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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Experimentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reintroduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reintroduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reintroduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reintroduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Electricity sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electricity_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electricity sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electricity_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Connection_to_generator_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_to_generator_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Connection to generator plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connection_to_generator_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onboard_generators_and_hybrid_EVs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onboard_generators_and_hybrid_EVs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Onboard generators and hybrid EVs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onboard_generators_and_hybrid_EVs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onboard_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onboard_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Onboard storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onboard_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithium-ion_battery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithium-ion_battery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lithium-ion battery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithium-ion_battery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_motor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_motor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Electric motor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_motor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_and_motors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_motors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Energy and motors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_motors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicle_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vehicle types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vehicle_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vehicle types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vehicle_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ground_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ground vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pure-electric_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pure-electric_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Pure-electric vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pure-electric_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_EVs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_EVs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Hybrid EVs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_EVs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plug-in_electric_vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plug-in_electric_vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Plug-in electric vehicle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plug-in_electric_vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range-extended_electric_vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range-extended_electric_vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Range-extended electric vehicle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range-extended_electric_vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On-_and_off-road_EVs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On-_and_off-road_EVs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>On- and off-road EVs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On-_and_off-road_EVs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railborne_EVs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railborne_EVs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.6</span> <span>Railborne EVs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railborne_EVs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seaborne_EVs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seaborne_EVs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Seaborne EVs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seaborne_EVs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airborne_EVs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airborne_EVs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Airborne EVs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airborne_EVs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrically_powered_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrically_powered_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Electrically powered spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrically_powered_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Space_rover_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_rover_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Space rover vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_rover_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Energy sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Batteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Charging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grid_capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grid_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.1</span> <span>Grid capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grid_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charging_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charging_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.2</span> <span>Charging stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charging_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charging_Roadways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charging_Roadways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.3</span> <span>Charging Roadways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charging_Roadways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battery_swapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battery_swapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.4</span> <span>Battery swapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battery_swapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamic_charging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamic_charging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.5</span> <span>Dynamic charging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic_charging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_in-development_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_in-development_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Other in-development technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_in-development_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Environmental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lithium-ion_batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithium-ion_batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7.1</span> <span>Lithium-ion batteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithium-ion_batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socio-economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Socio-economic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Mechanical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_resilience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_resilience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.10</span> <span>Energy resilience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_resilience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.11</span> <span>Energy efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.12</span> <span>Total cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.13</span> <span>Range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heating_of_EVs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heating_of_EVs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.14</span> <span>Heating of EVs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heating_of_EVs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_public_transit_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_public_transit_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Electric public transit efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_public_transit_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accident_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accident_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Accident rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accident_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_incentivization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_incentivization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Government incentivization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_incentivization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Future</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Future-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Future subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Public perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Environmental considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improved_batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improved_batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Improved batteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improved_batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battery_management_and_intermediate_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battery_management_and_intermediate_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Battery management and intermediate storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battery_management_and_intermediate_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_trucks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_trucks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Electric trucks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_trucks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrogen_trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrogen_trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>Hydrogen trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrogen_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_voltage_outlets_in_garages_of_newly_built_homes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_voltage_outlets_in_garages_of_newly_built_homes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7</span> <span>Higher voltage outlets in garages of newly built homes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_voltage_outlets_in_garages_of_newly_built_homes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bidirectional_charging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bidirectional_charging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.8</span> <span>Bidirectional charging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bidirectional_charging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Infrastructure management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stabilization_of_the_grid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stabilization_of_the_grid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Stabilization of the grid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stabilization_of_the_grid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repair_shops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repair_shops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Repair shops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repair_shops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electric vehicle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrofahrzeug" title="Elektrofahrzeug – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elektrofahrzeug" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مركبة كهربائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركبة كهربائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8" title="বৈদ্যুতিক যানবাহন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈদ্যুতিক যানবাহন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Електрическо превозно средство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрическо превозно средство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_el%C3%A8ctric" title="Vehicle elèctric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vehicle elèctric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk%C3%B8ret%C3%B8j" title="Elkøretøj – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elkøretøj" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrofahrzeug" title="Elektrofahrzeug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektrofahrzeug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektervedu" title="Elektervedu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektervedu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ηλεκτροκίνητο όχημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτροκίνητο όχημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veh%C3%ADculo_el%C3%A9ctrico" title="Vehículo eléctrico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vehículo eléctrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_veturilo" title="Elektra veturilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektra veturilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibilgailu_elektriko" title="Ibilgailu elektriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ibilgailu elektriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="وسیله نقلیه الکتریکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وسیله نقلیه الکتریکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Véhicule électrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Véhicule électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feithicil_leictreach" title="Feithicil leictreach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Feithicil leictreach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%A8" title="વિદ્યુત વાહન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિદ્યુત વાહન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%EC%B0%A8%EB%9F%89" title="전기차량 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전기차량" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8" title="विद्युत वाहन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्युत वाहन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendaraan_listrik" title="Kendaraan listrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kendaraan listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafkn%C3%BAi%C3%B0_farart%C3%A6ki" title="Rafknúið farartæki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafknúið farartæki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veicolo_elettrico" title="Veicolo elettrico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Veicolo elettrico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veyikil_elektrik" title="Veyikil elektrik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Veyikil elektrik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajotin%C3%AA_elektr%C3%AEk" title="Ajotinê elektrîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ajotinê elektrîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="വൈദ്യുത വാഹനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈദ്യുത വാഹനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="လျှပ်စစ်စွမ်းအင်သုံး ယာဉ်များ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လျှပ်စစ်စွမ်းအင်သုံး ယာဉ်များ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisch_voertuig" title="Elektrisch voertuig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektrisch voertuig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="विद्युतिय सवारी साधन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विद्युतिय सवारी साधन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8" title="電動輸送機器 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電動輸送機器" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_K%C3%B6%C3%B6rmaskiin" title="Elektrisk Köörmaskiin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elektrisk Köörmaskiin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B7" title="برېښنايي نقلیه وسایط – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېښنايي نقلیه وسایط" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pojazd_elektryczny" title="Pojazd elektryczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pojazd elektryczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C3%ADculo_el%C3%A9trico" title="Veículo elétrico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Veículo elétrico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicul_electric" title="Vehicul electric – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vehicul electric" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Электротранспорт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электротранспорт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automjeti_elektrik" title="Automjeti elektrik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Automjeti elektrik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electric vehicle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_vozilo" title="Električno vozilo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Električno vozilo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ئامرازەکانی گواستنەوەی کارەبایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئامرازەکانی گواستنەوەی کارەبایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_vozilo" title="Električno vozilo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Električno vozilo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about all types of electric transportation vehicles. For electric automobiles, see <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a>. For other uses of the term "EV", see <a href="/wiki/EV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="EV (disambiguation)">EV</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Duplication plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CFORK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CFORK">duplicates</a> the scope of other articles</b>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a href="/wiki/Talk:Electric_vehicle#Car_detail_needs_moving_to_electric_car" title="Talk:Electric vehicle">discuss this issue</a> and help introduce a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summary style</a> to the article.</span> <span 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BMW_i3_home_charging_CRI_04_2021_8137.jpg/200px-BMW_i3_home_charging_CRI_04_2021_8137.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BMW_i3_home_charging_CRI_04_2021_8137.jpg/300px-BMW_i3_home_charging_CRI_04_2021_8137.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BMW_i3_home_charging_CRI_04_2021_8137.jpg/400px-BMW_i3_home_charging_CRI_04_2021_8137.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_Impulse_SI2_pilote_Bertrand_Piccard_Payerne_November_2014_(slightly_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Solar_Impulse_SI2_pilote_Bertrand_Piccard_Payerne_November_2014_%28slightly_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Solar_Impulse_SI2_pilote_Bertrand_Piccard_Payerne_November_2014_%28slightly_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Solar_Impulse_SI2_pilote_Bertrand_Piccard_Payerne_November_2014_%28slightly_cropped%29.jpg/300px-Solar_Impulse_SI2_pilote_Bertrand_Piccard_Payerne_November_2014_%28slightly_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Solar_Impulse_SI2_pilote_Bertrand_Piccard_Payerne_November_2014_%28slightly_cropped%29.jpg/400px-Solar_Impulse_SI2_pilote_Bertrand_Piccard_Payerne_November_2014_%28slightly_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="956" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%BBranor_PlanetSolar_Rabat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/T%C3%BBranor_PlanetSolar_Rabat.JPG/200px-T%C3%BBranor_PlanetSolar_Rabat.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/T%C3%BBranor_PlanetSolar_Rabat.JPG/300px-T%C3%BBranor_PlanetSolar_Rabat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/T%C3%BBranor_PlanetSolar_Rabat.JPG/400px-T%C3%BBranor_PlanetSolar_Rabat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4830" data-file-height="3199" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N700-2000_series_X50_Shin-Shimonoseki_20140901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/N700-2000_series_X50_Shin-Shimonoseki_20140901.jpg/200px-N700-2000_series_X50_Shin-Shimonoseki_20140901.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/N700-2000_series_X50_Shin-Shimonoseki_20140901.jpg/300px-N700-2000_series_X50_Shin-Shimonoseki_20140901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/N700-2000_series_X50_Shin-Shimonoseki_20140901.jpg/400px-N700-2000_series_X50_Shin-Shimonoseki_20140901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6036" data-file-height="4020" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BYD_Elbuss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BYD_Elbuss.jpg/200px-BYD_Elbuss.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BYD_Elbuss.jpg/300px-BYD_Elbuss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BYD_Elbuss.jpg/400px-BYD_Elbuss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geero_2_Touring_Classic_Cream_plus_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Geero_2_Touring_Classic_Cream_plus_2021.jpg/200px-Geero_2_Touring_Classic_Cream_plus_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Geero_2_Touring_Classic_Cream_plus_2021.jpg/300px-Geero_2_Touring_Classic_Cream_plus_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Geero_2_Touring_Classic_Cream_plus_2021.jpg/400px-Geero_2_Touring_Classic_Cream_plus_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1643" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Semi_6_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tesla_Semi_6_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Tesla_Semi_6_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tesla_Semi_6_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Tesla_Semi_6_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tesla_Semi_6_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Tesla_Semi_6_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="910" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LD_250408_23_4_S_Front_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/LD_250408_23_4_S_Front_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-LD_250408_23_4_S_Front_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/LD_250408_23_4_S_Front_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-LD_250408_23_4_S_Front_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/LD_250408_23_4_S_Front_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-LD_250408_23_4_S_Front_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="783" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Electric vehicles around the world <i>(left to right, from top)</i>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a>, a <a href="/wiki/BMW_i3" title="BMW i3">BMW i3</a> charging from a standard electrical outlet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Impulse_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar Impulse 2">Solar Impulse 2</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigated" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumnavigated">circumnavigated</a> the globe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BBranor_PlanetSolar" title="Tûranor PlanetSolar">Tûranor PlanetSolar</a></i>, the first <a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar-powered boat">solar-powered boat</a> to circumnavigate the world</li> <li>Electric <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high speed train</a>, <a href="/wiki/N700_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700 Series Shinkansen">N700 Series Shinkansen</a> of <a href="/wiki/JR_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="JR Central">JR Central</a> on the <a href="/wiki/San%27yo_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="San'yo Shinkansen">San'yo Shinkansen</a>, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_bus" title="Battery electric bus">Battery electric bus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/BYD_Company" title="BYD Company">BYD</a> bus in <a href="/wiki/Landskrona" title="Landskrona">Landskrona</a>, Sweden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-bike" class="mw-redirect" title="E-bike">E-bike</a>, a Geero, with the removable battery integrated into the down tube.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Class_8_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Class 8 truck">Class 8</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Semi" title="Tesla Semi">Tesla Semi</a> in Rocklin,<span class="nowrap"> </span>California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">Electric cart</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Italcar" title="Italcar">Italcar</a> Attiva C2S.4</li></ul></div></div></div></div> <p>An <b>electric vehicle</b> (<b>EV</b>) is a vehicle whose propulsion is powered fully or mostly by electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EVs include <a href="/wiki/Road_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Road vehicle">road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail vehicle">rail vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">electric boats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underwater_vehicle" title="Underwater vehicle">underwater vessels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">electric aircraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrically_powered_spacecraft_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion">electric spacecraft</a>. </p><p>Early electric vehicles first came into existence in the late 19th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> brought forth <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a>. Using electricity was among the preferred methods for <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a> propulsion as it provides a level of quietness, comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline engine">gasoline engine</a> cars of the time, but <a href="/wiki/Range_anxiety" title="Range anxiety">range anxiety</a> due to the limited <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">energy storage</a> offered by <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_battery" title="History of the battery">contemporary battery technologies</a> hindered any mass adoption of private electric vehicles throughout the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engines</a> (both gasoline and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a>) were the dominant propulsion mechanisms for <a href="/wiki/Cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cars">cars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trucks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trucks">trucks</a> for about 100 years, but electricity-powered locomotion remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead line</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Mass_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass transit">mass transit</a> vehicles like <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">electric trains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">monorails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trolley_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trolley bus">trolley buses</a>, as well as various small, low-speed, short-range battery-powered personal vehicles such as <a href="/wiki/Mobility_scooter" title="Mobility scooter">mobility scooters</a>. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicles</a>, where electric motors are used as a supplementary propulsion to internal combustion engines, became more widespread in the late 1990s. <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle">Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles</a>, where electric motors can be used as the predominant propulsion rather than a supplement, did not see any <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> until the late 2000s, and <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery electric car">battery electric cars</a> did not become practical options for the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer market">consumer market</a> until the 2010s.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style></p><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color:#f9f9f9"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ccccdd">A subtopic of <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccdd"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Leidsestraat_met_tram.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Public transport, goods delivery, private transport and pedestrians in Leidsestraat, Amsterdam"><img alt="Public transport, goods delivery, private transport and pedestrians in Leidsestraat, Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Leidsestraat_met_tram.jpg/220px-Leidsestraat_met_tram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Leidsestraat_met_tram.jpg/330px-Leidsestraat_met_tram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Leidsestraat_met_tram.jpg/440px-Leidsestraat_met_tram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddee"> Also relevant to:</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfree_city" title="Carfree city">Carfree city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecodistrict" title="Ecodistrict">Ecodistrict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenway_(landscape)" title="Greenway (landscape)">Greenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urbanism" title="Sustainable urbanism">Sustainable urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_village" title="Transit village">Transit village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddee"> Aspects of sustainable transport:</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15-minute_city" title="15-minute city">15-minute city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">Bicycle-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutral_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutral fuel">Carbon neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclability" title="Cyclability">Cyclability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Cycling infrastructure</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_land_vehicle" title="Human-powered land vehicle">Human-powered land vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">Human-powered transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_transport_network" title="Integrated transport network">Integrated transport network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road traffic safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_demand_management" title="Transportation demand management">Transportation demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkability" title="Walkability">Walkability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_audit" title="Walking audit">Walking audit</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddee"> <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport#Sustainable_transport_toolbox" title="Sustainable transport"> Sustainable transport toolbox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline of sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index of sustainability articles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ccccdd"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Sustainable_transport_sidebar" title="Template:Sustainable transport sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainable_transport_sidebar" title="Template talk:Sustainable transport sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable_transport_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable transport sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Progress in <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a>, electric motors and power electronics have made electric cars more feasible than during the 20th century. As a means of reducing tailpipe emissions of carbon dioxide and other pollutants, and to reduce use of fossil fuels, government incentives are available in many areas to promote the adoption of electric cars and trucks. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_electric_vehicle" title="History of the electric vehicle">History of the electric vehicle</a></div> <p>Electric motive power started in 1827 when Hungarian priest <a href="/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlik" title="Ányos Jedlik">Ányos Jedlik</a> built the first crude but viable electric motor; the next year he used it to power a small model car.<sup id="cite_ref-Guarnieri_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guarnieri-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1835, Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, built a small-scale electric car, and sometime between 1832 and 1839, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(inventor)" title="Robert Anderson (inventor)">Robert Anderson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> invented the first crude electric carriage, powered by non-rechargeable <a href="/wiki/Primary_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary cell">primary cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American blacksmith and inventor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davenport_(inventor)" title="Thomas Davenport (inventor)">Thomas Davenport</a> built a toy electric locomotive, powered by a primitive electric motor, in 1835. In 1838, a Scotsman named <a href="/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(inventor)" title="Robert Davidson (inventor)">Robert Davidson</a> built an electric locomotive that attained a speed of four miles per hour (6 km/h). In England, a patent was granted in 1840 for the use of rails as conductors of electric current, and similar American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Edison_and_George_Meister_in_a_Studebaker_electric_runabout._(25b5b64aa85e48bbb78368152c9a6d83).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Thomas_Edison_and_George_Meister_in_a_Studebaker_electric_runabout._%2825b5b64aa85e48bbb78368152c9a6d83%29.jpg/220px-Thomas_Edison_and_George_Meister_in_a_Studebaker_electric_runabout._%2825b5b64aa85e48bbb78368152c9a6d83%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Thomas_Edison_and_George_Meister_in_a_Studebaker_electric_runabout._%2825b5b64aa85e48bbb78368152c9a6d83%29.jpg/330px-Thomas_Edison_and_George_Meister_in_a_Studebaker_electric_runabout._%2825b5b64aa85e48bbb78368152c9a6d83%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Thomas_Edison_and_George_Meister_in_a_Studebaker_electric_runabout._%2825b5b64aa85e48bbb78368152c9a6d83%29.jpg/440px-Thomas_Edison_and_George_Meister_in_a_Studebaker_electric_runabout._%2825b5b64aa85e48bbb78368152c9a6d83%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3028" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> and George Meister in a Studebaker electric runabout, 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>The first mass-produced electric vehicles appeared in America in the early 1900s. In 1902, the <a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker</a> Automobile Company entered the automotive business with electric vehicles, though it also entered the gasoline vehicles market in 1904. However, with the advent of cheap assembly line cars by <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>, the popularity of electric cars declined significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-hendrym_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hendrym-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to lack of electricity grids<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the limitations of <a href="/wiki/Storage_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage batteries">storage batteries</a> at that time, electric cars did not gain much popularity; however, electric trains gained immense popularity due to their economies and achievable speeds. By the 20th century, electric rail transport became commonplace due to advances in the development of <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotives" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric locomotives">electric locomotives</a>. Over time their general-purpose commercial use reduced to specialist roles as <a href="/wiki/Electric_platform_truck" title="Electric platform truck">platform trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forklift_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Forklift truck">forklift trucks</a>, ambulances,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tow tractors, and urban delivery vehicles, such as the iconic British <a href="/wiki/Milk_float" title="Milk float">milk float</a>. For most of the 20th century, the UK was the world's largest user of electric road vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electrified trains were used for coal transport, as the motors did not use the valuable <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in the mines. Switzerland's lack of natural fossil resources forced the rapid electrification of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">their rail network</a>. One of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Rechargeable batteries">rechargeable batteries</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Nickel-iron_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel-iron battery">nickel-iron battery</a> – was favored by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Edison</a> for use in electric cars. </p><p>EVs were among the earliest automobiles, and before the preeminence of light, powerful <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal combustion engines">internal combustion engines</a> (ICEs), electric automobiles held many vehicle land speed and distance records in the early 1900s. They were produced by <a href="/wiki/Baker_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Baker Electric">Baker Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Automobile_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Automobile Company">Columbia Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Electric" title="Detroit Electric">Detroit Electric</a>, and others, and at one point in history outsold gasoline-powered vehicles. In 1900, 28 percent of the cars on the road in the US were electric. EVs were so popular that even President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Secret_service" title="Secret service">secret service</a> agents toured Washington, D.C., in their Milburn Electrics, which covered 60–70 miles (100–110 km) per charge.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle_City_Light_Superintendent_Gordon_Vickery_with_prototype_electric_car,_1973_(34772918810).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seattle_City_Light_Superintendent_Gordon_Vickery_with_prototype_electric_car%2C_1973_%2834772918810%29.jpg/170px-Seattle_City_Light_Superintendent_Gordon_Vickery_with_prototype_electric_car%2C_1973_%2834772918810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seattle_City_Light_Superintendent_Gordon_Vickery_with_prototype_electric_car%2C_1973_%2834772918810%29.jpg/255px-Seattle_City_Light_Superintendent_Gordon_Vickery_with_prototype_electric_car%2C_1973_%2834772918810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seattle_City_Light_Superintendent_Gordon_Vickery_with_prototype_electric_car%2C_1973_%2834772918810%29.jpg/340px-Seattle_City_Light_Superintendent_Gordon_Vickery_with_prototype_electric_car%2C_1973_%2834772918810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">charging station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> shows an <a href="/wiki/AMC_Gremlin" title="AMC Gremlin">AMC Gremlin</a>, modified to take electric power; it had a range of about 50 miles (80 km) on one charge, 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>Most producers of passenger cars opted for gasoline cars in the first decade of the 20th century, but electric trucks were an established niche well into the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of developments contributed to a decline in the popularity of electric cars.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Auto_trail" title="Auto trail">Improved road infrastructure</a> required a greater range than that offered by electric cars, and the discovery of large reserves of petroleum in Texas, Oklahoma, and California led to the wide availability of affordable gasoline/petrol, making internal combustion powered cars cheaper to operate over long distances.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electric vehicles were seldom marketed as a women's luxury car, which may have been a stigma among male consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, internal combustion powered cars became ever-easier to operate thanks to the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_starter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric starter">electric starter</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kettering" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Kettering">Charles Kettering</a> in 1912,<sup id="cite_ref-R1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which eliminated the need of a hand crank for starting a gasoline engine, and the noise emitted by ICE cars became more bearable thanks to the use of the <a href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">muffler</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Percy_Maxim" title="Hiram Percy Maxim">Hiram Percy Maxim</a> had invented in 1897. As roads were improved outside urban areas, electric vehicle range could not compete with the ICE. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">the initiation of mass production</a> of gasoline-powered vehicles by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> in 1913 reduced significantly the cost of gasoline cars as compared to electric cars.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutcom_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutcom-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/National_City_Lines" title="National City Lines">National City Lines</a>, which was a partnership of <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Firestone Tire and Rubber Company">Firestone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil of California">Standard Oil of California</a> purchased many electric tram networks across the country to dismantle them and replace them with GM buses. The partnership was convicted of <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_streetcar_conspiracy" title="General Motors streetcar conspiracy">conspiring</a> to monopolize the sale of equipment and supplies to their subsidiary companies, but was acquitted of conspiring to monopolize the provision of transportation services. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference">Copenhagen Summit</a>, which was conducted in the midst of a severe observable climate change brought on by human-made greenhouse gas emissions, was held in 2009. During the summit, more than 70 countries developed plans to eventually reach net zero. For many countries, adopting more EVs will help reduce the use of gasoline.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimentation">Experimentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Experimentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EV1A014_(1)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/EV1A014_%281%29_cropped.jpg/220px-EV1A014_%281%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/EV1A014_%281%29_cropped.jpg/330px-EV1A014_%281%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/EV1A014_%281%29_cropped.jpg/440px-EV1A014_%281%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/General_Motors_EV1" title="General Motors EV1">General Motors EV1</a> electric car (1996–1998), a subject of the film <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1990, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> President introduced its EV concept two-seater, the "Impact", at the Los Angeles Auto Show. That September, the <a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">California Air Resources Board</a> mandated major-automaker sales of EVs, in phases starting in 1998. From 1996 to 1998 GM produced 1117 <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_EV1" title="General Motors EV1">EV1s</a>, 800 of which were made available through three-year leases.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>, Ford, GM, <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> also produced limited numbers of EVs for California drivers during this time period. In 2003, upon the expiration of GM's EV1 leases, GM discontinued them. The discontinuation has variously been attributed to: </p> <ul><li>the auto industry's successful <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">federal court</a> challenge to California's <a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">zero-emissions vehicle</a> mandate,</li> <li>a federal regulation requiring GM to produce and maintain spare parts for the few thousand EV1s and</li> <li>the success of the oil and auto industries' media campaign to reduce public acceptance of EVs.</li></ul> <p>A movie made on the subject in 2005–2006 was titled <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></i> and released theatrically by <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Classics" title="Sony Pictures Classics">Sony Pictures Classics</a> in 2006. The film explores the roles of <a href="/wiki/Automobile_manufacturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile manufacturer">automobile manufacturers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry">oil industry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">batteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen (car)">hydrogen vehicles</a>, and the general public, and each of their roles in limiting the deployment and adoption of this technology. </p><p>Ford released a number of their <a href="/wiki/Ford_Ecostar" title="Ford Ecostar">Ford Ecostar</a> delivery vans into the market. Honda, <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> and Toyota also repossessed and crushed most of their EVs, which, like the GM EV1s, had been available only by closed-end lease. After public protests, Toyota sold 200 of its <a href="/wiki/Toyota_RAV4_EV" title="Toyota RAV4 EV">RAV4 EVs</a>; they later sold at over their original forty-thousand-dollar price. Later, <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> of Canada sold off a number of Mini EVs when their Canadian testing ended. </p><p>The production of the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Berlingo_Electrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën Berlingo Electrique">Citroën Berlingo Electrique</a> stopped in September 2005. <a href="/wiki/Zenn" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenn">Zenn</a> started production in 2006 but ended by 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reintroduction">Reintroduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reintroduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg/217px-2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg/326px-2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg/434px-2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The global stock of both plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) has grown steadily since the 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_GlobalEVoutlook_2023_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_GlobalEVoutlook_2023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-_Passenger_electric_vehicle_(EV)_annual_sales_-_BloombergNEF.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2015-_Passenger_electric_vehicle_%28EV%29_annual_sales_-_BloombergNEF.svg/217px-2015-_Passenger_electric_vehicle_%28EV%29_annual_sales_-_BloombergNEF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2015-_Passenger_electric_vehicle_%28EV%29_annual_sales_-_BloombergNEF.svg/326px-2015-_Passenger_electric_vehicle_%28EV%29_annual_sales_-_BloombergNEF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2015-_Passenger_electric_vehicle_%28EV%29_annual_sales_-_BloombergNEF.svg/434px-2015-_Passenger_electric_vehicle_%28EV%29_annual_sales_-_BloombergNEF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sales of passenger electric vehicles (EVs) indicate a trend away from gas-powered vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergNEF_20230112_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergNEF_20230112-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>During the late 20th and early 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues with petroleum">environmental impact</a> of the petroleum-based transportation infrastructure, along with the fear of <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>, led to renewed interest in electric transportation infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-Eberle_Von_Helmolt2010_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eberle_Von_Helmolt2010-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EVs differ from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a>-powered vehicles in that the electricity they consume can be generated from a wide range of sources, including <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>, and renewables such <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">as solar power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>, or any combination of those. Recent advancements in battery technology and charging infrastructure have addressed many of the earlier barriers to EV adoption, making electric vehicles a more viable option for a wider range of consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> and other emissions of electric vehicles vary depending on the fuel and technology used for <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NotterKouravelou2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NotterKouravelou2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electricity may be stored in the vehicle using a battery, flywheel, or <a href="/wiki/Supercapacitor" title="Supercapacitor">supercapacitors</a>. Vehicles using <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal combustion engines">internal combustion engines</a> usually only derive their energy from a single or a few sources, usually non-renewable fossil fuels. A key advantage of electric vehicles is <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a>, which recovers <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a>, typically lost during <a href="/wiki/Friction_braking" class="mw-redirect" title="Friction braking">friction braking</a> as heat, as electricity restored to the on-board battery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electricity_sources">Electricity sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electricity sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many ways to generate electricity, of varying costs, efficiency and ecological desirability. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2402_%27County_of_Hampshire%27_at_Wool.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2402_%27County_of_Hampshire%27_at_Wool.JPG/200px-2402_%27County_of_Hampshire%27_at_Wool.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2402_%27County_of_Hampshire%27_at_Wool.JPG/300px-2402_%27County_of_Hampshire%27_at_Wool.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2402_%27County_of_Hampshire%27_at_Wool.JPG/400px-2402_%27County_of_Hampshire%27_at_Wool.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A passenger train, taking power through a <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a> with return through the traction rails</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SwissMGB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SwissMGB.jpg/200px-SwissMGB.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SwissMGB.jpg/300px-SwissMGB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SwissMGB.jpg/400px-SwissMGB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="765" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">electric locomotive</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brig,_Switzerland" title="Brig, Switzerland">Brig</a>, Switzerland</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MZKT_open_day_2019_p06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/MZKT_open_day_2019_p06.jpg/200px-MZKT_open_day_2019_p06.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/MZKT_open_day_2019_p06.jpg/300px-MZKT_open_day_2019_p06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/MZKT_open_day_2019_p06.jpg/400px-MZKT_open_day_2019_p06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4042" data-file-height="2217" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/MAZ-7907" title="MAZ-7907">MAZ-7907</a> uses an on-board generator to power <a href="/wiki/In-wheel_electric_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="In-wheel electric motor">in-wheel electric motors</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connection_to_generator_plants">Connection to generator plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Connection to generator plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Direct connection to <a href="/wiki/Electric_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric grid">electric grids</a> as is common among <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">electric trains</a>, trams, <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trolleytruck" title="Trolleytruck">trolleytrucks</a> (See also: <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">overhead lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conduit_current_collection" title="Conduit current collection">conduit current collection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_electric_vehicle" title="Online electric vehicle">Online electric vehicle</a> collects power from electric power strips buried under the road surface through <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">electromagnetic induction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onboard_generators_and_hybrid_EVs">Onboard generators and hybrid EVs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Onboard generators and hybrid EVs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel–electric transmission">Diesel–electric transmission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrol%E2%80%93electric_transmission" title="Petrol–electric transmission">Petrol–electric transmission</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a></div> <ul><li>Generated on-board using a diesel engine: <a href="/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel–electric transmission">diesel–electric</a> locomotive and diesel–electric multiple unit (DEMU)</li> <li>Generated on-board using a <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cell</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li>Generated on-board using <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a>: nuclear <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a></li> <li>Renewable sources such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a>: <a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">solar vehicle</a></li></ul> <p>It is also possible to have hybrid EVs that derive electricity from multiple sources, such as: </p> <ul><li>On-board rechargeable electricity storage system (RESS) and a direct continuous connection to land-based generation plants for purposes of on-highway recharging with unrestricted highway range<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On-board rechargeable electricity storage system and a fueled propulsion power source (internal combustion engine): plug-in hybrid</li></ul> <p>For especially large EVs, such as <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>, the chemical energy of the diesel–electric can be replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>. The nuclear reactor usually provides heat, which drives a <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a>, which drives a generator, which is then fed to the propulsion. <i>See <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">Nuclear marine propulsion</a>.</i> </p><p>A few experimental vehicles, such as some cars and a handful of aircraft use <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a> for electricity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onboard_storage">Onboard storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Onboard storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Fuel use in vehicle designs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Vehicle type</th> <th>Fuel used </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Combustion-only vehicle</a><br />(ICE)</td> <td>Exclusively uses <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> or other fuel. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Start-stop_system" title="Start-stop system">Micro hybrid electric vehicle</a><br />(μHEV)</td> <td>Exclusively uses petroleum or other fuel,<br />but can shut off engine to consume less. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mild_hybrid" title="Mild hybrid">Mild hybrid electric vehicle</a><br />(MHEV, BAHV)</td> <td>Exclusively uses petroleum or other fuel,<br />but has electric battery to consume less. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid vehicle</a><br />(PHEV)</td> <td>Uses mixture of petroleum or other fuel<br />and electricity from <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">power grid</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">All-electric vehicle</a> <br />(BEV, AEV)</td> <td>Exclusively uses electricity from power grid. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a><br />(FCV, FCEV)</td> <td>Exclusively uses <a href="/wiki/Compressed_hydrogen" title="Compressed hydrogen">hydrogen</a> or other fuel<br />to generate electricity. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electric_vehicle" title="Template:Electric vehicle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electric_vehicle" title="Template talk:Electric vehicle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electric_vehicle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electric vehicle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These systems are powered from an external generator plant (nearly always when stationary), and then disconnected before motion occurs, and the electricity is stored in the vehicle until needed. </p> <ul><li>Full Electric Vehicles (FEV).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Power storage methods include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">Chemical energy</a> stored on the vehicle in on-board batteries: <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a> (BEV) typically with a <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion">lithium-ion</a> battery</li> <li>Kinetic energy storage: <a href="/wiki/Gyrobus" title="Gyrobus">flywheels</a></li> <li>Static energy stored on the vehicle in on-board <a href="/wiki/Electric_double-layer_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric double-layer capacitor">electric double-layer capacitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Batteries, <a href="/wiki/Electric_double-layer_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric double-layer capacitor">electric double-layer capacitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flywheel_energy_storage" title="Flywheel energy storage">flywheel energy storage</a> are forms of rechargeable on-board electricity storage systems. By avoiding an intermediate mechanical step, the <a href="/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency" title="Energy conversion efficiency">energy conversion efficiency</a> can be improved compared to hybrids by avoiding unnecessary energy conversions. Furthermore, electro-chemical batteries conversions are reversible, allowing electrical energy to be stored in chemical form.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lithium-ion_battery">Lithium-ion battery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lithium-ion battery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-_Battery_prices_for_electric_vehicles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/2010-_Battery_prices_for_electric_vehicles.svg/220px-2010-_Battery_prices_for_electric_vehicles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/2010-_Battery_prices_for_electric_vehicles.svg/330px-2010-_Battery_prices_for_electric_vehicles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/2010-_Battery_prices_for_electric_vehicles.svg/440px-2010-_Battery_prices_for_electric_vehicles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Battery prices fell, given economies of scale and new cell chemistries improving energy density.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergNEF_20220721_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergNEF_20220721-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, general inflationary pressures, and rising costs of raw materials and components, inhibited price declines in the early 2020s.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergNEF_20220721_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergNEF_20220721-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First-electric-bus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/First-electric-bus.jpg/220px-First-electric-bus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/First-electric-bus.jpg/330px-First-electric-bus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/First-electric-bus.jpg/440px-First-electric-bus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Namsan E-Bus, the first commercially used <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_bus" title="Battery electric bus">battery electric bus</a> system which is powered with <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion batteries">lithium-ion batteries</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">Electric vehicle battery</a></div> <p>Most electric vehicles use <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a> (Li-Ions or LIBs). Lithium-ion batteries have a higher <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a>, longer <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery#Lifespan_and_cycle_stability" title="Rechargeable battery">life span</a>, and higher <a href="/wiki/Power_density" title="Power density">power density</a> than most other practical batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complicating factors include safety, durability, thermal breakdown, <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery#Environmental_impact" title="Lithium-ion battery">environmental impact</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery#Price_history" title="Rechargeable battery">cost</a>. Li-ion batteries should be used within safe temperature and voltage ranges to operate safely and efficiently.<sup id="cite_ref-LuHan2013_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LuHan2013-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increasing the battery's lifespan decreases effective costs and environmental impact. One technique is to operate a subset of the battery cells at a time and switching these subsets.<sup id="cite_ref-AdanyAurbach2013_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdanyAurbach2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the past, <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery" title="Nickel–metal hydride battery">nickel–metal hydride batteries</a> were used in some electric cars, such as those made by General Motors.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These battery types are considered outdated due to their tendencies to self-discharge in the heat.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, a patent for this type of battery was held by Chevron, which created a problem for their widespread development.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors, coupled with their high cost, has led to lithium-ion batteries leading as the predominant battery for EVs.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prices of lithium-ion batteries have declined dramatically over the past decade, contributing to a reduction in price for electric vehicles, but an increase in the price of critical minerals such as lithium from 2021 to the end of 2022 has put pressure on historical battery price decreases.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electric_motor">Electric motor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electric motor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iveco_Stralis_AD_190_E-truck._Lidl._Spielvogel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Iveco_Stralis_AD_190_E-truck._Lidl._Spielvogel.jpg/220px-Iveco_Stralis_AD_190_E-truck._Lidl._Spielvogel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Iveco_Stralis_AD_190_E-truck._Lidl._Spielvogel.jpg/330px-Iveco_Stralis_AD_190_E-truck._Lidl._Spielvogel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Iveco_Stralis_AD_190_E-truck._Lidl._Spielvogel.jpg/440px-Iveco_Stralis_AD_190_E-truck._Lidl._Spielvogel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4923" data-file-height="3282" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a> e-Force One</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">Traction motor</a></div> <p>The power of a vehicle's <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>, as in other machines, is measured in kilowatts (kW). Electric motors can deliver their maximum torque over a wide RPM range. This means that the performance of a vehicle with a 100 kW electric motor exceeds that of a vehicle with a 100 kW internal combustion engine, which can only deliver its maximum torque within a limited range of engine speed. </p><p>Efficiency of charging varies considerably depending on the type of charger,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and energy is lost during the process of converting the electrical energy to mechanical energy. </p><p>Usually, <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> (DC) electricity is fed into a DC/AC inverter where it is converted to <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC) electricity and this AC electricity is connected to a 3-phase AC motor. </p><p>For electric trains, <a href="/wiki/Forklift_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Forklift truck">forklift trucks</a>, and some electric cars, DC motors are often used. In some cases, <a href="/wiki/Universal_motor" title="Universal motor">universal motors</a> are used, and then AC or DC may be employed. In recent production vehicles, various motor types have been implemented; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">induction motors</a> within <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla Motor</a> vehicles and permanent magnet machines in the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Bolt" title="Chevrolet Bolt">Chevrolet Bolt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WidmerMartin2015_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WidmerMartin2015-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_and_motors">Energy and motors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Energy and motors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_powertrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Electric_powertrain.jpg/220px-Electric_powertrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Electric_powertrain.jpg/330px-Electric_powertrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Electric_powertrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>An electric <a href="/wiki/Powertrain" title="Powertrain">powertrain</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Power_Vehicle_Innovation" title="Power Vehicle Innovation">Power Vehicle Innovation</a> for trucks or buses<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Most large electric transport systems are powered by stationary sources of electricity that are directly connected to the vehicles through wires. Electric traction allows the use of <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a>, in which the motors are used as brakes and become generators that transform the motion of, usually, a train into electrical power that is then fed back into the lines. This system is particularly advantageous in mountainous operations, as descending vehicles can produce a large portion of the power required for those ascending. This regenerative system is only viable if the system is large enough to use the power generated by descending vehicles. </p><p>In the systems above, motion is provided by a <a href="/wiki/Rotary_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary motor">rotary</a> electric motor. However, it is possible to "unroll" the motor to drive directly against a special matched track. These <a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">linear motors</a> are used in <a href="/wiki/Maglev_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Maglev train">maglev trains</a> which float above the rails supported by <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_levitation" title="Magnetic levitation">magnetic levitation</a>. This allows for almost no rolling resistance of the vehicle and no mechanical wear and tear of the train or track. In addition to the high-performance control systems needed, <a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">switching</a> and curving of the tracks becomes difficult with linear motors, which to date has restricted their operations to high-speed point to point services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vehicle_types">Vehicle types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vehicle types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Squad_Solar_Car_(Fully_Charged_2022).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Squad_Solar_Car_%28Fully_Charged_2022%29.jpg/220px-Squad_Solar_Car_%28Fully_Charged_2022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Squad_Solar_Car_%28Fully_Charged_2022%29.jpg/330px-Squad_Solar_Car_%28Fully_Charged_2022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Squad_Solar_Car_%28Fully_Charged_2022%29.jpg/440px-Squad_Solar_Car_%28Fully_Charged_2022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="2344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">Neighborhood Electric Vehicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squad_Solar" title="Squad Solar">Squad Solar</a> NEV, with solar panel roof</figcaption></figure> <p>It is generally possible to equip any kind of vehicle with an electric power-train. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground_vehicles">Ground vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ground vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pure-electric_vehicles">Pure-electric vehicles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pure-electric vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a></div> <p>A pure-electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle is powered exclusively through electric motors. The electricity may come from a battery (<a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicle</a>), solar panel (<a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">solar vehicle</a>) or fuel cell (<a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">fuel cell vehicle</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrid_EVs">Hybrid EVs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hybrid EVs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">hybrid electric vehicle</a> (HEV) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicle</a> that combines a conventional <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> (ICE) system with an <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric</a> propulsion system (<a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrain">hybrid vehicle drivetrain</a>). The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel economy</a> than a <a href="/wiki/Conventional_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional vehicle">conventional vehicle</a> or better performance. There is a variety of HEV types and the degree to which each functions as an electric vehicle (EV) also varies. The most common form of HEV is the hybrid electric car, although hybrid electric trucks (pickups and tractors), buses, boats,<sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_electric_vehicle_HybridCarHist_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_electric_vehicle_HybridCarHist-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tow trucks,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and aircraft also exist. </p> Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">regenerative brakes</a> which convert the vehicle's <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> to electric energy, which is stored in a <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">battery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supercapacitor" title="Supercapacitor">supercapacitor</a>. Some varieties of HEV use an internal combustion engine to turn an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">electrical generator</a>, which either recharges the vehicle's batteries or directly powers its electric drive motors; this combination is known as a <a href="/wiki/Motor%E2%80%93generator" title="Motor–generator">motor–generator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many HEVs <a href="/wiki/Idle_reduction" title="Idle reduction">reduce idle emissions</a> by shutting down the engine at idle and restarting it when needed; this is known as a <a href="/wiki/Start-stop_system" title="Start-stop system">start-stop system</a>. A hybrid-electric produces lower tailpipe emissions than a comparably sized gasoline car since the hybrid's gasoline engine is usually smaller than that of a gasoline-powered vehicle. If the engine is not used to drive the car directly, it can be geared to run at maximum efficiency, further improving fuel economy.</div></div> <p>There are different ways that a hybrid electric vehicle can combine the power from an electric motor and the internal combustion engine. The most common type is a <b>parallel hybrid</b> that connects the engine and the electric motor to the wheels through mechanical coupling. In this scenario, the electric motor and the engine can drive the wheels directly. <b>Series hybrids</b> only use the electric motor to drive the wheels and can often be referred to as extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs) or range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs). There are also <b>series-parallel hybrids</b> where the vehicle can be powered by the engine working alone, the electric motor on its own, or by both working together; this is designed so that the engine can run at its optimum range as often as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plug-in_electric_vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Plug-in electric vehicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Togg_C-SUV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/2022_Togg_C-SUV.jpg/170px-2022_Togg_C-SUV.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/2022_Togg_C-SUV.jpg/255px-2022_Togg_C-SUV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/2022_Togg_C-SUV.jpg/340px-2022_Togg_C-SUV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3985" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Togg_C-SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Togg C-SUV">Togg C-SUV</a><sup id="cite_ref-insideevs_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insideevs-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced by <a href="/wiki/Togg" title="Togg">Togg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Turkish automotive company</a> established in 2018 for producing EVs.<sup id="cite_ref-Jay_Ramey_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jay_Ramey-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Togg-2022_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Togg-2022-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insideevs_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insideevs-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is any <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a> that can be recharged from any external source of electricity, such as <a href="/wiki/Wall_socket" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall socket">wall sockets</a>, and the electricity stored in the <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">Rechargeable battery</a> packs drives or contributes to drive the wheels. PEV is a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicles</a> (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles, (PHEVs), and <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_conversion" title="Electric vehicle conversion">electric vehicle conversions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">hybrid electric vehicles</a> and conventional <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-PEVs_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEVs-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CSE_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSE-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Range-extended_electric_vehicle">Range-extended electric vehicle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Range-extended electric vehicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Range_extender" title="Range extender">Range extender</a></div> <p>A range-extended electric vehicle (REEV) is a vehicle powered by an electric motor and a plug-in battery. An auxiliary combustion engine is used only to supplement battery charging and not as the primary source of power.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On-_and_off-road_EVs">On- and off-road EVs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: On- and off-road EVs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On-road electric vehicles include electric cars, electric trolleybuses, <a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">electric buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_bus" title="Battery electric bus">battery electric buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">electric trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">electric bicycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">electric motorcycles and scooters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">personal transporters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_electric_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhood electric vehicle">neighborhood electric vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf_cart" title="Golf cart">golf carts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk_float" title="Milk float">milk floats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forklift_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Forklift truck">forklifts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Off-road_vehicle" title="Off-road vehicle">Off-road vehicles</a> include electrified <a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">all-terrain vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_tractor" title="Electric tractor">electric tractors</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railborne_EVs">Railborne EVs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Railborne EVs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification system">Railway electrification system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2001-03-31.H-TW2000-Vahrenwalder-Platz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2001-03-31.H-TW2000-Vahrenwalder-Platz.jpg/220px-2001-03-31.H-TW2000-Vahrenwalder-Platz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2001-03-31.H-TW2000-Vahrenwalder-Platz.jpg/330px-2001-03-31.H-TW2000-Vahrenwalder-Platz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2001-03-31.H-TW2000-Vahrenwalder-Platz.jpg/440px-2001-03-31.H-TW2000-Vahrenwalder-Platz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar">streetcar</a> (or tram) in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> drawing current from a single overhead wire through a <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantograph (rail)">pantograph</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The fixed nature of a rail line makes it relatively easy to power EVs through permanent <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">overhead lines</a> or electrified <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rails</a>, eliminating the need for heavy onboard batteries. <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">Electric locomotives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">electric multiple units</a>, electric trams (also called streetcars or trolleys), electric <a href="/wiki/Light_rail_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Light rail system">light rail systems</a>, and electric <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> are all in common use today, especially in Europe and Asia. </p><p>Since electric trains do not need to carry a heavy internal combustion engine or large batteries, they can have very good <a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-weight ratios</a>. This allows <a href="/wiki/High_speed_train" class="mw-redirect" title="High speed train">high speed trains</a> such as France's double-deck <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGVs</a> to operate at speeds of 320 km/h (200 mph) or higher, and <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">electric locomotives</a> to have a much higher power output than <a href="/wiki/Diesel_locomotive" title="Diesel locomotive">diesel locomotives</a>. In addition, they have higher short-term <a href="/wiki/Overcurrent" title="Overcurrent">surge power</a> for fast acceleration, and using <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">regenerative brakes</a> can put braking power back into the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grid</a> rather than wasting it. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maglev_(transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maglev (transport)">Maglev</a> trains are also nearly always EVs.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_multiple_unit" title="Battery electric multiple unit">battery electric passenger trains</a> operating on non-electrified rail lines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seaborne_EVs">Seaborne EVs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Seaborne EVs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Submarine#Propulsion" title="Submarine">Submarine § Propulsion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ship#Propulsion_systems" title="Ship">Ship § Propulsion systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">electric boat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceanvolt_sd8.6_electric_saildrive_motor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Oceanvolt_sd8.6_electric_saildrive_motor.jpg/170px-Oceanvolt_sd8.6_electric_saildrive_motor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Oceanvolt_sd8.6_electric_saildrive_motor.jpg/255px-Oceanvolt_sd8.6_electric_saildrive_motor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Oceanvolt_sd8.6_electric_saildrive_motor.jpg/340px-Oceanvolt_sd8.6_electric_saildrive_motor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oceanvolt" title="Oceanvolt">Oceanvolt</a> SD8.6 electric saildrive motor</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boats</a> were popular around the turn of the 20th century. Interest in quiet and potentially renewable marine transportation has steadily increased since the late 20th century, as <a href="/wiki/Solar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cells">solar cells</a> have given <a href="/wiki/Motorboat" title="Motorboat">motorboats</a> the infinite range of <a href="/wiki/Sailboats" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailboats">sailboats</a>. Electric motors can and have also been used in sailboats instead of traditional diesel engines.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electric ferries operate routinely.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a> use batteries (charged by <a href="/wiki/Diesel-electric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel-electric transmission">diesel</a> or gasoline engines at the surface), <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">nuclear</a> power, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Stirling_engine" title="Stirling engine">Stirling engines</a> to run electric motor-driven propellers. Fully electric tugboats are being used in Auckland, New Zealand (June 2022),<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vancouver, British Columbia (October 2023),<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and San Diego, California.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airborne_EVs">Airborne EVs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Airborne EVs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_helicopter_on_sol_46.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mars_helicopter_on_sol_46.png/170px-Mars_helicopter_on_sol_46.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mars_helicopter_on_sol_46.png/255px-Mars_helicopter_on_sol_46.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mars_helicopter_on_sol_46.png/340px-Mars_helicopter_on_sol_46.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Mars helicopter <i>Ingenuity</i></a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></div> <p>Since the beginnings of aviation, electric power for aircraft has received a great deal of experimentation. Currently, flying <a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">electric aircraft</a> include piloted and unpiloted aerial vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrically_powered_spacecraft">Electrically powered spacecraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Electrically powered spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electrically_powered_spacecraft_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion">Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion</a></div> <p>Electric power has a long history of use in <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ion_1964_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ion_1964-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cybulski_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cybulski-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The power sources used for spacecraft are batteries, solar panels and nuclear power. Current methods of propelling a spacecraft with electricity include the <a href="/wiki/Arcjet_rocket" title="Arcjet rocket">arcjet rocket</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_ion_thruster" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic ion thruster">electrostatic ion thruster</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hall-effect_thruster" title="Hall-effect thruster">Hall-effect thruster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Field_Emission_Electric_Propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Emission Electric Propulsion">Field Emission Electric Propulsion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Space_rover_vehicles">Space rover vehicles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Space rover vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover (space exploration)</a></div> <p>Crewed and uncrewed vehicles have been used to explore the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and other planets in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. On the last three missions of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> in 1971 and 1972, astronauts drove <a href="/wiki/Silver-oxide_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver-oxide battery">silver-oxide battery</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicles</a> distances up to 35.7 kilometers (22.2 mi) on the lunar surface.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uncrewed, <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">solar-powered</a> rovers have explored the Moon and <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Records">Records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harley_Davidson_LiveWire_right_noBG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Harley_Davidson_LiveWire_right_noBG.jpg/220px-Harley_Davidson_LiveWire_right_noBG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Harley_Davidson_LiveWire_right_noBG.jpg/330px-Harley_Davidson_LiveWire_right_noBG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Harley_Davidson_LiveWire_right_noBG.jpg/440px-Harley_Davidson_LiveWire_right_noBG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>World record on an <a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">electric motorcycle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michel_von_Tell" title="Michel von Tell">Michel von Tell</a> on a <a href="/wiki/LiveWire_(company)" title="LiveWire (company)">LiveWire</a> in 2020</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimac_Nevera" title="Rimac Nevera">Rimac Nevera</a>, an electric <a href="/wiki/Hypercar_(car_classification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercar (car classification)">hypercar</a>, set 23 world speed records in one day.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fastest acceleration of an electric car, 0 to 100 km/h in 1.461 seconds by university students at the University of Stuttgart.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Electric Land Speed Record 353 mph (568 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Electric Car Distance Record 1,725 miles (2,776 km) in 24 hours by <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Nyland_(YouTuber)" title="Bjørn Nyland (YouTuber)">Bjørn Nyland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Greatest distance by electric vehicle, single charge 999.5 miles (1,608.5 km).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Solar-powered EV is fastest EV to go over 1,000 km without stopping to recharge, the Sunswift 7.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Electric Motorcycle: 1,070 miles (1,720 km) under 24 hours. <a href="/wiki/Michel_von_Tell" title="Michel von Tell">Michel von Tell</a> on a Harley LiveWire.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Electric flight: 439.5 miles (707.3 km) without charge.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The type of <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">battery</a>, the type of <a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">traction motor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Motor_controller" title="Motor controller">motor controller</a> design vary according to the size, power and proposed application, which can be as small as a <a href="/wiki/Motorized_shopping_cart" title="Motorized shopping cart">motorized shopping cart</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchair</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">pedelecs</a>, electric motorcycles and scooters, neighborhood electric vehicles, industrial <a href="/wiki/Fork-lift_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Fork-lift truck">fork-lift trucks</a> and including many hybrid vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_sources">Energy sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Energy sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EVs are much more efficient than <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">fossil fuel vehicles</a> and have few direct emissions. At the same time, they do rely on electrical energy that is generally provided by a combination of non-fossil fuel plants and fossil fuel plants. Consequently, EVs can be made less polluting overall by modifying the source of electricity. In some areas, persons can ask utilities to provide their electricity from renewable energy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a> vehicle efficiency and pollution standards take years to filter through a nation's fleet of vehicles. New efficiency and pollution standards rely on the purchase of new vehicles, often as the current vehicles already on the road reach their end-of-life. Only a few nations set a retirement age for old vehicles, such as Japan or <a href="/wiki/Driving_in_Singapore" title="Driving in Singapore">Singapore</a>, forcing periodic upgrading of all vehicles already on the road. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batteries">Batteries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Batteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">Electric vehicle battery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery,_12_V,_48_Wh,_240_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery%2C_12_V%2C_48_Wh%2C_240_A.jpg/170px-Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery%2C_12_V%2C_48_Wh%2C_240_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery%2C_12_V%2C_48_Wh%2C_240_A.jpg/255px-Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery%2C_12_V%2C_48_Wh%2C_240_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery%2C_12_V%2C_48_Wh%2C_240_A.jpg/340px-Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery%2C_12_V%2C_48_Wh%2C_240_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2222" data-file-height="2435" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">Lithium ion battery</a> for motorbikes or powersport vehicles</figcaption></figure> <p>An electric-vehicle battery (EVB) in addition to the traction battery specialty systems used for industrial (or recreational) vehicles, are batteries used to power the propulsion system of a battery electric vehicle (BEVs). These batteries are usually a secondary (rechargeable) battery, and are typically lithium-ion batteries. </p><p>Traction batteries, specifically designed with a high ampere-hour capacity, are used in forklifts, electric golf carts, riding floor scrubbers, electric motorcycles, electric cars, trucks, vans, and other electric vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-Seitz1994_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seitz1994-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tofield1985_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tofield1985-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charging">Charging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Charging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grid_capacity">Grid capacity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Grid capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If almost all road vehicles were electric it would increase global demand for electricity by up to 25% by 2050 compared to 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. 2020 was not a typical year (March 2024)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> However, overall energy consumption and emissions would diminish because of the higher efficiency of EVs over the entire cycle, and the reduction in energy needed to refine fossil fuels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charging_stations">Charging stations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Charging stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">Charging station</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charging_station&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Roadster_at_recharge_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tesla Roadster being charged, Iwata city, Japan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tesla_Roadster_at_recharge_station.jpg/150px-Tesla_Roadster_at_recharge_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tesla_Roadster_at_recharge_station.jpg/225px-Tesla_Roadster_at_recharge_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tesla_Roadster_at_recharge_station.jpg/300px-Tesla_Roadster_at_recharge_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brammo_Empulse_at_charging_station,_August_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Electric motorcycle at an AeroVironment station"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brammo_Empulse_at_charging_station%2C_August_2012.jpg/134px-Brammo_Empulse_at_charging_station%2C_August_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brammo_Empulse_at_charging_station%2C_August_2012.jpg/201px-Brammo_Empulse_at_charging_station%2C_August_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brammo_Empulse_at_charging_station%2C_August_2012.jpg/268px-Brammo_Empulse_at_charging_station%2C_August_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nissan_LEAF_got_thirsty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nissan Leaf recharging in Houston, Texas"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nissan_LEAF_got_thirsty.jpg/150px-Nissan_LEAF_got_thirsty.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nissan_LEAF_got_thirsty.jpg/225px-Nissan_LEAF_got_thirsty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nissan_LEAF_got_thirsty.jpg/300px-Nissan_LEAF_got_thirsty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charging_stations_in_SF_City_Hall_02_2009_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Toyota Priuses at public station, San Francisco, California"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charging_stations_in_SF_City_Hall_02_2009_02.jpg/134px-Charging_stations_in_SF_City_Hall_02_2009_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charging_stations_in_SF_City_Hall_02_2009_02.jpg/201px-Charging_stations_in_SF_City_Hall_02_2009_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charging_stations_in_SF_City_Hall_02_2009_02.jpg/268px-Charging_stations_in_SF_City_Hall_02_2009_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Charging stations for electric vehicles: <ul><li>Top-left: a <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Roadster (2008)">Tesla Roadster (2008)</a> being charged at an electric charging station in <a href="/wiki/Iwata,_Shizuoka" title="Iwata, Shizuoka">Iwata city</a>, Japan.</li> <li>Top-right: <a href="/wiki/Brammo_Empulse" class="mw-redirect" title="Brammo Empulse">Brammo Empulse</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric motorcycle">electric motorcycle</a> at an <a href="/wiki/AeroVironment" title="AeroVironment">AeroVironment</a> charging station and Pay as you go electric vehicle charging point.</li> <li>Bottom-left: <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a> recharging from a <a href="/wiki/NRG_Energy" title="NRG Energy">NRG Energy</a> eVgo station in Houston, Texas.</li> <li>Bottom-right: converted <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Priuses</a> recharging at public charging stations in San Francisco, California (2009).</li></ul></div></div></div></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">charging station</a>, also known as a charge point, chargepoint, or electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), is a <a href="/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">power supply</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_device" title="Electrical device">device</a> that supplies <a href="/wiki/Electrical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical power">electrical power</a> for recharging <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">plug-in electric vehicles</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">electric trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">electric buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_electric_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhood electric vehicle">neighborhood electric vehicles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in hybrid vehicle">plug-in hybrid vehicles</a>). </p><p>There are two main types of EV chargers: <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">Alternating current</a> (AC) charging stations and <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> (DC) charging stations. <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric vehicle batteries">Electric vehicle batteries</a> can only be charged by direct current electricity, while most <a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains electricity</a> is delivered from the <a href="/wiki/Power_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Power grid">power grid</a> as alternating current. For this reason, most electric vehicles have a built-in <a href="/wiki/AC-to-DC_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="AC-to-DC converter">AC-to-DC converter</a> commonly known as the "onboard charger" (OBC). At an AC charging station, AC power from the grid is supplied to this onboard charger, which converts it into DC power to recharge the battery. DC chargers provide higher power charging (which requires much larger AC-to-DC converters) by building the converter into the charging station instead of the vehicle to avoid size and weight restrictions. The station then directly supplies DC power to the vehicle, bypassing the onboard converter. Most modern electric car models can accept both AC and DC power. </p> Charging stations provide connectors that conform to a variety of international standards. DC charging stations are commonly equipped with multiple connectors to charge various vehicles that use competing standards.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charging_Roadways">Charging Roadways</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Charging Roadways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state of Michigan has recently installed the United States' first wireless-charging roadway in the city of Detroit.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battery_swapping">Battery swapping</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Battery swapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instead of recharging EVs from electric sockets, batteries could be mechanically replaced at special stations in a few minutes (<a href="/wiki/Battery_swapping" title="Battery swapping">battery swapping</a>). </p><p>Batteries with greater <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> such as metal-air fuel cells cannot always be recharged in a purely electric way, so some form of mechanical recharge may be used instead. A <a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Zinc–air battery">zinc–air battery</a>, technically a <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cell</a>, is difficult to recharge electrically so may be "refueled" by periodically replacing the anode or electrolyte instead.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dynamic_charging">Dynamic charging</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Dynamic charging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Transport_Administration_electric_road_program" title="Swedish Transport Administration electric road program">Dynamic charging technologies tested in Sweden</a><sup id="cite_ref-TRL_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRL-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trafikverket-2021-02-01_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trafikverket-2021-02-01-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-regulations-2021_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regulations-2021-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>(and developer)</th> <th>Power per<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>receiver<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span style="font-size:85%;">(and power<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>pending further<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>development)</span></th> <th>Million <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">SEK</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>per km road<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>both ways</th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">Overhead power<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>lines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>)</td> <td>650 kW<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>(1000 kW)</td> <td>12.4</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-TRL_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRL-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 140–144">: 140–144 </span></sup><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><sup id="cite_ref-trafikverket-2021-02-01_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trafikverket-2021-02-01-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23–24, 54">: 23–24, 54 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">Ground-level power supply</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>through in-road rail<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>(<a href="#Elways">Elways</a> and <a href="/wiki/NCC_(company)" title="NCC (company)">NCC</a> consortium)</td> <td>200 kW<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>(800 kW)</td> <td>9.4–10.5</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-TRL_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRL-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146–149">: 146–149 </span></sup><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><sup id="cite_ref-trafikverket-2021-02-01_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trafikverket-2021-02-01-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21–23, 54">: 21–23, 54 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ground-level power supply<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>through on-road rail<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elonroad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elonroad (page does not exist)">Elonroad</a> and <a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a> consortium)</td> <td>150 kW<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>(500 kW)</td> <td>11.5–15.3</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-trafikverket-2021-02-01_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trafikverket-2021-02-01-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25–26, 54">: 25–26, 54 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wireless_power_transfer" title="Wireless power transfer">Wireless power transfer</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>through in-road<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Inductive_charging#Transportation" title="Inductive charging">inductive coils</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electreon" class="mw-redirect" title="Electreon">Electreon</a>)</td> <td>25 kW<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>(40 kW)</td> <td>19.5–20.8</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-TRL_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRL-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 171–172">: 171–172 </span></sup><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><sup id="cite_ref-trafikverket-2021-02-01_82-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trafikverket-2021-02-01-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26–28, 54">: 26–28, 54 </span></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Transport_Research_Laboratory" title="Transport Research Laboratory">TRL</a> (formerly Transport Research Laboratory) lists three power delivery types for <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_charging" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic charging">dynamic charging</a>, or charging while the vehicle is in motion: <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead power lines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">ground level power</a> through rail or <a href="/wiki/Inductive_charging#Dynamic_charging" title="Inductive charging">induction</a>. TRL lists overhead power as the most technologically mature solution which provides the highest levels of power, but the technology is unsuitable for non-commercial vehicles. Ground-level power is suitable for all vehicles, with rail being a mature solution with high transfer of power and easily accessible and inspected elements. Inductive charging delivers the least power and requires more roadside equipment than the alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-TRL_81-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRL-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Appendix D">: Appendix D </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> published in 2021 a request for regulation and standardization of electric road systems.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterward, a working group of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Ecological_Transition_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Ecological Transition (France)">French Ministry of Ecology</a> recommended adopting a European electric road standard formulated with Sweden, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FR-1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FR-1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first standard for electrical equipment on-board a vehicle powered by a rail electric road system (ERS), <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">CENELEC</a> Technical Standard 50717, has been approved in late 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-TS50717_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS50717-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following standards, encompassing "full interoperability" and a "unified and interoperable solution" for ground-level power supply, are scheduled to be published by the end 2024, detailing complete "specifications for communication and power supply through conductive rails embedded in the road".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the high-power charging station network: <a href="/wiki/Ionna" title="Ionna">Ionna</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_in-development_technologies">Other in-development technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Other in-development technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_double-layer_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric double-layer capacitor">Electric double-layer capacitor</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: up-to-date information. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Conventional <a href="/wiki/Electric_double-layer_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric double-layer capacitor">electric double-layer capacitors</a> are being worked on to achieve the energy density of lithium-ion batteries, offering almost unlimited lifespans and no environmental issues. High-K electric double-layer capacitors, such as <a href="/wiki/EEStor" title="EEStor">EEStor</a>'s EESU, could improve lithium ion energy density several times over if they can be produced. Lithium-sulphur batteries offer <span class="nowrap">250 Wh/kg</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sodium-ion batteries promise <span class="nowrap">400 Wh/kg</span> with only minimal expansion/contraction during charge/discharge and a very high surface area, and rely on lower cost materials than Lithium-ion, Leading to Cheaper batteries that do not require critical minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: up-to-date information. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The United Nations in Geneva (<a href="/wiki/UNECE" class="mw-redirect" title="UNECE">UNECE</a>) has adopted the first international regulation (Regulation 100) on safety of both fully electric and hybrid electric cars, with the intent of ensuring that cars with a <a href="/wiki/High_voltage" title="High voltage">high voltage</a> electric power train, such as hybrid and fully-electric vehicles, are as safe as combustion-powered cars. The EU and Japan have already indicated that they intend to incorporate the new UNECE Regulation in their respective rules on technical standards for vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Environmental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border:1px solid #aaa; width:18.5em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:transparent;padding:0.2em;font-size:145%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:El-v-01_ubt.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wind turbines near Vendsyssel, Denmark (2004)"><img alt="A car drives past 4 wind turbines in a field, with more on the horizon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/El-v-01_ubt.jpeg/180px-El-v-01_ubt.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/El-v-01_ubt.jpeg/270px-El-v-01_ubt.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/El-v-01_ubt.jpeg/360px-El-v-01_ubt.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="245" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainable_energy" title="Template:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainable_energy" title="Template talk:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable_energy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_aspects_of_the_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental aspects of the electric car">Environmental aspects of the electric car</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_lithium-ion_batteries" title="Environmental impacts of lithium-ion batteries">Environmental impacts of lithium-ion batteries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">Environmental impact of the petroleum industry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battery-cost-learning-curve.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Battery-cost-learning-curve.png/220px-Battery-cost-learning-curve.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Battery-cost-learning-curve.png/330px-Battery-cost-learning-curve.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Battery-cost-learning-curve.png/440px-Battery-cost-learning-curve.png 2x" data-file-width="1773" data-file-height="2106" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Learning_curve" title="Learning curve">Learning curve</a> of lithium-ion batteries: the price of batteries declined by 97% in three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>EVs release no tailpipe <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollutants</a>, and reduce respiratory illnesses such as <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, EVs are charged with electricity that may be <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">generated</a> by means that have health and environmental impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The carbon emissions from producing and operating an EV are in the majority of cases less than those of producing and operating a conventional vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EVs in urban areas almost always pollute less than internal combustion vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One limitation of the environmental potential of EVs is that simply switching the existing privately owned car fleet from <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICEs</a> to EVs will not free up road space for <a href="/wiki/Active_mobility" title="Active mobility">active travel</a> or public transport.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electric <a href="/wiki/Micromobility" title="Micromobility">micromobility</a> vehicles, such as e-bikes, may contribute to the decarbonisation of transport systems, especially outside of urban areas which are already well-served by public transport.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internal combustion engined vehicles use far more raw materials over their lifetime than EVs.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lithium-ion_batteries">Lithium-ion batteries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Lithium-ion batteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since their first commercial release in 1991, <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a> have become an important technology for achieving low-carbon transportation systems. Information regarding the sustainability of production process of batteries has become a politically charged topic.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AGE_MATTERS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AGE MATTERS"><span title="surely there is a lot of research by now? (April 2023)">obsolete source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Business processes of raw material extraction in practice raise issues of transparency and accountability of the management of extractive resources. In the complex <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_supply_chain" title="Electric vehicle supply chain">supply chain</a> of lithium technology, there are diverse stakeholders representing corporate interests, public interest groups and political elites that are concerned with outcomes from the technology production and use. One possibility to achieve balanced extractive processes would be the establishment of commonly agreed standards on the governance of technology worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The compliance of these standards can be assessed by the Assessment of Sustainability in Supply Chains Frameworks (ASSC). Hereby, the qualitative assessment consists of examining governance and social and <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental</a> commitment. Indicators for the quantitative assessment are management systems and standards, compliance and social and environmental indicators.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One source estimates that over a fifth of the <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> and about 65% of the <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> needed for electric cars will be from recycled sources by 2035.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, when counting the large quantities of fossil fuel non-electric cars consume over their lifetime, electric cars can be considered to dramatically reduce raw-material needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographical_distribution_of_the_global_battery_supply_chain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Geographical_distribution_of_the_global_battery_supply_chain.png/270px-Geographical_distribution_of_the_global_battery_supply_chain.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Geographical_distribution_of_the_global_battery_supply_chain.png/405px-Geographical_distribution_of_the_global_battery_supply_chain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Geographical_distribution_of_the_global_battery_supply_chain.png/540px-Geographical_distribution_of_the_global_battery_supply_chain.png 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_supply_chain" title="Electric vehicle supply chain">global battery supply chain</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2022, the manufacturing of an EV emitted on average around 50% more CO2 than an equivalent internal combustion engine vehicle, but this difference is more than offset by the much higher emissions from the oil used in driving an internal combustion engine Vehicle over its lifetime compared to those from generating the electricity used for driving the EV.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, Greenpeace issued a video criticizing the view that EVs are "silver bullet for climate", arguing that the construction phase has a high environmental impact. For example, the rise in <a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a> sales by <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai</a> almost eliminate the climate benefits of passing to EV in this company, because even electric SUVs have a high carbon footprint as they consume much raw materials and energy during construction. Greenpeace proposes a <a href="/wiki/Mobility_as_a_service" title="Mobility as a service">mobility as a service</a> concept instead, based on biking, public transport and ride sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open-pit <a href="/wiki/Nickel_mine" title="Nickel mine">nickel mining</a> has led to environmental degradation and pollution in developing countries such as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mines in the Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_Indonesia" title="List of mines in Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, nickel mining and processing was one of the main causes of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">deforestation in Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open-pit <a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction" title="Copper extraction">cobalt mining</a> has led to <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">deforestation</a> and habitat destruction in the <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socio-economic">Socio-economic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Socio-economic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2003 study in the United Kingdom found that "[p]ollution is most concentrated in areas where young children and their parents are more likely to live and least concentrated in areas to which the elderly tend to migrate," and that "those communities that are most polluted and which also emit the least pollution tend to be amongst the poorest in Britain."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2019 UK study found that "households in the poorest areas emit the least NOx and PM, whilst the least poor areas emitted the highest, per km, vehicle emissions per household through having higher vehicle ownership, owning more diesel vehicles and driving further."<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical">Mechanical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Mechanical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Motors_Model_S_base.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tesla_Motors_Model_S_base.JPG/220px-Tesla_Motors_Model_S_base.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tesla_Motors_Model_S_base.JPG/330px-Tesla_Motors_Model_S_base.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tesla_Motors_Model_S_base.JPG/440px-Tesla_Motors_Model_S_base.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2153" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_S" title="Tesla Model S">Tesla Model S</a> chassis with drive motor</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Model_S_motor_cutout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tesla_Model_S_motor_cutout.jpg/220px-Tesla_Model_S_motor_cutout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tesla_Model_S_motor_cutout.jpg/330px-Tesla_Model_S_motor_cutout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tesla_Model_S_motor_cutout.jpg/440px-Tesla_Model_S_motor_cutout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Cutaway view of a <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_S" title="Tesla Model S">Tesla Model S</a> drive motor</figcaption></figure> <p>Electric motors are mechanically very simple and often achieve 90% <a href="/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency" title="Energy conversion efficiency">energy conversion efficiency</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over the full range of speeds and power output and can be precisely controlled. They can also be combined with <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a> systems that have the ability to convert movement energy back into stored electricity. This can be used to reduce the wear on brake systems (and consequent brake pad dust) and reduce the total energy requirement of a trip. Regenerative braking is especially effective for start-and-stop city use. </p><p>They can be finely controlled and provide high <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> from stationary-to-moving, unlike internal combustion engines, and do not need multiple gears to match power curves. This removes the need for <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">gearboxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torque_converter" title="Torque converter">torque converters</a>. </p><p>EVs provide quiet and smooth operation and consequently have less noise and <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a> than internal combustion engines.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this is a desirable attribute, it has also evoked concern that the absence of the usual sounds of an approaching vehicle poses a danger to blind, elderly and very young pedestrians. To mitigate this situation, many countries mandate <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_warning_sounds" title="Electric vehicle warning sounds">warning sounds</a> when EVs are moving slowly, up to a speed when normal motion and rotation (road, suspension, electric motor, etc.) noises become audible.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electric motors do not require oxygen, unlike internal combustion engines; this is useful for <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">space rovers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_resilience">Energy resilience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Energy resilience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electricity can be produced from a variety of sources; therefore, it gives the greatest degree of <a href="/wiki/Energy_resilience" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resilience">energy resilience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_efficiency">Energy efficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Energy efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EV '<a href="/wiki/Tank-to-wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tank-to-wheel">tank-to-wheels</a>' efficiency is about a factor of three higher than internal combustion engine vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energy is not consumed while the vehicle is stationary, unlike internal combustion engines which consume fuel while idling. In 2022, EVs enabled a net reduction of about 80 Mt of GHG emissions, on a <a href="/wiki/Well-to-wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Well-to-wheel">well to-wheels</a> basis, and the net GHG benefit of EVs will increase over time as the electricity sector is decarbonised.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Well-to-wheel efficiency of an EV has less to do with the vehicle itself and more to do with the method of electricity production. A particular EV would instantly become twice as efficient if electricity production were switched from fossil fuels to renewable energy, such as wind power, tidal power, solar power, and nuclear power. Thus, when "well-to-wheels" is cited, the discussion is no longer about the vehicle, but rather about the entire energy supply infrastructure – in the case of fossil fuels this should also include energy spent on exploration, mining, refining, and distribution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The lifecycle analysis of EVs shows that even when powered by the most carbon-intensive electricity in Europe, they emit less greenhouse gases than a conventional diesel vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_cost">Total cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Total cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the purchase price of an EV is often more, but the <a href="/wiki/Total_cost_of_ownership" title="Total cost of ownership">total cost of ownership</a> of an EV varies wildly depending on location<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and distance travelled per year:<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in parts of the world where fossil fuels are subsidized, <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_cost" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-cycle cost">lifecycle costs</a> of diesel or gas-powered vehicle are sometimes less than a comparable EV.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European carmakers face significant pressure from more affordable Chinese models and price cuts by US-based Tesla Motor. From 2021 to 2022, the European market share of Chinese EV manufacturers doubled to almost 9%, prompting the <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Tavares" title="Carlos Tavares">CEO</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stellantis" title="Stellantis">Stellantis</a> to describe it as an "invasion".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range">Range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/All-electric_range" title="All-electric range">All-electric range</a> and <a href="/wiki/Range_anxiety" title="Range anxiety">range anxiety</a></div> <p>Electric vehicles may have shorter range compared to vehicles with internal combustion engines,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is why the electrification of long-distance transport, such as long-distance shipping, remains challenging. </p><p>In 2022, the sales-weighted average range of small <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">BEV</a>s sold in the United States was nearly 350 km, while in France, Germany and the United Kingdom it was just under 300 km, compared to under 220 km in China.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heating_of_EVs">Heating of EVs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Heating of EVs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Well <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulated</a> cabins can heat the vehicle using the body heat of the passengers. This is not enough, however, in colder climates as a driver delivers only about 100 W of heating power. A <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pump</a> system, capable of cooling the cabin during summer and heating it during winter, is an efficient way of heating and cooling EVs.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For vehicles which are connected to the grid, battery EVs can be preheated, or cooled, with little or no need for battery energy, especially for short trips. Most new electric cars come with heat pumps as standard.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electric_public_transit_efficiency">Electric public transit efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Electric public transit efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%C3%A5dbuss_Landskrona.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tr%C3%A5dbuss_Landskrona.JPG/220px-Tr%C3%A5dbuss_Landskrona.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tr%C3%A5dbuss_Landskrona.JPG/330px-Tr%C3%A5dbuss_Landskrona.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tr%C3%A5dbuss_Landskrona.JPG/440px-Tr%C3%A5dbuss_Landskrona.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>One of the few trolleybuses in Europe, this <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybus</a> uses two overhead wires to provide electric current supply and return to the power source, 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Shifts from private to public transport (train, <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">personal rapid transit</a> or tram) have the potential for large gains in efficiency in terms of an individual's distance traveled per kWh. </p><p>Research shows people prefer trams to buses,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because they are quieter and more comfortable and perceived as having higher status.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, it may be possible to cut liquid fossil fuel consumption in cities through the use of electric trams. Trams may be the most energy-efficient form of public transportation, with rubber-wheeled vehicles using two-thirds more energy than the equivalent tram, and run on electricity rather than fossil fuels. </p><p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/Net_present_value" title="Net present value">net present value</a>, they are also the cheapest – <a href="/wiki/Blackpool_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackpool tram">Blackpool trams</a> are still running after 100 years,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but combustion buses only last about 15 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accident_rate">Accident rate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Accident rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research published in the <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a> indicates that electric cars hit pedestrians at twice the rate of petrol or diesel vehicles due to being quieter.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_incentivization">Government incentivization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Government incentivization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles" title="Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles">Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electric_car_use_by_country" title="Electric car use by country">Electric car use by country</a></div> <p>The IEA suggests that taxing inefficient internal combustion engine vehicles could encourage adoption of EVs, with taxes raised being used to fund subsidies for EVs.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government procurement is sometimes used to encourage national EV manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many countries will <a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles" title="Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles">ban sales of fossil fuel vehicles</a> between 2025 and 2040.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many governments offer incentives to promote the use of electric vehicles, with the goals of reducing air pollution and oil consumption. Some incentives intend to increase purchases of electric vehicles by offsetting the purchase price with a grant. Other incentives include lower tax rates or exemption from certain taxes, and investment in charging infrastructure. </p><p>Companies selling EVs have partnered with local <a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">electric utilities</a> to provide large incentives on some electric vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rimac_Concept_One_-_Salon_Priv%C3%A9_London_2012_(7956529248).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rimac_Concept_One_-_Salon_Priv%C3%A9_London_2012_%287956529248%29.jpg/220px-Rimac_Concept_One_-_Salon_Priv%C3%A9_London_2012_%287956529248%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rimac_Concept_One_-_Salon_Priv%C3%A9_London_2012_%287956529248%29.jpg/330px-Rimac_Concept_One_-_Salon_Priv%C3%A9_London_2012_%287956529248%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rimac_Concept_One_-_Salon_Priv%C3%A9_London_2012_%287956529248%29.jpg/440px-Rimac_Concept_One_-_Salon_Priv%C3%A9_London_2012_%287956529248%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rimac_Concept_One" title="Rimac Concept One">Rimac Concept One</a>, electric <a href="/wiki/Supercar" title="Supercar">supercar</a>, since 2013. 0 to 100 km/h in 2.8 seconds, with a total output of 800 kW (1,073 hp).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_perception">Public perception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Public perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A European survey based on climate found that as of 2022, 39% of European citizens tend to prefer hybrid vehicles, 33% prefer petrol or diesel vehicles, followed by electric cars which were preferred by 28% of Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 44% Chinese car buyers are the most likely to buy an electric car, while 38% of Americans would opt for a hybrid car, 33% would prefer petrol or diesel, while only 29% would go for an electric car.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2023 survey concentrated specifically on electric car ownership in the US, 50% of respondents planning to purchase a future car considered themselves unlikely to seriously consider buying an EV. The survey also found that support for banning the production of non-electric vehicles in the US by 2035 has declined from 47% to 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:For_Americans_and_Europeans,_price_is_the_main_barrier_to_buying_an_electric_vehicle;_Chinese_people_are_more_divided_and_have_concerns_about_driving_range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/For_Americans_and_Europeans%2C_price_is_the_main_barrier_to_buying_an_electric_vehicle%3B_Chinese_people_are_more_divided_and_have_concerns_about_driving_range.png/220px-For_Americans_and_Europeans%2C_price_is_the_main_barrier_to_buying_an_electric_vehicle%3B_Chinese_people_are_more_divided_and_have_concerns_about_driving_range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/For_Americans_and_Europeans%2C_price_is_the_main_barrier_to_buying_an_electric_vehicle%3B_Chinese_people_are_more_divided_and_have_concerns_about_driving_range.png/330px-For_Americans_and_Europeans%2C_price_is_the_main_barrier_to_buying_an_electric_vehicle%3B_Chinese_people_are_more_divided_and_have_concerns_about_driving_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/For_Americans_and_Europeans%2C_price_is_the_main_barrier_to_buying_an_electric_vehicle%3B_Chinese_people_are_more_divided_and_have_concerns_about_driving_range.png/440px-For_Americans_and_Europeans%2C_price_is_the_main_barrier_to_buying_an_electric_vehicle%3B_Chinese_people_are_more_divided_and_have_concerns_about_driving_range.png 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="2050" /></a><figcaption>Survey results showing that for American and European respondents, price is the main barrier to buying an electric vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_considerations">Environmental considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Environmental considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_footprint_of_electric_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental footprint of electric cars">Environmental footprint of electric cars</a></div> <p>By reducing types of air pollution, such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a>, EVs could prevent hundreds of thousands of early deaths every year,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially from trucks and traffic in cities.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The full environmental impact of electric vehicles includes the life cycle impacts of carbon and sulfur emissions, as well as toxic metals entering the environment. </p><p>Rare-earth metals (<a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a>) and other mined metals (copper, nickel, iron) are used by EV motors, while lithium, cobalt, manganese are used by the batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023 the US State Department said that the supply of lithium would need to increase 42-fold by 2050 globally to support a transition to clean energy.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the lithium-ion battery production occurs in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, where the bulk of energy used is supplied by <a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_China" title="Coal power in China">coal burning power plants</a>. A study of hundreds of cars on sale in 2021 concluded that the life cycle GHG emissions of full electric cars are slightly less than hybrids and that both are less than gasoline and diesel fuelled cars.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative method of sourcing essential battery materials being deliberated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">International Seabed Authority</a> is <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">deep sea mining</a>, however carmakers are not using this as of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improved_batteries">Improved batteries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Improved batteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advances in lithium-ion batteries, driven at first by the personal-use electronics industry, allow full-sized, highway-capable EVs to travel nearly as far on a single charge as conventional cars go on a single tank of gasoline. Lithium batteries have been made safe, can be recharged in minutes instead of hours (see <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery#Recharging_time" title="Rechargeable battery">recharging time</a>), and now last longer than the typical vehicle (see <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery#Lifespan_and_cycle_stability" title="Rechargeable battery">lifespan</a>). The production cost of these lighter, higher-capacity lithium-ion batteries is gradually decreasing as the technology matures and production volumes increase.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research is also underway to improve battery reuse and recycling, which would further reduce the environmental impact of batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:If_they_had_to_change_cars,_Europeans_and_Americans_would_prefer_a_hybrid_vehicle,_whereas_many_Chinese_people_would_opt_for_an_electric_one.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/If_they_had_to_change_cars%2C_Europeans_and_Americans_would_prefer_a_hybrid_vehicle%2C_whereas_many_Chinese_people_would_opt_for_an_electric_one.png/220px-If_they_had_to_change_cars%2C_Europeans_and_Americans_would_prefer_a_hybrid_vehicle%2C_whereas_many_Chinese_people_would_opt_for_an_electric_one.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/If_they_had_to_change_cars%2C_Europeans_and_Americans_would_prefer_a_hybrid_vehicle%2C_whereas_many_Chinese_people_would_opt_for_an_electric_one.png/330px-If_they_had_to_change_cars%2C_Europeans_and_Americans_would_prefer_a_hybrid_vehicle%2C_whereas_many_Chinese_people_would_opt_for_an_electric_one.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/If_they_had_to_change_cars%2C_Europeans_and_Americans_would_prefer_a_hybrid_vehicle%2C_whereas_many_Chinese_people_would_opt_for_an_electric_one.png/440px-If_they_had_to_change_cars%2C_Europeans_and_Americans_would_prefer_a_hybrid_vehicle%2C_whereas_many_Chinese_people_would_opt_for_an_electric_one.png 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The same survey showing that if the respondents had to change cars, Chinese respondents are more likely to opt for an electric one.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Many companies and researchers are also working on newer battery technologies, including solid state batteries<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and alternate technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battery_management_and_intermediate_storage">Battery management and intermediate storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Battery management and intermediate storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another improvement is to decouple the electric motor from the battery through electronic control, using <a href="/wiki/Supercapacitor" title="Supercapacitor">supercapacitors</a> to buffer large but short power demands and <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a> energy.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of new cell types combined with intelligent cell management improved both weak points mentioned above. The cell management involves not only monitoring the health of the cells but also a redundant cell configuration (one more cell than needed). With sophisticated switched wiring, it is possible to condition one cell while the rest are on duty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_trucks">Electric trucks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Electric trucks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_truck&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E-Truck_Renault_Midlum_Electric.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/E-Truck_Renault_Midlum_Electric.jpg/220px-E-Truck_Renault_Midlum_Electric.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/E-Truck_Renault_Midlum_Electric.jpg/330px-E-Truck_Renault_Midlum_Electric.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/E-Truck_Renault_Midlum_Electric.jpg/440px-E-Truck_Renault_Midlum_Electric.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="2583" /></a><figcaption>Electric <a href="/wiki/Renault_Midlum" title="Renault Midlum">Renault Midlum</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auto_Electric_Truck,_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Auto_Electric_Truck%2C_1907.jpg/220px-Auto_Electric_Truck%2C_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Auto_Electric_Truck%2C_1907.jpg/330px-Auto_Electric_Truck%2C_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Auto_Electric_Truck%2C_1907.jpg/440px-Auto_Electric_Truck%2C_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="2024" /></a><figcaption>Auto Electric Truck, 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">electric truck</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicle</a> (BEV) designed to transport <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a>, carry specialized payloads, or perform other utilitarian work. </p><p>Electric trucks have serviced niche applications like <a href="/wiki/Milk_float" title="Milk float">milk floats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_support_equipment#Pushback_tugs_and_tractors" title="Ground support equipment">pushback tugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forklift#Battery-electric" title="Forklift">forklifts</a> for over a hundred years, typically using <a href="/wiki/Lead-acid_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-acid battery">lead-acid batteries</a>, but the rapid development of lighter and more energy-dense <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery#Electric_vehicle_battery_types" title="Electric vehicle battery">battery chemistries</a> in the twenty-first century has broadened the range of applicability of electric propulsion to trucks in many more roles. </p><p>Electric trucks reduce noise and pollution, relative to internal-combustion trucks. Due to the high efficiency and low component-counts of electric power trains, no fuel burning while idle, and silent and efficient acceleration, the costs of owning and operating electric trucks are dramatically lower than their predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>, the average cost per <a href="/wiki/KWh" class="mw-redirect" title="KWh">kWh</a> capacity of battery packs for trucks fell from $500 in 2013 to $200 in 2019, and still further to $137 in 2020, with some vehicles under $100 for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_American_trucking_industry#Over-the-road" title="Glossary of the American trucking industry">Long-distance freight</a> has been the trucking segment least amenable to electrification, since the increased weight of batteries, relative to fuel, detracts from payload capacity, and the alternative, more frequent recharging, detracts from delivery time. By contrast, short-haul urban delivery has been electrified rapidly, since the clean and quiet nature of electric trucks fit well with urban planning and municipal regulation, and the capacities of reasonably sized batteries are well-suited to daily stop-and-go traffic within a metropolitan area.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> In <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, electric trucks hold a noticeable share of the new truck market; in 2020, among trucks produced and sold domestically (which are the vast majority of new trucks sold in the country), 7.6% were all-electric vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-Electric_truck_skorea_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electric_truck_skorea-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrogen_trains">Hydrogen trains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Hydrogen trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Particularly in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Hydrail" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrail">fuel-cell electric trains</a> are gaining in popularity to replace <a href="/wiki/Diesel_electric_locomotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel electric locomotive">diesel-electric</a> units. In Germany, several <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Länder</a> have ordered <a href="/wiki/Alstom_Coradia_LINT" title="Alstom Coradia LINT">Alstom Coradia iLINT</a> trainsets, in service since 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-France-Presse_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France-Presse-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with France also planning to order trainsets.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Italy, Canada<sup id="cite_ref-France-Presse_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France-Presse-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mexico<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are equally interested. In France, the <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> plans to replace all its remaining diesel-electric trains with hydrogen trains by 2035.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, Alstom announced in 2018 their plan to retrofit British Rail Class 321 trainsets with fuel cells.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_voltage_outlets_in_garages_of_newly_built_homes">Higher voltage outlets in garages of newly built homes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Higher voltage outlets in garages of newly built homes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/NEMA_connectors" class="mw-redirect" title="NEMA connectors">NEMA connectors</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEMA_14-50.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/NEMA_14-50.svg/220px-NEMA_14-50.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/NEMA_14-50.svg/330px-NEMA_14-50.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/NEMA_14-50.svg/440px-NEMA_14-50.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NEMA_14-50" class="mw-redirect" title="NEMA 14-50">NEMA 14-50</a> 240v 50 amps</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> the government is looking to pass legislation mandating <a href="/wiki/Electrical_receptacle" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical receptacle">electrical receptacles</a> that are higher voltage to be installed in garages of newly built homes.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/NEMA_14-50" class="mw-redirect" title="NEMA 14-50">NEMA 14-50</a> outlets provide <a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">240 volts</a> and 50 <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">Amps</a> for a total of 12.5 <a href="/wiki/Watt#Kilowatt" title="Watt">Kilowatts</a> for <a href="/wiki/Charging_station#Alternating_current_(AC)" title="Charging station">level 2 charging</a> of electric vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Level 2 charging can add up to 30 miles of range per hour of charging compared to up to 4 miles of range per hour for <a href="/wiki/Charging_station#SAE" title="Charging station">level 1 charging</a> from 120 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a> outlets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bidirectional_charging">Bidirectional charging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Bidirectional charging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General Motors (GM) is adding a capability called V2H, or bidirectional charging, to allow its new electric vehicles to send power from their batteries to the owner's home. GM will start with 2024 models, including the Silverado and Blazer EVs, and promises to continue the feature through to model year 2026. This could be helpful to the owner during unexpected power grid outages because an electric vehicle is a giant battery on wheels.<sup id="cite_ref-bidirectional_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bidirectional-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure_management">Infrastructure management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Infrastructure management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the increase in number of electric vehicles, it is necessary to create an appropriate number of charging stations to supply the increasing demand,<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a proper management system that coordinates the charging turn of each vehicle to avoid having some charging stations overloaded with vehicles and others empty.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stabilization_of_the_grid">Stabilization of the grid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Stabilization of the grid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V2GEnabledEVFastCharger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/V2GEnabledEVFastCharger.jpg/170px-V2GEnabledEVFastCharger.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/V2GEnabledEVFastCharger.jpg/255px-V2GEnabledEVFastCharger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/V2GEnabledEVFastCharger.jpg/340px-V2GEnabledEVFastCharger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a> (V2G) charger where energy can flow back into the grid if needed</figcaption></figure> <p>Since EVs can be plugged into the <a href="/wiki/Electric_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric grid">electric grid</a> when not in use, battery-powered vehicles could reduce the need for <a href="/wiki/Dispatchable_generation" title="Dispatchable generation">dispatchable generation</a> by feeding electricity into the grid from their batteries during periods of high demand and low supply (such as just after sunset) while doing most of their charging at night or midday, when there is unused generating capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-Liasi_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liasi-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">vehicle-to-grid</a> (V2G) connection has the potential to reduce the need for new power plants, as long as vehicle owners do not mind reducing the life of their batteries, by being drained by the power company during peak demand. Electric vehicle parking lots can provide <a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">demand response</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shafie-khah_Heydarian-Forushani_2016_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shafie-khah_Heydarian-Forushani_2016-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current electricity infrastructure may need to cope with increasing shares of variable-output power sources such as wind and <a href="/wiki/Solar_PV" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar PV">solar</a>. This variability could be addressed by adjusting the speed at which EV batteries are charged, or possibly even discharged.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some concepts see battery exchanges and battery charging stations, much like gas/petrol stations today. These will require enormous storage and charging potentials, which could be manipulated to vary the rate of charging, and to output power during shortage periods, much as diesel generators are used for short periods to stabilize some national grids.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repair_shops">Repair shops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Repair shops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The infrastructure for vehicle repairs after accidents is a concern for insurers and mechanics due to safety requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batteries and other components must be carefully evaluated rather than being totally written off by <a href="/wiki/Claims_adjuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Claims adjuster">insurers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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US and Canada">Anti-electric vehicle tactics in the US and Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_rickshaw" title="Electric rickshaw">Electric rickshaw</a> – E-tricycle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electriquette" title="Electriquette">Electriquette</a> Wicker bench seat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">Neighborhood Electric Vehicle</a> – NEV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_classification_by_propulsion_system" title="Vehicle classification by propulsion system">Vehicle classification by propulsion system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal electric vehicle</a> (PEV)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/glossary/">"Glossary — Global Warming of 1.5 ºC"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+%E2%80%94+Global+Warming+of+1.5+%C2%BAC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fsr15%2Fchapter%2Fglossary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guarnieri-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guarnieri_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuarnieri2012" class="citation book cs1">Guarnieri, M. (2012). "Looking back to electric cars". <i>2012 Third IEEE HISTory of ELectro-technology CONference (HISTELCON)</i>. pp. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FHISTELCON.2012.6487583">10.1109/HISTELCON.2012.6487583</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-3078-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-3078-7"><bdi>978-1-4673-3078-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37828220">37828220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Looking+back+to+electric+cars&rft.btitle=2012+Third+IEEE+HISTory+of+ELectro-technology+CONference+%28HISTELCON%29&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37828220%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FHISTELCON.2012.6487583&rft.isbn=978-1-4673-3078-7&rft.aulast=Guarnieri&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellis2010" class="citation web cs1">Bellis, Mary (16 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704025953/https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-electric-vehicles-1991603">"Inventors – Electric Cars (1890–1930)"</a>. Inventors.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarselectrica.htm">the original</a> on 4 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inventors+%E2%80%93+Electric+Cars+%281890%E2%80%931930%29&rft.pub=Inventors.about.com&rft.date=2010-06-16&rft.aulast=Bellis&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finventors.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fweekly%2Faacarselectrica.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mikes.railhistory.railfan.net/r066.html">"History of Railway Electric Traction"</a>. Mikes.railhistory.railfan.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180824101849/http://mikes.railhistory.railfan.net/r066.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Railway+Electric+Traction&rft.pub=Mikes.railhistory.railfan.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmikes.railhistory.railfan.net%2Fr066.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hendrym-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hendrym_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendry" class="citation book cs1">Hendry, Maurice M. <i>Studebaker: One can do a lot of remembering in South Bend</i>. New Albany, Indiana: Automobile Quarterly. pp. 228–275. Vol X, 3rd Q, 1972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studebaker%3A+One+can+do+a+lot+of+remembering+in+South+Bend&rft.place=New+Albany%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=228-275&rft.pub=Automobile+Quarterly&rft.aulast=Hendry&rft.aufirst=Maurice+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span> p231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaalbiNielsen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Taalbi, Josef; Nielsen, Hana (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-021-00898-3">"The role of energy infrastructure in shaping early adoption of electric and gasoline cars"</a>. <i>Nature Energy</i>. <b>6</b> (10): 970–976. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatEn...6..970T">2021NatEn...6..970T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41560-021-00898-3">10.1038/s41560-021-00898-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2058-7546">2058-7546</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242383930">242383930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Energy&rft.atitle=The+role+of+energy+infrastructure+in+shaping+early+adoption+of+electric+and+gasoline+cars&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=970-976&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41560-021-00898-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242383930%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2058-7546&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatEn...6..970T&rft.aulast=Taalbi&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Hana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41560-021-00898-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp.8–9 Batten, Chris <i>Ambulances</i> Osprey Publishing, 4 March 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202136/http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/~racowan/escape.html">"Escaping Lock-in: the Case of the Electric Vehicle"</a>. Cgl.uwaterloo.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/~racowan/escape.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Escaping+Lock-in%3A+the+Case+of+the+Electric+Vehicle&rft.pub=Cgl.uwaterloo.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgl.uwaterloo.ca%2F~racowan%2Fescape.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AAA World Magazine. Jan–Feb 2011, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirsch, David (2000). <i>The electric vehicle and the burden of history</i>. Rutgers University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+electric+vehicle+and+the+burden+of+history.&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMom2013" class="citation book cs1">Mom, Gijs (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=34em7PuciFAC&dq=gijs+mom&pg=PP1"><i>The Electric Vehicle: Technology and Expectations in the Automobile Age</i></a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1268-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1268-9"><bdi>978-1-4214-1268-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Electric+Vehicle%3A+Technology+and+Expectations+in+the+Automobile+Age&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-1268-9&rft.aulast=Mom&rft.aufirst=Gijs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D34em7PuciFAC%26dq%3Dgijs%2Bmom%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Loeb, A.P., "Steam versus Electric versus Internal Combustion: Choosing the Vehicle Technology at the Start of the Automotive Age," Transportation Research Record, Journal of the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, No. 1885, at 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44957/automobile/259061/Early-electric-automobiles#ref=ref918099"><i>Automobile</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430024225/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44957/automobile/259061/Early-electric-automobiles#ref=ref918099">archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automobile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F44957%2Fautomobile%2F259061%2FEarly-electric-automobiles%23ref%3Dref918099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharff1992" class="citation book cs1">Scharff, Virginia (1992). <i>Taking the Wheel: Women and the Coming of the Motor Age</i>. Univ. New Mexico Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+the+Wheel%3A+Women+and+the+Coming+of+the+Motor+Age&rft.pub=Univ.+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Scharff&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattheEberle2014" class="citation book cs1">Matthe, Roland; Eberle, Ulrich (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262004450"><i>The Voltec System – Energy Storage and Electric Propulsion</i></a>. 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And FedEx just pledged to replace 100% of its pickup and delivery fleet with battery-powered vehicles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+Amazon+To+FedEx%2C+The+Delivery+Truck+Is+Going+Electric&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft.aulast=Domonoske&rft.aufirst=Camila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F03%2F17%2F976152350%2Ffrom-amazon-to-fedex-the-delivery-truck-is-going-electric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoselow2020" class="citation news cs1">Joselow, Maxine (11 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/delivery-vehicles-increasingly-choke-cities-with-pollution/">"Delivery Vehicles Increasingly Choke Cities with Pollution"</a>. Scientific American<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>Electric vehicles, delivery drones and rules on when delivery trucks can operate are some solutions proposed in a new report. The report provides 24 recommendations for policymakers and the private sector, including mandating that delivery vehicles are electric. The report notes that if policymakers care about sustainability, they may want to impose aggressive new electric vehicle regulations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Delivery+Vehicles+Increasingly+Choke+Cities+with+Pollution&rft.date=2020-01-11&rft.aulast=Joselow&rft.aufirst=Maxine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fdelivery-vehicles-increasingly-choke-cities-with-pollution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGies2017" class="citation news cs1">Gies, Erica (18 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/18122017/electric-truck-urban-package-delivery-ups-tesla-semi-daimler-byd-china-battery/">"Electric Trucks Begin Reporting for Duty, Quietly and Without All the Fumes"</a>. Inside Climate News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>Replacing fleets of medium- and heavy-duty trucks can help cut greenhouse gas emissions and make cities quieter and cleaner. Because trucks need so much hauling power, they have eluded electrification until recently; a battery that could pull significant weight would itself be too hefty and too expensive. But now, improvements in battery technology are paying off, bringing down both size and cost. The number of hybrid-electric and electric trucks is set to grow almost 25 percent annually, from 1 percent of the market in 2017 to 7 percent in 2027, a jump from about 40,000 electric trucks worldwide this year to 371,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Electric+Trucks+Begin+Reporting+for+Duty%2C+Quietly+and+Without+All+the+Fumes&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft.aulast=Gies&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideclimatenews.org%2Fnews%2F18122017%2Felectric-truck-urban-package-delivery-ups-tesla-semi-daimler-byd-china-battery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Electric_truck_skorea-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Electric_truck_skorea_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyundai Porter/Porter II Electric: 9037. Kia Bongo EV: 5357. Domestically produced trucks sold in the country: 188222. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mk.co.kr/news/business/view/2021/01/100842/">mk.co.kr</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autoview.co.kr/content/article.asp?num_code=72620">autoview.co.kr</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdnet.co.kr/view/?no=20210105070143">zdnet.co.kr</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-France-Presse-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-France-Presse_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-France-Presse_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/17/germany-launches-worlds-first-hydrogen-powered-train">"Germany launches world's first hydrogen-powered train"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Agence France-Presse. 17 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917170608/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/17/germany-launches-worlds-first-hydrogen-powered-train">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Germany+launches+world%27s+first+hydrogen-powered+train&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2018%2Fsep%2F17%2Fgermany-launches-worlds-first-hydrogen-powered-train&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/occitanie/occitanie-premiere-region-commander-trains-hydrogene-alstom-1583327.html">"L'Occitanie, première région à commander des trains à hydrogène à Alstom"</a>. <i>France 3 Occitanie</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181129125502/https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/occitanie/occitanie-premiere-region-commander-trains-hydrogene-alstom-1583327.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+3+Occitanie&rft.atitle=L%27Occitanie%2C+premi%C3%A8re+r%C3%A9gion+%C3%A0+commander+des+trains+%C3%A0+hydrog%C3%A8ne+%C3%A0+Alstom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrance3-regions.francetvinfo.fr%2Foccitanie%2Foccitanie-premiere-region-commander-trains-hydrogene-alstom-1583327.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/empresas/la-constructora-alstom-quiere-ir-por-el-tramo-ecologico-del-tren-maya">"La constructora Alstom quiere ir por el 'tramo ecológico' del Tren Maya"</a>. <i>El Financiero</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181129013328/http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/empresas/la-constructora-alstom-quiere-ir-por-el-tramo-ecologico-del-tren-maya">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Financiero&rft.atitle=La+constructora+Alstom+quiere+ir+por+el+%27tramo+ecol%C3%B3gico%27+del+Tren+Maya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elfinanciero.com.mx%2Fempresas%2Fla-constructora-alstom-quiere-ir-por-el-tramo-ecologico-del-tren-maya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/sncf-pepy-envisage-la-fin-des-trains-diesel-et-l-arrive-de-l-hydrogene-en-2035-797750.html">"SNCF : Pépy envisage la fin des trains diesel et l'arrivée de l'hydrogène en 2035"</a>. <i>La Tribune</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181129225137/https://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/sncf-pepy-envisage-la-fin-des-trains-diesel-et-l-arrive-de-l-hydrogene-en-2035-797750.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Tribune&rft.atitle=SNCF+%3A+P%C3%A9py+envisage+la+fin+des+trains+diesel+et+l%27arriv%C3%A9e+de+l%27hydrog%C3%A8ne+en+2035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latribune.fr%2Fentreprises-finance%2Findustrie%2Fsncf-pepy-envisage-la-fin-des-trains-diesel-et-l-arrive-de-l-hydrogene-en-2035-797750.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2018/05/14/french-train-giant-alstom-set-make-uks-first-hydrogen-fleet/">"SNCF : Pépy envisage la fin des trains diesel et l'arrivée de l'hydrogène en 2035"</a>. <i>La Tribune</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184047/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2018/05/14/french-train-giant-alstom-set-make-uks-first-hydrogen-fleet/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Tribune&rft.atitle=SNCF+%3A+P%C3%A9py+envisage+la+fin+des+trains+diesel+et+l%27arriv%C3%A9e+de+l%27hydrog%C3%A8ne+en+2035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2F2018%2F05%2F14%2Ffrench-train-giant-alstom-set-make-uks-first-hydrogen-fleet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2023/01/25/new-mexico-law-seeks-solar-on-every-roof-and-an-ev-charger-in-every-garage/">"New Mexico law seeks solar on every roof, and an EV charger in every garage"</a>. <i>pv magazine USA</i>. 25 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pv+magazine+USA&rft.atitle=New+Mexico+law+seeks+solar+on+every+roof%2C+and+an+EV+charger+in+every+garage&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpv-magazine-usa.com%2F2023%2F01%2F25%2Fnew-mexico-law-seeks-solar-on-every-roof-and-an-ev-charger-in-every-garage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ev-lectron.com/collections/nema-14-50">"Buy Nema 14–50 EV Charger – Lectron"</a>. <i>Lectron EV</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lectron+EV&rft.atitle=Buy+Nema+14%E2%80%9350+EV+Charger+%E2%80%93+Lectron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fev-lectron.com%2Fcollections%2Fnema-14-50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getneocharge.com/a/blog/types-of-electrical-outlets-for-electric-car-chargers#:~:text=The%20best%20240V%20(Level%202,miles%20of%20range%20per%20hour.">"NeoCharge"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NeoCharge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgetneocharge.com%2Fa%2Fblog%2Ftypes-of-electrical-outlets-for-electric-car-chargers%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520best%2520240V%2520%28Level%25202%2Cmiles%2520of%2520range%2520per%2520hour.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bidirectional-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bidirectional_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/cars/2023/08/general-motors-will-add-bidirectional-charging-to-its-ultium-based-evs/">General Motors will add bidirectional charging to its Ultium-based EVs</a> by Jonathan M. Gitlin, on Ars Technica, 8/8/2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbecho_BautistaLemus_CárdenasUrquiza_AguiarAguilar_Igartua2019" class="citation journal cs1">Barbecho Bautista, Pablo; Lemus Cárdenas, Leticia; Urquiza Aguiar, Luis; Aguilar Igartua, Mónica (2019). "A traffic-aware electric vehicle charging management system for smart cities". <i>Vehicular Communications</i>. <b>20</b>: 100188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vehcom.2019.100188">10.1016/j.vehcom.2019.100188</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2117%2F172770">2117/172770</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204080912">204080912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vehicular+Communications&rft.atitle=A+traffic-aware+electric+vehicle+charging+management+system+for+smart+cities&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=100188&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2117%2F172770&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204080912%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.vehcom.2019.100188&rft.aulast=Barbecho+Bautista&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft.au=Lemus+C%C3%A1rdenas%2C+Leticia&rft.au=Urquiza+Aguiar%2C+Luis&rft.au=Aguilar+Igartua%2C+M%C3%B3nica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez_PallarésCebolladaMartínez2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fernandez Pallarés, Victor; Cebollada, Juan Carlos Guerri; Martínez, Alicia Roca (2019). "Interoperability network model for traffic forecast and full electric vehicles power supply management within the smart city". <i>Ad Hoc Networks</i>. <b>93</b>: 101929. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.adhoc.2019.101929">10.1016/j.adhoc.2019.101929</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:196184613">196184613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ad+Hoc+Networks&rft.atitle=Interoperability+network+model+for+traffic+forecast+and+full+electric+vehicles+power+supply+management+within+the+smart+city&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=101929&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.adhoc.2019.101929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A196184613%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fernandez+Pallar%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Cebollada%2C+Juan+Carlos+Guerri&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+Alicia+Roca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liasi-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liasi_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiasiGolkar2017" class="citation book cs1">Liasi, Sahand Ghaseminejad; Golkar, Masoud Aliakbar (2017). "Electric vehicles connection to microgrid effects on peak demand with and without demand response". <i>2017 Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE)</i>. pp. 1272–1277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIranianCEE.2017.7985237">10.1109/IranianCEE.2017.7985237</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-5963-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-5963-8"><bdi>978-1-5090-5963-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22071272">22071272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electric+vehicles+connection+to+microgrid+effects+on+peak+demand+with+and+without+demand+response&rft.btitle=2017+Iranian+Conference+on+Electrical+Engineering+%28ICEE%29&rft.pages=1272-1277&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22071272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIranianCEE.2017.7985237&rft.isbn=978-1-5090-5963-8&rft.aulast=Liasi&rft.aufirst=Sahand+Ghaseminejad&rft.au=Golkar%2C+Masoud+Aliakbar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schroders.com/en-us/us/institutional/insights/its-not-just-cars-driving-the-ev-revolution-in-emerging-markets">"It's not just cars driving the EV revolution in emerging markets"</a>. <i>www.schroders.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>Beyond grid stabilisation benefits, smart charging of EVs, using differentiated electricity tariffs in off-peak hours, may also mitigate the pressure on electricity demand. That's because vehicles can be charged during the day, when demand is lower and renewables generation is available.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.schroders.com&rft.atitle=It%27s+not+just+cars+driving+the+EV+revolution+in+emerging+markets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schroders.com%2Fen-us%2Fus%2Finstitutional%2Finsights%2Fits-not-just-cars-driving-the-ev-revolution-in-emerging-markets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shafie-khah_Heydarian-Forushani_2016-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shafie-khah_Heydarian-Forushani_2016_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafie-khahHeydarian-ForushaniOsorioGil2016" class="citation journal cs1">Shafie-khah, Miadreza; Heydarian-Forushani, Ehsan; Osorio, Gerardo J.; Gil, Fabio A. S.; Aghaei, Jamshid; Barani, Mostafa; Catalao, Joao P. S. (November 2016). "Optimal Behavior of Electric Vehicle Parking Lots as Demand Response Aggregation Agents". <i>IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid</i>. <b>7</b> (6): 2654–2665. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTSG.2015.2496796">10.1109/TSG.2015.2496796</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1949-3053">1949-3053</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:715959">715959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Smart+Grid&rft.atitle=Optimal+Behavior+of+Electric+Vehicle+Parking+Lots+as+Demand+Response+Aggregation+Agents&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2654-2665&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A715959%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1949-3053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTSG.2015.2496796&rft.aulast=Shafie-khah&rft.aufirst=Miadreza&rft.au=Heydarian-Forushani%2C+Ehsan&rft.au=Osorio%2C+Gerardo+J.&rft.au=Gil%2C+Fabio+A.+S.&rft.au=Aghaei%2C+Jamshid&rft.au=Barani%2C+Mostafa&rft.au=Catalao%2C+Joao+P.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schroders.com/en-us/us/institutional/insights/its-not-just-cars-driving-the-ev-revolution-in-emerging-markets">"It's not just cars driving the EV revolution in emerging markets"</a>. <i>www.schroders.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>Intermittency from solar or wind technologies can put creating voltage and frequency variations. Batteries can charge and discharge to stabilise the grid in such instances. The batteries of electric vehicles, e-buses or electric two-wheelers, while connected to the grid, could therefore play a role in protecting a grid's stability.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.schroders.com&rft.atitle=It%27s+not+just+cars+driving+the+EV+revolution+in+emerging+markets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schroders.com%2Fen-us%2Fus%2Finstitutional%2Finsights%2Fits-not-just-cars-driving-the-ev-revolution-in-emerging-markets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claverton-energy.com/energy-experts-library/downloads/enginesgasturbines">"Engines and Gas Turbines | Claverton Group"</a>. Claverton-energy.com. 18 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090906092124/http://www.claverton-energy.com/energy-experts-library/downloads/enginesgasturbines">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engines+and+Gas+Turbines+%26%23124%3B+Claverton+Group&rft.pub=Claverton-energy.com&rft.date=2008-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.claverton-energy.com%2Fenergy-experts-library%2Fdownloads%2Fenginesgasturbines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claverton-energy.com/download/131/">National Grid's use of Emergency. Diesel Standby Generator's in dealing with grid intermittency and variability. Potential Contribution in assisting renewables</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100217164416/http://www.claverton-energy.com/download/131/">Archived</a> 17 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, David Andrews, Senior Technical Consultant, Biwater Energy, A talk originally given by as the Energy Manager at Wessex Water at an Open University Conference on Intermittency, 24 January 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Carey; Josie Kao and Louise Heavens. (5 July 2023). "EV batteries remain major challenge for insurers – UK's Thatcham". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/ev-batteries-remain-major-challenge-insurers-uks-thatcham-2023-07-04/">Reuters website</a> Retrieved 5 July 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Carey. (27 June 2023). "UK firm Metis touts battery sensor that could ease EV scrappage problem". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/uk-firm-metis-touts-battery-sensor-that-could-ease-ev-scrappage-problem-2023-06-27/">Reuters website</a> Retrieved 5 July 2023.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2022">Global EV Outlook 2022</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electrically-powered_vehicles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Electrically-powered vehicles">Electrically powered vehicles</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automobile_configuration" title="Template talk:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Car_design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Car</a> design</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microcar" title="Microcar">Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">Subcompact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">Supermini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_car" title="Family car">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-size_car" title="Mid-size car">Mid-size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-size_car" title="Full-size car">Full-size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Custom_car" title="Custom car">Custom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_sled" title="Lead sled">Lead sled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod#1960s_rise_of_the_street_rod" title="Hot rod">Street rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-bucket" title="T-bucket">T-bucket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">Luxury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_executive_car" title="Compact executive car">Compact executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_luxury_car" title="Personal luxury car">Personal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">Minivan / MPV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_MPV" title="Mini MPV">Mini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_sport_utility_vehicle" title="Compact sport utility vehicle">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">Crossover (CUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini SUV">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_SUV" title="Coupe SUV">Coupe SUV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand tourer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_hatch" title="Hot hatch">Hot hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_car" title="Muscle car">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_car" title="Pony car">Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_compact" title="Sport compact">Sport compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_sedan" title="Sports sedan">Sports sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar" title="Supercar">Super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_(vehicle)" title="Ute (vehicle)">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">Vintage car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euro_Car_Segment" title="Euro Car Segment">EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-segment" title="A-segment">A-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">B-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-segment" title="C-segment">C-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-segment" title="D-segment">D-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-segment" title="E-segment">E-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-segment" title="F-segment">F-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="J-segment">J-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="M-segment">M-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-segment" title="S-segment">S-segment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)" title="2+2 (car body style)">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquet_(car_body_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baquet (car body style)">Baquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barchetta" title="Barchetta">Barchetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">Berlinetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(car_body)" title="Brougham (car body)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_over" title="Cab over">Cab over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe" title="Coupe">Coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_utility" title="Coupé utility">Coupé utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop">Hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammback" title="Kammback">Kammback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">Landaulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">Liftback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microvan" title="Microvan">Microvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stop_truck" title="Multi-stop truck">Multi-stop truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notchback" title="Notchback">Notchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad coupé">Quad coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Retractable hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster / Spider / Spyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">Runabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Saloon / Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Sedan delivery/Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">Station wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_top" title="Targa top">Targa top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(car)" title="Torpedo (car)">Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">Touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Town (Coupé de Ville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-top" title="T-top">T-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized <br />vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">All-terrain vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Driverless (autonomous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrocar" title="Gyrocar">Gyrocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Pedal car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">Police car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiturette" title="Voiturette">Voiturette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_propulsion" title="Ground propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">NEV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline / petrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">Front-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout#Rear_wheel_drive_layouts" title="Powertrain layout">Rear-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheel_drive" title="Two-wheel drive">Two-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">Four-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-wheel_drive" title="Six-wheel drive">Six-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">Eight-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-wheel drive">Ten-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-wheel drive">Twelve-wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Engine position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine_design" title="Front-engine design">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-engine_design" title="Rear-engine design">Rear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(engine / drive)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front mid-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear mid-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual motor-four-wheel</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single-cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V (Vee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:EC_car_classification" title="Template:EC car classification">Template:EC car classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alternative_fuel_vehicles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_propulsion" title="Template:Alternative propulsion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_propulsion" title="Template talk:Alternative propulsion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_propulsion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative propulsion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alternative_fuel_vehicles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_power" title="Human power">Human power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_aircraft" title="Solar-powered aircraft">Solar-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_boats" title="List of solar-powered boats">boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prototype_solar-powered_cars" title="List of prototype solar-powered cars">List of prototypes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_motor" title="Pneumatic motor">Compressed-air <br />engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_car" title="Compressed-air car">Compressed-air car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_vehicle" title="Compressed-air vehicle">Compressed-air vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_turbine" title="Tesla turbine">Tesla turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Electric battery</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive#Battery_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">Battery-electric locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_multiple_unit" title="Battery electric multiple unit">Battery electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">Electric bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_bus" title="Battery electric bus">Battery electric bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_electric_vehicles" title="List of battery electric vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_platform_truck" title="Electric platform truck">Electric platform truck</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">Electric motorcycles and scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_kick_scooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric kick scooter">Electric kick scooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works#The_Gyro_locomotive" title="Sentinel Waggon Works">Gyro flywheel locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">Neighborhood Electric Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_electric_vehicles" title="List of battery electric vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_aircraft" title="Solar-powered aircraft">aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Common ethanol fuel mixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_economy" title="Methanol economy">Methanol economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_aircraft" title="Hydrogen-powered aircraft">Hydrogen-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_ship" title="Hydrogen-powered ship">Hydrogen-powered ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_train" title="Hydrogen train">Hydrogen train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_internal_combustion_engine_vehicle" title="Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle">Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_vehicle" title="Natural gas vehicle">Natural gas vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple-fuel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">Bi-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifuel" title="Multifuel">Multifuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="What Is the Electric Car?">What Is the Electric Car?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Electric_Car" title="Revenge of the Electric Car">Revenge of the Electric Car</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power_ship" title="Wave power ship">Wave power ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_ship" title="Windmill ship">Windmill ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind-powered_vehicle" title="Wind-powered vehicle">Wind-powered vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">Zero-emissions vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Powertrain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Powertrain" title="Template:Powertrain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Powertrain" title="Template talk:Powertrain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Powertrain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Powertrain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Powertrain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain" title="Powertrain">Powertrain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_engine" title="Automotive engine">Automotive engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles" title="History of steam road vehicles">Steam engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propulsion_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Propulsion transmission">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">Automatic transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_drive#Automobiles" title="Chain drive">Chain drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-drive_mechanism" title="Direct-drive mechanism">Direct-drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">Clutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-velocity_joint" title="Constant-velocity joint">Constant-velocity joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission" title="Continuously variable transmission">Continuously variable transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupling" title="Coupling">Coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanical_device)" title="Differential (mechanical device)">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-shift_gearbox" title="Direct-shift gearbox">Direct-shift gearbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">Drive shaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-clutch_transmission" title="Dual-clutch transmission">Dual-clutch transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_manual_transmission" title="Automated manual transmission">Automated manual transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrorheological_clutch" title="Electrorheological clutch">Electrorheological clutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing" title="Epicyclic gearing">Epicyclic gearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_coupling" title="Fluid coupling">Fluid coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_drive" title="Friction drive">Friction drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear_stick" title="Gear stick">Gearshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giubo" title="Giubo">Giubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_drive" title="Hotchkiss drive">Hotchkiss drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-slip_differential" title="Limited-slip differential">Limited-slip differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locking_differential" title="Locking differential">Locking differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">Manual transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manumatic" title="Manumatic">Manumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_pawl" title="Parking pawl">Parking pawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_by_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Park by wire">Park-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preselector_gearbox" title="Preselector gearbox">Preselector gearbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission" title="Semi-automatic transmission">Semi-automatic transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift-by-wire" title="Shift-by-wire">Shift-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque_converter" title="Torque converter">Torque converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaxle" title="Transaxle">Transaxle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer box">Transfer box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_control_unit" title="Transmission control unit">Transmission control unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_joint" title="Universal joint">Universal joint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wheels and tires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_hub_assembly" title="Wheel hub assembly">Wheel hub assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rim_(wheel)" title="Rim (wheel)">Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloy_wheel" title="Alloy wheel">Alloy wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubcap" title="Hubcap">Hubcap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Off-road_tire" title="Off-road tire">Off-road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_slick" title="Racing slick">Racing slick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_tire" title="Radial tire">Radial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_tyre" title="Rain tyre">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-flat_tire" title="Run-flat tire">Run-flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_tire" title="Snow tire">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_tire" title="Spare tire">Spare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubeless_tire" title="Tubeless tire">Tubeless</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrain">Hybrid vehicle drivetrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">Electric generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">Alternator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electric_vehicles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electric_vehicles" title="Template:Electric vehicles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electric_vehicles" title="Template talk:Electric vehicles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electric_vehicles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electric vehicles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electric_vehicles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric vehicles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">Electric bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">Electric locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">Electric motorcycles and scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg/200px-Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg/300px-Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg/400px-Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2258" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg/200px-Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg/300px-Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg/400px-Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell electric vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">Charging station</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_charging_network" title="Electric vehicle charging network">network</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Supercharger" title="Tesla Supercharger">Tesla Supercharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">AC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1772" title="SAE J1772">Type 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_connector" title="Type 2 connector">Type 2 (Mennekes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_3_connector" title="Type 3 connector">Type 3 (Scame)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHAdeMO" title="CHAdeMO">AA (CHAdeMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB/T_charging_standard" title="GB/T charging standard">BB (GB/T)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChaoJi" title="ChaoJi">ChaoJi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Charging_System" title="Combined Charging System">EE/FF (CCS Combo 1/2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megawatt_Charging_System" title="Megawatt Charging System">MCS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">AC/DC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Charging_System" title="North American Charging System">NACS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GB/T_charging_standard" title="GB/T charging standard">GB/T 20234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61851" title="IEC 61851">IEC 61851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62196" title="IEC 62196">IEC 62196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63110" title="IEC 63110">IEC 63110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15118" title="ISO 15118">ISO 15118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1772" title="SAE J1772">SAE J1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J3068" title="SAE J3068">SAE J3068</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J3105" title="SAE J3105">SAE J3105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Charging_System" title="North American Charging System">SAE J3400</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/World_Electric_Vehicle_Association" title="World Electric Vehicle Association">WEVA</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_technology" title="Template:Environmental technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_technology" title="Template talk:Environmental technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_smart_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate smart agriculture">Climate smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-innovation" title="Eco-innovation">Eco-innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Design">Environmental Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Environmentally healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Sustainability science</a></li> <li>Sustainable (<a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable food systems">food systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">transport</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/100px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/150px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/200px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="3831" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Air pollution (<a href="/wiki/Emission_standard" title="Emission standard">control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">dispersion modeling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solid_waste_treatment_technologies" title="List of solid waste treatment technologies">Solid waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li>Water (<a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">agricultural wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste-water_treatment_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waste-water treatment technologies">waste-water treatment technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li>Fuel (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_technologies" title="Hydrogen technologies">hydrogen technologies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_storage_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of energy storage projects">List of energy storage projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_lighting" title="Sustainable lighting">Sustainable lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transportation</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Building (<a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Environmental remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_in_green_buildings" title="Glass in green buildings">Glass in green buildings</a></li> <li><a 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