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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch-era class of nobility in Indonesia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_de_regent_van_Poerwokerto_Banjoemas_met_zijn_echtgenote_TMnr_10001900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_de_regent_van_Poerwokerto_Banjoemas_met_zijn_echtgenote_TMnr_10001900.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_de_regent_van_Poerwokerto_Banjoemas_met_zijn_echtgenote_TMnr_10001900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_de_regent_van_Poerwokerto_Banjoemas_met_zijn_echtgenote_TMnr_10001900.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_de_regent_van_Poerwokerto_Banjoemas_met_zijn_echtgenote_TMnr_10001900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_de_regent_van_Poerwokerto_Banjoemas_met_zijn_echtgenote_TMnr_10001900.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_de_regent_van_Poerwokerto_Banjoemas_met_zijn_echtgenote_TMnr_10001900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Banjoemas, the Regent of <a href="/wiki/Purwokerto" title="Purwokerto">Purwokerto</a>, with his wife. A <a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">retainer</a> can be seen sitting behind the regent</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Priyayi</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Van_Ophuijsen_Spelling_System" title="Van Ophuijsen Spelling System">former spelling</a>: <i><b>Prijaji</b></i>) was the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch-era</a> class of the <a href="/wiki/Nobles_of_the_robe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobles of the robe">nobles of the robe</a>, as opposed to royal <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Surakarta_and_Yogyakarta_nobility_titles" title="List of Surakarta and Yogyakarta nobility titles">ningrat</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. <i>Priyayi</i> is a Javanese word originally denoting the descendants of the <i>adipati</i> or governors, the first of whom were appointed in the 17th century by the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Agung_of_Mataram" title="Sultan Agung of Mataram">Sultan Agung of Mataram</a> to administer the principalities he had conquered. Initially court officials in pre-colonial kingdoms, the <i>priyayi</i> moved into the colonial civil service and then on to administrators of the modern Indonesian Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonald_9_10_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald_9_10-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-colonial_period">Pre-colonial period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priyayi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mataram_Sultanate_in_Sultan_Agung_Reign.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mataram_Sultanate_in_Sultan_Agung_Reign.svg/220px-Mataram_Sultanate_in_Sultan_Agung_Reign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mataram_Sultanate_in_Sultan_Agung_Reign.svg/330px-Mataram_Sultanate_in_Sultan_Agung_Reign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mataram_Sultanate_in_Sultan_Agung_Reign.svg/440px-Mataram_Sultanate_in_Sultan_Agung_Reign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2053" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a> during Sultan Agung's reign, mid-17th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a>, an Islamic polity in south-central Java that reached its peak in the 17th century, developed a <a href="/wiki/Kraton_(Indonesia)" title="Kraton (Indonesia)"><i>kraton</i></a> ("court") culture from which the Sultan emerged as a charismatic figure who ruled over a relatively independent aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Named <i>para yayi</i> ("the king’s brothers"), nobles, officials, administrators, and chiefs were integrated into a patron-client relationship with the Sultan to preside over the peripheries of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The homeland of <i>priyayi</i> culture is attributed to Mataram’s center, namely the Javanese-speaking middle and eastern parts of Java.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although "Javanized" by Mataram’s political expansion, the <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>-speaking western part of Java, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_salient_of_Java" title="Eastern salient of Java">easternmost parts of Java</a>, and the nearby island of <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a> retain ethnic, linguistic, and cultural differences from the Mataramese heartland.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_1975,_pp._61-62_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland_1975,_pp._61-62-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priyayi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_regent_van_Surabaya_Raden_Tumenggung_Musono_loopt_opweg_naar_zijn_installatie_het_gouverneurserf_op_en_wordt_vergezeld_door_patih_en_wedono%27s_in_gala-tenue_TMnr_10003356.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_regent_van_Surabaya_Raden_Tumenggung_Musono_loopt_opweg_naar_zijn_installatie_het_gouverneurserf_op_en_wordt_vergezeld_door_patih_en_wedono%27s_in_gala-tenue_TMnr_10003356.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_regent_van_Surabaya_Raden_Tumenggung_Musono_loopt_opweg_naar_zijn_installatie_het_gouverneurserf_op_en_wordt_vergezeld_door_patih_en_wedono%27s_in_gala-tenue_TMnr_10003356.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_regent_van_Surabaya_Raden_Tumenggung_Musono_loopt_opweg_naar_zijn_installatie_het_gouverneurserf_op_en_wordt_vergezeld_door_patih_en_wedono%27s_in_gala-tenue_TMnr_10003356.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>The regent of <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, Raden Tumenggung Musono went in gala dress for his installation, accompanied by lower-ranking officials, <i>patih,</i> and <i>wedana</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch colonial period</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) and the collapse of Mataram, the Sunanate of <a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Sultanate Yogyakarta</a> became centers of Javanese political power since the 1755 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Giyanti" title="Treaty of Giyanti">Treaty of Giyanti</a>. Although Dutch political influence severely limited their autonomy throughout the colonial period, the two kingdoms continued to serve as symbols of Javanese courtly culture.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the lowland rural areas of Java, the presence of a centralized indigenous bureaucracy strengthened state control over uncultivated land and helped transform the peasantry from independent smallholders to agricultural laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_offices">Government offices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priyayi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outside of the areas ruled directly by Yogyakarta and Surakarta, Dutch colonial authorities established two civil service bodies: the <i>Binnenlands Bestuur</i> ("Interior Administration"), staffed by Dutch officials, and the <i>Pangreh Praja</i> ("Ruler of the Realm"), the indigenous bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_114_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland_114-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1926, the Binnenlands Bestuur in the directly ruled areas of Java and Madura consisted of the following offices with territorial responsibilities, in descending order:<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_114_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland_114-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Governor; 3 positions</li> <li>Resident; approximately 20 positions</li> <li>Assistant Resident; approximately 70 positions</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Raden_Toemenggoeng_Danoediningrat_de_regent_van_Kediri_met_zijn_vrouw_TMnr_60020738.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Raden_Toemenggoeng_Danoediningrat_de_regent_van_Kediri_met_zijn_vrouw_TMnr_60020738.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Raden_Toemenggoeng_Danoediningrat_de_regent_van_Kediri_met_zijn_vrouw_TMnr_60020738.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Raden_Toemenggoeng_Danoediningrat_de_regent_van_Kediri_met_zijn_vrouw_TMnr_60020738.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Raden_Toemenggoeng_Danoediningrat_de_regent_van_Kediri_met_zijn_vrouw_TMnr_60020738.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Raden_Toemenggoeng_Danoediningrat_de_regent_van_Kediri_met_zijn_vrouw_TMnr_60020738.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Raden_Toemenggoeng_Danoediningrat_de_regent_van_Kediri_met_zijn_vrouw_TMnr_60020738.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Raden Tumenggung Danoediningrat, Regent of <a href="/wiki/Kediri_Regency" title="Kediri Regency">Kediri</a>, with his wife. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1920.</figcaption></figure> <p>In turn, there were three pangreh praja offices with territorial responsibilities, staffed by the indigenous <i>priyayi</i>, in descending order:<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_114_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland_114-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>Bupati</i> ("Regent"); approximately 70 positions. A bupati is responsible for a <a href="/wiki/Kabupaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabupaten">kabupaten</a>, often a polity with a semi-autonomous history. The position of a bupati was often inherited from father to son, a practice allowed under the 1854 Dutch Constitutions, and families of the bupati often formed a local aristocratic class. The bupati is subordinate to, and usually has a one-to-one correspondence with, the assistant resident ‒ the lowest-ranking official of the Binnenlands Bestuur.</li> <li><i>Wedana</i> ("District Chief"); approximately 400 positions.</li> <li><i>Asisten Wedana</i> ("Sub-District Chief"); approximately 1,200 positions.</li></ol> <p>Other colonial government employees considered to be of <i>priyayi</i> stature included tax officials, prosecutors, and officials attached to police units.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_114_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland_114-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1931, Europeans accounted only for 10 percent of the entire state apparatus in the Dutch East Indies, and over 250,000 native officials were on the state payroll.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Java, a class distinction existed between <i>priyagung</i> ("upper <i>priyayi</i>"), a group well connected to the aristocratic elite in Surakarta and Yogyakarta, and <i>priyayi cilik</i> ("lower <i>priyayi</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_114_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland_114-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the social distance separating the <i>priyayi</i> from the peasantry is much greater than that separating the priyagung from the <i>priyayi</i> cilik.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalist_movements">Nationalist movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priyayi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nationalist movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Groepsportret_van_Mr._J._Visser_met_leerlingen_van_de_Opleidingsschool_voor_Inlandse_Ambtenaren_(OSVIA)_TMnr_60050034.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Groepsportret_van_Mr._J._Visser_met_leerlingen_van_de_Opleidingsschool_voor_Inlandse_Ambtenaren_%28OSVIA%29_TMnr_60050034.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Groepsportret_van_Mr._J._Visser_met_leerlingen_van_de_Opleidingsschool_voor_Inlandse_Ambtenaren_%28OSVIA%29_TMnr_60050034.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Groepsportret_van_Mr._J._Visser_met_leerlingen_van_de_Opleidingsschool_voor_Inlandse_Ambtenaren_%28OSVIA%29_TMnr_60050034.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Groepsportret_van_Mr._J._Visser_met_leerlingen_van_de_Opleidingsschool_voor_Inlandse_Ambtenaren_%28OSVIA%29_TMnr_60050034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Groepsportret_van_Mr._J._Visser_met_leerlingen_van_de_Opleidingsschool_voor_Inlandse_Ambtenaren_%28OSVIA%29_TMnr_60050034.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Groepsportret_van_Mr._J._Visser_met_leerlingen_van_de_Opleidingsschool_voor_Inlandse_Ambtenaren_%28OSVIA%29_TMnr_60050034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>A group portrait of J. Visser and students at the OSVIA, a training school for native government officials in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1901, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> government established the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ethical_Policy" title="Dutch Ethical Policy">Ethische Politiek</a></i> ("Ethical Politics") as an official policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_97_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_97-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ethical Politics paradigm extended the colonial state control through educational, religious, agricultural, resource extraction, and political surveillance institutions over the native population until <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">the Japanese occupation</a> of 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_97_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_97-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western-style education became available to the native populace, although only the wealthy could afford tuition at the secondary and tertiary institutions where Dutch was the primary language of instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Javanese, <i>priyayi</i> men were the first to be educated at Western-style institutions before entering the colonial civil service.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nationalistic sentiments among Javanese elites who received Dutch education were formative in the era of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Indonesian National Awakening</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Boedi_Oetomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Boedi Oetomo">Boedi Oetomo</a>, the first indigenous political society in the Dutch East Indies, was established by a group of <i>priyayi</i> doctors and medical students in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-Fakih_420_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fakih_420-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the group was confined to a Javanese, male <i>priyayi</i> following, the Boedi Oetomo was the first in a series of indigenous political activism in the Dutch East Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-Fakih_420_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fakih_420-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Boedi Oetomo gave rise to prominent <i>priyayi</i> figures such as Soetatmo Soeriekosomo (1888-1924) and Noto Soeroto (1888-1951), who are advocates for ethnic nationalism through the Committee for Javanese Nationalism, as well as advocates of Indies-wide nationalism, such as <a href="/wiki/Tjipto_Mangoenkoesoemo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo">Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo</a> (1886-1943) who later founded the <a href="/wiki/Indische_Party" title="Indische Party">Indische Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emergence of other ethnic nationalist groups and Indies-nationalist political parties in Java later eclipsed Javanese nationalism and gave rise to the emergence of a broader, Indonesian-language nationalism throughout the 1920s and 30s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-independence_period">Post-independence period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priyayi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-independence period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The recognition of the Republic of Indonesia in 1949 by Dutch authorities resulted in the integration of bureaucratic institutions from Dutch-controlled federal states into the new Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordholt_399_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordholt_399-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of civil servants in Indonesia thus grew from 115,000 in the late 1920s to 400,000 in the early 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordholt_399_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordholt_399-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the strategic top echelons were dominated by an elite group of 100,000 Dutch-trained senior officials, which were concentrated in the Ministry of the Interior.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordholt_399_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordholt_399-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1980s, Indonesia’s civil service expanded to approximately 2 million members, which amounted to 13.9 civil servants per 1,000 of the population, in contrast to the much lower 3.7 per 1,000 in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the status of a <i>priyayi</i> does not have a formal presence in post-independence Indonesian law, proximity to the executive branches of the state, which it symbolizes, remained a popular mode of upward socio-political mobility from the 1950s and after.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> encouraged traditional <i>priyayi</i> and corporatist values in the Indonesian civil service, especially through the establishment of the Indonesian Civil Servants' Corps (<a href="/wiki/KORPRI" title="KORPRI">KORPRI</a>) in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priyayi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>priyayi</i> class used an elaborate title system. Some of the commonly used titles among Javanese nobility were:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><b>Raden Mas</b></i>: used by male nobility</li> <li><i><b>Raden Ayu</b></i>: used by married female nobility</li> <li><i><b>Raden Ajeng</b></i>: used by unmarried female nobility</li> <li><i><b>Tumenggung</b></i>: additional title, used by nobility who held a Regency office</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Raden"></span> <i><b>Raden</b></i>: a title used by male nobility lower than <i>Raden Mas</i></li> <li><i><b>Raden Nganten</b></i>: a title used by married female nobility lower than <i>Raden Ayu</i></li> <li><i><b>Raden Rara</b></i> (read as <i><b>Raden Roro</b></i>): a title used by unmarried female nobility lower than <i>Raden Ajeng</i></li> <li><i><b>Mas</b></i>: a title for male petty nobility</li></ul> <p>The order of precedence for male nobility titles is: a simple <i>Mas</i> is the lowest, followed by simple <i>Raden</i>, and then the higher titles are compound titles of <i>Raden Mas</i>, <i>Raden Panji</i>, <i>Raden Tumenggung</i>, <i>Raden Ngabehi,</i> and <i>Raden Aria</i>. These titles were hereditary to some extent; a son would inherit a title one level lower than his parent unless it was already of the lowest rank.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The honorific <i>Raden</i> is related to the <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Malagasy</a> noble titles of <a href="/wiki/Andriana" title="Andriana">Randriana</a> or <a href="/wiki/Andriana" title="Andriana">Andriana</a>, both of which are derived from the word "<i>Rahadyan</i>" (Ra-hadi-an), meaning "Lord" or "Master" in <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adelaar_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelaar-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_attributes">Cultural attributes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priyayi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cultural attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American cultural anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a> explained two cultural oppositions in <i>priyayi</i> worldview that characterizes the <i>priyayi</i> as a social status: <i>alus</i> ("refined") against <i>kasar</i> ("unrefined"), and <i>batin</i> ("inner human experience") against <i>lahir</i> ("outer human behavior").<sup id="cite_ref-Geertz_232_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geertz_232-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a feudalistic subculture in Javanese society distinct from the peasantry, <i>priyayi</i> culture emphasizes the alus over the kasar, and the batin over the lahir.<sup id="cite_ref-Geertz_232_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geertz_232-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priyayi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal religion of the ethnic Javanese populace in the provinces of Central Java, East Java, and the Special Region of Yogyakarta is Islam, although there are minorities of Roman Catholic Christians, Protestant Christians, Hindus, Buddhists and Confucianists.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Javanese Islam, Geertz identified three alirans, or cultural streams: the <i><a href="/wiki/Abangan" title="Abangan">abangan</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Santri" title="Santri">santri</a></i>, and the <i>priyayi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the santri stream are more likely to be urban dwellers and tend to be oriented to the mosque, the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, and Islamic canon law. In contrast, the abangan tend to be from village peasant backgrounds and absorb both Hindu and Muslim elements, forming a culture of animist and folk traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonald_9_10_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald_9_10-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>priyayi</i> stream is the traditional bureaucratic elite and was strongly driven by hierarchical Hindu-Javanese tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonald_9_10_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald_9_10-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The santri are sometimes referred to as <i>Putihan</i> ("the white ones") as distinct from the 'red' abangan. In general, the religion of the <i>priyayi</i> is closer to the abangan tradition than the santri, because it combines Indic polytheism and Islamic monotheism.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public rituals, such as <a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">slametan</a>, or the communal feast, are practiced in abangan peasant and <i>priyayi</i> households alike.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Priyayi</i> families on the coastal center and eastern parts of the island, however, emphasize genealogical ties to the <i><a href="/wiki/Wali_Sanga" title="Wali Sanga">wali sanga</a></i>, the nine Islamic saints of Java, and are closer to the santri in their religious practices than their hinterland counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_1975,_pp._61-62_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland_1975,_pp._61-62-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socio-economic_status">Socio-economic status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priyayi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Socio-economic status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the abangan are often peasants, the <i>priyayi</i> is the class of the landed gentry of towns and urban population centers.<sup id="cite_ref-Geertz_229_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geertz_229-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike feudal landlords, however, the <i>priyayi</i> of the Dutch colonial period are white-collar government employees who work as bureaucrats, teachers, and clerks.<sup id="cite_ref-Geertz_229_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geertz_229-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>priyayi</i> distinguish themselves from the peasantry and the merchant class by defining their work for the government as alus ("refined"), as opposed to trading, farming, and laboring, which are defined as kasar ("unrefined").<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early 19th-century poem, "Suluk Mas Nganten," written by Jayadiningrat I, a <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a> courtier, describes <i>priyayi</i> as a charismatic power, and not just socio-economic stature, that merchants cannot achieve:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Ana maneh nisthane wong memantu</i></dd> <dd><i>ana ta sudagar cilik</i></dd> <dd><i>awatara sugihipun</i></dd> <dd><i>kepengin cara priyayi</i></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Again there is the shame of one who held a wedding</dd> <dd>There was a petty merchant</dd> <dd>Middling was his wealth</dd> <dd>He yearned to follow the style of the <i>priyayi</i></dd></dl> <p><i>Priyayi</i> families, however, also engage in trading through informal channels. Until the 1980s, <i>priyayi</i> women often supplemented their household income by selling homemade textiles and craftswear, although trading in public places is seen as inappropriate for upper- and middle-class <i>priyayi</i> women.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priyayi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literacy and command of multiple <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese language</a> registers were sources of <i>priyayi</i> prestige during the Dutch colonial era when the majority of Java’s population was illiterate.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_131_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_131-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two major levels of discourse in the Javanese language are <i>krama</i> ("formal") and <i>ngoko</i> ("informal").<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_131_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_131-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mastery of krama, a set of registers primarily spoken up the social hierarchy, requires high levels of education.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_131_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_131-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of the 19th century, when younger cadres of <i>priyayi</i> received Dutch-language education, the Javanese "inner elite" began adopting <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> not only as a language used at work when interacting with the Dutch but also at home and among Javanese circles.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonial era <i>priyayi</i>, therefore, became a largely bilingual class.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since independence, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> has been adopted as a national language, and new styles of Indonesian and Javanese have emerged as a continuation of the krama and ngoko registers in official publications and popular literature.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priyayi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batikyogya_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Batikyogya_02.jpg/220px-Batikyogya_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Batikyogya_02.jpg/330px-Batikyogya_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Batikyogya_02.jpg/440px-Batikyogya_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>A batik pattern from <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>priyayi</i> are patrons and practitioners of classical, courtly Javanese art forms, which they regard as alus and refined in contrast to the peasant art forms:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a></i>; the shadow-play that performs Javanese retellings of the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the history of pre-colonial Javanese kingdoms</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a></i>; the percussion orchestra that accompanies wayang performances or performs independently</li> <li><i>lakon</i>; dramatizations of wayang stories and myths that are retold orally</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tembang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tembang">tembang</a></i>; rigid forms of poetry that is recited or sung with gamelan accompaniment</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a></i>; textile-making with wax and dye</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priyayi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Java" title="Hinduism in Java">Hinduism in Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism">Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Kshatriya" title="Javanese Kshatriya">Javanese Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanisation" title="Javanisation">Javanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejawen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kejawen">Kejawen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djajadiningrat_family" title="Djajadiningrat family">Djajadiningrat family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_family_of_Lasem" title="Han family of Lasem">Han family of Lasem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priyayi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McDonald_9_10-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_9_10_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_9_10_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_9_10_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1980">McDonald (1980)</a>, pp. 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutherland1975">Sutherland (1975)</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchiel1990">Schiel (1990)</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutherland1975">Sutherland (1975)</a>, pp. 57–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutherland_1975,_pp._61-62-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland_1975,_pp._61-62_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland_1975,_pp._61-62_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutherland1975">Sutherland (1975)</a>, pp. 61–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarey1997">Carey (1997)</a>, pp. 711–713</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchiel1990">Schiel (1990)</a>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutherland_114-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland_114_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland_114_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland_114_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland_114_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland_114_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutherland1973">Sutherland (1973)</a>, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1990">Anderson (1990)</a>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonSoejatno1974">Anderson & Soejatno (1974)</a>, pp. 99–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_97-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_97_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_97_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1990">Anderson (1990)</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchijfThe1992">Schijf & The (1992)</a>, pp. 40–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHagen1997">Hagen (1997)</a>, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fakih_420-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fakih_420_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fakih_420_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFakih2012">Fakih (2012)</a>, p. 420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShiraishi1981">Shiraishi (1981)</a>, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuryadinata1978">Suryadinata (1978)</a>, pp. 104–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nordholt_399-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nordholt_399_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordholt_399_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordholt_399_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNordholt2011">Nordholt (2011)</a>, p. 399</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvers1997">Evers (1997)</a>, p. 672</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNordholt2011">Nordholt (2011)</a>, p. 400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCribbKahin2004">Cribb & Kahin (2004)</a>, p. 357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtmosumarto2004">Atmosumarto (2004)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIbrahimSiddiqueHussain1985">Ibrahim, Siddique & Hussain (1985)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adelaar-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adelaar_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdelaar2006">Adelaar (2006)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geertz_232-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geertz_232_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geertz_232_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeertz1960">Geertz (1960)</a>, p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCribbKahin2004">Cribb & Kahin (2004)</a>, p. lxv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeertz1960">Geertz (1960)</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeertz1960">Geertz (1960)</a>, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeertz1960">Geertz (1960)</a>, p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geertz_229-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geertz_229_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geertz_229_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeertz1960">Geertz (1960)</a>, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeertz1960">Geertz (1960)</a>, p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrenner1991">Brenner (1991)</a>, pp. 67–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrenner1991">Brenner (1991)</a>, pp. 78–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_131-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_131_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_131_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_131_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1990">Anderson (1990)</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1990">Anderson (1990)</a>, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1990">Anderson (1990)</a>, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1990">Anderson (1990)</a>, pp. 144–147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeertz1960">Geertz (1960)</a>, p. 261</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priyayi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdelaar2006" class="citation book cs1">Adelaar, Alexander (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santafe.edu/events/workshops/images/6/6d/IndonesianMigrations.pdf">"The Indonesian migrations to Madagascar: Making sense of the multidisciplinary evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Alexander Adelaar (ed.). <i>Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogenesis of people in Indonesian Archipelago</i>. Lipi Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Indonesian+migrations+to+Madagascar%3A+Making+sense+of+the+multidisciplinary+evidence&rft.btitle=Austronesian+diaspora+and+the+ethnogenesis+of+people+in+Indonesian+Archipelago&rft.pub=Lipi+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santafe.edu%2Fevents%2Fworkshops%2Fimages%2F6%2F6d%2FIndonesianMigrations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriyayi" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1990" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Benedict (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagepowerexp00ande_0"><i>Language and Power: Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia</i></a></span>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Power%3A+Exploring+Political+Cultures+in+Indonesia&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguagepowerexp00ande_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriyayi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonSoejatno1974" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Benedict; Soejatno (1974). "Revolution and Social Tensions in Surakarta 1945-1950". <i>Indonesia</i>. <b>17</b> (17): 99–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3350775">10.2307/3350775</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F53581">1813/53581</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3350775">3350775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesia&rft.atitle=Revolution+and+Social+Tensions+in+Surakarta+1945-1950&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=99-111&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F53581&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3350775%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3350775&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rft.au=Soejatno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriyayi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtmosumarto2004" class="citation book cs1">Atmosumarto, Sutanto (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0PV0NSjCdFAC"><i>A learner's comprehensive dictionary of Indonesian</i></a>. Atma Stanton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780954682804" title="Special:BookSources/9780954682804"><bdi>9780954682804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+learner%27s+comprehensive+dictionary+of+Indonesian&rft.pub=Atma+Stanton&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780954682804&rft.aulast=Atmosumarto&rft.aufirst=Sutanto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0PV0NSjCdFAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriyayi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner1991" class="citation journal cs1">Brenner, Suzanne A. (1991). "Competing Hierarchies: Merchants and the Priyayi Elite in Solo, Central Java". <i>Indonesia</i>. <b>52</b> (52): 55–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3351155">10.2307/3351155</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F53965">1813/53965</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3351155">3351155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesia&rft.atitle=Competing+Hierarchies%3A+Merchants+and+the+Priyayi+Elite+in+Solo%2C+Central+Java&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=55-83&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F53965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3351155%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3351155&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriyayi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey1997" class="citation journal cs1">Carey, Peter (1997). 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La Tradition parfaite</i>. Karthala. Paris. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84586-637-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-84586-637-2">2-84586-637-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_in_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Islam in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Islam in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Islam in Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Shia Islam in Indonesia">Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Indonesia" title="Ahmadiyya in Indonesia">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li>Old divisions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abangan" title="Abangan">Abangan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Priyayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santri" title="Santri">Santri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg/60px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg/90px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg/120px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classic era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Arsyad_al-Banjari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari (page does not exist)">Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Arsyad_al-Banjari" class="extiw" title="id:Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nawawi_al-Bantani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nawawi al-Bantani (page does not exist)">Nawawi al-Bantani</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawawi_al-Bantani" class="extiw" title="id:Nawawi al-Bantani">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamzah_Fansuri" title="Hamzah Fansuri">Hamzah Fansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Yusuf" title="Sheikh Yusuf">Yusuf al-Makassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malikussaleh" title="Malikussaleh">Malikussaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Khalidi_al-Minangkabawi" title="Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi">Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Misri" title="Abdullah al-Misri">Abdullah al-Misri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol" title="Tuanku Imam Bonjol">Tuanku Imam Bonjol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Rao" title="Tuanku Rao">Tuanku Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Tambusai" title="Tuanku Tambusai">Tuanku Tambusai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdus_Samad_al-Palimbani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdus Samad al-Palimbani (page does not exist)">Abdus Samad al-Palimbani</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Samad_al-Palimbani" class="extiw" title="id:Abdus Samad al-Palimbani">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_Sanga" title="Wali Sanga">Wali Sanga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Ampel" title="Sunan Ampel">Sunan Ampel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Bonang" title="Sunan Bonang">Sunan Bonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Drajat" title="Sunan Drajat">Sunan Drajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Giri" title="Sunan Giri">Sunan Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Gunung_Jati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Gunung Jati">Sunan Gunung Jati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ibrahim" title="Malik Ibrahim">Maulana Malik Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Kalijaga" title="Sunan Kalijaga">Sunan Kalijaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Kudus" title="Sunan Kudus">Sunan Kudus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Murya" title="Sunan Murya">Sunan Murya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rauf_al-Sinkili" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili">Abdurrauf Singkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mughayat_Syah" title="Ali Mughayat Syah">Ali Mughayat Syah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Nan_Tuo" title="Tuanku Nan Tuo">Tuanku Nan Tuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Ulakan" title="Burhanuddin Ulakan">Burhanuddin Ulakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usman_bin_Yahya" title="Usman bin Yahya">Usman bin Yahya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National <br />Awakening era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_(ulama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Ahmad (ulama)">Abdullah Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Amrullah" title="Abdul Karim Amrullah">Abdul Karim Amrullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasyim_Asy%27ari" title="Hasyim Asy'ari">Hasyim Asy'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Dahlan">Ahmad Dahlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_bin_Jalaluddin" title="Tahir bin Jalaluddin">Tahir bin Jalaluddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jamil_Jambek" title="Muhammad Jamil Jambek">Muhammad Jamil Jambek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas_Mansoer" title="Mas Mansoer">Mas Mansoer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Khatib_al-Minangkabawi" title="Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi">Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Misbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Haji Misbach">Haji Misbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_ar-Rasuli" title="Sulaiman ar-Rasuli">Sulaiman ar-Rasuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Roem" title="Mohammad Roem">Mohammad Roem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasuna_Said" title="Rasuna Said">Rasuna Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agus_Salim" title="Agus Salim">Agus Salim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oemar_Said_Tjokroaminoto" title="Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto">Tjokroaminoto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<br />independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Syafi%27i_Maarif" title="Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif">Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azyumardi_Azra" title="Azyumardi Azra">Azyumardi Azra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakar_Bashir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakar Bashir">Abu Bakar Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idham_Chalid" title="Idham Chalid">Idham Chalid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djohan_Effendi" title="Djohan Effendi">Djohan Effendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Gymnastiar" title="Abdullah Gymnastiar">Abdullah Gymnastiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamka" title="Hamka">Hamka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahid_Hasyim" title="Wahid Hasyim">Wahid Hasyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekarmadji_Maridjan_Kartosoewirjo" title="Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo">Kartosoewirjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurcholish_Madjid" title="Nurcholish Madjid">Nurcholish Madjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_Nasution" title="Harun Nasution">Harun Nasution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Natsir" title="Mohammad Natsir">Mohammad Natsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amien_Rais" title="Amien Rais">Amien Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rizieq_Shihab" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rizieq Shihab">Muhammad Rizieq Shihab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraish_Shihab" title="Quraish Shihab">Quraish Shihab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ruf_Amin" title="Ma'ruf Amin">Ma'ruf Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Aqil_Siradj" title="Said Aqil Siradj">Said Aqil Siradj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Somad" title="Abdul Somad">Abdul Somad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Wahid" title="Abdurrahman Wahid">Abdurrahman Wahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_bin_Abdul_Qadir_Jawas" title="Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas">Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Luthfi_bin_Yahya" title="Muhammad Luthfi bin Yahya">Muhammad Luthfi bin Yahya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkhairaat" title="Alkhairaat">Alkhairaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Dakwah_Institute" title="Campus Dakwah Institute">Campus Dakwah Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidayatullah_(Islamic_organization)" title="Hidayatullah (Islamic organization)">Hidayatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbut_Tahrir_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia">Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Association_of_Muslim_Intellectuals" title="Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals">Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Institute_of_Islamic_Dawah" title="Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah">Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Islamic_Propagation_Council" title="Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council">Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Mujahedeen_Council" title="Indonesian Mujahedeen Council">Indonesian Mujahedeen Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Ulema_Council" title="Indonesian Ulema Council">Indonesian Ulema Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Irshad_Al-Islamiya" title="Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya">Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaringan_Islam_Liberal" title="Jaringan Islam Liberal">Liberal Islam Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majelis_Rasulullah" title="Majelis Rasulullah">Majelis Rasulullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammadiyah" title="Muhammadiyah">Muhammadiyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisyiyah" title="Aisyiyah">Aisyiyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Students%27_Association_(Indonesia)" title="Muslim Students' Association (Indonesia)">Muslim Students' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansor_Youth_Movement" title="Ansor Youth Movement">GP Ansor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam%27iyyah_Ahlith_Thariqah_al-Mu%27tabarah_an-Nahdliyyah" title="Jam'iyyah Ahlith Thariqah al-Mu'tabarah an-Nahdliyyah">JATMAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Wathan" title="Nahdlatul Wathan">Nahdlatul Wathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PERSIS_(organization)" title="PERSIS (organization)">PERSIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Education_Movement" title="Islamic Education Movement">PERTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rabithah_al-Alawiyyah" title="Al-Rabithah al-Alawiyyah">Rabithah Alawiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarekat_Islam" title="Sarekat Islam">Sarekat Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatera_Thawalib" title="Sumatera Thawalib">Sumatera Thawalib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahdah_Islamiyah" title="Wahdah Islamiyah">Wahdah Islamiyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Star_Party_(Indonesia)" title="Crescent Star Party (Indonesia)">Crescent Star Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Nahdlatul_Community_Party" title="Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party">Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyumi_Party" title="Masyumi Party">Masyumi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Awakening_Party" title="National Awakening Party">National Awakening Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mandate_Party" title="National Mandate Party">National Mandate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah_Party" title="Ummah Party">Ummah Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Development_Party" title="United Development Party">United Development Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Militia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banser" title="Banser">Banser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darul_Islam_(Indonesia)" title="Darul Islam (Indonesia)">Darul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaah_Ansharut_Tauhid" title="Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid">Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaah_Islamiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaah Islamiyah">Jamaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laskar_Jihad" title="Laskar Jihad">Laskar Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahidin_Indonesia_Timur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujahidin Indonesia Timur">Mujahidin Indonesia Timur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<br />independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_embassy_to_Aceh" title="Ottoman embassy to Aceh">Ottoman embassy to Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_Sanga" title="Wali Sanga">Wali Sanga</a></li> <li>Islamic Kingdoms in Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaimana" title="Kingdom of Kaimana">Kingdom of Kaimana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowa_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowa Sultanate">Gowa Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Ternate Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Tidore Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<br />independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Charter" title="Jakarta Charter">Jakarta Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition_of_Fifty" title="Petition of Fifty">Petition of Fifty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Priok_massacre" title="Tanjung Priok massacre">Tanjung Priok massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talangsari_incident" title="Talangsari incident">Talangsari incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh" title="Insurgency in Aceh">Insurgency in Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_sectarian_conflict" title="Maluku sectarian conflict">Maluku sectarian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poso_riots" title="Poso riots">Poso riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatwa_on_Religious_Pluralism,_Liberalism,_and_Secularism" title="Fatwa on Religious Pluralism, Liberalism, and Secularism">Fatwa on Religious Pluralism, Liberalism, and Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Madago_Raya" title="Operation Madago Raya">Operation Tinombala / Madago Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Jakarta_protests" title="December 2016 Jakarta protests">December 2016 Jakarta protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adat" title="Adat">Adat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babad_Tanah_Jawi" title="Babad Tanah Jawi">Babad Tanah Jawi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia#Clothing" title="Islam in Indonesia">Costumes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kupiah" title="Kupiah">Kupiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">Songkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">Sarong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Hadroh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khaul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khaul (page does not exist)">Khaul</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haul_(Islam)" class="extiw" title="id:Haul (Islam)">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauman" title="Kauman">Kauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebaran" title="Lebaran">Lebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaqib" title="Manaqib">Manakiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Maulid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Indonesia" title="List of mosques in Indonesia">Mosques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musabaqah_Tilawatil_Quran" title="Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran">Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia#Qasidah_modern" title="Music of Indonesia">Qasidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebana" title="Rebana">Rebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salawat" title="Salawat">Sholawatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman_(dance)" title="Saman (dance)">Saman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Banten" title="Sejarah Banten">Sejarah Banten</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekaten" title="Sekaten">Sekaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serak_Gulo" title="Serak Gulo">Serak Gulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suroan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suroan (page does not exist)">Suroan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suroan" class="extiw" title="id:Suroan">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suronan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suronan (page does not exist)">Suronan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_Suronan" class="extiw" title="id:Festival Suronan">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabligh_Akbar" title="Tabligh Akbar">Tabligh Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabuik" title="Tabuik">Tabuik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlil" title="Tahlil">Tahlilan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takbiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takbiran (page does not exist)">Takbiran</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takbiran" class="extiw" title="id:Takbiran">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausiyah" title="Tausiyah">Tausiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirakatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tirakatan (page does not exist)">Tirakatan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirakat" class="extiw" title="id:Tirakat">id</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tombo_Ati" title="Tombo Ati">Tombo Ati</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetu_Telu" title="Wetu Telu">Wetu Telu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqowiyu" title="Yaqowiyu">Yaqowiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya-Sin" title="Ya-Sin">Yasinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munir" title="Al-Munir">Al-Munir</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqro" title="Iqro">Iqro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Kheir" title="Jamiat Kheir">Jamiat Kheir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_kuning" title="Kitab kuning">Kitab kuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_santri" title="Kota santri">Kota santri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyai" title="Kyai">Kyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIPIA" title="LIPIA">LIPIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesantren" title="Pesantren">Pesantren</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Al-Mishbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir Al-Mishbah">Tafsir Al-Mishbah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Nusantara" title="Islam Nusantara">Islam Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Yes,_Islamic_Party_No" title="Islam Yes, Islamic Party No">Islam Yes, Islamic Party No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_law_in_Aceh" title="Islamic criminal law in Aceh">Islamic criminal law in Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Jama’ah Tabligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Tarbiyah" title="Jemaah Tarbiyah">Jemaah Tarbiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(Islam_in_Indonesia)" title="Modernism (Islam in Indonesia)">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Islam_in_Indonesia)" title="Traditionalism (Islam in Indonesia)">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Aceh" title="Islam in Aceh">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_West_Sumatra" title="Islam in West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_East_Java" title="Islam in East Java">East Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Sulawesi" title="Islam in Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mosques_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Mosques in Indonesia">Mosques in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template:History of Indonesia">History of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Heroes_of_Indonesia" title="Template:National Heroes of Indonesia">National Heroes of Indonesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobility_by_nation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobility_by_nation" title="Template:Nobility by nation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobility_by_nation" title="Template talk:Nobility by nation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobility_by_nation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobility by nation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobility_by_nation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> by nation</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>(*) : state where <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> still exists</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahib-ul-Ma%27ali" title="Sahib-ul-Ma'ali">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mamluk_titles_and_appellations" title="List of Mamluk titles and appellations">Mamluks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Eswatini" title="List of monarchs of Eswatini">Eswatini</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Chieftaincy" title="Nigerian Chieftaincy">Nigeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_traditional_rulers" title="Nigerian traditional rulers">Rulers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriana" title="Andriana">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Somali aristocratic and court titles">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_royal_family" title="Zulu royal family">South Africa (Zulu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifism" title="Sharifism">Morocco</a>*</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Princely_Hat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Princely_Hat.svg/70px-Princely_Hat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Princely_Hat.svg/105px-Princely_Hat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Princely_Hat.svg/140px-Princely_Hat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peers_and_baronets" title="Canadian peers and baronets">Canada</a>*</li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipiltin" title="Pipiltin">pre-Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nobility" title="Mexican nobility">post-Columbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban nobility">Cuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nobility" title="Brazilian nobility">Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nobility" title="Lebanese nobility">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_families" title="Template:Ottoman families">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Mongolia</a></li> <li>Japan* <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuge" title="Kuge">Kuge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">Daimyō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Meiji</a></li></ul></li> <li>Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nobility" title="Korean nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">Yangban</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_peers_and_baronets" title="Indian peers and baronets">Indo-European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Indonesia* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Kshatriya" title="Balinese Kshatriya">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabang_Atas" title="Cabang Atas">Chinese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Malaysia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Brunei</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nobility" title="Khmer nobility">Cambodia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal%C3%ADa" title="Principalía">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nobility" title="Thai nobility">Thailand</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nobility" title="Vietnamese nobility">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_nobility" title="Danish nobility">Denmark</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nobility" title="Finnish nobility">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_in_Iceland" title="Nobility in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_of_Norway" title="Aristocracy of Norway">Norway</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_nobility" title="Swedish nobility">Sweden</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_nobility" title="Belgian nobility">Belgium</a>*</li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_the_First_French_Empire" title="Nobility of the First French Empire">Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nobility" title="Dutch nobility">The Netherlands</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_nobility" title="Swiss nobility">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">United Kingdom</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Norman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_nobility" title="Papal nobility">Holy See</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nobility" title="Spanish nobility">Spain</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central, Eastern<br />and Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nobility" title="Armenian nobility">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nobility" title="Austrian nobility">Austria</a></li> <li>Baltic countries <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baltic_German_nobility" title="Baltic German nobility">Ritterschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nobility" title="Lithuanian nobility">Lithuania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nobility" title="Croatian nobility">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nobility" title="Czech nobility">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Nobility of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nobility" title="Montenegrin nobility">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyars_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nobility" title="Serbian nobility">Serbia</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_nobility" title="Ruthenian nobility">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia" title="Ukrainian nobility of Galicia">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_peers_and_baronets" title="Australian peers and baronets">Australia</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratu" title="Ratu">Fiji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iroijlaplap" title="Iroijlaplap">Marshall Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ariki" title="Ariki">Polynesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fa%27amatai" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'amatai">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_nobles" title="Tongan nobles">Tonga</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi" 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