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however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Unda akaunti</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:IngiaMtumiaji&returnto=Chad" title="Tunakushajiisha kuingia, lakini siyo lazima. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ingia</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Chaguo zaidi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zana binafsi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Zana binafsi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sw.wikipedia.org&uselang=sw"><span>Michango</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:SajiliAkaunti&returnto=Chad" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Unda akaunti</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:IngiaMtumiaji&returnto=Chad" title="Tunakushajiisha kuingia, lakini siyo lazima. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ingia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tovuti"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Yaliyomo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Yaliyomo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Mwanzo</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Jiografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jiografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Jiografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jiografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Watu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tazama_pia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tazama_pia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tazama pia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tazama_pia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marejeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marejeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Marejeo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marejeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marejeo_mengine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marejeo_mengine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Marejeo mengine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marejeo_mengine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viungo_vya_nje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viungo_vya_nje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Viungo vya nje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viungo_vya_nje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Yaliyomo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Nenda kwenye makala kwa lugha nyingine. Lugha 252 zinapatikana" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-252" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lugha 252</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kiabkhazi" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Kiabkhazi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kiacheni" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Kiacheni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kiadyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Kiadyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – Kiafrikana" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Kiafrikana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Kijerumani cha Uswisi" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani cha Uswisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%B5" title="ቻድ – Kiamhari" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Kiamhari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kiaragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Kiaragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cead" title="Cead – Kiingereza cha Kale" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cead" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Kiingereza cha Kale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kiobolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Kiobolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1" title="चैड – Kiangika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चैड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Kiangika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – Kiarabu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%AB%DC%90%DC%95" title="ܬܫܐܕ – Kiaramu" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܫܐܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Kiaramu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – Kiarabu cha Misri" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu cha Misri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – Kiassam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Kiassam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kiasturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Kiasturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcada" title="Tcada – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tcada" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Kiazerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Kiazerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kibashkiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Kibashkiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kibali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Kibali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cads" title="Čads – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čads" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kibelarusi" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Kibelarusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kibulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Kibulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kibislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Kibislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Kibambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Kibambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – Kibengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Kibengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆཱ་ཌ། – Kitibeti" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆཱ་ཌ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Kitibeti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Kibretoni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Kibretoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Kibosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Kibosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – Kikatalani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Kikatalani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kichechenia" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Kichechenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%9Bad" title="Tśad – Kichebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tśad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Kichebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%97" title="ᏣᏗ – Kicherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Kicherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Kikurdi cha Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kikurdi cha Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Kikosikani" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Kikosikani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Kicheki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Kicheki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kichuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Kichuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiad" title="Tsiad – Kiwelisi" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Kiwelisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Kidenmaki" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Kidenmaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Kijerumani" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – Kisobia cha Chini" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Kisobia cha Chini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%9D%DE%A7%DE%8B%DE%AA" title="ޝާދު – Kidivehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޝާދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Kidivehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyadi" title="Tsyadi – Kiewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Tsyadi" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Kiewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τσαντ – Kigiriki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Kigiriki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kiingereza" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Kiingereza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ado" title="Ĉado – Kiesperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Kiesperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kihispania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Kihispania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad" title="Tšaad – Kiestonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšaad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Kiestonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – Kibaski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Kibaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Kiajemi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Kiajemi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caadi" title="Caadi – Kifulani" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Caadi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Kifulani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – Kifini" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Kifini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad" title="Tšaad – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tšaad" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjad" title="Kjad – Kifaroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kjad" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Kifaroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Kifaransa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Kifaransa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Kifrisia cha Kaskazini" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Kifrisia cha Kaskazini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – Kifrisia cha Magharibi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Kifrisia cha Magharibi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sead" title="Sead – Kiayalandi" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sead" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Kiayalandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Kigagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Kigagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Siad" title="An t-Siad – Kigaeli cha Uskoti" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Siad" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Kigaeli cha Uskoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kigalisi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Kigalisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1de" title="Cháde – Kiguarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Cháde" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Kiguarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%A1" title="ચૅડ – Kigujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચૅડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Kigujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shad" title="Shad – Kimanx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shad" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Kimanx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadi" title="Cadi – Kihausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cadi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Kihausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%93" title="צ'אד – Kiebrania" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'אד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Kiebrania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Kihindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Kihindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Kikorasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kikorasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Kisobia cha Ukanda wa Juu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Kisobia cha Ukanda wa Juu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Kihaiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kihaiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1d" title="Csád – Kihungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Kihungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Չադ – Kiarmenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Kiarmenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Kiintalingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Kiintalingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kiindonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Kiindonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – lugha ya kisayansi" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="lugha ya kisayansi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kiigbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Kiigbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kiilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Kiilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kiido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Kiido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad" title="Tjad – Kiisilandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tjad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Kiisilandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Kiitaliano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Kiitaliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%89" title="チャド – Kijapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Kijapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcad" title="tcad – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tcad" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kijava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Kijava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩადი – Kijojia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Kijojia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%8Dad" title="Ččad – Kikabylia" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ččad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kikabylia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad%C9%A9" title="Caadɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caadɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad" title="Caad – Kityap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Caad" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Kityap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasadi" title="Tasadi – Kikongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Tasadi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kikongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kikikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kikazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kikazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%86%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A" title="ឆាដ – Kikambodia" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឆាដ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Kikambodia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಚಾಡ್ – Kikannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kikannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%93%9C" title="차드 – Kikorea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Kikorea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Kikurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kikurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kikorni" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kikorni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kikyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kikyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadia" title="Tzadia – Kilatini" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tzadia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Kilatini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kiladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Kiladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Kilasembagi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Kilasembagi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kiganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Kiganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsadi" title="Tsadi – Kilingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Tsadi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Kilingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດຊາດ – Kilaosi" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຊາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Kilaosi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cadas" title="Čadas – Kilithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Kilithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cada" title="Čada – Kilatvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čada" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Kilatvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kimadura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Kimadura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Lugha ya Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Lugha ya Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsady" title="Tsady – Kimalagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsady" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Kimalagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ta" title="Kāta – Kimaori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kāta" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Kimaori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kiminangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Kiminangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kimacedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Kimacedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഛാഡ് – Kimalayalamu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഛാഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Kimalayalamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kimongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Kimongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97_(%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B)" title="ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ) – Kimanipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Kimanipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Kimarathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Kimarathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kimalei" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Kimalei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Aad" title="Ċad – Kimalta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ċad" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Kimalta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade" title="Xade – Kimirandi" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Xade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Kimirandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Kiburma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Kiburma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Kimazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Kimazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Kisaksoni" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Kisaksoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Kinepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Kinepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Kinewari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Kinewari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – Kiholanzi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Kiholanzi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – Kinorwe cha Bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kisotho cha Kaskazini" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Kisotho cha Kaskazini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9%C3%ADb%C4%85%C4%85h_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah – Kinavajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Kinavajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kiokitani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Kiokitani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaad" title="Chaad – Kioromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaad" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Kioromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kiosetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Kiosetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1" title="ਚਾਡ – Kipunjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Kipunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhad" title="Jhad – Kipangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Jhad" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Kipangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – Kipampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Kipampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kipapiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Kipapiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Pijini ya Nigeria" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Pijini ya Nigeria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchaed" title="Tchaed – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Tchaed" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad" title="Czad – Kipolandi" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Kipolandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88" title="چاڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چاڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Kipashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Kipashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chade" title="Chade – Kireno" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Kireno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat" title="Chat – Kikechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chat" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kikechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Kiromanshi" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Kiromanshi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Kiromania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Kiromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kirusi" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Kirusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cade" title="Cade – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Cade" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Kisanskriti" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Kisanskriti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kisakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Kisakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱪᱟᱫᱽ – Kisantali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱫᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Kisantali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A0d" title="Ciàd – Kisardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ciàd" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Kisardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Kisicilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Kisicilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kiskoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Kiskoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%8A" title="چاڊ – Kisindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چاڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Kisindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kisami cha Kaskazini" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Kisami cha Kaskazini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2de" title="Sâde – Kisango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sâde" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Kisango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Kiserbia-kroeshia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia-kroeshia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcad" title="Tcad – Kitachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tcad" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Kitachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BB%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ – Kishan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Kishan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="චෑඩ් – Kisinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චෑඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Kisinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Kislovakia" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Kislovakia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Kislovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Kislovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kisamoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Kisamoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – Kisami cha Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Kisami cha Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadhi" title="Chadhi – Kishona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chadhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Kishona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad" title="Jad – Kisomali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Kisomali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87adi" title="Çadi – Kialbania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çadi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Kialbania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kiserbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShedi" title="IShedi – Kiswati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IShedi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Kiswati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kisotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Kisotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kisunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Kisunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Kiswidi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Kiswidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad" title="Czad – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czad" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="சாட் – Kitamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Kitamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D" title="చాద్ – Kitelugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చాద్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Kitelugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade" title="Xade – Kitetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Xade" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Kitetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kitajiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Kitajiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="ประเทศชาด – Kithai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศชาด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Kithai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Kiturukimeni" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Kiturukimeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Kituruki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Kituruki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kitaroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Kitaroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kitsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Kitsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kitatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Kitatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kitumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Kitumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kiudmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Kiudmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Kiuyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Kiuyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kiukraini" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Kiukraini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88" title="چاڈ – Kiurdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چاڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Kiurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kiuzbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Kiuzbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Kivietinamu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Kivietinamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad%C3%A4n" title="Tjadän – Kivolapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tjadän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Kivolapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchade" title="Tchade – Kiwaloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchade" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Kiwaloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kiwaray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Kiwaray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadd" title="Cadd – Kiwolofu" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Cadd" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Kiwolofu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Kichina cha Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Kichina cha Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩადი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%93_(%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93)" title="טשאד (לאנד) – Kiyiddi" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשאד (לאנד)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Kiyiddi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – Kiyoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Kiyoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaod" title="Tsjaod – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tsjaod" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%9B%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7" title="ⵜⵛⴰⴷ – Kiberber Sanifu cha Moroko" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵛⴰⴷ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Kiberber Sanifu cha Moroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Kichina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kichina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Kikantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kikantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITshedi" title="ITshedi – Kizulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITshedi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Kizulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q657#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Hariri viungo vya lugha zingine" class="wbc-editpage">Hariri viungo</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Maeneo ya wiki"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Onyesha kurasa zilizopo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Makala</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majadiliano:Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Mazungumzo kuhusu makala (bado haujaandikwa) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Majadiliano</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Badilisha lahaja ya lugha" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Kiswahili</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Mitazamo"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chad"><span>Soma</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit" title="Hariri ukurasa huu na VisualEditor [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Hariri</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit" title="Hariri chanzo msimbo za ukurasa huu [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Hariri chanzo</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=history" title="Mapitio ya awali ya ukurasa huu [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Fungua historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Zana za ukurasa"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zana" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Zana</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Zana</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Vitendo </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chad"><span>Soma</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit" title="Hariri ukurasa huu na VisualEditor [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Hariri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit" title="Hariri chanzo msimbo za ukurasa huu [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Hariri chanzo</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=history"><span>Fungua historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Kijumla </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:VingoViungavyoUkurasahuu/Chad" title="Orodha ya kurasa zote za Wiki zilizounganishwa na ukurasa huu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Viungo viungavyo ukurasa huu</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:RecentChangesLinked/Chad" rel="nofollow" title="Mabadiliko ya karibuni ya katika kurasa zilizounganishwa na ukurasa huu [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Mabadiliko husika</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=sw" title="Pakia picha, video, au sauti [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Pakia faili</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:KurasaMaalum" title="Orodha ya kurasa zote maalumu [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Kurasa maalumu</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&oldid=1325547" title="Kiungo cha daima cha kufikisha pitio hili la ukurasa"><span>Kiungo cha daima</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Maelezo ya ukurasa</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Taja&page=Chad&id=1325547&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Taarifa juu ya njia ya kutaja ukurasa huu"><span>Taja ukurasa huu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChad"><span>Pata URL iliyofupishwa</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChad"><span>Pakua msimbo wa QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Chapa/peleka nje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kusanya&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Chad"><span>Tunga kitabu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chad&action=show-download-screen"><span>Pakua kama PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&printable=yes" title="Toleo linalochapika la ukurasa huu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Ukurasa wa kuchapika</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Miradi mingine </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tchad" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q657" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata kifungu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Zana za ukurasa"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Mandhari"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mandhari</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ficha</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sw" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox geography" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-weight:normal"><b>Jamhuri ya Chad</b></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal">جمهورية تشاد (<a href="/wiki/Kiarabu" title="Kiarabu">Kiarabu</a>)<br /><i>République du Tchad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kifaransa" title="Kifaransa">Kifaransa</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Flag_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera ya Chad"><img alt="Bendera ya Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/120px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/180px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/240px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bendera_ya_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bendera ya Chad (bado haujaandikwa)">Bendera</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nembo ya Chad"><img alt="Nembo ya Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nembo_ya_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nembo ya Chad (bado haujaandikwa)">Nembo</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:3px 3px 3px 1px"><b>Kaulimbiu ya taifa</b>: <br /><i>Unité, Travail, Progrès</i> (Kifaransa)<br />الاتحاد، العمل، التقدم (Kiarabu)<br />"Umoja, Kazi, Maendeleo"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:3px 3px 3px 1px"><b>Wimbo wa taifa</b>: <br /><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Tchadienne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Tchadienne (bado haujaandikwa)">La Tchadienne</a></i> (Kifaransa)<br />نشيد تشاد الوطني (Kiarabu)<br />"Wimbo wa Chad"<br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="La_Tchadienne_(instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/La_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg/La_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/La_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:3px 3px 3px 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Chad_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mahali pa Chad"><img alt="Mahali pa Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span> <br />Mahali pa Chad</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:3px 3px 3px 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Chad_political_map_1991_(CIA).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ramani ya Chad"><img alt="Ramani ya Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Chad_political_map_1991_%28CIA%29.png/250px-Chad_political_map_1991_%28CIA%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Chad_political_map_1991_%28CIA%29.png/375px-Chad_political_map_1991_%28CIA%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Chad_political_map_1991_%28CIA%29.png/500px-Chad_political_map_1991_%28CIA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1208" /></a></span> <br />Ramani ya Chad</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Mji_mkuu" title="Mji mkuu">Mji mkuu</a></b><br />na mkubwa nchini</th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px"><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a><br /><small><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=en&params=12_06_N_16_02_E_type:city">12°06′ N 16°02′ E</a></span></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lugha_rasmi" title="Lugha rasmi">Lugha rasmi</a></b></th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px"><a href="/wiki/Kiarabu" title="Kiarabu">Kiarabu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kifaransa" title="Kifaransa">Kifaransa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"><b>Makabila</b> (asilimia)<sup id="cite_ref-recensement2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recensement2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px">26.6 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasara (bado haujaandikwa)">Wasara</a><br />12.9 <a href="/wiki/Waarabu" title="Waarabu">Waarabu</a><br />8.5 <a href="/wiki/Kikanembu" title="Kikanembu">Wakanembu</a><br />7.2 <a href="/wiki/Kimasalit" title="Kimasalit">Wamasalit</a><br />6.9 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Watebu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watebu (bado haujaandikwa)">Watebu</a><br />4.8 <a href="/wiki/Kimasana" title="Kimasana">Wamasana</a><br />3.7 <a href="/wiki/Kibidiyo" title="Kibidiyo">Wabidiyo</a><br />3.7 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wabilala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wabilala (bado haujaandikwa)">Wabilala</a><br />3.0 <a href="/wiki/Kimaba_(Chad)" title="Kimaba (Chad)">Wamaba</a><br />2.6 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadaju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadaju (bado haujaandikwa)">Wadaju</a><br />2.5 <a href="/wiki/Kimundang" title="Kimundang">Wamundang</a><br />2.4 <a href="/wiki/Kigabri" title="Kigabri">Wagabri</a><br />2.4 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazaghawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wazaghawa (bado haujaandikwa)">Wazaghawa</a><br />2.1 <a href="/wiki/Wafulani" title="Wafulani">Wafulani</a><br />2.0 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Watupuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watupuri (bado haujaandikwa)">Watupuri</a><br />1.6 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Watama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watama (bado haujaandikwa)">Watama</a><br />1.4 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wakaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wakaro (bado haujaandikwa)">Wakaro</a><br />1.3 <a href="/wiki/Kibagirmi" title="Kibagirmi">Wabagirmi</a><br />1.0 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamasmaje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wamasmaje (bado haujaandikwa)">Wamasmaje</a><br />2.6 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orodha_ya_makabila_ya_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orodha ya makabila ya Chad (bado haujaandikwa)">Wachad wengine</a><br />0.7 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wageni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wageni (bado haujaandikwa)">Wageni</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"><b>Dini</b> (asilimia)<sup id="cite_ref-dini_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px">55.1 <a href="/wiki/Waislamu" class="mw-redirect" title="Waislamu">Waislamu</a><br />41.1 <a href="/wiki/Wakristo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakristo">Wakristo</a><br />2.4 <a href="/wiki/Wakanamungu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakanamungu">Wakanamungu</a><br />1.3 <a href="/wiki/Dini_asilia_za_Kiafrika" title="Dini asilia za Kiafrika">dini asilia</a><br />0.1 wengine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Serikali" title="Serikali">Serikali</a></b></th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px"><a href="/wiki/Jamhuri" title="Jamhuri">Jamhuri</a> yenye<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baraza_la_majeshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baraza la majeshi (bado haujaandikwa)">baraza la majeshi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"> • Rais wa muda<br /> • Makamu wa Rais<br /> • Waziri Mkuu</th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahamat_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahamat Déby (bado haujaandikwa)">Mahamat Déby</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djimadoum_Tiraina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djimadoum Tiraina (bado haujaandikwa)">Djimadoum Tiraina</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succ%C3%A8s_Masra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Succès Masra (bado haujaandikwa)">Succès Masra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Eneo" title="Eneo">Eneo</a></b></th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px"><br /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"> • Eneo la jumla</th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px">km<sup>2</sup> 1 284 000<sup id="cite_ref-worldfactbook_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldfactbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"> • Maji (asilimia)</th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px">1.9<sup id="cite_ref-worldfactbook_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldfactbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Idadi_ya_watu" class="mw-redirect" title="Idadi ya watu">Idadi ya watu</a></b></th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px"><br /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"> • Kadirio la 2023</th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px">18 523 165<sup id="cite_ref-worldfactbook_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldfactbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pato_la_taifa" title="Pato la taifa">Pato la taifa</a></b></th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px">Kadirio la 2023</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"> • Jumla</th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ongezeko"><img alt="Ongezeko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> USD bilioni 12.596<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.TD_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"> • Kwa kila mtu</th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ongezeko"><img alt="Ongezeko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> USD 702<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.TD_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pato_halisi_la_taifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pato halisi la taifa">Pato halisi la taifa</a></b></th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px">Kadirio la 2023</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"> • Jumla</th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ongezeko"><img alt="Ongezeko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> USD bilioni 32.375<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.TD_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"> • Kwa kila mtu</th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ongezeko"><img alt="Ongezeko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> USD 1 806<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.TD_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; padding:3px 3px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kiashiria_cha_Maendeleo_ya_Watu" title="Kiashiria cha Maendeleo ya Watu">Maendeleo</a></b> (2022)</th><td style="padding:3px 3px 3px 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ongezeko"><img alt="Ongezeko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.394<sup id="cite_ref-UNHDR_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - <span style="color:#FF0000"><b>duni</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> <b>Chad</b>, kirasmi <b>Jamhuri ya Chad</b> (pia: <b>Chadi</b>), ni <a href="/wiki/Nchi_huru" title="Nchi huru">nchi huru</a> iliyoko <a href="/wiki/Afrika_ya_Kati" title="Afrika ya Kati">Afrika ya Kati</a>. Imepakana na <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Afrika_ya_Kati" title="Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati">Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> na <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mji_mkuu" title="Mji mkuu">Mji mkuu</a> ni <a href="/wiki/Ndjamena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndjamena">Ndjamena</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jiografia">Jiografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Hariri sehemu: Jiografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Jiografia"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake ni <a href="/wiki/Jangwa" title="Jangwa">jangwa</a> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nchi_yabisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nchi yabisi (bado haujaandikwa)">nchi yabisi</a>. Kusini kuna <a href="/wiki/Kanda" class="mw-disambig" title="Kanda">kanda</a> lenye <a href="/wiki/Hali_ya_hewa" title="Hali ya hewa">hali ya hewa</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Kitropiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitropiki">kitropiki</a>, lakini <a href="/wiki/Ardhi" class="mw-disambig" title="Ardhi">ardhi</a> yenye <a href="/wiki/Rutuba" title="Rutuba">rutuba</a> inayofaa kwa <a href="/wiki/Kilimo" title="Kilimo">kilimo</a> ni <a href="/wiki/Asilimia" title="Asilimia">asilimia</a> 3 tu za eneo lake lote . </p><p>Kaskazini kuna <a href="/wiki/Milima" class="mw-redirect" title="Milima">milima</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Tibesti" title="Tibesti">Tibesti</a>. </p><p>Katikati liko <a href="/wiki/Beseni" class="mw-disambig" title="Beseni">beseni</a> la <a href="/wiki/Chad_(ziwa)" title="Chad (ziwa)">ziwa Chad</a> lililokuwa kati ya ma<a href="/wiki/Ziwa" title="Ziwa">ziwa</a> makubwa kabisa duniani lakini limepungua sana, hasa mwishoni mwa <a href="/wiki/Karne_ya_20" title="Karne ya 20">karne ya 20</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Hariri sehemu: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Makala kuu: <a href="/wiki/Historia_ya_Chad" title="Historia ya Chad">Historia ya Chad</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Katika <a href="/wiki/Milenia_ya_7_KK" title="Milenia ya 7 KK">milenia ya 7 KK</a> kulikuwa na watu wengi sana katika beseni hiyo. </p><p>Katika <a href="/wiki/Historia" title="Historia">historia</a> kabla ya <a href="/wiki/Ukoloni" title="Ukoloni">ukoloni</a> watu wa kaskazini waliwafanyia <a href="/wiki/Vita" title="Vita">vita</a> watu wa kusini na kuteka wafungwa kama <a href="/wiki/Watumwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Watumwa">watumwa</a>. Hivyo hadi leo uhusiano kati ya kusini na kaskazini ya nchi ni mgumu. </p><p>Tangu mwaka 2003 <a href="/wiki/Petroli" title="Petroli">petroli</a> imekuwa inaongoza kati ya <a href="/wiki/Bidhaa" title="Bidhaa">bidhaa</a> zinazopelekwa nje ya nchi badala ya <a href="/wiki/Pamba" title="Pamba">pamba</a>. </p><p>Tangu <a href="/wiki/Mwaka" title="Mwaka">mwaka</a> huo <a href="/wiki/Mgogoro_wa_Darfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mgogoro wa Darfur">Mgogoro wa Darfur</a> nchini Sudan umevuka mpaka na kuvuruga Chad pia. Ikiwa kati ya nchi zinazoongoza <a href="/wiki/Duniani" class="mw-redirect" title="Duniani">duniani</a> kwa <a href="/wiki/Ufukara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ufukara">ufukara</a> na <a href="/wiki/Ufisadi" title="Ufisadi">ufisadi</a>, ilipata shida kupokea <a href="/wiki/Wakimbizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakimbizi">wakimbizi</a> kwa mamia elfu. </p><p>Ingawa kulikuwa na <a href="/wiki/Chama_cha_kisiasa" title="Chama cha kisiasa">vyama vingi vya siasa</a> na mapigano ya kisiasa pamoja na majaribio ya <a href="/wiki/Mapinduzi" title="Mapinduzi">mapinduzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamlaka" title="Mamlaka">mamlaka</a> ilibaki imara <a href="/wiki/Mikono" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikono">mikononi</a> mwa <a href="/wiki/Rais" title="Rais">Rais</a> Déby na chama chake, Patriotic Salvation Movement, hadi alipouawa mwaka 2021. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Watu">Watu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Hariri sehemu: Watu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Watu"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Ouaddaian_girl_from_Chad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Ouaddaian_girl_from_Chad.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption>Msichana wa mkoa wa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouadda%C3%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ouaddaï (bado haujaandikwa)">Ouaddaï</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wakazi walikuwa 15,500,000 mwaka <a href="/wiki/2018" title="2018">2018</a>. </p><p>Jinsi ilivyo katika nchi mbalimbali za kanda la <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> kuna aina mbili za wakazi ndani yake: </p> <ul><li>Kaskazini wako hasa watu walioathiriwa sana na <a href="/wiki/Utamaduni" title="Utamaduni">utamaduni</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Uislamu" title="Uislamu">Uislamu</a> (55% za wakazi wote<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_Muslims_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew_Muslims-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, wengi wakiwa <a href="/wiki/Wasuni" title="Wasuni">Wasuni</a><sup id="cite_ref-pew128_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew128-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Mifano ni <a href="/wiki/Waarabu" title="Waarabu">Waarabu</a> (12.3%), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wafulbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wafulbe (bado haujaandikwa)">Wafulbe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahaussa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wahaussa (bado haujaandikwa)">Wahaussa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazaghawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wazaghawa (bado haujaandikwa)">Wazaghawa</a> na wengineo. Wengi wao walikuwa <a href="/wiki/Wafugaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Wafugaji">wafugaji</a> na sehemu ya ma<a href="/wiki/Kabila" title="Kabila">kabila</a> inaendelea hadi leo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maisha_ya_kuhamahama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maisha ya kuhamahama (bado haujaandikwa)">maisha ya kuhamahama</a>.</li> <li>Kusini wako hasa watu wanaofuata <a href="/wiki/Ukristo" title="Ukristo">Ukristo</a> (41%, <a href="/wiki/Wakatoliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakatoliki">Wakatoliki</a> wakiwa wengi kidogo kuliko <a href="/wiki/Waprotestanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Waprotestanti">Waprotestanti</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pew_Christians_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew_Christians-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) au <a href="/wiki/Dini_asilia_za_Kiafrika" title="Dini asilia za Kiafrika">dini asilia za Kiafrika</a> (1%) kama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasara (bado haujaandikwa)">Wasara</a> (27.7%). Wengi wao hulima.</li></ul> <p>Kwa jumla leo kuna ma<a href="/wiki/Kabila" title="Kabila">kabila</a> zaidi ya 200 nchini, ambayo hutimia <a href="/wiki/Lugha" title="Lugha">lugha</a> na <a href="/wiki/Lahaja" title="Lahaja">lahaja</a> zaidi ya 100 (angalia <a href="/wiki/Orodha_ya_lugha_za_Chad" title="Orodha ya lugha za Chad">orodha ya lugha</a> hizo). <a href="/wiki/Asili" title="Asili">Asili</a> yao ni <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Mashariki" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrika Mashariki">Afrika Mashariki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrika_ya_Kati" title="Afrika ya Kati">Afrika ya Kati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Magharibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrika Magharibi">Afrika Magharibi</a> na <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Kaskazini" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrika Kaskazini">Afrika Kaskazini</a> vilevile<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lugha_rasmi" title="Lugha rasmi">Lugha rasmi</a> ni <a href="/wiki/Kiarabu" title="Kiarabu">Kiarabu</a> na <a href="/wiki/Kifaransa" title="Kifaransa">Kifaransa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tazama_pia">Tazama pia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Hariri sehemu: Tazama pia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Tazama pia"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orodha_ya_miji_ya_Chad" title="Orodha ya miji ya Chad">Orodha ya miji ya Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodha_ya_nchi_kufuatana_na_wakazi" title="Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi">Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodha_ya_nchi_za_Afrika_kulingana_na_idadi_ya_watu" title="Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu">Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodha_ya_nchi_za_Afrika_kulingana_na_msongamano_wa_watu" title="Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu">Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodha_ya_nchi_za_Afrika_kulingana_na_pato_la_taifa" title="Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa">Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demografia_ya_Afrika" title="Demografia ya Afrika">Demografia ya Afrika</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marejeo">Marejeo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Hariri sehemu: Marejeo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Marejeo"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-recensement2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-recensement2009_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1346650">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228022216/http://www.inseed-td.net/index.php/blog-with-right-sidebar/document/send/7-documents-et-publications-demographique/20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22">"Analyse Thematique des Resultats Definitifs Etat et Structures de la Population"</a>. Institut National de la Statistique, des Études Économiques et Démographiques du Tchad. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inseed-td.net/index.php/blog-with-right-sidebar/document/send/7-documents-et-publications-demographique/20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22">chanzo</a> mnamo 28 Desemba 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">3 Mei</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analyse+Thematique+des+Resultats+Definitifs+Etat+et+Structures+de+la+Population&rft.pub=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique%2C+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques+et+D%C3%A9mographiques+du+Tchad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inseed-td.net%2Findex.php%2Fblog-with-right-sidebar%2Fdocument%2Fsend%2F7-documents-et-publications-demographique%2F20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|accessdate=</code> na <code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> specified (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|archivedate=</code> na <code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> specified (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|archiveurl=</code> na <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> specified (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dini-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dini_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008065049/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/chad#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016">"Religions in Chad | PEW-GRF"</a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/chad#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016">chanzo</a> mnamo 8 Oktoba 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">11 Agosti</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Chad+%26%23124%3B+PEW-GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fchad%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2020%26region_name%3DAll%2520Countries%26restrictions_year%3D2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldfactbook-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-worldfactbook_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-worldfactbook_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-worldfactbook_3-2">3.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad">"Chad"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_World_Factbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The World Factbook (bado haujaandikwa)">The World Factbook</a></i> (kwa Kiingereza) (tol. la 2024). <a href="/wiki/Shirika_la_Ujasusi_la_Marekani" title="Shirika la Ujasusi la Marekani">Shirika la Ujasusi la Marekani</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">26 Machi</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.TD_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.TD_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.TD_4-2">4.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.TD_4-3">4.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=628,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Chad)"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 Oktoba 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">18 Oktoba</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Chad%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D628%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (kwa Kiingereza). <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Development_Programme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Development Programme (bado haujaandikwa)">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 Machi 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">13 Machi</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_Muslims-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Muslims_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/table-muslim-population-by-country/">"Table: Muslim Population by Country"</a>. Pew Research Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">16 Aprili</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table%3A+Muslim+Population+by+Country&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F01%2F27%2Ftable-muslim-population-by-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pew128-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pew128_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125551/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf">"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 Agosti 2012. ku. 128–129. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf">chanzo</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> mnamo 24 Oktoba 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2 Juni</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Muslims%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Pew+Forum+on+Religious+%26+Public+life&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FuploadedFiles%2FTopics%2FReligious_Affiliation%2FMuslim%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|archivedate=</code> na <code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> specified (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|archiveurl=</code> na <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> specified (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_Christians-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Christians_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511124911/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/">"Table: Christian Population as Percentages of Total Population by Country"</a>. Pew Research Center. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/">chanzo</a> mnamo 2017-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">16 Aprili</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table%3A+Christian+Population+as+Percentages+of+Total+Population+by+Country&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F12%2F19%2Ftable-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFHaberMezzavillaBergströmPrado-Martinez2016" class="citation journal cs1">Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Bergström, Anders; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Hallast, Pille; Saif-Ali, Riyadh; Al-Habori, Molham; Dedoussis, George; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Blue-Smith, Jason; Wells, R. Spencer; Xue, Yali; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (1 Desemba 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5142112">"Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i> (kwa Kiingereza). <b>99</b> (6): 1316–1324. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2016.10.012">10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9297">0002-9297</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5142112">5142112</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27889059">27889059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Chad+Genetic+Diversity+Reveals+an+African+History+Marked+by+Multiple+Holocene+Eurasian+Migrations&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1316-1324&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5142112%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9297&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27889059&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2016.10.012&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Mezzavilla%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Bergstr%C3%B6m%2C+Anders&rft.au=Prado-Martinez%2C+Javier&rft.au=Hallast%2C+Pille&rft.au=Saif-Ali%2C+Riyadh&rft.au=Al-Habori%2C+Molham&rft.au=Dedoussis%2C+George&rft.au=Zeggini%2C+Eleftheria&rft.au=Blue-Smith%2C+Jason&rft.au=Wells%2C+R.+Spencer&rft.au=Xue%2C+Yali&rft.au=Zalloua%2C+Pierre+A.&rft.au=Tyler-Smith%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5142112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marejeo_mengine">Marejeo mengine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Hariri sehemu: Marejeo mengine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Marejeo mengine"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-width:30em; -webkit-column-width:30em; column-width:30em;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(Kifaransa)</span> Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article235">Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130928053358/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235">Archived</a> 2013-09-28 at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archive.today&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archive.today (bado haujaandikwa)">Archive.today</a>}}", <span lang="fr" class="description fr"><i>Tchad et Culture</i></span> <b>214</b>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm">Background Note: Chad</a>". September 2006. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_State&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Department of State (bado haujaandikwa)">United States Department of State</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(Kifaransa)</span> Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915">[1]</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20130530063045/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915">Archived</a> 30 Mei 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: <i>On a encore du travail à faire</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20130530063045/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915">Archived</a> 30 Mei 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20130530063045/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915">Archived</a> 30 Mei 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Botha, D.J.J. (December 1992); "S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist", <i>The South African Journal of Economics</i> <b>60</b> (4): 246–255.</li> <li>Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); <i>Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures</i>. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0865437572" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-86543-757-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424020620/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html">"Chad"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_World_Factbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The World Factbook (bado haujaandikwa)">The World Factbook</a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html">chanzo</a> mnamo 2013-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">28 Januari</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad&rft.pub=The+World+Factbook&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fcd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78726.htm">Chad</a>". <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States%27_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (bado haujaandikwa)">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices</a> 2006, 6 March 2007. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (bado haujaandikwa)">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41595.htm">Chad</a>". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004, 28 February 2005. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=1&sy=2013&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=628&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=">"Chad"</a>. International Monetary Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">18 Aprili</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2014%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D52%26pr.y%3D1%26sy%3D2013%26ey%3D2017%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D628%26s%3DNGDPD%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPGDP%252CPPPPC%252CLP%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm">Chad</a>". <i>International Religious Freedom Report 2006</i>. 15 September 2006. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/POL10/001/2006/en"><i>Amnesty International Report 2006</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20150113025418/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/POL10/001/2006/en">Archived</a> 13 Januari 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amnesty_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amnesty International (bado haujaandikwa)">Amnesty International</a> Publications.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/62/38561813.pdf">Chad</a>" (PDF). <i>African Economic Outlook 2007</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (bado haujaandikwa)">OECD</a>. May 2007. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9789264025103" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-92-64-02510-3</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20200424073327/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html">Archived</a> 24 Aprili 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_World_Factbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The World Factbook (bado haujaandikwa)">The World Factbook</a></i>. United States <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 15 May 2007.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/chad.pdf">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20070614080601/http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/chad.pdf">Archived</a> 14 Juni 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. " (PDF). <i>Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives – Francophone Africa</i>. Center for Reproductive Rights. 2000</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604102856/http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6939&year=2006&pf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Chad (2006)"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6939&year=2006&pf">chanzo</a> mnamo 2011-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2021-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Chad+%282006%29%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Finc%2Fcontent%2Fpubs%2Fpfs%2Finc_country_detail.cfm%3Fcountry%3D6939%26year%3D2006%26pf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>. <i>Freedom of the Press: 2007 Edition</i>. Freedom House, Inc.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/48f4be12f6c55e5a802565cd005d4e0e?Opendocument">Chad</a>". Human Rights Instruments. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights (bado haujaandikwa)">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a>. 12 December 1997.</li> <li>"Chad". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. (2000). Chicago: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (bado haujaandikwa)">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a></li> <li>"Chad, Lake". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. (2000).</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf">Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project</a>" (PDF). 24 September 2002. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001212259/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Chad: A Cultural Profile"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf">chanzo</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> mnamo 2006-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2021-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Chad%3A+A+Cultural+Profile%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp-pc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fchad%2Fchad_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span> (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship_and_Immigration_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citizenship and Immigration Canada (bado haujaandikwa)">Citizenship and Immigration Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0772791023" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7727-9102-3</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/11/23/000104615_20041129133849/Rendered/PDF/PID010Concept0Stage.pdf">Chad Urban Development Project</a>" (PDF). 21 October 2004. World Bank.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/387875A9DF1816A78525725F005D5397/$File/chad_final.pdf?OpenElement">Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007</a>" (PDF). 8 January 2007. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (bado haujaandikwa)">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE389.pdf">Chad Livelihood Profiles</a>" (PDF). March 2005. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Agency for International Development (bado haujaandikwa)">United States Agency for International Development</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf">Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development</a>" (PDF). World Bank. 21 October 1997.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6939">Chad (2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20071012174004/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6939">Archived</a> 12 Oktoba 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ". <i>Country Report: 2006 Edition</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom House (bado haujaandikwa)">Freedom House</a>, Inc.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113061630/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Chad and Cameroon"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html">chanzo</a> mnamo 2009-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2021-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Chad+and+Cameroon%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Femeu%2Fcabs%2FChad_Cameroon%2FFull.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>. Country Analysis Briefs. January 2007. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_Information_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy Information Administration (bado haujaandikwa)">Energy Information Administration</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4771383.stm">Chad leader's victory confirmed</a>", <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 14 May 2006.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6367545.stm">Chad may face genocide, UN warns</a>", BBC News, 16 February 2007.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(Kifaransa)</span> Chapelle, Jean (1981); <span lang="fr" class="description fr"><i>Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne</i></span>. Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/2858021694" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2-85802-169-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anwarul_Karim_Chowdhury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anwarul Karim Chowdhury (bado haujaandikwa)">Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim</a> & Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205131921/http://www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf">"<i>Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf">chanzo</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> mnamo 2009-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2021-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography+Against+Development%3A+A+Case+for+Landlocked+Developing+Countries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww0.un.org%2Fspecial-rep%2Fohrlls%2Fohrlls%2FUNOHRLLS%2Fnew%2FUserFiles%2FFile%2FPublications%2FLLDC%2F05-33151_geography_sm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>. New York: United Nations. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9211045401" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 92-1-104540-1</a></li> <li>Collelo, Thomas (1990); <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html">Chad: A Country Study</a></i>, 2d ed. Washington: <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Government_Printing_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Government Printing Office (bado haujaandikwa)">U.S. GPO</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0160247705" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-16-024770-5</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(Kifaransa)</span> Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308024013/http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc">"<i><span lang="fr" class="description fr">La decentralisation au Tchad</span></i>"</a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc">chanzo</a> mnamo 2008-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2021-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22fr%22+xml%3Alang%3D%22fr%22+class%3D%22description+fr%22%3ELa+decentralisation+au+Tchad%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cefod.org%2FFichiers%2520web%2Fdecentralisationtchad.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="Decalo" class="citation book cs1">Decalo, Samuel (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000deca_r5c7"><i>Historical Dictionary of Chad</i></a> (tol. la 2 ed.). Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-8108-1937-6" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-8108-1937-6"><bdi>0-8108-1937-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Chad&rft.edition=2+ed.&rft.pub=Metuchen%3A+The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8108-1937-6&rft.au=Decalo%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio0000deca_r5c7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|edition=</code> has extra text (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li>East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); <i>Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/185743126X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-85743-126-X</a></li> <li>Dinar, Ariel (1995); <i>Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs</i>. World Bank Publications. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0821333216" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8213-3321-6</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(Kifaransa)</span> Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article231">http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article231</a></li> <li>La musique recherche son identité] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20130530061624/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article231">Archived</a> 30 Mei 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ", <i>Tchad et Culture</i> <b>214</b>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR20/004/2001/en">"Chad: the Habré Legacy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20150113041028/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR20/004/2001/en">Archived</a> 13 Januari 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. . <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amnesty_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amnesty International (bado haujaandikwa)">Amnesty International</a>. 16 October 2001.</li> <li>Lange, Dierk (1988). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dierklange.com/pdf/fulltexts/UNESCO_III.pdf">The Chad region as a crossroad</a>" (PDF), in <i>UNESCO <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_History_of_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General History of Africa (bado haujaandikwa)">General History of Africa</a> – Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century</i>, vol. 3: 436–460. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California Press (bado haujaandikwa)">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9780520039148" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-520-03914-8</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(Kifaransa)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf"><span lang="fr" class="description fr">Lettre d'information</span></a> (PDF). <span lang="fr" class="description fr">Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad</span>. N. 3. September 2004.</li> <li>Macedo, Stephen (2006); <i>Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0812219503" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8122-1950-3</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(Kifaransa)</span> Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article236">http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article236</a></li> <li>Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20130530063643/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article236">Archived</a> 30 Mei 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ", <i>Tchad et Culture</i> <b>214</b>.</li> <li>Manley, Andrew; "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4809420.stm">Chad's vulnerable president</a>", BBC News, 15 March 2006.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm">Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice</a>", BBC News, 9 September 2006.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(Kifaransa)</span> Ndang, Tabo Symphorien (2005); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf"><span lang="fr" class="description fr">A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20120512110104/http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf">Archived</a> 12 Mei 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf"><span lang="fr" class="description fr">A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20120512110104/http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf">Archived</a> 12 Mei 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512110104/http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf">"Nakala iliyohifadhiwa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf">chanzo</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> mnamo 2012-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2015-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nakala+iliyohifadhiwa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pep-net.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fmedias%2Fpdf%2Ffiles_events%2F4th_colombo%2FPMMA%2FNdang-pa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>" (PDF). <i>4th PEP Research Network General Meeting</i>. Poverty and Economic Policy.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="Nolutshungu" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Nolutshungu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Nolutshungu (bado haujaandikwa)">Nolutshungu, Sam C.</a> (1995). <i>Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad</i>. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-8139-1628-3" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-8139-1628-3"><bdi>0-8139-1628-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Anarchy%3A+Intervention+and+State+Formation+in+Chad&rft.pub=Charlottesville%3A+University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8139-1628-3&rft.au=Nolutshungu%2C+Sam+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Pollack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Pollack (bado haujaandikwa)">Pollack, Kenneth M.</a> (2002); <i>Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991</i>. Lincoln: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Nebraska_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Nebraska Press (bado haujaandikwa)">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0803237332" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8032-3733-2</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">Rank Order – Area</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">Archived</a> 9 Februari 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ". <i>The World Factbook</i>. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 10 May 2007.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf">Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20070614080558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf">Archived</a> 14 Juni 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(Kifaransa)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703022324/http://www.primature-tchad.org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf">"<span lang="fr" class="description fr">République du Tchad – Circonscriptions administratives</span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primature-tchad.org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf">chanzo</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> mnamo 2007-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2021-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22fr%22+xml%3Alang%3D%22fr%22+class%3D%22description+fr%22%3ER%C3%A9publique+du+Tchad+%E2%80%93+Circonscriptions+administratives%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primature-tchad.org%2FCIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government of Chad (bado haujaandikwa)">Government of Chad</a>.</li> <li>Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004);<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm">Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries</a>". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. 29 November – 1 December 1972.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(Kifaransa)</span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html"><span lang="fr" class="description fr">Tchad</span></a>". <span lang="fr" class="description fr"><i>L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays</i></span>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, Education for All.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(Kifaransa)</span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/chad/French%20translations/Chad%20Back%20towards%20War%20French.pdf">http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/chad/French%20translations/Chad%20Back%20towards%20War%20French.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20110905003712/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/chad/French%20translations/Chad%20Back%20towards%20War%20French.pdf">Archived</a> 5 Septemba 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Crisis_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Crisis Group (bado haujaandikwa)">International Crisis Group</a>. 1 June 2006.</li> <li>Wolfe, Adam; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20070105160231/http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=592&language_id=1">"Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<i>archived 5 Januari 2007</i>)., PINR, 6 December 2006.</li> <li>World Bank (14 July 2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html">World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20071012184831/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html">Archived</a> 12 Oktoba 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=News_release&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="News release (bado haujaandikwa)">Press release</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm">World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database</a></i>. 2006. United Nations Population Division.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4351076.stm">Worst corruption offenders named</a>", BBC News, 18 November 2005.</li> <li>Young, Neil (August 2002); <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html">An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father")</a></i>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viungo_vya_nje">Viungo vya nje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Hariri sehemu: Viungo vya nje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Viungo vya nje"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="WikiMedia Commons"><img alt="WikiMedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/75px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/100px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>WikiMedia Commons</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> ina media kuhusu: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chad?uselang=sw">Chad</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <dl><dt>Vya serikali</dt></dl> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(Kifaransa)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primature-tchad.org/">Serikali ya Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20140104014553/http://www.primature-tchad.org/">Archived</a> 4 Januari 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(Kifaransa)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidencetchad.org/">Official presidency site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20110226071159/http://www.presidencetchad.org/">Archived</a> 26 Februari 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/chad.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20090727213910/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/chad.html">Archived</a> 27 Julai 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Vingine</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html">Chad</a> entry at <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_World_Factbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The World Factbook (bado haujaandikwa)">The World Factbook</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html">Chad country study</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Library of Congress (bado haujaandikwa)">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Chad/">Chad</a> katika Open Directory Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13164686">Chad profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Chad" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Chad">Wikimedia Atlas of Chad</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TD">Key Development Forecasts for Chad</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Futures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Futures (bado haujaandikwa)">International Futures</a></li></ul> <p><br clear="all" /> </p> <table id="toc" style="margin: 0;background:#ffffff;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" style="background:#ccccff;" width="200">Nchi za <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> </th> <th align="right" rowspan="1" width="5%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Faili:LocationAfrica.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bara la Afrika"><img alt="Bara la Afrika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LocationAfrica.png/60px-LocationAfrica.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LocationAfrica.png/90px-LocationAfrica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LocationAfrica.png/120px-LocationAfrica.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="font-size: 85%"><a href="/wiki/Afrika_ya_Kati_(Jamhuri_ya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrika ya Kati (Jamhuri ya)">Afrika ya Kati (Jamhuri ya)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Kusini" title="Afrika Kusini">Afrika Kusini</a> | <a href="/wiki/Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> | <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> | <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> | <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> | <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> | <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Verde" title="Cabo Verde">Cabo Verde</a> | <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chad</a> | <a href="/wiki/Cote_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cote d'Ivoire">Cote d'Ivoire</a> | <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> | <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> | <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> | <a href="/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> | <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> | <a href="/wiki/Guinea_Bisau" title="Guinea Bisau">Guinea Bisau</a> | <a href="/wiki/Guinea_ya_Ikweta" title="Guinea ya Ikweta">Guinea ya Ikweta</a> | <a href="/wiki/Jibuti" title="Jibuti">Jibuti</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> | <a href="/wiki/Komori" title="Komori">Komori</a> | <a href="/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Kongo" title="Jamhuri ya Kongo">Kongo (Jamhuri ya)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Kidemokrasia_ya_Kongo" title="Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo">Kongo (Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> | <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> | <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> | <a href="/wiki/Madagaska" title="Madagaska">Madagaska</a> | <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> | <a href="/wiki/Misri" title="Misri">Misri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Morisi_(Visiwa_vya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morisi (Visiwa vya)">Morisi (Visiwa vya)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> | <a href="/wiki/Moroko" title="Moroko">Moroko</a> | <a href="/wiki/Msumbiji" title="Msumbiji">Msumbiji</a> | <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> | <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> | <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> | <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sahara_ya_Magharibi" title="Sahara ya Magharibi">Sahara ya Magharibi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sao_Tome_na_Principe" title="Sao Tome na Principe">Sao Tome na Principe</a> | <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> | <a href="/wiki/Shelisheli" title="Shelisheli">Shelisheli</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> | <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Kusini" title="Sudan Kusini">Sudan Kusini</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> | <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> | <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> | <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> | <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center" style="background:#ccccff;" width="200">Maeneo ya Afrika ambayo ni sehemu za nchi nje ya <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="font-size: 85%"><b><a href="/wiki/Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Visiwa_vya_Kanari" title="Visiwa vya Kanari">Kanari</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> · <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> | <b><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pelagie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagie">Pelagie</a> | <b><a href="/wiki/Ufaransa" title="Ufaransa">Ufaransa</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> · <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> | <b><a href="/wiki/Uingereza" title="Uingereza">Uingereza</a></b>: · <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">St. Helena</a> · <a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a> | <b><a href="/wiki/Ureno" title="Ureno">Ureno</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Visiwa_vya_Madeira" title="Visiwa vya Madeira">Madeira</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nchi_wanachama_wa_Umoja_wa_Afrika_(AU)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Kigezo:African_Union_(AU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kigezo:African Union (AU)"><span title="Onyesha kizego" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;">v</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majadiliano_ya_kigezo:African_Union_(AU)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majadiliano ya kigezo:African Union (AU) (bado haujaandikwa)"><span title="Majadiliano ya kigezo" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;">d</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kigezo:African_Union_(AU)&action=edit"><span title="Hariri kigezo" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nchi_wanachama_wa_Umoja_wa_Afrika_(AU)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Nchi wanachama wa <a href="/wiki/Umoja_wa_Afrika" title="Umoja wa Afrika">Umoja wa Afrika</a> (AU)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Afrika_ya_Kati_(Jamhuri_ya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrika ya Kati (Jamhuri ya)">Afrika ya Kati (Jamhuri ya)</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Kusini" title="Afrika Kusini">Afrika Kusini</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Verde" title="Cabo Verde">Cabo Verde</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chad</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Cote_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cote d'Ivoire">Cote d'Ivoire</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Guinea_Bisau" title="Guinea Bisau">Guinea Bisau</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Guinea_ya_Ikweta" title="Guinea ya Ikweta">Guinea ya Ikweta</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jibuti" title="Jibuti">Jibuti</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Komori" title="Komori">Komori</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Kongo" title="Jamhuri ya Kongo">Kongo (Jamhuri ya)</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Kidemokrasia_ya_Kongo" title="Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo">Kongo (Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya)</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Madagaska" title="Madagaska">Madagaska</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Misri" title="Misri">Misri</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Morisi_(Visiwa_vya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morisi (Visiwa vya)">Morisi (Visiwa vya)</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Morisi_(Visiwa_vya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morisi (Visiwa vya)">Morisi (Visiwa vya)</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Moroko" title="Moroko">Moroko</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Msumbiji" title="Msumbiji">Msumbiji</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sahara_ya_Magharibi" title="Sahara ya Magharibi">Sahara ya Magharibi</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sao_Tome_na_Principe" title="Sao Tome na Principe">Sao Tome na Principe</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Shelisheli" title="Shelisheli">Shelisheli</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Kusini" title="Sudan Kusini">Sudan Kusini</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table style="font-size:90%; width: 65%; padding: 3px; margin: 0 auto;" class="toccolours"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Africa_satellite_plane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Africa_satellite_plane.jpg/30px-Africa_satellite_plane.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Africa_satellite_plane.jpg/45px-Africa_satellite_plane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Africa_satellite_plane.jpg/60px-Africa_satellite_plane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8460" data-file-height="8900" /></a></span> </td> <td>Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> bado ni <b>mbegu</b>. <br /> Je unajua kitu kuhusu <b>Chad</b> kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? <br />Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? <br />Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa <a class="external text" href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?stub&title=Chad&action=edit">kuihariri na kuongeza habari</a><i>.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015073734/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html">chanzo</a> mnamo 2007-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2021-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Chad+Country+Commercial+Guide+%E2%80%93+FY+2005%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrategis.ic.gc.ca%2Fepic%2Fsite%2Fimr-ri.nsf%2Fen%2Fgr126314e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Department of Commerce (bado haujaandikwa)">United States Department of Commerce</a>.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Rudishwa kutoka "<a dir="ltr" href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&oldid=1325547">https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&oldid=1325547</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:Jamii" title="Maalum:Jamii">Jamii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:Pages using the JsonConfig extension (bado haujaandikwa)">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_errors:_redundant_parameter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 errors: redundant parameter (bado haujaandikwa)">CS1 errors: redundant parameter</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">CS1 maint: date auto-translated</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Jamii:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_errors:_extra_text:_edition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 errors: extra text: edition (bado haujaandikwa)">CS1 errors: extra text: edition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Mbegu_za_jiografia_ya_Afrika" title="Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Afrika">Mbegu za jiografia ya Afrika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Chad" title="Jamii:Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Nchi_za_Afrika" title="Jamii:Nchi za Afrika">Nchi za Afrika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Umoja_wa_Afrika" title="Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika">Umoja wa Afrika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Nchi_zinazotumia_lugha_ya_Kifaransa" title="Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa">Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Nchi_zinazotumia_Kiarabu" title="Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia Kiarabu">Nchi zinazotumia Kiarabu</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Jamii iliofichwa: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links" title="Jamii:Pages using ISBN magic links">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ukurasa huu umebadilishwa kwa mara ya mwisho tarehe 27 Machi 2024, saa 10:04.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Maandishi yanapatikana chini ya leseni ya <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; matakwa mengine yanaweza kutakiwa. 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