CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91357e0b8b453f4b',cH: 'VvyI7yewVGK3dOWuk_I3YZV05vHSIfAeXJTjvyUNbg0-1739792319-1.2.1.1-JCO0b0bTYpw16rBDq15aVnKTHXD1M23Ld0BK47cMRUBOY15VPxBPudf1fPMMuD56',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Jibril%20D.%20Jiya&__cf_chl_tk=_3fRF1PyzDfyjtOs.m4NR8DADGS5kIJUhgs8Fot51WM-1739792319-1.0.1.1-9kAdQiZOtsw1xWsF0Cn9rvTYK1cM8ai5HxTrrM0atE4",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739792319',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Jibril%20D.%20Jiya&__cf_chl_f_tk=_3fRF1PyzDfyjtOs.m4NR8DADGS5kIJUhgs8Fot51WM-1739792319-1.0.1.1-9kAdQiZOtsw1xWsF0Cn9rvTYK1cM8ai5HxTrrM0atE4",md: "8u_ZlPXC7opOAKiZXly5LKGD7EVVhrQGrtLJT8IR0L4-1739792319-1.2.1.1-BQ_te9ITVvrOJxsm_pJY9QgykyPHTeG8ReVeGrHUSlwrlWej2X65LwNatbKfyR.9CVF2OHh2v5ucHDbZLJV_O7vSCPqJIV8oyAu63vDRhYyRR6qiJ3eUT7PxMvq50wSJTaDvyicFRZmMbRhybr6Xl2j1HxTGYICbpLqa9fd9gDCS0FFW4onATyrzoJamYBrvupWljnqM69aYLBIJhuCpzJgx7q6DmII5S31iM03Y8c5QY.aQVEtTMSS7Ke_tIkNrWor2eHJui3eml8D.bwxAKvbi6Uvuu3owoLJ9KvRzS4JiGwCdlJJ4OtqrAijP9zZDNhus7ZFqUgNC_4AzPewWhzX_4ks6NuYNYgFYFcygl2wV2pc8raMqoHuxeqhwmb2qxOUbNFxkJV.VoNRDUQtYWsvaBUjk886IGsVy6ZVJfGtt3pcWxJZsZ0V1Zi.Hyr7nzISM6_2ygZ_oy3HyhsKEBaCVNUmEkFi5sf814AycSDRjCh5U63ZWeYJJ75pIkgp8VJkHcxURGrNQNCYi.876HQ8ueE9rWG6HjohnoE3SDMy62IscKM3PG3YFpjKTWhobOP0_L5Z7hcwMx03jlJZZVT9lLRBk0HhYkx5fp_kajMeiKoecyN_I3ZF33yM3wgCIuaq.6l3h3VGz2P5lbLRgBplL6JYpAFuMZuw_viuXUzRkD1duu2BnCxfDCAzN7YmcgYx8ALyfPpm_vHoNbJubPS9Sxfz.iSQ6seg0SdczvZI6hGFk3l9TqmUS_86gs6muXgPI1bfVRPWmpk4GWU6FTQIB2UA2tvTtPMrKUdgfJve57ZDH6pq3BgqlFpnKw.BA4B6jCqRmK0mdMHOLi8kjy_TCoSFqEdVSWepF9v.oHDY54tz7uezO94Cdb1kSpsxSASdmccrkRave5WV9gMkFi35z91B4FK2IgawF4TQeHrd0y7oK4Ps7TD1uV7aRTLXccQAoEMjA8PMLdJGyPiDr_OA6n2ldrm28pJAV78YMC3D6ZRQMnwx1HRJSioOQkyY5_qsd9DPeY_N246LulUL7sStmI9jODMSCiLGaUlduFhsi2s.OVSt6G8aj6yF1bZSgxFd2D2_nhkro1GbcUC8Mg0VF1ab0BUwdgCDzXhDoaopTudzEbqnkVgXTRU22pTmXgjc4i6U2OH0bG7C8k89VY1BPgXEQj41j36SqyOsLAfKc.h2AmKWCGZ56kdYFHJTx3dViDUheLuFMEAtkURBy6jXILRSnFy_oGHM4CB07CyHeWnbxPSR2fJRNbHFIwWGkBRZ7nW.NQQXNMxIDH3MdShBG5Qgo8KbJe4eDSH58ZVOvYl.dpaaMy3iBAKLCHvlU5YqvjumsG7DxWvQCI_IAavZbgoooQKQwaLO_O_ZDaUIydHwlK1za7Zlpq2DwHCbPelG4WAsmzTn8hHLIQWJoQ6OMxKh6m7_rq0yT7vkIxtr_dgvSxz7gw7u5ocId_Cm2IXZR_MKsxH7WuWYnFFLTru8foB2zcPtJU6peyj2a7lU2O59klcRmHlb6S8LRSqHlcmM9ubpU.FPgn.EZZV5VO9zPy0IGRFT6oWVr8YxGKOqZk_hYA.fqE33OzxFPjsw9XX5ty9nrs76WI.296fG8nX18obWY17.QbAu37L6zUxBs.2ku3_UfovgjLHiqOP36e1gjaMy4MfCjMNw1D9bs9521FretoNS9b1M.tDtIu4Xo8NfRESo6nLYjFilCf54C8C7qn6UI1O3TJmUYuD.PicOXZVsqqQkGkFVdoP.uNu70qTAd78MznJbkpId420be3WpUbjtenRmvpdYQ2wHKT2eeDJs5K1gs9TH5Js8ktKayXsdBHe1HMftEA.HlbBE.Oi8T5thPXZbqmn9jG08sEbJeN8KIkX08.JNkZoh4iJ2GIpdXBwV0ZevrSN3SJOs2klGyTadFEAC6qdtW2F1khRPc1Ur6iHdujanToBjX90k",mdrd: "NLx0bmHo9y42hF2BPsB1ZhwdGKyUuzXyVZQA3B5GjSA-1739792319-1.2.1.1-LIeK.eBZWu1xt829wC1k5.f_vvEtiUpwmEvhgYqV8hkdJfOflUjubSJjWFIkroLgN79Pk7AKmAuhgfG4QhK7QTRRl_T6gA1sVScq4pfvCQpytiNHYhOW6DaWkE6kCol49wHNyYswSMo93CWvAe7qfMyY.ate..9IypX7S.82RRO_gLNIse2HCn4ioxn.rr5cvu_893QixcUOOx9ybZ3AkxCkAAmgbJ25INpOp4Hz5b4u2xib4sCOnQDfqAO5iQqN6GccbiQwdOCNwnmiXcbEsOy7ybv7.DIuZo_saoqTxPRrcqna8T47KLTgv9YDfYEy6980PI9q0iciaomOMc5MCPvMHqLJIaAPlApDhuXMfZeLD8M8mchgjVVkLcnzKaYFHliQ1bgwugvBlxW7s7rEvhgOwkf1GSmLxa6frhn7EjAGMAjxYo7.YPCzshhqWUozEcLsKL9grxKJWP84wVxNoW8qykcIt_uDLHWDFUUyF_Iql0zNXG9B0fgEBScWjDt8M51l9XfXVGvE0WlzdLJmis8aPXEGjZVlamExV3gD.2TD.eour8SGe5mfn97jH_qxn6N1UZBngBbyQjlDCbDMOU9kVzecGb0yhNRJVTSNNUs5G6MQF7UdEhBKhD2BgVDrYUB22RpCvLnxZwONZYmKR0ulFY5To4sOBnI9sx2R5_4pVlziWCL9v3cKWsyIM3Tk.U2CjiuMnWuuQp9Soc0VVqGUzaQZcksyLv9.X78XUUBjVOBNvvmvUD8gLLi.tdXVMyHkrQYYN_n0KeOz6618yfD4Gg_m7vQ9LsEcozfNTO_tTSrGWc23qK4dTdE66LfXXHH9qd.HkNiYpPvICEZtUez43DeKVHTQXCglIzV7GOwRLTlc4HmpHrVAhhZ0MrZ2_uE07KqRiCP6unD7AuTrwKkFu.8jrpZaerCETe_QQAlT0hzgLr_W8gvY8Mv4BtK8nm2J_DSXvV56K06BjZ0OKEdTFF1FKPCz_UymUqZGqMwa_sqk4YqEg5VAVsCv_2e3cgTibHEn2o74pWmpsS77AjAXETZ5TrWFtA6vydRbo5uVnAEAPwxcGMrCyJEWktXR7tE3Tj1FlfjQGR4t_BW88Ebf0Zte1g.HVtVtv3TTm4LMFDYu1f95igvRwDJpgdBjy26Yz5y8IOWxe7Kpt9TaVvp_zsfWoXvzqeYx6ibEHFgTd57O7XDbldaXYbawLn_gWnmGP7dx.PRN4u2dNvGzjFWEe36q3pJvY.BegP0cI8zwRzWTApmiaSFUYxGLEkxBzoqFvZUi2NQ1nWCNVoEZ7r.yuGcwZ.TRmIWRY7XqYoN9ovtKN9MzjJaQz8unqKXF6Y1.ROzTAIyLf9jmaN.lmftGcj6NcUuEh0NC9BZXiqzKFXhgPzEwq0k3U4P.TAnX5sYQdDf.kyKvCaiGMVaryYxokwv_QKFxRIBT6IOXVwDl4Q4xWLaHlt.RYt_c63i3cHJahhLGCRwYcFJn4zvVUngwN5qMe2IjYUqN6f1AcCep1tVDrvxYFqGBdd9nvUnZvnslWTozVneaMNFmGa3nFuBCVsqdu1hmrXEEWi0GJvkoK1jDLDYKBPgBzeS_PtFNv.vtutklDX64TQg9OJUdv0qdq2karup_BmBfaBnzNJHHF_QRI61qaRf.9gb2AWPRt3Sub_fPaNIxS_lkby131711ze2MIVHGxD9SawdBQqr6huFHo2hQt2sEu_OPjvZMjjU.X1XUKg1VXQxxMzyha5gHBvFoty_KT_4SI7kUf.vOKqZwJNavHTayHNeIUEeqrPjaqZtOcZVQVAdQNJxI.ZKt10DubN0yt1ZnS_SsfzrbuXHiwCLyJOs.605vYMSdANR21sp0SxJO9bwbvXXGeLrdhCMBak.WL4SVmWOn3S2wMpB3UP.ytvzoXkQN0qFRjnNvSJqXBlG1ZFOklJDoXKFcgAekC8w5TzwV2hu1Z8XjNr9keM3vTxNFysnr9sfi"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91357e0b8b453f4b';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Jibril%20D.%20Jiya&__cf_chl_rt_tk=_3fRF1PyzDfyjtOs.m4NR8DADGS5kIJUhgs8Fot51WM-1739792319-1.0.1.1-9kAdQiZOtsw1xWsF0Cn9rvTYK1cM8ai5HxTrrM0atE4" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>