CINXE.COM

Register | Physics Forums: Science Discussion, Homework Help, Articles

<!DOCTYPE html> <html id="XF" lang="en-US" dir="LTR" data-app="public" data-template="register_form" data-container-key="" data-content-key="" data-logged-in="false" data-cookie-prefix="xf_" data-csrf="1732847442,9eae4f4ca799e57f6769f2d7f2c66e0f" class="has-no-js template-register_form XenBase layout-default style-light sidebar-right xb-toggle-default xb-sidebar-show" > <head> <!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-2209856-4"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-2209856-4'); </script> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, viewport-fit=cover"> <title>Register | Physics Forums: Science Discussion, Homework Help, Articles</title> <link rel="manifest" href="/webmanifest.php"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#466288" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Physics Forums"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.physicsforums.com/misc/PhysicsForums_logo_192.png"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Physics Forums: Science Discussion, Homework Help, Articles" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Register" /> <meta property="twitter:title" content="Register" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/login/register" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/styles/physicsforums/images/physics-forums-logo-og.png" /> <meta property="twitter:image" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/styles/physicsforums/images/physics-forums-logo-og.png" /> <meta property="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css.php?css=public%3Anormalize.css%2Cpublic%3Afa.css%2Cpublic%3Acore.less%2Cpublic%3Aapp.less&amp;s=12&amp;l=1&amp;d=1732588258&amp;k=9d0860d3ac6d1d035719345d5207661b971a33e3" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css.php?css=public%3Athxpress_xf.less%2Cpublic%3Axb.less%2Cpublic%3Aextra.less&amp;s=12&amp;l=1&amp;d=1732588258&amp;k=5fe54ebe3f9839d8b4ffc65201f4addd159ab5ed" /> <script src="/js/xf/preamble.min.js?_v=5a262dc2"></script> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.physicsforums.com/favicon.ico" sizes="32x32" /> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6580726045122001" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <meta name="theme-color" content="#0275b4"> </head> <body data-template="register_form" class=" "> <div class="p-pageWrapper" id="top"> <div class="p-pageWrapper--helper"></div> <div class="xb-page-wrapper xb-canvas-menuActive"> <div class="xb-page-wrapper--helper"></div> <div class="xb-content-wrapper"> <div class="navigation-helper"></div> <div class="p-navSticky p-navSticky--primary" data-xf-init="sticky-header"> <div class="p-nav--wrapper"> <nav class="p-nav"> <div class="p-nav-inner"> <button type="button" class="button--plain p-nav-menuTrigger button" data-xf-click="off-canvas" data-menu=".js-headerOffCanvasMenu" tabindex="0" aria-label="Menu"><span class="button-text"> <i aria-hidden="true"></i> </span></button> <div class="p-nav-smallLogo"> <a href="/"> <img src="https://www.physicsforums.com/styles/physicsforums/xenforo/logo.png" srcset="" alt="Physics Forums: Science Discussion, Homework Help, Articles" width="274" height="51" /> <img src="https://www.physicsforums.com/styles/physicsforums/xenforo/logosmall.png" width="52" height="50" alt="Physics Forums: Science Discussion, Homework Help, Articles" class="logo-mobile" /> </a> </div> <div class="p-nav-scroller hScroller" data-xf-init="h-scroller" data-auto-scroll=".p-navEl.is-selected"> <div class="hScroller-scroll"> <ul class="p-nav-list js-offCanvasNavSource"> <li class="navthxlink_1"> <div class="p-navEl " data-has-children="true"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/" class="p-navEl-link p-navEl-link--splitMenu " data-nav-id="thxlink_1">Insights Blog</a> <a data-xf-key="1" data-xf-click="menu" data-menu-pos-ref="< .p-navEl" class="p-navEl-splitTrigger" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Toggle expanded" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true"></a> <div class="menu menu--structural" data-menu="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="menu-content"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/postindex/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="toc">-- Browse All Articles --</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-articles/physics-articles/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="physarticles">Physics Articles</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-tutorials/physics-tutorials/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="phystuts">Physics Tutorials</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-guides/physics-guides/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="physguides">Physics Guides</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/physics-faqs/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="physfaq">Physics FAQ</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-articles/math-articles/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="mathart">Math Articles</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-tutorials/math-tutorials/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="mathtuts">Math Tutorials</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-guides/math-guides/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="mathguide">Math Guides</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/math-faqs/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="mathfaq">Math FAQ</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-articles/education-articles/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="eduart">Education Articles</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-guides/education-guides/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="eduguide">Education Guides</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-articles/biology-chemistry-articles/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="biochemart">Bio/Chem Articles</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-guides/technology-guides/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="techguides">Technology Guides</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-tutorials/computer-science-tutorials/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="compscitut">Computer Science Tutorials</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="navforums"> <div class="p-navEl " > <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/" class="p-navEl-link " data-xf-key="2" data-nav-id="forums">Forums</a> </div> </li> <li class="navhotthreads1"> <div class="p-navEl " > <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/whats-new/hot-threads" class="p-navEl-link " data-xf-key="3" data-nav-id="hotthreads1">Trending</a> </div> </li> <li class="navfeaturedthreads1"> <div class="p-navEl " > <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/featured" class="p-navEl-link " data-xf-key="4" data-nav-id="featuredthreads1">Featured Threads</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="p-nav-opposite"> <div class="p-navgroup p-account p-navgroup--guest"> <a href="/login/" class="p-navgroup-link p-navgroup-link--textual p-navgroup-link--logIn" data-xf-click="overlay" data-follow-redirects="on"> <span class="p-navgroup-linkText">Log in</span> </a> <a href="/login/register" class="p-navgroup-link p-navgroup-link--textual p-navgroup-link--register" data-xf-click="overlay" data-follow-redirects="on"> <span class="p-navgroup-linkText">Register</span> </a> </div> <div class="p-navgroup p-discovery"> <a href="/whats-new/" class="p-navgroup-link p-navgroup-link--iconic p-navgroup-link--whatsnew" aria-label="What&#039;s new" title="What&#039;s new"> <i aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="p-navgroup-linkText">What's new</span> </a> <a href="/search/" class="p-navgroup-link p-navgroup-link--iconic p-navgroup-link--search" data-xf-click="menu" data-xf-key="/" aria-label="Search" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" title="Search"> <i aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="p-navgroup-linkText">Search</span> </a> <div class="menu menu--structural menu--wide" data-menu="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <form action="/search/search" method="post" class="menu-content" data-xf-init="quick-search"> <h3 class="menu-header">Search</h3> <div class="menu-row"> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=physics+forums" rel='nofollow,noreferrer'><b>Google search</b></a>: add "Physics Forums" to query<br><br> <input type="text" class="input" name="keywords" placeholder="Search…" aria-label="Search" data-menu-autofocus="true" /> </div> <div class="menu-row"> <label class="iconic"><input type="checkbox" name="c[title_only]" value="1" /><i aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="iconic-label">Search titles only <span tabindex="0" role="button" data-xf-init="tooltip" data-trigger="hover focus click" title="Tags will also be searched in content where tags are supported"> <i class="fa--xf far fa-question-circle u-muted u-smaller" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span></span></label> </div> <div class="menu-row"> <div class="inputGroup"> <span class="inputGroup-text" id="ctrl_search_menu_by_member">By:</span> <input type="text" class="input" name="c[users]" data-xf-init="auto-complete" placeholder="Member" aria-labelledby="ctrl_search_menu_by_member" /> </div> </div> <div class="menu-footer"> <span class="menu-footer-controls"> <button type="submit" class="button--primary button button--icon button--icon--search"><span class="button-text">Search</span></button> <a href="/search/" class="button"><span class="button-text">Advanced search…</span></a> </span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="_xfToken" value="1732847442,9eae4f4ca799e57f6769f2d7f2c66e0f" /> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="p-sectionLinks--wrapper"> <div class="p-sectionLinks"> <div class="p-sectionLinks-inner"> <div class="hScroller" data-xf-init="h-scroller"> <div class="hScroller-scroll"> <ul class="p-sectionLinks-list"> <li> <div class="p-navEl " > <a href="/whats-new/latest-activity" class="p-navEl-link " data-xf-key="alt+1" data-nav-id="defaultLatestActivity">Latest activity</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="p-navEl " > <a href="/login/register" class="p-navEl-link " data-xf-key="alt+2" data-nav-id="defaultRegister">Register</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="p-sectionLinks-right"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="offCanvasMenu offCanvasMenu--nav js-headerOffCanvasMenu" data-menu="menu" aria-hidden="true" data-ocm-builder="navigation"> <div class="offCanvasMenu-backdrop" data-menu-close="true"></div> <div class="offCanvasMenu-content"> <div class="offCanvasMenu-content--inner"> <div class="offCanvasMenu-header"> Menu <a class="offCanvasMenu-closer" data-menu-close="true" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Close"></a> </div> <div class="p-offCanvasRegisterLink"> <div class="offCanvasMenu-linkHolder"> <a href="/login/" class="offCanvasMenu-link" data-xf-click="overlay" data-menu-close="true"> Log in </a> </div> <hr class="offCanvasMenu-separator" /> <div class="offCanvasMenu-linkHolder"> <a href="/login/register" class="offCanvasMenu-link" data-xf-click="overlay" data-menu-close="true"> Register </a> </div> <hr class="offCanvasMenu-separator" /> </div> <div class="offCanvasMenu-subHeader">Navigation</div> <div class="js-offCanvasNavTarget"></div> <!-- <div class="offCanvasMenu-installBanner js-installPromptContainer" style="display: none;" data-xf-init="install-prompt"> <div class="offCanvasMenu-installBanner-header">Install the app</div> <button type="button" class="js-installPromptButton button"><span class="button-text">Install</span></button> <template class="js-installTemplateIOS"> <div class="overlay-title">How to install the app on iOS</div> <div class="block-body"> <div class="block-row"> <p> Follow along with the video below to see how to install our site as a web app on your home screen. </p> <p style="text-align: center"> <video src="/styles/default/xenforo/add_to_home.mp4" width="280" height="480" autoplay loop muted playsinline></video> </p> <p> <small><strong>Note:</strong> This feature may not be available in some browsers.</small> </p> </div> </div> </template> </div> --> <div class="offCanvasMenu-subHeader">More options</div> <div class="offCanvasMenu-linkHolder"> <a href="/misc/contact" class="offCanvasMenu-link" data-menu-close="true" data-nav-id="contactUs" data-xf-click="overlay">Contact us</a> </div> <div class="offCanvasMenu-linkHolder"> <a class="offCanvasMenu-link" data-menu-close="true" data-nav-id="closeMenu" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Close">Close Menu</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-body"> <div class="p-body-inner"> <!--XF:EXTRA_OUTPUT--> <noscript class="js-jsWarning"><div class="blockMessage blockMessage--important blockMessage--iconic u-noJsOnly">JavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding.</div></noscript> <div class="blockMessage blockMessage--important blockMessage--iconic js-browserWarning" style="display: none">You are using an out of date browser. It may not display this or other websites correctly.<br />You should upgrade or use an <a href="https://www.google.com/chrome/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">alternative browser</a>.</div> <div class="p-body-main "> <div class="p-body-contentCol"></div> <div class="p-body-content"> <div class="p-body-pageContent"> <div class="p-breadcrumbs--parent "> <ul class="p-breadcrumbs " itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/" itemprop="item"> <span itemprop="name">Forums</span> </a> <meta itemprop="position" content="1" /> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="p-body-header"> <div class="p-title "> <h1 class="p-title-value">Register</h1> </div> </div> <div class="block"> <div class="block-container"> <div class="block-body"> <dl class="formRow formRow--button"> <dt> <div class="formRow-labelWrapper"> <label class="formRow-label">Register faster using</label></div> </dt> <dd> <ul class="listHeap"> <li> <a href="/login/register/connected-accounts/google/?setup=1" class="button--provider button--provider--google button"><span class="button-text"> <img class="button-icon" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Google </span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/login/register/connected-accounts/github/?setup=1" class="button--provider button--provider--github button"><span class="button-text"> GitHub </span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/login/register/connected-accounts/th_reddit/?setup=1" class="button--provider button--provider--th_reddit button"><span class="button-text"> Reddit </span></a> </li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> <form action="/login/register-register" method="post" class="block" data-xf-init="reg-form ajax-submit" data-timer="10" > <input type="hidden" name="_xfToken" value="1732847442,9eae4f4ca799e57f6769f2d7f2c66e0f" /> <div class="block-container"> <div class="block-body"> <dl class="formRow formRow--limited formRow--input"> <dt> <div class="formRow-labelWrapper"> <label class="formRow-label" for="_xfUid-2-1732847442">Username</label></div> </dt> <dd> <input type="text" class="input" name="username" autocomplete="off" maxlength="50" id="_xfUid-2-1732847442" /> <div class="formRow-explain">Please leave this field blank.</div> </dd> </dl> <dl class="formRow formRow--input"> <dt> <div class="formRow-labelWrapper"> <label class="formRow-label" for="_xfUid-3-1732847442">Username</label> <dfn class="formRow-hint">Required</dfn></div> </dt> <dd> <input type="text" class="input" data-xf-init="input-validator" data-validation-url="/misc/validate-username" name="998e26b1f723937dc5fe3bd51c0fd58fbac30f58" autocomplete="username" required="required" autofocus="autofocus" maxlength="20" id="_xfUid-3-1732847442" /><div class="inputValidationError js-validationError"></div> <div class="formRow-explain">This is the name that will be shown with your messages. You may use any name you wish.</div> </dd> </dl> <dl class="formRow formRow--limited formRow--input"> <dt> <div class="formRow-labelWrapper"> <label class="formRow-label" for="_xfUid-1-1732847442">Email</label></div> </dt> <dd> <input type="email" class="input" name="2ab00b4c01fb849a2181ff7b1f8b0e286e594eb5" autocomplete="off" maxlength="120" id="_xfUid-1-1732847442" /> <div class="formRow-explain">Please leave this field blank.</div> </dd> </dl> <dl class="formRow formRow--input"> <dt> <div class="formRow-labelWrapper"> <label class="formRow-label" for="_xfUid-4-1732847442">Email</label> <dfn class="formRow-hint">Required</dfn></div> </dt> <dd> <input type="email" class="input" name="7df5b857d22d5dca8482cdb670987240dd16fe14" autocomplete="email" required="required" maxlength="120" id="_xfUid-4-1732847442" /> </dd> </dl> <dl class="formRow formRow--input"> <dt> <div class="formRow-labelWrapper"> <label class="formRow-label" for="_xfUid-5-1732847442">Password</label> <dfn class="formRow-hint">Required</dfn></div> </dt> <dd> <div data-xf-init="password-strength password-hide-show" data-show-text="Show" data-hide-text="Hide"> <div class="inputGroup inputGroup--joined"> <input type="password" name="c360c4b8cda1caa715310a52f647ec1bf6668d43" value="" class="input js-password input--passwordHideShow" autocomplete="new-password" required="required" checkstrength="true" id="_xfUid-5-1732847442" /> <div class="inputGroup-text"> <label class="iconic iconic--hideShow js-hideShowContainer"><input type="checkbox" value="1" /><i aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="iconic-label">Show</span></label> </div> </div> <meter min="0" max="100" class="meterBar js-strengthMeter" low="40" high="80" optimum="100"></meter> <span class="js-strengthText meterBarLabel">Entering a password is required.</span> <script class="js-zxcvbnLanguage" type="application/json"> { "Straight rows of keys are easy to guess": "Straight rows of keys are easy to guess.", "Short keyboard patterns are easy to guess": "Short keyboard patterns are easy to guess.", "Repeats like \"aaa\" are easy to guess": "Repeated characters such as \"aaa\" are easy to guess.", "Repeats like \"abcabcabc\" are only slightly harder to guess than \"abc\"": "Repeated characters such as \"abcabcabc\" are only slightly more difficult to guess than \"abc\".", "Avoid repeated words and characters": "Avoid repeated words and characters.", "Sequences like abc or 6543 are easy to guess": "Sequences like \"abc\" or \"6543\" are easy to guess.", "Recent years are easy to guess": "Recent years are easy to guess.", "Dates are often easy to guess": "Dates are often easy to guess.", "This is a top-10 common password": "This password appears in the Top 10 most common passwords list.", "This is a top-100 common password": "This password appears in the Top 100 most common passwords list.", "This is a very common password": "This password is a very common password.", "This is similar to a commonly used password": "This password is similar to a commonly used password.", "A word by itself is easy to guess": "A word by itself is easy to guess.", "Names and surnames by themselves are easy to guess": "Names and surnames by themselves are easy to guess.", "Common names and surnames are easy to guess": "Common names and surnames are easy to guess.", "The chosen password could be stronger": "The chosen password could be stronger.", "Entering a password is required": "Entering a password is required.", "This is a very strong password": "This is a very strong password.", "This is a reasonably strong password": "This is a reasonably strong password." } </script> </div> </dd> </dl> <dl class="formRow formRow--customField formRow--input" data-field="country_flag"> <dt> <div class="formRow-labelWrapper"> <label class="formRow-label" for="_xfUid-6-1732847442">Country Flag</label></div> </dt> <dd> <select name="custom_fields[country_flag]" class="field_country_flag input" id="_xfUid-6-1732847442"> <option value="" selected="selected">&nbsp;</option> <option value="aaland">Aaland</option> <option value="afghanistan">Afghanistan</option> <option value="albania">Albania</option> <option value="algeria">Algeria</option> <option value="american_samoa">American Samoa</option> <option value="andorra">Andorra</option> <option value="angola">Angola</option> <option value="anguilla">Anguilla</option> <option value="antigua">Antigua</option> <option value="antilles">Antilles</option> <option value="argentina">Argentina</option> <option value="armenia">Armenia</option> <option value="aruba">Aruba</option> <option value="australia">Australia</option> <option value="austria">Austria</option> <option value="azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</option> <option value="bahamas">Bahamas</option> <option value="bahrain">Bahrain</option> <option value="bangladesh">Bangladesh</option> <option value="barbados">Barbados</option> <option value="belarus">Belarus</option> <option value="belgium">Belgium</option> <option value="belize">Belize</option> <option value="benin">Benin</option> <option value="bermuda">Bermuda</option> <option value="bhutan">Bhutan</option> <option value="bolivia">Bolivia</option> <option value="bosnia_herzegovina">Bosnia Herzegovina</option> <option value="botswana">Botswana</option> <option value="bouvet">Bouvet</option> <option value="brazil">Brazil</option> <option value="brunei">Brunei</option> <option value="bulgaria">Bulgaria</option> <option value="burkina_faso">Burkina Faso</option> <option value="burundi">Burundi</option> <option value="cambodia">Cambodia</option> <option value="cameroon">Cameroon</option> <option value="canada">Canada</option> <option value="cape_verde">Cape Verde</option> <option value="cayman_islands">Cayman Islands</option> <option value="central_african">Central African Republic</option> <option value="chad">Chad</option> <option value="chile">Chile</option> <option value="china">China</option> <option value="christmas_island">Christmas Island</option> <option value="cocos">Cocos</option> <option value="colombia">Colombia</option> <option value="comoros">Comoros</option> <option value="congo">Congo</option> <option value="cook_islands">Cook Islands</option> <option value="costa_rica">Costa Rica</option> <option value="cote_divoire">Cote D'Ivoire</option> <option value="croatia">Croatia</option> <option value="cuba">Cuba</option> <option value="curacao">Curacao</option> <option value="cyprus">Cyprus</option> <option value="czech_republic">Czech Republic</option> <option value="denmark">Denmark</option> <option value="djibouti">Djibouti</option> <option value="dominica">Dominica</option> <option value="dominican_republic">Dominican Republic</option> <option value="east_timor">East Timor</option> <option value="ecuador">Ecuador</option> <option value="egypt">Egypt</option> <option value="el_salvador">El Salvador</option> <option value="england">England</option> <option value="equatorial_guinea">Equatorial Guinea</option> <option value="eritrea">Eritrea</option> <option value="estonia">Estonia</option> <option value="ethiopia">Ethiopia</option> <option value="europe">Europe</option> <option value="falkland_islands">Falkland Islands</option> <option value="federated_states_of">Federated States of Micronesia</option> <option value="fiji">Fiji</option> <option value="finland">Finland</option> <option value="former_czechoslovakia">Former Czechoslovakia</option> <option value="former_soviet_union">Former Soviet Union</option> <option value="france">France</option> <option value="gabon">Gabon</option> <option value="gambia">Gambia</option> <option value="georgia">Georgia</option> <option value="germany">Germany</option> <option value="ghana">Ghana</option> <option value="gibraltar">Gibraltar</option> <option value="great_britain">Great Britain</option> <option value="greece">Greece</option> <option value="greenland">Greenland</option> <option value="grenada">Grenada</option> <option value="guam">Guam</option> <option value="guatemala">Guatemala</option> <option value="guinea">Guinea</option> <option value="guinea_bissau">Guinea Bissau</option> <option value="guyana">Guyana</option> <option value="haiti">Haiti</option> <option value="holy_see">Holy See</option> <option value="honduras">Honduras</option> <option value="hong_kong">Hong Kong</option> <option value="hungary">Hungary</option> <option value="iceland">Iceland</option> <option value="india">India</option> <option value="indonesia">Indonesia</option> <option value="iran">Iran</option> <option value="iraq">Iraq</option> <option value="ireland">Ireland</option> <option value="israel">Israel</option> <option value="italy">Italy</option> <option value="ivory_coast">Ivory Coast</option> <option value="jamaica">Jamaica</option> <option value="japan">Japan</option> <option value="jordan">Jordan</option> <option value="kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</option> <option value="kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</option> <option value="kenya">Kenya</option> <option value="kiribati">Kiribati</option> <option value="kuwait">Kuwait</option> <option value="kyrgyzstan_2">Kyrgyzstan</option> <option value="laos">Laos</option> <option value="latvia">Latvia</option> <option value="lebanon">Lebanon</option> <option value="lesotho">Lesotho</option> <option value="liberia">Liberia</option> <option value="libya">Libya</option> <option value="liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</option> <option value="lithuania">Lithuania</option> <option value="luxembourg">Luxembourg</option> <option value="macau">Macau</option> <option value="macedonia">Macedonia</option> <option value="madagascar">Madagascar</option> <option value="malawi">Malawi</option> <option value="malaysia">Malaysia</option> <option value="maldives">Maldives</option> <option value="mali">Mali</option> <option value="malta">Malta</option> <option value="mariana_islands">Mariana Islands</option> <option value="marshall_islands">Marshall Islands</option> <option value="mauritania">Mauritania</option> <option value="mauritius">Mauritius</option> <option value="mexico">Mexico</option> <option value="moldova">Moldova</option> <option value="monaco">Monaco</option> <option value="mongolia">Mongolia</option> <option value="montenegro">Montenegro</option> <option value="montserrat">Montserrat</option> <option value="morocco">Morocco</option> <option value="mozambique">Mozambique</option> <option value="myanmar">Myanmar</option> <option value="namibia">Namibia</option> <option value="nauru">Nauru</option> <option value="nepal">Nepal</option> <option value="netherlands">Netherlands</option> <option value="new_zealand">New Zealand</option> <option value="nicaragua">Nicaragua</option> <option value="niger">Niger</option> <option value="nigeria">Nigeria</option> <option value="niue">Niue</option> <option value="norfolk_island">Norfolk Island</option> <option value="north_korea">North Korea</option> <option value="norway">Norway</option> <option value="oman">Oman</option> <option value="pakistan">Pakistan</option> <option value="palau">Palau</option> <option value="palestinian_territory">Palestinian Territory</option> <option value="panama">Panama</option> <option value="paraguay">Paraguay</option> <option value="peru">Peru</option> <option value="philippines">Philippines</option> <option value="png">PNG</option> <option value="poland">Poland</option> <option value="portugal">Portugal</option> <option value="puerto_rico">Puerto Rico</option> <option value="qatar">Qatar</option> <option value="romania">Romania</option> <option value="russian_federation">Russian Federation</option> <option value="rwanda">Rwanda</option> <option value="saint_helena">Saint Helena</option> <option value="saint_kitts_nevis">Saint Kitts Nevis Anguilla</option> <option value="saint_lucia">Saint Lucia</option> <option value="saint_vincent">Saint Vincent</option> <option value="samoa">Samoa</option> <option value="san_marino">San Marino</option> <option value="sao_tome">Sao Tome</option> <option value="saudi_arabia">Saudi Arabia</option> <option value="scotland">Scotland</option> <option value="senegal">Senegal</option> <option value="serbia">Serbia</option> <option value="seychelles">Seychelles</option> <option value="sierra_leone">Sierra Leone</option> <option value="singapore">Singapore</option> <option value="slovak_republic">Slovak Republic</option> <option value="slovenia">Slovenia</option> <option value="solomon_islands">Solomon Islands</option> <option value="somalia">Somalia</option> <option value="south_africa">South Africa</option> <option value="south_georgia">South Georgia</option> <option value="south_korea">South Korea</option> <option value="spain">Spain</option> <option value="sri_lanka">Sri Lanka</option> <option value="sudan">Sudan</option> <option value="suriname">Suriname</option> <option value="swaziland">Swaziland</option> <option value="sweden">Sweden</option> <option value="switzerland">Switzerland</option> <option value="syria">Syria</option> <option value="taiwan">Taiwan</option> <option value="tajikistan">Tajikistan</option> <option value="tanzania">Tanzania</option> <option value="tenerife">Tenerife</option> <option value="thailand">Thailand</option> <option value="togo">Togo</option> <option value="tokelau">Tokelau</option> <option value="tonga">Tonga</option> <option value="trinidad_amp_tobago">Trinidad & Tobago</option> <option value="tunisia">Tunisia</option> <option value="turkey">Turkey</option> <option value="turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</option> <option value="tuvalu">Tuvalu</option> <option value="uganda">Uganda</option> <option value="uk">UK</option> <option value="ukraine">Ukraine</option> <option value="united_arab_emirates">United Arab Emirates</option> <option value="united_states">United States</option> <option value="uruguay">Uruguay</option> <option value="uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</option> <option value="vanuatu">Vanuatu</option> <option value="vatican">Vatican</option> <option value="venezuela">Venezuela</option> <option value="vietnam">Vietnam</option> <option value="virgin_islands">Virgin Islands</option> <option value="wales">Wales</option> <option value="yemen">Yemen</option> <option value="yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</option> <option value="zaire">Zaire</option> <option value="zambia">Zambia</option> <option value="zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</option> </select> <div class="formRow-explain">Add your country flag to your profile:</div> </dd> </dl> <dl class="formRow"> <dt> <div class="formRow-labelWrapper"></div> </dt> <dd> <label class="iconic"><input type="checkbox" name="accept" value="1" required="required" /><i aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="iconic-label">I agree to the <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/help/terms-of-service/" target="_blank">terms</a> and <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/help/member-privacy-policy/" target="_blank">privacy policy</a>.</span></label> </dd> </dl> </div> <dl class="formRow formSubmitRow"> <dt></dt> <dd> <div class="formSubmitRow-main"> <div class="formSubmitRow-bar"></div> <div class="formSubmitRow-controls"> <button type="submit" class="button--primary button" id="js-signUpButton"><span class="button-text"> <span id="js-regTimer" data-timer-complete="Register"> (Please wait <span>10</span> second(s).) </span> </span></button></div> </div> </dd> </dl> </div> <input type="hidden" name="reg_key" value="dhC-HtIuHlVMSIXY" /> <input type="hidden" name="6b0304f1acbfaf131918a2491468af218de34f73" value="" data-xf-init="auto-timezone" /> </form> <div class="p-breadcrumbs--parent p-breadcrumbs--bottom"> <ul class="p-breadcrumbs p-breadcrumbs--bottom" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/" itemprop="item"> <span itemprop="name">Forums</span> </a> <meta itemprop="position" content="1" /> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- closing xb-content-wrapper --> <footer class="p-footer" id="footer"> <div class="p-footer--container"> <div class="p-footer-default"> <div class="p-footer-inner"> <div class="p-footer-row"> <div class="p-footer-row-main"> <ul class="p-footer-linkList"> <li class="p-linkList-changeWidth"><a class="pageWidthToggle xb-toggle-default" role="button" tabindex="0" data-xf-click="toggle" data-target="html" data-active-class="xb-toggle-default" data-xf-init="toggle-storage" data-storage-type="cookie" data-storage-expiry="31556926" data-storage-key="_xb-width"> Change width </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="p-footer-row-opposite"> <ul class="p-footer-linkList"> <li><a href="/misc/contact">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/about-physics-forums/">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/help/terms-of-service/">Terms</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/help/member-privacy-policy/">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/help/">Help</a></li> <li><a href="/forums/-/index.rss" target="_blank" class="p-footer-rssLink" title="RSS"><span aria-hidden="true"><i class="fa--xf fal fa-rss" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="u-srOnly">RSS</span></span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-footer-copyright"> <div class="p-footer-inner"> <div class="p-footer-copyright--flex"> <div class="copyright-left"> 2024 © Physics Forums, All Rights Reserved </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <!-- closing p-pageWrapper --> </div> <!-- closing xb-pageWrapper --> <div class="u-bottomFixer js-bottomFixTarget"> </div> <div class="u-navButtons js-navButtons" data-trigger-type="up"> <a href="javascript:" class="button--scroll button"><span class="button-text"><i class="fa--xf fal fa-arrow-left" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="u-srOnly">Back</span></span></a> </div> <div class="u-scrollButtons js-scrollButtons" data-trigger-type="up"> <a href="#top" class="button--scroll button" data-xf-click="scroll-to"><span class="button-text"><i class="fa--xf fal fa-arrow-up" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="u-srOnly">Top</span></span></a> </div> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js"></script><script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="/js/vendor/jquery/jquery-3.5.1.min.js?_v=5a262dc2"><\/script>')</script> <script src="/js/vendor/vendor-compiled.js?_v=5a262dc2"></script> <script src="/js/xf/core-compiled.js?_v=5a262dc2"></script> <script src="/js/xf/login_signup.min.js?_v=5a262dc2"></script> <script src="/js/xf/password_box-compiled.js?_v=5a262dc2"></script> <script> (function($){ $(function() { var start = new Date().getTime(); var form = $('#js-signUpButton').closest('form'); form.append($("<input>").attr("type", "hidden").attr("name", "timetaken").val(0)); form.submit(function() { $("[name=timetaken]").val((new Date().getTime() - start)/1000); }); }); }) (jQuery); </script> <script> if (typeof jqProxy !== 'undefined') { jQuery = jqProxy; } </script> <script> jQuery.extend(true, XF.config, { // xlink: { platformId: 0 }, userId: 0, enablePush: true, pushAppServerKey: 'BHawDCc5f/kxves/mySH6irZC+n8kQpwVp6mw8IItmRcI/R6qHIwbanIkiZvdq/o+uUlVEU0XDw0ctRSlmUne1w=', url: { fullBase: 'https://www.physicsforums.com/', basePath: '/', css: '/css.php?css=__SENTINEL__&s=12&l=1&d=1732588258', keepAlive: '/login/keep-alive' }, cookie: { path: '/', domain: '', prefix: 'xf_', secure: true, consentMode: 'disabled', consented: ["optional","_third_party"] }, cacheKey: '5475cff12a59be668b28ec44247bb3ac', csrf: '1732847442,9eae4f4ca799e57f6769f2d7f2c66e0f', js: {"\/js\/xf\/login_signup.min.js?_v=5a262dc2":true,"\/js\/xf\/password_box-compiled.js?_v=5a262dc2":true}, css: {"public:thxpress_xf.less":true,"public:xb.less":true,"public:extra.less":true}, time: { now: 1732847442, today: 1732773600, todayDow: 4, tomorrow: 1732860000, yesterday: 1732687200, week: 1732255200 }, borderSizeFeature: '3px', fontAwesomeWeight: 'l', enableRtnProtect: true, enableFormSubmitSticky: true, uploadMaxFilesize: 62914560, allowedVideoExtensions: ["m4v","mov","mp4","mp4v","mpeg","mpg","ogv","webm"], allowedAudioExtensions: ["mp3","opus","ogg","wav"], shortcodeToEmoji: true, visitorCounts: { conversations_unread: '0', alerts_unviewed: '0', total_unread: '0', title_count: true, icon_indicator: true }, jsState: {}, publicMetadataLogoUrl: 'https://www.physicsforums.com/styles/physicsforums/images/physics-forums-logo-og.png', publicPushBadgeUrl: 'https://www.physicsforums.com/styles/default/xenforo/bell.png' }); jQuery.extend(XF.phrases, { // CMTV_Code_copied: "Code copied to clipboard.", date_x_at_time_y: "{date} at {time}", day_x_at_time_y: "{day}, {time}", yesterday_at_x: "Yesterday, {time}", x_minutes_ago: "{minutes} minutes ago", one_minute_ago: "1 minute ago", a_moment_ago: "A moment ago", today_at_x: "Today, {time}", in_a_moment: "In a moment", in_a_minute: "In a minute", in_x_minutes: "In {minutes} minutes", later_today_at_x: "Later today at {time}", tomorrow_at_x: "Tomorrow at {time}", day0: "Sunday", day1: "Monday", day2: "Tuesday", day3: "Wednesday", day4: "Thursday", day5: "Friday", day6: "Saturday", dayShort0: "Sun", dayShort1: "Mon", dayShort2: "Tue", dayShort3: "Wed", dayShort4: "Thu", dayShort5: "Fri", dayShort6: "Sat", month0: "January", month1: "February", month2: "March", month3: "April", month4: "May", month5: "June", month6: "July", month7: "August", month8: "September", month9: "October", month10: "November", month11: "December", active_user_changed_reload_page: "The active user has changed. Reload the page for the latest version.", server_did_not_respond_in_time_try_again: "The server did not respond in time. Please try again.", oops_we_ran_into_some_problems: "Oops! We ran into some problems.", oops_we_ran_into_some_problems_more_details_console: "Oops! We ran into some problems. Please try again later. More error details may be in the browser console.", file_too_large_to_upload: "The file is too large to be uploaded.", uploaded_file_is_too_large_for_server_to_process: "The uploaded file is too large for the server to process.", files_being_uploaded_are_you_sure: "Files are still being uploaded. Are you sure you want to submit this form?", attach: "Attach files", rich_text_box: "Rich text box", close: "Close", link_copied_to_clipboard: "Link copied to clipboard.", text_copied_to_clipboard: "Text copied to clipboard.", loading: "Loading…", you_have_exceeded_maximum_number_of_selectable_items: "You have exceeded the maximum number of selectable items.", processing: "Processing", 'processing...': "Processing…", showing_x_of_y_items: "Showing {count} of {total} items", showing_all_items: "Showing all items", no_items_to_display: "No items to display", number_button_up: "Increase", number_button_down: "Decrease", push_enable_notification_title: "Push notifications enabled successfully at Physics Forums: Science Discussion, Homework Help, Articles", push_enable_notification_body: "Thank you for enabling push notifications!", pull_down_to_refresh: "Pull down to refresh", release_to_refresh: "Release to refresh", refreshing: "Refreshing…" , "svStandardLib_time.day": "{count} day", "svStandardLib_time.days": "{count} days", "svStandardLib_time.hour": "{count} hour", "svStandardLib_time.hours": "{count} hours", "svStandardLib_time.minute": "{count} minutes", "svStandardLib_time.minutes": "{count} minutes", "svStandardLib_time.month": "{count} month", "svStandardLib_time.months": "{count} months", "svStandardLib_time.second": "{count} second", "svStandardLib_time.seconds": "{count} seconds", "svStandardLib_time.week": "time.week", "svStandardLib_time.weeks": "{count} weeks", "svStandardLib_time.year": "{count} year", "svStandardLib_time.years": "{count} years" }); </script> <form style="display:none" hidden="hidden"> <input type="text" name="_xfClientLoadTime" value="" id="_xfClientLoadTime" title="_xfClientLoadTime" tabindex="-1" /> </form> <!-- XenBase Version: 2.2.14 --> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/copyright.js" defer></script> <script> function parseNewPost(postid) { var newpost = document.getElementById("js-post-" + postid), npa = [newpost]; MathJax.typeset(npa); } function parsePreview() { var preview = document.getElementsByClassName("xfPreview"); MathJax.typeset(preview); } function parseNewConversationPost(postid) { var newpost = document.getElementsByClassName("convMessage-" + postid); MathJax.typeset(newpost); } function parseNewProfilePost(postid) { var newpost = document.getElementById("js-profilePost-" + postid), npa = [newpost]; MathJax.typeset(npa); } function parseTooltip() { MathJax.typeset(); } </script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10