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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years_of_online_open_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early years of online open access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years_of_online_open_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peter_Suber_at_BOAI-10.ogv/220px--Peter_Suber_at_BOAI-10.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="191" data-mwtitle="Peter_Suber_at_BOAI-10.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Peter_Suber_at_BOAI-10.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Peter_Suber_at_BOAI-10.ogv/Peter_Suber_at_BOAI-10.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Peter_Suber_at_BOAI-10.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Peter_Suber_at_BOAI-10.ogv/Peter_Suber_at_BOAI-10.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Peter_Suber_at_BOAI-10.ogv/Peter_Suber_at_BOAI-10.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Peter_Suber_at_BOAI-10.ogv/Peter_Suber_at_BOAI-10.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a> in 2012, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a> is interviewed about his views on past, present and future developments in <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> to scholarly publications</figcaption></figure> <p>The idea and practise of providing free online access to journal articles began at least a decade before the term "open access" was formally coined. Computer scientists had been <a href="/wiki/Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">self-archiving</a> in <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">anonymous ftp archives</a> since the 1970s and physicists had been self-archiving in <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> since the 1990s. The <a href="/wiki/Subversive_Proposal" title="Subversive Proposal">Subversive Proposal</a> to generalize the practice was posted in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "open access" itself was first formulated in three public statements in the 2000s: the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a> in February 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" title="Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing">Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing</a> in June 2003, and the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities">Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities</a> in October 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-Suber_statements_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suber_statements-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the initial concept of open access refers to an unrestricted online access to scholarly research primarily intended for scholarly journal articles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efforts_before_the_Internet">Efforts before the Internet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_open_access&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Efforts before the Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One early proponent of the publisher-pays model was the physicist <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd" class="mw-redirect" title="Leó Szilárd">Leó Szilárd</a>. To help stem the flood of low-quality publications, he jokingly suggested in the 1940s that at the beginning of his career each <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a> should be issued with 100 vouchers to pay for his papers. Closer to the present, but still ahead of its time, was <a href="/wiki/Common_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Knowledge">Common Knowledge</a>. This was an attempt to share information for the good of all, the brainchild of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brower_Murphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brower Murphy (page does not exist)">Brower Murphy</a>, formerly of The Library Corporation. Both Brower and Common Knowledge are recognised in the Library Microcomputer Hall of Fame.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>'s earliest publications, <i>Hind Swaraj</i> published in Gujarati in 1909 is recognised as the intellectual blueprint of India's freedom movement. The book was translated into English the next year, with a copyright legend that read "No Rights Reserved".<sup id="cite_ref-ie12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ie12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern open access movement (as a <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a>) traces its history at least back to the 1950s, with the <a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a> (LI) placing anything in their journal <i>Potlatch</i> in the public domain. As the LI merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a> wrote to Patrick Straram "All the material published by the Situationist International is, in principle, usable by everyone, even without acknowledgement, without the preoccupations of literary property." This was to facilitate <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tournement" title="Détournement">détournement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wark_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wark-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became much more prominent in the 1990s with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Age">Digital Age</a>. With the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and the ability to copy and distribute electronic data at no cost, the arguments for open access gained new importance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years_of_online_open_access">Early years of online open access</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_open_access&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years of online open access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An explosion of interest and activity in open access journals has occurred since the 1990s, largely due to the widespread availability of <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> access. It is now possible to publish a scholarly article and <i>also</i> make it instantly accessible anywhere in the world where there are computers and Internet connections. The fixed cost of producing the article is separable from the minimal marginal cost of the online distribution. </p><p>These new possibilities emerged at a time when the traditional, print-based scholarly journals system was in a crisis. The number of journals and articles produced had been increasing at a steady rate; however the average cost per journal had been rising at a rate far above <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> for decades, and budgets at academic libraries have remained fairly static.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The result was decreased access – ironically, just when technology has made almost unlimited access a very real possibility, for the first time. Libraries and librarians have played an important part in the open access movement, initially by alerting faculty and administrators to the serials crisis. The Association of Research Libraries developed the <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition</a> (SPARC), in 1997, an alliance of academic and research libraries and other organizations, to address the crisis and develop and promote alternatives, such as open access. </p><p>The first online-only, free-access journals (eventually to be called "open access journals") began appearing in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These journals typically used pre-existing infrastructure (such as e-mail or <a href="/wiki/Newsgroups" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsgroups">newsgroups</a>) and volunteer labor and were developed without any intent to generate profit. Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_Classical_Review" title="Bryn Mawr Classical Review">Bryn Mawr Classical Review</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_Culture" title="Postmodern Culture">Postmodern Culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psycoloquy" title="Psycoloquy">Psycoloquy</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Public-Access_Computer_Systems_Review" title="The Public-Access Computer Systems Review">The Public-Access Computer Systems Review</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jacobs_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Probably the earliest book publisher to provide open access was the <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_Press" title="National Academies Press">National Academies Press</a>, publisher for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a>, and other arms of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academies" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academies">National Academies</a>. They have provided free online full-text editions of their books alongside priced, printed editions since 1994, and assert that the online editions promote sales of the print editions. As of June 2006 they had more than 3,600 books up online for browsing, searching, and reading. </p><p>While Editor-in-Chief of the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Clinical_Investigation" title="Journal of Clinical Investigation">Journal of Clinical Investigation</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ajit_Varki" title="Ajit Varki">Ajit Varki</a> made it the first major biomedical journal to be freely available on the web in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varki wrote, "The vexing issue of the day is how to appropriately charge users for this electronic access. The nonprofit nature of the JCI allows consideration of a truly novel solution — not to charge anyone at all!"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other pioneers in open access publishing in the biomedical domain included <a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">BMJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medical_Internet_Research" title="Journal of Medical Internet Research">Journal of Medical Internet Research</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medscape" title="Medscape">Medscape</a>, who were created or made their content freely accessible in the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first free scientific online archive was <a href="/wiki/ArXiv.org" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv.org">arXiv.org</a>, started in 1991, initially a preprint service for physicists, initiated by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ginsparg" title="Paul Ginsparg">Paul Ginsparg</a>. Self-archiving has become the norm in physics, with some sub-areas of physics, such as high-energy physics, having a 100% self-archiving rate. The prior existence of a "preprint culture" in high-energy physics is one major reason why arXiv has been successful.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arXiv now includes papers from related disciplines including computer science, mathematics, nonlinear sciences, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, and statistics. However, computer scientists mostly self-archive on their own websites and have been doing so for even longer than physicists. arXiv now includes postprints as well as preprints.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two major physics publishers, <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a> Publishing, have reported that arXiv has had no effect on journal subscriptions in physics; even though the articles are freely available, usually before publication, physicists value their journals and continue to support them.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Computer scientists had been self-archiving on their own <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a> sites and then their websites since even earlier than the physicists, as was revealed when <a href="/wiki/Citeseer" class="mw-redirect" title="Citeseer">Citeseer</a> began harvesting their papers in the late 1990s. Citeseer is a computer science archive that harvests, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>-style, from distributed computer science websites and <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">institutional repositories</a>, and contains almost twice as many papers as arXiv. The 1994 "<a href="/wiki/Subversive_Proposal" title="Subversive Proposal">Subversive Proposal</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was to extend <a href="/wiki/Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">self-archiving</a> to all other disciplines; from it arose <a href="/wiki/CogPrints" title="CogPrints">CogPrints</a> (1997) and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Open_Archives_Initiative" title="Open Archives Initiative">OAI</a>-compliant generic <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <a href="/wiki/Eprints.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Eprints.org">Eprints.org</a> software in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> online journals, <i>GeoLogic, Terra NOVA</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published by Paul Browning and started in 1989. It was not a discrete journal but an electronic section of <i>TerraNova</i>. The journal ceased to be open access in 1997 due to a change in the policy of the editors (EUG) and publishing house (Blackwell).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1997, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a> (NLM) made <a href="/wiki/Medline" class="mw-redirect" title="Medline">Medline</a>, the most comprehensive index to medical literature on the planet, freely available in the form of <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>. Usage of this database increased a tenfold when it became free, strongly suggesting that prior limits on usage were impacted by lack of access. While indexes are not the main focus of the open access movement, Medline is important in that it opened up a whole new form of use of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">scientific literature</a> – by the public, not just professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Journal of Medical Internet Research</i> (<i>JMIR</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2013)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> one of the first open access journals in medicine, was created in 1998, publishing its first issue in 1999. </p><p>In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/American_Scientist_Open_Access_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="American Scientist Open Access Forum">American Scientist Open Access Forum</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was launched (and first called the "September98 Forum"). One of the more unusual models is utilized by the <i>Journal of Surgical Radiology</i>, which uses the net profits from external revenue to provide compensation to the editors for their continuing efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the biological and geological sciences, paleontology came into the forefront in 1998 with <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeontologia_electronica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeontologia electronica (page does not exist)">Palaeontologia electronica</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their first issue received 100,000 hits from an estimated 3,000 readers, comparable to the subscription numbers of their peer print journals.<sup id="cite_ref-polly_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polly-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One challenge to digital-only biological journals was the lack of protection afforded by the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a> to scientific names published in formats other than paper, but this was overcome by revisions to the Code in 1999 (effective January 1, 2000).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the first humanities journals published in open access is <i>CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded at the University of Alberta in 1998 with its first issue published in March 1999 and since 2000 published by <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University_Press" title="Purdue University Press">Purdue University Press</a>. </p><p>In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Varmus">Harold Varmus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/NIH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIH">NIH</a> proposed a journal called E-biomed, intended as an open access electronic publishing platform combining a <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a> server with peer-reviewed articles.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E-biomed later saw light in a revised form<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">postprint</a> archive. </p><p>It was also in 1999 that the <a href="/wiki/Open_Archives_Initiative" title="Open Archives Initiative">Open Archives Initiative</a> and its <a href="/wiki/OAI-PMH" class="mw-redirect" title="OAI-PMH">OAI-PMH</a> protocol for metadata harvesting was launched in order to make online archives interoperable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2000s">2000s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_open_access&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of open access journals increased by an estimated 500% during the <a href="/wiki/2000s_(decade)" class="mw-redirect" title="2000s (decade)">2000–2009 decade</a>. Also, the average number of articles that were published per open access journal per year increased from approximately 20 to 40 during the same period, resulting in that the number of open access articles increased by 900% during that decade.<sup id="cite_ref-Björk2011_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Björk2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, <a href="/wiki/BioMed_Central" title="BioMed Central">BioMed Central</a>, a for-profit open access publisher with now dozens of open access journals, was launched by what was then the Current Science Group (the founder of the <i>Current Opinion</i> series, and now known as the Science Navigation Group).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some ways, BioMed Central resembles <a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Varmus">Harold Varmus</a>' original E-biomed proposal more closely than does <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of October 2013 BioMed Central publishes over 250 journals.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, 34,000<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scholars around the world signed "An Open Letter to Scientific Publishers", calling for "the establishment of an online public library that would provide the full contents of the published record of research and scholarly discourse in medicine and the life sciences in a freely accessible, fully searchable, interlinked form".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists signing the letter also pledged not to publish in or peer-review for non-open access journals. This led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a>, an advocacy organization. However, most scientists continued to publish and review for non-open access journals. PLoS decided to become an open access publisher aiming to compete at the high quality end of the scientific spectrum with commercial publishers and other open access journals, which were beginning to flourish.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics have argued that, equipped with a $10 million grant, PLoS competes with smaller open access journals for the best submissions and risks destroying what it originally wanted to foster.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PLOS launched its first open access journal, <a href="/wiki/PLOS_Biology" title="PLOS Biology">PLOS Biology</a> in 2003, with <a href="/wiki/PLOS_Medicine" title="PLOS Medicine">PLOS Medicine</a> following in 2004, and <a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first major international statement on open access was the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a> in February 2002, launched by the <a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Society Institute">Open Society Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BOAI_FAQ_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOAI_FAQ-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two further statements followed: the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in June 2003 and the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities">Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities</a> in October 2003. Also in 2003, the <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">World Summit on the Information Society</a> included open access in its Declaration of Principles and Plan of Action.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Public_Access_Act" title="Federal Research Public Access Act">Federal Research Public Access Act</a> was introduced in US Congress by senators <a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act continues to be brought up every year since then, but has never made it past committee.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year 2007 recorded some backlash from non-OA publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Ajit_Varki" title="Ajit Varki">Ajit Varki</a> worked with publisher <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cshlpress.org">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Lipman" class="mw-redirect" title="David Lipman">David Lipman</a> to create the first viable model for a major <a href="/wiki/Open_Access_textbook" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Access textbook">Open Access textbook</a> combining a print version with a freely accessible online edition hosted at NCBI, the 2nd edition of <i>Essentials of Glycobiology</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps the first dedicated publisher of <a href="/wiki/Open_access_monograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access monograph">open access monographs</a> in the humanities was <a href="/wiki/Re.press" title="Re.press">re.press</a> who published their first title in that 2006. Two years later in 2008 <a href="/wiki/Open_Humanities_Press" title="Open Humanities Press">Open Humanities Press</a>, another publisher of humanities monographs, was launched. Most recently, the <a href="/wiki/Open_Library_of_Humanities" title="Open Library of Humanities">Open Library of Humanities</a> launched in September 2015. </p><p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/USENIX" title="USENIX">USENIX</a>, the advanced computing systems association, implemented an open access policy for their conference proceedings. In 2011 they added audio and video recordings of paper presentations to the material to which they provide open access.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2010s">2010s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_open_access&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/John_Holdren" title="John Holdren">John Holdren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a>, issued a memorandum directing United States' Federal Agencies with more than $100<span class="nowrap"> </span>million in annual R&D expenditures to develop plans within six months to make the published results of federally funded research freely available to the public within one year of publication.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of March 2015, two agencies had made their plans public: the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the UK <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_England" title="Higher Education Funding Council for England">Higher Education Funding Council for England</a> (HEFCE) proposed adopting a mandate that in order to be eligible for submission to the UK <a href="/wiki/Research_Excellence_Framework" title="Research Excellence Framework">Research Excellence Framework</a> (REF) all peer-reviewed journal articles submitted after 2014 must be deposited in the author's <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">institutional repository</a> <i>immediately upon acceptance for publication</i>, regardless of whether the article is published in a <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscription</a> journal or in an open access journal. HEFCE expresses no journal preference, places no restriction on authors' choice and requires the deposit itself to be immediate, irrespective of whether the publisher imposes an embargo (for an allowable embargo period that remains to be decided) on the date at which access to the deposit can be made open.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HEFCE/REF mandate proposal complements the recent <a href="/wiki/Research_Councils_UK" title="Research Councils UK">Research Councils UK</a> (RCUK) mandate that requires all articles resulting from RCUK funding to be made open access by 6 months after publication at the latest (12 months for arts and humanities articles).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HEFCE also provided grants to universities in England<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wishing to participate in the Pilot Collection of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Unlatched" title="Knowledge Unlatched">Knowledge Unlatched</a>, a not-for-profit organisation enabling humanities and social sciences <a href="/wiki/Monographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Monographs">monographs</a> to become open access. The Pilot Collection ran from October 2013 to February 2014 and 297 libraries and institutions worldwide participated in 'unlatching' the collection of 28 titles. 61 of these participating institutions were university libraries in England eligible for the HEFCE grant of 50% towards the $1195 participation fee.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Agricultural_Research" title="Indian Council of Agricultural Research">Indian Council of Agricultural Research</a> had adopted an Open Access policy<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for its publications on 13 September 2013<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and announced that each ICAR institute would set-up an open access institutional repository. One such repository is eprints@cmfri,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an open access institutional repository of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Marine_Fisheries_Research_Institute" title="Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute">Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute</a> which was set-up on 25 February 2010 well before the policy was adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since March 2010, the ICAR is making available its two flagship journals under Open Access<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on its website and later through an online platform called Indian Agricultural Research Journals<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using <a href="/wiki/Open_Journal_Systems" title="Open Journal Systems">Open Journal Systems</a>. However, not all the journals hosted in the platform are open access. </p><p>In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Biotechnology" title="Department of Biotechnology">Department of Biotechnology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Technology_(India)" title="Department of Science and Technology (India)">Department of Science and Technology</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(India)" title="Ministry of Science and Technology (India)">Ministry of Science and Technology</a>, Government of India jointly announced their open access policy.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2016 the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> announced that "all scientific articles in Europe must be freely accessible as of 2020"<sup id="cite_ref-hendrikx-2016_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hendrikx-2016-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the Commission will "develop and encourage measures for optimal compliance with the provisions for open access to scientific publications under <a href="/wiki/Horizon_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon 2020">Horizon 2020</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ask such measures to include the usage of <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-albers-2016_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albers-2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By March 2018, a search of MEDLINE indicated that ~21% of all human/animal articles indexed are available freely through PubMed Central, or directly from the journal. Within veterinary medicine specifically, research indicates the number is higher, at ~27%.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2018 eleven European funders, organized under <a href="/wiki/COAlition_S" class="mw-redirect" title="COAlition S">cOAlition S</a>, announced <a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a>, which requires all research output based on funding from these organizations to be published in full Open Access journals, disallowing publishing in hybrid journals.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2020s">2020s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_open_access&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 25, 2022, the US <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a> issued guidance to make all federally funded research in the United States freely available.<sup id="cite_ref-OSTPaug2022_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSTPaug2022-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth_statistics">Growth statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_open_access&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Growth statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Development_of_Open_Access.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Development_of_Open_Access.png/550px-Development_of_Open_Access.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Development_of_Open_Access.png/825px-Development_of_Open_Access.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Development_of_Open_Access.png/1100px-Development_of_Open_Access.png 2x" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="1411" /></a><figcaption>Development of open access</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roar1aug2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Roar1aug2011.png/220px-Roar1aug2011.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Roar1aug2011.png/330px-Roar1aug2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Roar1aug2011.png/440px-Roar1aug2011.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Growth map of repositories and contents in the <a href="/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories" title="Registry of Open Access Repositories">Registry of Open Access Repositories</a>, 1 August 2011</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Growth" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing § Growth</a></div> <p>A study on the development of publishing of open access journals from 1993 to 2009 <sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published in 2011 suggests that, measured both by the number of journals as well as by the increases in total article output, direct gold open access journal publishing has seen rapid growth particularly between the years 2000 and 2009. It was estimated that there were around 19,500 articles published open access in 2000, while the number has grown to 191,850 articles in 2009. The journal count for the year 2000 is estimated to have been 740, and 4769 for 2009; numbers which show considerable growth, albeit at a more moderate pace than the article-level growth. These findings support the notion that open access journals have increased both in numbers and in average annual output over time. </p><p>The development of the number of active open access journals and the number of research articles published in them during the period 1993–2009 is shown in the figure above. If these gold open access growth curves are extrapolated to the next two decades, the Laakso et al. (Björk) curve would reach 60% in 2022, and the Springer curve would reach 50% in 2029 as shown in the figure below (the reference provides a more optimistic interpretation which does not match with the values shown in the figure).<sup id="cite_ref-PR_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PR-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_open_access&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_open_access_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the open access movement">Timeline of the open access movement</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_open_access&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en#!topic/bit.listserv.vpiej-l/BoKENhK0_00">"Google Groups"</a>. <i>groups.google.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911171143/http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&safe=off&q=alt.fan.douglas-adams&sa=N&tab=wg#!topic/bit.listserv.vpiej-l/BoKENhK0_00">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=OSTP+Issues+Guidance+to+Make+Federally+Funded+Research+Freely+Available+Without+Delay&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fostp%2Fnews-updates%2F2022%2F08%2F25%2Fostp-issues-guidance-to-make-federally-funded-research-freely-available-without-delay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+open+access" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasnick2022" class="citation news cs1">Masnick, Mike (August 26, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techdirt.com/2022/08/26/huge-news-biden-administration-announces-all-publicly-funded-research-should-be-available-for-free-to-the-public/">"Huge News: Biden Administration Announces All Publicly Funded Research Should Be Available For Free To The Public"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Techdirt" title="Techdirt">Techdirt</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Huge+News%3A+Biden+Administration+Announces+All+Publicly+Funded+Research+Should+Be+Available+For+Free+To+The+Public&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft.aulast=Masnick&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techdirt.com%2F2022%2F08%2F26%2Fhuge-news-biden-administration-announces-all-publicly-funded-research-should-be-available-for-free-to-the-public%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+open+access" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaaksoWellingBukvovaNyman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Laakso, M.; Welling, P.; Bukvova, H.; Nyman, L.; Björk, B. C.; Hedlund, T. (2011). Hermes-Lima, Marcelo (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3113847">"The Development of Open Access Journal Publishing from 1993 to 2009"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>6</b> (6): e20961. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...620961L">2011PLoSO...620961L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020961">10.1371/journal.pone.0020961</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3113847">3113847</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21695139">21695139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Open+Access+Journal+Publishing+from+1993+to+2009&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e20961&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3113847%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21695139&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020961&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...620961L&rft.aulast=Laakso&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Welling%2C+P.&rft.au=Bukvova%2C+H.&rft.au=Nyman%2C+L.&rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rk%2C+B.+C.&rft.au=Hedlund%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3113847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+open+access" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PR-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PR_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poynder, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openaccess.eprints.org/index.php?/archives/821-Richard-Poynder-Interview-How-Fast-Is-Open-Access-Growing.html">Open Access By Numbers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702082224/http://openaccess.eprints.org/index.php?%2Farchives%2F821-Richard-Poynder-Interview-How-Fast-Is-Open-Access-Growing.html">Archived</a> 2017-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Open and Shut</i> June 19, 2011</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_open_access&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuber2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Suber, Peter</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/hoap/Open_Access_%28the_book%29"><i>Open access</i></a> (The MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51763-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51763-8"><bdi>978-0-262-51763-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+access&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.edition=The+MIT+Press+Essential+Knowledge+Series&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-262-51763-8&rft.aulast=Suber&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyber.law.harvard.edu%2Fhoap%2FOpen_Access_%2528the_book%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+open+access" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_open_access&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Suber" class="citation web cs1">Peter Suber. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/~psuber/wiki/History_of_open_access">"History of open access"</a>. Harvard University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+open+access&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.au=Peter+Suber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyber.harvard.edu%2F~psuber%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_open_access&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+open+access" class="Z3988"></span> Compilation of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber"> Peter Suber's</a> contributions to the history of open access, 1992–present.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Open_access_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Open access navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Open_access" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_open-access_movement" title="Timeline of the open-access movement">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre"><i>Gratis</i> versus <i>libre</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">Subscription business model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscribe_to_Open" title="Subscribe to Open">Subscribe to Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">Paywall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_transfer_agreement" title="Copyright transfer agreement">Copyright transfer agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_(publishing)" title="Manuscript (publishing)">Manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_processing_charge" title="Article processing charge">Article processing charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing">Predatory publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities">Berlin Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" title="Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing">Bethesda Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment" title="San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment">DORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Statement_on_Open_Access_to_Legal_Scholarship" title="Durham Statement on Open Access to Legal Scholarship">Durham Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Declaration_on_the_Future_of_the_World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization">Geneva Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIH_Public_Access_Policy" title="NIH Public Access Policy">NIH Public Access Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Works_Act" title="Research Works Act">Research Works Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">Self-archiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-access_mandate" title="Open-access mandate">Open-access mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-access_repository" title="Open-access repository">Open-access repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_open-access_journal" title="Hybrid open-access journal">Hybrid open-access journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_open-access_journal" title="Delayed open-access journal">Delayed open-access journal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cost_of_Knowledge" title="The Cost of Knowledge">The Cost of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory of Open Access Books">Directory of Open Access Books</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21750281#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q21750281"><span title=""Directory of Open Access Books" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">Initiative for Open Citations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishing_Association" title="Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association">Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAIRE" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenAIRE">OpenAIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Archives_Initiative" title="Open Archives Initiative">Open Archives Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge_Project" title="Public Knowledge Project">Public Knowledge Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories" title="Registry of Open Access Repositories">Registry of Open Access Repositories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Australia" title="Open access in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Austria" title="Open access in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Belgium" title="Open access in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Canada" title="Open access in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Denmark" title="Open access in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_France" title="Open access in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Germany" title="Open access in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Greece" title="Open access in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Hungary" title="Open access in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_India" title="Open access in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Open access in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Italy" title="Open access in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_the_Netherlands" title="Open access in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_New_Zealand" title="Open access in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Norway" title="Open access in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Poland" title="Open access in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Portugal" title="Open access in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_South_Africa" title="Open access in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Spain" title="Open access in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Sweden" title="Open access in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Ukraine" title="Open access in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access2Research" title="Access2Research">Access2Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">List of open-access journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">Open source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_open_access&oldid=1257378152">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_open_access&oldid=1257378152</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a 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