing theory</a> encompasses these methods for processing <a href="/wiki/Data_structures" class="mw-redirect" title="Data structures">data structures</a>, as well as interactions between strict-FIFO queues. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_science">Computer science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Computer science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fifo_queue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fifo_queue.png/300px-Fifo_queue.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fifo_queue.png/450px-Fifo_queue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fifo_queue.png/600px-Fifo_queue.png 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Representation of a FIFO queue with enqueue and dequeue operations.</figcaption></figure> <p>Depending on the application, a FIFO could be implemented as a hardware shift register, or using different memory structures, typically a <a href="/wiki/Circular_buffer" title="Circular buffer">circular buffer</a> or a kind of <a href="/wiki/List_(abstract_data_type)" title="List (abstract data type)">list</a>. For information on the abstract data structure, see <a href="/wiki/Queue_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queue (data structure)">Queue (data structure)</a>. Most software implementations of a FIFO queue are not <a href="/wiki/Thread_safe" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread safe">thread safe</a> and require a locking mechanism to verify the data structure chain is being manipulated by only one thread at a time. </p><p>The following code shows a <a href="/wiki/Linked_list" title="Linked list">linked list</a> FIFO <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> language implementation. In practice, a number of list implementations exist, including popular Unix systems C sys/queue.h macros or the C++ <a href="/wiki/Standard_Template_Library" title="Standard Template Library">standard library</a> std::list template, avoiding the need for implementing the data structure from scratch. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf"><memory></span> <span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf"><stdexcept></span> <span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">std</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">template</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">typename</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">T</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">FIFO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">shared_ptr</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">nullptr</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">shared_ptr</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">front</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">nullptr</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">shared_ptr</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">back</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">nullptr</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">public</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enqueue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">front</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">nullptr</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">front</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">make_shared</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_value</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">back</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">front</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">back</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">make_shared</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_value</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">back</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">back</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dequeue</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">front</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">nullptr</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">throw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">underflow_error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Nothing to dequeue"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">front</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">front</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">move</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">front</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="w"> </span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">};</span> </pre></div> <p>In computing environments that support the <a href="/wiki/Pipes_and_filters" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipes and filters">pipes-and-filters</a> model for <a href="/wiki/Interprocess_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Interprocess communication">interprocess communication</a>, a FIFO is another name for a <a href="/wiki/Named_pipe" title="Named pipe">named pipe</a>. </p><p>Disk controllers can use the FIFO as a <a href="/wiki/I/O_scheduling" title="I/O scheduling">disk scheduling</a> algorithm to determine the order in which to service disk <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a> requests, where it is also known by the same FCFS initialism as for CPU scheduling mentioned before.<sup id="cite_ref-TanenbaumBos2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TanenbaumBos2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Communication <a href="/wiki/Network_bridge" title="Network bridge">network bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">switches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_router" class="mw-redirect" title="Network router">routers</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> use FIFOs to hold data packets in route to their next destination. Typically at least one FIFO structure is used per network connection. Some devices feature multiple FIFOs for simultaneously and independently queuing different types of information.<sup id="cite_ref-KuroseRoss2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KuroseRoss2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electronics">Electronics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fifo_schedule.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fifo_schedule.png/400px-Fifo_schedule.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fifo_schedule.png/600px-Fifo_schedule.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fifo_schedule.png/800px-Fifo_schedule.png 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>A FIFO schedule</figcaption></figure> <p>FIFOs are commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> circuits for buffering and flow control between hardware and software. In its hardware form, a FIFO primarily consists of a set of read and write <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointers</a>, storage and control logic. Storage may be <a href="/wiki/Static_random_access_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Static random access memory">static random access memory</a> (SRAM), <a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)" title="Flip-flop (electronics)">flip-flops</a>, latches or any other suitable form of storage. For FIFOs of non-trivial size, a dual-port SRAM is usually used, where one port is dedicated to writing and the other to reading. </p><p>The first known FIFO implemented in electronics was by Peter Alfke in 1969 at <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alfke_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfke was later a director at <a href="/wiki/Xilinx" title="Xilinx">Xilinx</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Synchronicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A synchronous FIFO is a FIFO where the same clock is used for both reading and writing. An asynchronous FIFO uses different clocks for reading and writing and they can introduce <a href="/wiki/Metastability" title="Metastability">metastability</a> issues. A common implementation of an asynchronous FIFO uses a <a href="/wiki/Gray_code" title="Gray code">Gray code</a> (or any unit distance code) for the read and write pointers to ensure reliable flag generation. One further note concerning flag generation is that one must necessarily use pointer arithmetic to generate flags for asynchronous FIFO implementations. Conversely, one may use either a <a href="/wiki/Leaky_bucket" title="Leaky bucket">leaky bucket</a> approach or pointer arithmetic to generate flags in synchronous FIFO implementations. </p><p>A hardware FIFO is used for synchronization purposes. It is often implemented as a <a href="/wiki/Circular_queue" class="mw-redirect" title="Circular queue">circular queue</a>, and thus has two <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointers</a>: </p> <ul><li>Read pointer / read address register</li> <li>Write pointer / write address register</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_flags">Status flags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Status flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of FIFO status flags include: full, empty, almost full, and almost empty. A FIFO is empty when the read <a href="/wiki/Address_register" class="mw-redirect" title="Address register">address register</a> reaches the write address register. A FIFO is full when the write address register reaches the read address register. Read and write addresses are initially both at the first memory location and the FIFO queue is <i>empty</i>. </p><p>In both cases, the read and write addresses end up being equal. To distinguish between the two situations, a simple and robust solution is to add one extra <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> for each read and write address which is inverted each time the address wraps. With this set up, the disambiguation conditions are: </p> <ul><li>When the read address register equals the write address register, the FIFO is empty.</li> <li>When the read and write address registers differ only in the extra <a href="/wiki/Bit_numbering#Most_significant_bit" title="Bit numbering">most significant bit</a> and the rest are equal, the FIFO is full.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIFO_and_LIFO_accounting" title="FIFO and LIFO accounting">FIFO and LIFO accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FINO" title="FINO">FINO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queueing_theory" title="Queueing theory">Queueing theory</a></li> <li><code><a href="/wiki/SCHED_FIFO" class="mw-redirect" title="SCHED FIFO">SCHED_FIFO</a></code></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TanenbaumBos2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TanenbaumBos2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TanenbaumBos2015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_S._TanenbaumHerbert_Bos2015" class="citation book cs1">Andrew S. Tanenbaum; Herbert Bos (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9gqnngEACAAJ"><i>Modern Operating Systems</i></a>. Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-359162-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-359162-0"><bdi>978-0-13-359162-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Operating+Systems&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-13-359162-0&rft.au=Andrew+S.+Tanenbaum&rft.au=Herbert+Bos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9gqnngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIFO+%28computing+and+electronics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kruse-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kruse_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruse1987" class="citation book cs1">Kruse, Robert L. (1987) [1984]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/datastructurespr0000krus_n1p0/page/150"><i>Data Structures & Program Design (second edition)</i></a></span>. Joan L. Stone, Kenny Beck, Ed O'Dougherty (production process staff workers) (second (hc) textbook ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. div. of Simon & Schuster. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-195884-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-195884-4"><bdi>0-13-195884-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Structures+%26+Program+Design+%28second+edition%29&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=150&rft.edition=second+%28hc%29+textbook&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall%2C+Inc.+div.+of+Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-13-195884-4&rft.aulast=Kruse&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdatastructurespr0000krus_n1p0%2Fpage%2F150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIFO+%28computing+and+electronics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KuroseRoss2006-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KuroseRoss2006_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_F._KuroseKeith_W._Ross2006" class="citation book cs1">James F. Kurose; Keith W. Ross (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXIwPwAACAAJ"><i>Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach</i></a>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-41849-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-41849-4"><bdi>978-0-321-41849-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Networking%3A+A+Top-Down+Approach&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2006-07&rft.isbn=978-0-321-41849-4&rft.au=James+F.+Kurose&rft.au=Keith+W.+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXIwPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIFO+%28computing+and+electronics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alfke-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alfke_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpga-faq.com/archives/10775.html#10794">"Peter Alfke's post at comp.arch.fpga on 19 Jun 1998"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peter+Alfke%27s+post+at+comp.arch.fpga+on+19+Jun+1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpga-faq.com%2Farchives%2F10775.html%2310794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIFO+%28computing+and+electronics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunburst-design.com/papers/CummingsSNUG2002SJ_FIFO2.pdf">Cummings et al., Simulation and Synthesis Techniques for Asynchronous FIFO Design with Asynchronous Pointer Comparisons, SNUG San Jose 2002</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/M/D/c_queue" title="M/D/c queue">M/D/c queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M/M/1_queue" title="M/M/1 queue">M/M/1 queue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burke%27s_theorem" title="Burke's theorem">Burke's theorem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M/M/c_queue" title="M/M/c queue">M/M/c queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M/M/%E2%88%9E_queue" title="M/M/∞ queue">M/M/∞ queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M/G/1_queue" title="M/G/1 queue">M/G/1 queue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollaczek%E2%80%93Khinchine_formula" title="Pollaczek–Khinchine formula">Pollaczek–Khinchine formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_analytic_method" title="Matrix analytic method">Matrix analytic method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M/G/k_queue" title="M/G/k queue">M/G/k queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G/M/1_queue" title="G/M/1 queue">G/M/1 queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G/G/1_queue" title="G/G/1 queue">G/G/1 queue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingman%27s_formula" title="Kingman's formula">Kingman's formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindley_equation" title="Lindley equation">Lindley equation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork%E2%80%93join_queue" title="Fork–join queue">Fork–join queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_queue" title="Bulk queue">Bulk queue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arrival processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poisson_point_process" title="Poisson point process">Poisson point process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markovian_arrival_process" title="Markovian arrival process">Markovian arrival process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_arrival_process" title="Rational arrival process">Rational arrival process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Queueing networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_network" title="Jackson network">Jackson network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_equations" title="Traffic equations">Traffic equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon%E2%80%93Newell_theorem" title="Gordon–Newell theorem">Gordon–Newell theorem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mean_value_analysis" title="Mean value analysis">Mean value analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzen%27s_algorithm" title="Buzen's algorithm">Buzen's algorithm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_network" title="Kelly network">Kelly network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-network" title="G-network">G-network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCMP_network" title="BCMP network">BCMP network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Service policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FIFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIFO_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="LIFO (computing)">LIFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_sharing" title="Processor sharing">Processor sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">Round-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_job_next" title="Shortest job next">Shortest job next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_remaining_time" title="Shortest remaining time">Shortest remaining time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-time_Markov_chain" title="Continuous-time Markov chain">Continuous-time Markov chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendall%27s_notation" title="Kendall's notation">Kendall's notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little%27s_law" title="Little's law">Little's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product-form_solution" title="Product-form solution">Product-form solution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_equation" title="Balance equation">Balance equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasireversibility" title="Quasireversibility">Quasireversibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow-equivalent_server_method" title="Flow-equivalent server method">Flow-equivalent server method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrival_theorem" title="Arrival theorem">Arrival theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition_method_(queueing_theory)" title="Decomposition method (queueing theory)">Decomposition method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene%C5%A1_method" title="Beneš method">Beneš method</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Limit theorems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_limit" title="Fluid limit">Fluid limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean-field_theory" title="Mean-field theory">Mean-field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_traffic_approximation" title="Heavy traffic approximation">Heavy traffic approximation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reflected_Brownian_motion" title="Reflected Brownian motion">Reflected Brownian motion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_queue" title="Fluid queue">Fluid queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layered_queueing_network" title="Layered queueing network">Layered queueing network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polling_system" title="Polling system">Polling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_queueing_network" title="Adversarial queueing network">Adversarial queueing network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_network" title="Loss network">Loss network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrial_queue" title="Retrial queue">Retrial queue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">Data buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(unit)" title="Erlang (unit)">Erlang (unit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_distribution" title="Erlang distribution">Erlang distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_control_(data)" title="Flow control (data)">Flow control (data)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_queue" title="Message queue">Message queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_congestion" title="Network congestion">Network congestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(software)" title="Pipeline (software)">Pipeline (software)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">Quality of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletraffic_engineering" title="Teletraffic engineering">Teletraffic engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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