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class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Debug_Bridge" title="Android Debug Bridge – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Android Debug Bridge" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Debug_Bridge" title="Android Debug Bridge – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Android Debug Bridge" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Debug_Bridge" title="Android Debug Bridge – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Android Debug Bridge" 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tool for debugging Android-based devices</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Debugger" title="Advanced Debugger">Advanced Debugger</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Android Debug Bridge</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Android_Robot_Head_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Android_Robot_Head_2023.svg/100px-Android_Robot_Head_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Android_Robot_Head_2023.svg/150px-Android_Robot_Head_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Android_Robot_Head_2023.svg/200px-Android_Robot_Head_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Android_Debug_Bridge_in_GNOME_terminal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Android_Debug_Bridge_in_GNOME_terminal.png/220px-Android_Debug_Bridge_in_GNOME_terminal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Android_Debug_Bridge_in_GNOME_terminal.png/330px-Android_Debug_Bridge_in_GNOME_terminal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Android_Debug_Bridge_in_GNOME_terminal.png/440px-Android_Debug_Bridge_in_GNOME_terminal.png 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="458" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Starting the adb server in <a href="/wiki/GNOME_Terminal" title="GNOME Terminal">GNOME Terminal</a>, which then <a href="/wiki/Network_enumeration" title="Network enumeration">enumerates</a> the devices. After that, a <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">shell</a> is opened on the device being debugged to run the <a href="/wiki/Uname" title="Uname">uname</a> command.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">34.0.1 (March 2023) </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/adb/">android.googlesource.com</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Windows, Linux, macOS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Included with</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Android_SDK" title="Android SDK">Android SDK</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Software_development_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development tool">Software development tool</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb">developer<wbr />.android<wbr />.com<wbr />/studio<wbr />/command-line<wbr />/adb</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Android Debug Bridge</b> (commonly abbreviated as <b>adb</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">programming tool</a> used for the <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a> of <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>-based devices. The <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">daemon</a> on the Android device connects with the server on the host PC over <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a>, which connects to the client that is used by the end-user over TCP. Made available as <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> since 2007, its features include a shell and the possibility to make backups. The adb software is available for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>. It has been misused by <a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">botnets</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>, for which mitigations were developed such as <a href="/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)" title="RSA (cryptosystem)">RSA</a> authentication and device <a href="/wiki/Whitelisting" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitelisting">whitelisting</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Android_Debug_Bridge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Android_Device_Monitor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Android_Device_Monitor.png/220px-Android_Device_Monitor.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Android_Device_Monitor.png/330px-Android_Device_Monitor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Android_Device_Monitor.png/440px-Android_Device_Monitor.png 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Android Device Monitor</figcaption></figure> <p>Features of adb include copying files from the host computer,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> installing apps, viewing logcat output, getting a <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rebooting into <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_EDL_mode" title="Qualcomm EDL mode">Qualcomm EDL mode</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Android <a href="/wiki/Android_application_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Android application package">applications</a> can be saved by the command <code><a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">backup</a></code> to a file.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also includes support for the <a href="/wiki/Java_Debug_Wire_Protocol" title="Java Debug Wire Protocol">Java Debug Wire Protocol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical interfaces</a> have been made available. The graphical Android Device Monitor in <a href="/wiki/Android_Studio" title="Android Studio">Android Studio</a> can be used for retrieving information from an Android device.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Android's method to install APK files on a device has been used as a way to sideload unofficial apps onto <a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Android" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Subsystem for Android">Windows Subsystem for Android</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Chrome OS's Android virtual machine.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shizuku allows an Android phone to connect to its own ADB when connected to a wireless network. The application is available for free on the Google Play Store.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_history">Development history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Android_Debug_Bridge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Android_SDK" title="Android SDK">Android Software Development Kit</a> (SDK) was first released in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2017, Google made it possible to download adb separately from the Android SDK.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Microsoft released an Android emulator that can connect to the adb client.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 for <a href="/wiki/Android_Studio" title="Android Studio">Android Studio</a> 2.0 a 5x performance improvement was made for installing apps and pushing files through adb.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For easier usage of <a href="/wiki/Android_Things" title="Android Things">Android Things</a>, a wrapper was made in 2017 around manual adb commands.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Android 11 in 2020, Google added adb incremental installations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, Wi-Fi adb was integrated into Android Studio for macOS.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021 for <a href="/wiki/Android_12" title="Android 12">Android 12</a>, the <code>adb backup</code> command was limited so that backing up user data from apps is opt-in using a per-app manifesto configuration<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after being deprecated in Android 10 along with <code>adb restore</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fuchsia_(operating_system)" title="Fuchsia (operating system)">Fuchsia</a> will be backwards-compatible with adb. It will be replaced with fx and ffx.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Setup">Setup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Android_Debug_Bridge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Setup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-right"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 380px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Android_Debug_Bridge_allow.png" class="mw-file-description" title="For enabling USB debugging on the Android device, it needs to be enabled in the "developer settings" window"><img alt="For enabling USB debugging on the Android device, it needs to be enabled in the "developer settings" window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Android_Debug_Bridge_allow.png/197px-Android_Debug_Bridge_allow.png" decoding="async" width="197" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Android_Debug_Bridge_allow.png/295px-Android_Debug_Bridge_allow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Android_Debug_Bridge_allow.png/394px-Android_Debug_Bridge_allow.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">For enabling USB debugging on the Android device, it needs to be enabled in the "developer settings" window</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 380px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Android_Debug_Bridge_RSA_key_fingerprint.png" class="mw-file-description" title="After the device is connected to the host computer, the user needs to verify the RSA key fingerprint of the host computer"><img alt="After the device is connected to the host computer, the user needs to verify the RSA key fingerprint of the host computer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Android_Debug_Bridge_RSA_key_fingerprint.png/197px-Android_Debug_Bridge_RSA_key_fingerprint.png" decoding="async" width="197" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Android_Debug_Bridge_RSA_key_fingerprint.png/295px-Android_Debug_Bridge_RSA_key_fingerprint.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Android_Debug_Bridge_RSA_key_fingerprint.png/394px-Android_Debug_Bridge_RSA_key_fingerprint.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">After the device is connected to the host computer, the user needs to verify the RSA key fingerprint of the host computer</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Host_computer">Host computer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Android_Debug_Bridge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Host computer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Windows, the Android SDK contains the adb.exe binary that can be extracted and installed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How-To Geek recommends adding the folder containing the binaries to the <a href="/wiki/PATH_(variable)" title="PATH (variable)">PATH</a> environment variable.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>, adb can be installed with the <code>android-tools-adb</code> package.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>, it has been recommended to also install the <code>android-sdk-platform-tools-common</code> package next to the <code>adb</code> package, which installs the <a href="/wiki/Udev" title="Udev">udev</a> rules which makes it possible to run the tool without <a href="/wiki/Superuser" title="Superuser">root permissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For macOS and other Linux distributions, the platform tools can be downloaded and the PATH variable can be modified in <a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">bashrc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Android_device">Android device</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Android_Debug_Bridge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Android device"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Android_4.2.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Android 4.2.2">Android 4.2.2</a> or later (<a href="/wiki/Android_version_history#Overview" title="Android version history">API level 17</a>), a dialog is shown with an RSA <a href="/wiki/Public_key_fingerprint" title="Public key fingerprint">fingerprint</a> that the user needs to accept. This protects against computers exploiting the debugging mechanism without consent of the device user.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in Android 4.2, the developer settings are hidden by default. Pressing seven times on the build number in the about menu makes them visible to the user. After that, the USB debugging option can be enabled.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Android vendors have different procedures to enable it. For example, Huawei requires entering a pincode before adb can be enabled. </p><p>If the <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> of an Android device is broken, it can be possible to connect a mouse to the device using <a href="/wiki/USB_On-The-Go" title="USB On-The-Go">USB On-The-Go</a> and enable USB debugging.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Android_Debug_Bridge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adb protocol can be transported over USB or over <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> through <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a>. It uses a <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client-server architecture</a>. There are two different protocols in use. The first is between the client and the server and the second is between the server and the daemon. The adb daemon is implemented in <a href="/wiki/C_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C programming language">C</a> and located in the Android user space. The daemon is facilitated by the Android USB framework, <code>UsbDeviceManager</code> and <code>UsbDebuggingManager</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Client_↔_server_protocol"><span id="Client_.E2.86.94_server_protocol"></span>Client ↔ server protocol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Android_Debug_Bridge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Client ↔ server protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The communication mode between the client and server is a TCP socket. The server listens on a port, to which the client has to send a request. The request contains a 4-byte initial field in ASCII and a payload. The payload starts with the word host, to indicate it should be sent to the server. The server can then reply with OKAY or FAIL to indicate the status, combined with an optional payload and length.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server_↔_daemon_protocol"><span id="Server_.E2.86.94_daemon_protocol"></span>Server ↔ daemon protocol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Android_Debug_Bridge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Server ↔ daemon protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The messages sent from the server consist of a 24-byte long header, with the following fields:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Command</li> <li>First argument</li> <li>Second argument</li> <li>Length of the payload, 0 or higher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRC-32" class="mw-redirect" title="CRC-32">CRC-32</a> of the data payload</li> <li>Magic value, calculated through command XOR <code>0xFFFFFFFF</code></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Android_Debug_Bridge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Up to <a href="/wiki/Android_2.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Android 2.2">Android 2.2</a>, Android was vulnerable to the <i>RageAgainstTheCage</i> <a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">exploit</a>. The adb <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">daemon</a> did not check for the return value of the <a href="/wiki/Setuid" title="Setuid">setuid</a> <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system call</a> when <a href="/wiki/Dropping_privileges" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropping privileges">dropping privileges</a>. The exploit <a href="/wiki/Fork_(system_call)" title="Fork (system call)">forks</a> processes until it fails due to the exhaustion of <a href="/wiki/Process_identifier" title="Process identifier">process identifiers</a>. When the daemon crashes and restarts, it cannot start a new process with dropped privileges and keeps running as root. Then adb provided a root shell.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, a security vulnerability was disclosed that exploited ADB to take over the onboard <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a>. The attack required adb to be already enabled and authorized, although some workarounds were available.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various families of malware such as ADB.Miner, Ares, IPStorm, Fbot and Trinity have scanned the internet for public availability of the adb interface and installed malware on those devices.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adb can also be used to remove <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>, by booting into <a href="/wiki/Safe_mode" title="Safe mode">safe mode</a> and running the <code>adb uninstall</code> command.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Android_Debug_Bridge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_recovery_mode" title="Android recovery mode">Android recovery mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Android_Debug_Bridge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDarcey2012" class="citation book cs1">Darcey, Lauren (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/749852462"><i>Android wireless application development</i></a>. Shane Conder (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-81383-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-81383-1"><bdi>978-0-321-81383-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/749852462">749852462</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926122121/https://www.worldcat.org/title/android-wireless-application-development/oclc/749852462">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Android+wireless+application+development&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F749852462&rft.isbn=978-0-321-81383-1&rft.aulast=Darcey&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F749852462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dummies.com/web-design-development/mobile-apps/android-apps/things-you-can-do-with-androids-adb-command/">"Things You Can Do with Android's adb Command"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/For_Dummies" title="For Dummies">For Dummies</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515143530/https://www.dummies.com/web-design-development/mobile-apps/android-apps/things-you-can-do-with-androids-adb-command">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=For+Dummies&rft.atitle=Things+You+Can+Do+with+Android%27s+adb+Command&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dummies.com%2Fweb-design-development%2Fmobile-apps%2Fandroid-apps%2Fthings-you-can-do-with-androids-adb-command%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEASTTOM2021" class="citation book cs1">EASTTOM, CHUCK (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1250310301"><i>An In-Depth Guide to Mobile Device Forensics</i></a>. [S.l.]: CRC PRESS. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-63300-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-63300-4"><bdi>978-0-367-63300-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1250310301">1250310301</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926122044/https://www.worldcat.org/title/in-depth-guide-to-mobile-device-forensics/oclc/1250310301">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+In-Depth+Guide+to+Mobile+Device+Forensics&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=CRC+PRESS&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1250310301&rft.isbn=978-0-367-63300-4&rft.aulast=EASTTOM&rft.aufirst=CHUCK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1250310301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Wallen2015" class="citation web cs1">Jack Wallen (2015-03-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-create-a-full-backup-of-your-android-device-without-root/">"How to create a full backup of your Android device without root"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124184710/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-create-a-full-backup-of-your-android-device-without-root/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+create+a+full+backup+of+your+Android+device+without+root&rft.date=2015-03-06&rft.au=Jack+Wallen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techrepublic.com%2Farticle%2Fhow-to-create-a-full-backup-of-your-android-device-without-root%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegupathy2014" class="citation book cs1">Regupathy, Rajaram (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880673864"><i>Unboxing Android USB: a hands-on approach with real World examples</i></a>. Berkeley, CA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-6209-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-6209-1"><bdi>978-1-4302-6209-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880673864">880673864</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926122019/https://www.worldcat.org/title/unboxing-android-usb-a-hands-on-approach-with-real-world-examples/oclc/880673864">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unboxing+Android+USB%3A+a+hands-on+approach+with+real+World+examples&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F880673864&rft.isbn=978-1-4302-6209-1&rft.aulast=Regupathy&rft.aufirst=Rajaram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F880673864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgilloViola2016" class="citation book cs1">Morgillo, Ivan; Viola, Stefano (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOrUDQAAQBAJ"><i>Learning embedded Android N programming: create the perfectly customized system by unleashing the power of Android OS on your embedded device</i></a>. Birmingham, UK. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785283284" title="Special:BookSources/9781785283284"><bdi>9781785283284</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1020708322">1020708322</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926122010/https://www.worldcat.org/title/learning-embedded-android-n-programming-create-the-perfectly-customized-system-by-unleashing-the-power-of-android-os-on-your-embedded-device/oclc/957278992">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+embedded+Android+N+programming%3A+create+the+perfectly+customized+system+by+unleashing+the+power+of+Android+OS+on+your+embedded+device&rft.place=Birmingham%2C+UK&rft.pages=89&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1020708322&rft.isbn=9781785283284&rft.aulast=Morgillo&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Viola%2C+Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOrUDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xda-developers.com/how-to-sideload-android-apps-on-windows-11/">"How to sideload Android apps on Windows 11"</a>. 23 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+sideload+Android+apps+on+Windows+11&rft.date=2022-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xda-developers.com%2Fhow-to-sideload-android-apps-on-windows-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xda-developers.com/how-sideload-apps-chromebook/">"How to sideload apps to a Chromebook"</a>. 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+sideload+apps+to+a+Chromebook&rft.date=2023-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xda-developers.com%2Fhow-sideload-apps-chromebook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shizuku.rikka.app/guide/setup/">"User manual | Shizuku"</a>. <i>shizuku.rikka.app</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shizuku.rikka.app&rft.atitle=User+manual+%7C+Shizuku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshizuku.rikka.app%2Fguide%2Fsetup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macworld.com/article/188112/androidsdk.html">"Google releases Android SDK"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Macworld" title="Macworld">Macworld</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910144537/https://www.macworld.com/article/188112/androidsdk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macworld&rft.atitle=Google+releases+Android+SDK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macworld.com%2Farticle%2F188112%2Fandroidsdk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.androidpolice.com/2017/01/05/google-makes-adb-fastboot-platform-tools-available-without-full-sdk-android-studio-download/">"Google makes ADB, fastboot, and other platform tools available without full SDK or Android Studio download"</a>. <i>Android Police</i>. 2017-01-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410215628/https://www.androidpolice.com/2017/01/05/google-makes-adb-fastboot-platform-tools-available-without-full-sdk-android-studio-download/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Android+Police&rft.atitle=Google+makes+ADB%2C+fastboot%2C+and+other+platform+tools+available+without+full+SDK+or+Android+Studio+download&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.androidpolice.com%2F2017%2F01%2F05%2Fgoogle-makes-adb-fastboot-platform-tools-available-without-full-sdk-android-studio-download%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasile" class="citation web cs1">Vasile, Cosmin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.softpedia.com/news/microsoft-releases-android-emulator-and-it-s-supposed-to-be-faster-than-google-s-488016.shtml">"Microsoft Releases Android Emulator and It's Supposed to Be Faster than Google's"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Softpedia" title="Softpedia">Softpedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910152702/https://news.softpedia.com/news/microsoft-releases-android-emulator-and-it-s-supposed-to-be-faster-than-google-s-488016.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Softpedia&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Releases+Android+Emulator+and+It%27s+Supposed+to+Be+Faster+than+Google%27s&rft.aulast=Vasile&rft.aufirst=Cosmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.softpedia.com%2Fnews%2Fmicrosoft-releases-android-emulator-and-it-s-supposed-to-be-faster-than-google-s-488016.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2016/02/android-studio-20-beta.html">"Android Studio 2.0 - Beta"</a>. <i>Android Developers Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910162958/https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2016/02/android-studio-20-beta.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Android+Developers+Blog&rft.atitle=Android+Studio+2.0+-+Beta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandroid-developers.googleblog.com%2F2016%2F02%2Fandroid-studio-20-beta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2017/11/android-things-developer-preview-6.html">"Android Things Developer Preview 6"</a>. <i>Android Developers Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910162953/https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2017/11/android-things-developer-preview-6.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Android+Developers&rft.atitle=Behavior+changes%3A+Apps+targeting+Android+12+%7C+Android+12+Beta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.android.com%2Fabout%2Fversions%2F12%2Fbehavior-changes-12%3Fhl%3Dbg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/mobile/google-considers-removing-android-adb-backup-and-restore/">"Google Considers Removing Android ADB Backup and Restore"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Considers+Removing+Android+ADB+Backup+and+Restore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com%2Fnews%2Fmobile%2Fgoogle-considers-removing-android-adb-backup-and-restore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshaw2022" class="citation web cs1">Bradshaw, Kyle (2022-08-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://9to5google.com/2022/08/26/fuchsia-adb-proposal/">"Google wants to make Fuchsia devices manageable with Android's ADB tool"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/9to5Google" class="mw-redirect" title="9to5Google">9to5Google</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=9to5Google&rft.atitle=Google+wants+to+make+Fuchsia+devices+manageable+with+Android%27s+ADB+tool&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F9to5google.com%2F2022%2F08%2F26%2Ffuchsia-adb-proposal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarwani2013" class="citation book cs1">Harwani, B. M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/862745697"><i>PhoneGap build: developing cross platform mobile applications in the cloud</i></a>. Boca Raton. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-8975-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-8975-9"><bdi>978-1-4665-8975-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/862745697">862745697</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307163655/https://www.worldcat.org/title/phonegap-build-developing-cross-platform-mobile-applications-in-the-cloud/oclc/862745697">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PhoneGap+build%3A+developing+cross+platform+mobile+applications+in+the+cloud&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F862745697&rft.isbn=978-1-4665-8975-9&rft.aulast=Harwani&rft.aufirst=B.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F862745697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanFedewa2021" class="citation web cs1">Hoffman, Chris; Fedewa, Joe (4 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtogeek.com/125769/how-to-install-and-use-abd-the-android-debug-bridge-utility/">"How to Install and Use ADB, the Android Debug Bridge Utility"</a>. <i>How-To Geek</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918232917/https://www.howtogeek.com/125769/how-to-install-and-use-abd-the-android-debug-bridge-utility/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How-To+Geek&rft.atitle=How+to+Install+and+Use+ADB%2C+the+Android+Debug+Bridge+Utility&rft.date=2021-09-04&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Fedewa%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtogeek.com%2F125769%2Fhow-to-install-and-use-abd-the-android-debug-bridge-utility%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth2020" class="citation book cs1">Smyth, Neil (2020). "7". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1190906409"><i>Android Studio 4. 0 Development Essentials - Java Edition: Developing Android Apps Using Android Studio 4. 0, Java and Android Jetpack</i></a>. Cary. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-951442-21-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-951442-21-7"><bdi>978-1-951442-21-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1190906409">1190906409</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926121959/https://www.worldcat.org/title/android-studio-4-0-development-essentials-java-edition-developing-android-apps-using-android-studio-4-0-java-and-android-jetpack/oclc/1190906409">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=Android+Studio+4.+0+Development+Essentials+-+Java+Edition%3A+Developing+Android+Apps+Using+Android+Studio+4.+0%2C+Java+and+Android+Jetpack.&rft.place=Cary&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1190906409&rft.isbn=978-1-951442-21-7&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1190906409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://packages.debian.org/stable/adb">"Debian -- Details of package adb in bullseye"</a>. <i>packages.debian.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908120401/https://packages.debian.org/stable/adb">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=packages.debian.org&rft.atitle=Debian+--+Details+of+package+adb+in+bullseye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpackages.debian.org%2Fstable%2Fadb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifewire.com/android-debug-bridge-adb-4149410">"How to Install Android Debug Bridge (ADB) and Fastboot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lifewire" title="Lifewire">Lifewire</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://www.lifewire.com/android-debug-bridge-adb-4149410">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lifewire&rft.atitle=How+to+Install+Android+Debug+Bridge+%28ADB%29+and+Fastboot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifewire.com%2Fandroid-debug-bridge-adb-4149410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/studio/run/device?hl=de">"Run apps on a hardware device"</a>. <i>Android Developers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908120934/https://developer.android.com/studio/run/device?hl=de">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Android+Developers&rft.atitle=Run+apps+on+a+hardware+device&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.android.com%2Fstudio%2Frun%2Fdevice%3Fhl%3Dde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallen" class="citation web cs1">Wallen, Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techrepublic.com/article/pro-tip-how-to-enable-developer-options-in-android-42/">"How to enable Developer options in Android 4.2"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TechRepublic" title="TechRepublic">TechRepublic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210909131841/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/pro-tip-how-to-enable-developer-options-in-android-42/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechRepublic&rft.atitle=How+to+enable+Developer+options+in+Android+4.2&rft.aulast=Wallen&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techrepublic.com%2Farticle%2Fpro-tip-how-to-enable-developer-options-in-android-42%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgubuike2019" class="citation web cs1">Ogubuike, Udochi (2019-08-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punchng.com/how-to-enable-usb-debugging-mode-on-android/">"How to enable USB debugging mode on Android"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Punch" title="The Punch">The Punch</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917190512/https://punchng.com/how-to-enable-usb-debugging-mode-on-android/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Punch&rft.atitle=How+to+enable+USB+debugging+mode+on+Android&rft.date=2019-08-09&rft.aulast=Ogubuike&rft.aufirst=Udochi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunchng.com%2Fhow-to-enable-usb-debugging-mode-on-android%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAranzulla" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Aranzulla" title="Salvatore Aranzulla">Aranzulla, Salvatore</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aranzulla.it/come-attivare-debug-usb-1144637.html">"Come attivare debug USB"</a>. <i>Salvatore Aranzulla</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210909140557/https://www.aranzulla.it/come-attivare-debug-usb-1144637.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salvatore+Aranzulla&rft.atitle=Come+attivare+debug+USB&rft.aulast=Aranzulla&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aranzulla.it%2Fcome-attivare-debug-usb-1144637.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake2014" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Joshua J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/875820167"><i>Android hacker's handbook</i></a>. Zach Lanier, Collin Mulliner, Pau Oliva, Stephen A. Ridley, Georg Wicherski. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-60861-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-60861-6"><bdi>978-1-118-60861-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/875820167">875820167</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926122022/https://www.worldcat.org/title/android-hackers-handbook/oclc/875820167">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Android+hacker%27s+handbook&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+IN&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F875820167&rft.isbn=978-1-118-60861-6&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F875820167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelsohn2017" class="citation web cs1">Mendelsohn, Tom (2017-01-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/01/google-plugs-severe-android-bootmode-vulnerability/">"Google plugs severe Android vulnerability that exposed devices to spying"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910135518/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/01/google-plugs-severe-android-bootmode-vulnerability/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Google+plugs+severe+Android+vulnerability+that+exposed+devices+to+spying&rft.date=2017-01-09&rft.aulast=Mendelsohn&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2017%2F01%2Fgoogle-plugs-severe-android-bootmode-vulnerability%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCimpanu" class="citation web cs1">Cimpanu, Catalin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/android-devices-ensnared-in-ddos-botnet/">"Android devices ensnared in DDoS botnet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910135518/https://www.zdnet.com/article/android-devices-ensnared-in-ddos-botnet/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Android+devices+ensnared+in+DDoS+botnet&rft.aulast=Cimpanu&rft.aufirst=Catalin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fandroid-devices-ensnared-in-ddos-botnet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuman" class="citation news cs1">Schuman, Evan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/3627326/this-vultur-app-takes-malicious-to-the-next-level.html">"This Vultur app takes malicious to the next level"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910135522/https://www.computerworld.com/article/3627326/this-vultur-app-takes-malicious-to-the-next-level.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=This+Vultur+app+takes+malicious+to+the+next+level&rft.aulast=Schuman&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F3627326%2Fthis-vultur-app-takes-malicious-to-the-next-level.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Android_Debug_Bridge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/tools/adb">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.lineageos.org/adb_fastboot_guide">"Using ADB and fastboot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/LineageOS" title="LineageOS">LineageOS</a> wiki</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LineageOS+wiki&rft.atitle=Using+ADB+and+fastboot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.lineageos.org%2Fadb_fastboot_guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Android_Debug_Bridge">"Android Debug Bridge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a> wiki</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arch+Linux+wiki&rft.atitle=Android+Debug+Bridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.archlinux.org%2Ftitle%2FAndroid_Debug_Bridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Android/adb">"Android/adb - Gentoo Wiki"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo Linux</a> wiki</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gentoo+Linux+wiki&rft.atitle=Android%2Fadb+-+Gentoo+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.gentoo.org%2Fwiki%2FAndroid%2Fadb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndroid+Debug+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.droidwiki.org/wiki/Android_Debug_Bridge">"Android Debug Bridge"</a>. <i>Android Wiki</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Android_(operating_system)" title="Template:Android (operating system)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Android_(operating_system)" title="Template talk:Android (operating system)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Development tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Runtime" title="Android Runtime">Android Runtime</a> (ART)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_SDK" title="Android SDK">Software development kit</a> (SDK) <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Android Debug Bridge</a> (ADB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_App_Bundle" title="Android App Bundle">Android App Bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apk_(file_format)" title="Apk (file format)">Android application package</a> (APK)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebase" title="Firebase">Firebase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Messaging" title="Google Cloud Messaging">Google Cloud Messaging</a> (GCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebase_Cloud_Messaging" title="Firebase Cloud Messaging">Firebase Cloud Messaging</a> (FCM)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Mobile_Services" title="Google Mobile Services">Google Mobile Services</a> (GMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_NDK" title="Android NDK">Native development kit</a> (NDK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Open_Accessory_Development_Kit" class="mw-redirect" title="Android Open Accessory Development Kit">Open accessory development kit</a> (OADK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RenderScript" title="RenderScript">RenderScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skia_Graphics_Engine" title="Skia Graphics Engine">Skia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdMob" title="AdMob">AdMob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_Design" title="Material Design">Material Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">Fonts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droid_(typeface)" title="Droid (typeface)">Droid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roboto" title="Roboto">Roboto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noto_fonts" title="Noto fonts">Noto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Developers" title="Google Developers">Google Developers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenBinder" title="OpenBinder">OpenBinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradle" title="Gradle">Gradle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated<br />development<br />environments</a> (IDE)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Studio" title="Android Studio">Android Studio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)#Android_Development_Tools" title="Eclipse (software)">Android Development Tools</a> (ADT)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/App_Inventor_for_Android" class="mw-redirect" title="App Inventor for Android">App Inventor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a> (VR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Daydream</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events, <a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">Google I/O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Developer_Challenge" title="Android Developer Challenge">Developer Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Developer_Lab" title="Android Developer Lab">Developer Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Open_Source_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Android Open Source Project">Android Open Source Project</a> (AOSP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">Releases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Cupcake" title="Android Cupcake">Cupcake (1.5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Donut" title="Android Donut">Donut (1.6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Eclair" title="Android Eclair">Eclair (2.0–2.1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Froyo (2.2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Gingerbread" title="Android Gingerbread">Gingerbread (2.3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Honeycomb" title="Android Honeycomb">Honeycomb (3.x)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Ice_Cream_Sandwich" title="Android Ice Cream Sandwich">Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Jelly_Bean" title="Android Jelly Bean">Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_KitKat" title="Android KitKat">KitKat (4.4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Lollipop" title="Android Lollipop">Lollipop (5.x)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Marshmallow" title="Android Marshmallow">Marshmallow (6.0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Nougat" title="Android Nougat">Nougat (7.x)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Oreo" title="Android Oreo">Oreo (8.x)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Pie" title="Android Pie">Pie (9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_10" title="Android 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_11" title="Android 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_12" title="Android 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_13" title="Android 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_14" title="Android 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_15" title="Android 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_16" title="Android 16">16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Automotive" title="Android Automotive">Android Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Things" title="Android Things">Android Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_TV" title="Android TV">TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_TV_devices" title="List of Android TV devices">devices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_OS" title="Wear OS">Wear OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_C" title="Pixel C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_(1st_generation)" title="Pixel (1st generation)">Pixel & Pixel XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_2" title="Pixel 2">2 & 2 XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_3" title="Pixel 3">3 & 3 XL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_3a" title="Pixel 3a">3a & 3a XL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_4" title="Pixel 4">4 & 4 XL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_4a" title="Pixel 4a">4a & 4a (5G)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_5" title="Pixel 5">5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_5a" title="Pixel 5a">5a</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_6" title="Pixel 6">6 & 6 Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_6a" title="Pixel 6a">6a</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_7" title="Pixel 7">7 & 7 Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_7a" title="Pixel 7a">7a</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Fold" title="Pixel Fold">Fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Tablet" title="Pixel Tablet">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_8" title="Pixel 8">8 & 8 Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_8a" title="Pixel 8a">8a</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_8" title="Pixel 8">9, 9 Pro & 9 Pro XL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_9_Pro_Fold" title="Pixel 9 Pro Fold">9 Pro Fold</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_S" title="Nexus S">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Nexus" title="Galaxy Nexus">Galaxy Nexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_4" title="Nexus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_10" title="Nexus 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Q" title="Nexus Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_5" title="Nexus 5">5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_5X" title="Nexus 5X">5X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_6" title="Nexus 6">6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_6P" title="Nexus 6P">6P</a></li></ul></li> <li>7 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_7_(2012)" title="Nexus 7 (2012)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_7_(2013)" title="Nexus 7 (2013)">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_9" title="Nexus 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Player" title="Nexus Player">Player</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_Play_edition_devices" title="List of Google Play edition devices">Play edition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTC_One_(M7)" title="HTC One (M7)">HTC One (M7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC_One_(M8)" title="HTC One (M8)">HTC One (M8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_G_Pad_8.3" title="LG G Pad 8.3">LG G Pad 8.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moto_G_(1st_generation)" title="Moto G (1st generation)">Moto G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S4" title="Samsung Galaxy S4">Samsung Galaxy S4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_Z_Ultra" title="Sony Xperia Z Ultra">Sony Xperia Z Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_One" title="Android One">Android One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_smartphones" title="List of Android smartphones">other smartphones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">Custom <br /> distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AliOS" title="AliOS">AliOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android-x86" title="Android-x86">Android-x86</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remix_OS" title="Remix OS">Remix OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOKP" title="AOKP">AOKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidu_Yi" title="Baidu Yi">Baidu Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CalyxOS" title="CalyxOS">CalyxOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorOS" title="ColorOS">ColorOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Realme" title="Realme">realme UI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CopperheadOS" title="CopperheadOS">CopperheadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honor_(brand)" title="Honor (brand)">Magic UI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_OS" title="Fire OS">Fire OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meizu#Flyme" title="Meizu">Flyme OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GrapheneOS" title="GrapheneOS">GrapheneOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaomi_HyperOS" title="Xiaomi HyperOS">Xiaomi HyperOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIUI" title="MIUI">MIUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POCO_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="POCO (company)">MIUI for POCO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeWa_OS" title="LeWa OS">LeWa OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LineageOS" title="LineageOS">LineageOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//e/_(operating_system)" title="/e/ (operating system)">/e/</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrDroid" title="CrDroid">CrDroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DivestOS" title="DivestOS">DivestOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iod%C3%A9OS" title="IodéOS">iodéOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_NetHunter" title="Kali NetHunter">Kali NetHunter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiteOS" title="LiteOS">LiteOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Horizon OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroG" title="MicroG">MicroG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_X_family#Nokia_X_software_platform" title="Nokia X family">Nokia X software platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniROM" title="OmniROM">OmniROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPhone" title="OPhone">OPhone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OxygenOS" title="OxygenOS">OxygenOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PixelExperience" title="PixelExperience">PixelExperience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel#Pixel_UI_(Pixel_Launcher)" title="Google Pixel">Pixel UI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicant_(operating_system)" title="Replicant (operating system)">Replicant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_Remix_OS" title="Resurrection Remix OS">Resurrection Remix OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlimRoms" title="SlimRoms">SlimRoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCL_Technology" title="TCL Technology">TCL UI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_for_Android" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu for Android">Ubuntu for Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XobotOS" title="XobotOS">XobotOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo_smartphones" title="Lenovo smartphones">ZUI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Booting and<br />recovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Android_devices" title="Booting process of Android devices">Booting process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_recovery_mode" title="Android recovery mode">Recovery mode</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TWRP_(software)" title="TWRP (software)">TWRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClockworkMod" title="ClockworkMod">ClockworkMod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Services" title="Google Play Services">Google Play Services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SafetyNet_API" title="SafetyNet API">SafetyNet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternative <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">UIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asus_ZenUI" class="mw-redirect" title="Asus ZenUI">Asus ZenUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorOS" title="ColorOS">ColorOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meizu#Flyme" title="Meizu">Flyme OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_UI" title="Hive UI">XOLO Hive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC_Sense" title="HTC Sense">HTC Sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_UX" title="LG UX">LG UX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optimus_UI" title="Optimus UI">Optimus UI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motoblur" title="Motoblur">Motoblur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_UI" title="One UI">One UI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Experience" title="Samsung Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TouchWiz" title="TouchWiz">TouchWiz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OxygenOS" title="OxygenOS">OxygenOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel#Pixel_UI_(Pixel_Launcher)" title="Google Pixel">Pixel UI</a></li> <li>Xperia UI</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">Rooting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SuperSU" title="SuperSU">SuperSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisk_(software)" title="Magisk (software)">Magisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingo_Root" title="Kingo Root">Kingo Root</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">Custom distributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_in_Android" title="List of features in Android">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Free and open-source applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_apps_by_Google" title="List of Android apps by Google">Google apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_launchers" title="List of Android launchers">Launchers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Android_OS_articles" title="Index of Android OS articles">Index of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androidland" title="Androidland">Androidland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromecast" title="Chromecast">Chromecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Java_and_Android_API" title="Comparison of Java and Android API">Java vs. Android API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_lawn_statues" title="Android lawn statues">Lawn statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueStacks" title="BlueStacks">BlueStacks</a></li> <li>Legal issues 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Oracle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">smartphone patent wars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Android_(operating_system)_development_software" title="Category:Android (operating system) development software">Category:Android development</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_telecommunications" title="Category:Mobile telecommunications">Category:Mobile telecommunications</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Software">Software portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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