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class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="John Kubie" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/9b190cc4849f66c0e531c6149cd69b07?s=200" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">John Kubie</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://downstate.academia.edu/">SUNY: Downstate Medical Center</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" 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class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">75</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">58</p></div></a><div class="js-mentions-count-container" style="display: none;"><a href="/JohnKubie/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data"></p></div></a></div><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;"><b>Address: </b>Linden, New Jersey, United States<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://durham.academia.edu/ColinLever"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://durham.academia.edu/ColinLever">Colin Lever</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Durham University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/porl3141"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" 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class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by John Kubie</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458210"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458210/The_hippocampus_as_a_cognitive_graph_abridged_version_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The hippocampus as a cognitive graph (abridged version)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859337/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458210/The_hippocampus_as_a_cognitive_graph_abridged_version_">The hippocampus as a cognitive graph (abridged version)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hippocampus</span><span>, Jul 3, 1991</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7617a8d9472fa31576ccb3c75b5c3a6d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859337,"asset_id":115458210,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859337/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458210"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458210"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458210; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458210]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458210]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span 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dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458209"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458209/Emergence_of_Cognition_from_Action"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Emergence of Cognition from Action" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859302/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458209/Emergence_of_Cognition_from_Action">Emergence of Cognition from Action</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Theories of brain function have evolved through multiple stages. The first proposition was that b...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Theories of brain function have evolved through multiple stages. The first proposition was that brain networks support a set of reflex responses, with current sensory inputs producing immediate motor outputs. The behaviorist paradigm suggested that actions can always be explained as a response to immediate external cues. In response to these views, the cognitive paradigm argued that behavior cannot be understood simply as input-output functions because the hidden layers of brain generate unpredictability. The central processing was termed "cognition." Here we propose a neuroscience-based model of cognition. Our core hypothesis is that cognition depends on internal models of the animal and its world, where internally generated sequences can serve to perform "what if" scenarios and anticipate the possible consequences of alternative actions without actually testing them, and aid in the decisions of overt actions. We support our hypotheses by several examples of recent experimental findings and show how externally guided cell assembly sequences become internalized to support cognitive functions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e5127f62e04e645de8c0044939d95d4d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859302,"asset_id":115458209,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859302/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458209"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458209"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458209; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458209]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458209]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458209; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458209']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458208"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458208/Electrophysiological_Analysis_of_the_Nasal_Chemical_Senses_in_Garter_Snakes"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Electrophysiological Analysis of the Nasal Chemical Senses in Garter Snakes" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458208/Electrophysiological_Analysis_of_the_Nasal_Chemical_Senses_in_Garter_Snakes">Electrophysiological Analysis of the Nasal Chemical Senses in Garter Snakes</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Brain Behavior and Evolution</span><span>, 1993</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Electroolfactogram and electrovomeronasogram recordings were made from garter snakes stimulated w...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Electroolfactogram and electrovomeronasogram recordings were made from garter snakes stimulated with vapor of amyl acetate, butanol and of earthworm wash. The olfactory epithelium was more sensitive than the vomeronasal epithelium to all three stimuli. Volatiles from prey washes were capable of stimulating the olfactory epithelium when delivered as airstreams. The vomeronasal epithelium was sensitive only to the air delivery of vapor of amyl acetate. Single unit recordings from the mitral cell layer of the accessory olfactory bulb of garter snakes were made in response to liquid delivery of a variety of chemical stimuli including classical odorants, amino acids and proteins derived from prey. All three classes of stimuli altered unit firing in the accessory olfactory bulb. Amyl acetate, earthworm wash, goldfish wash and non-volatile amino acids delivered as liquid stimuli to the vomeronasal epithelium produced responses in the accessory olfactory bulb that were more distinct and reliable than the electrovomeronasogram responses to airborne odorants recorded at the periphery. Both excitatory and inhibitory responses were observed in the accessory olfactory bulb of garter snakes. The direction of the response to a given stimulus differed for different neurons. Responses were frequently biphasic and could last longer than 50 seconds. Individual neurons responded to different classes of stimuli suggesting that they are broadly tuned.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458208"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458208"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458208; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458208]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458208]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458208; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458208']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458208]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458208,"title":"Electrophysiological Analysis of the Nasal Chemical Senses in Garter Snakes","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458208/Electrophysiological_Analysis_of_the_Nasal_Chemical_Senses_in_Garter_Snakes","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458207"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458207/Is_hippocampal_remapping_the_physiological_basis_for_context"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Is hippocampal remapping the physiological basis for context?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859338/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458207/Is_hippocampal_remapping_the_physiological_basis_for_context">Is hippocampal remapping the physiological basis for context?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hippocampus</span><span>, Sep 30, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In 1980, Nadel and Wilner extended Richard Hirsh's notion that the hippocampus creates environmen...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In 1980, Nadel and Wilner extended Richard Hirsh's notion that the hippocampus creates environmental representations, called “contexts,” suggesting that the fundamental structure of context was the spatial representation proposed by O'Keefe and Nadel's landmark book, The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map (1978). This book, in turn, derives from the discovery that individual hippocampal neurons act as place cells, with the complete set of place cells tiling an enclosure, forming a type of spatial map. It was found that unique environments had unique place cell representations. That is, if one takes the hippocampal map of a specific environment, this representation scrambles, or “remaps” when the animal is placed in a different environment. Several authors have speculated that “maps” and “remapping” form the physiological substrates for context and context shifting. One difficulty with this definition is that it is exclusively spatial; it can only be inferred when an animal locomotes in an enclosure. There are five aims for this article. The first is to give an historical overview of context as a variable that controls behavior. The second aim is to give an historical overview of concepts of place cell maps and remapping. The third aim is to propose an updated definition of a place cell map, based on temporal rather than spatial overlaps, which adds flexibility. The fourth aim is to address the issue of whether the biological phenomenon of hippocampal remapping, is, in fact, the substrate for shifts in the psychological phenomenon of context. The final aim is speculation of how contextual representations may contribute to effective behavior.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a67b67941cd42ea96cbe45593a43191f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859338,"asset_id":115458207,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859338/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458207"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458207"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458207; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458207]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458207]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458207; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458207']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a67b67941cd42ea96cbe45593a43191f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458207]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458207,"title":"Is hippocampal remapping the physiological basis for context?","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458207/Is_hippocampal_remapping_the_physiological_basis_for_context","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[{"id":111859338,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859338/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"hipo.2316020240226-1-56r9o9.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859338/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Is_hippocampal_remapping_the_physiologic.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111859338/hipo.2316020240226-1-56r9o9-libre.pdf?1708970120=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIs_hippocampal_remapping_the_physiologic.pdf\u0026Expires=1739717152\u0026Signature=PWxEnmdU7tRCgcTeaBkV5BxHayfu9IWNT~mEaFSSN67nNBqPaeUlsgAJZFUquB5gu0couOPmA~bPTbw-fuxqcAabB7BRlafOwW9ba8XwcwTsUCtoWGM51gSdW6zLLso9sb8UbyxExpv3QxDkeFa2D46puRhl5VJQ23StueJmvdu0pDzZx90Y0erxb8O1kjGDooqWgOPyVS0YiSWWJa45xoD~pLguvY74pPdlTwbP36GmOsHqhFceQq6vECrCbaSE0~fhVmZhFOO-PFba49dYeFJb1yVHnVbEd09S-8V4J8yhm8ATiKaR50nP1pQG4BPNYCHuTd8X3dA7pvILvJxQIQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458206"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458206/Heading_vector_navigation_based_on_head_direction_cells_and_path_integration"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Heading-vector navigation based on head-direction cells and path integration" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859333/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458206/Heading_vector_navigation_based_on_head_direction_cells_and_path_integration">Heading-vector navigation based on head-direction cells and path integration</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hippocampus</span><span>, May 1, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Insect navigation is guided by heading vectors that are computed by path integration. Mammalian n...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Insect navigation is guided by heading vectors that are computed by path integration. Mammalian navigation models, on the other hand, are typically based on map-like place representations provided by hippocampal place cells. Such models compute optimal routes as a continuous series of locations that connect the current location to a goal. We propose a ''heading-vector'' model in which head-direction cells or their derivatives serve both as key elements in constructing the optimal route and as the straight-line guidance during route execution. The model is based on a memory structure termed the ''shortcut matrix,'' which is constructed during the initial exploration of an environment when a set of shortcut vectors between sequential pairs of visited waypoint locations is stored. A mechanism is proposed for calculating and storing these vectors that relies on a hypothesized cell type termed an ''accumulating head-direction cell.'' Following exploration, shortcut vectors connecting all pairs of waypoint locations are computed by vector arithmetic and stored in the shortcut matrix. On re-entry, when local view or place representations query the shortcut matrix with a current waypoint and goal, a shortcut trajectory is retrieved. Since the trajectory direction is in head-direction compass coordinates, navigation is accomplished by tracking the firing of head-direction cells that are tuned to the heading angle. Section 1 of the manuscript describes the properties of accumulating head-direction cells. It then shows how accumulating head-direction cells can store local vectors and perform vector arithmetic to perform path-integration-based homing. Section 2 describes the construction and use of the shortcut matrix for computing direct paths between any pair of locations that have been registered in the shortcut matrix. In the discussion, we analyze the advantages of heading-based navigation over map-based navigation. Finally, we survey behavioral evidence that nonhippocampal, heading-based navigation is used in small mammals and humans. V</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1079b97d3bf8f1a4b1f0e52a625238ab" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859333,"asset_id":115458206,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859333/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458206"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458206"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458206; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458205"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458205/Roles_of_the_vomeronasal_and_olfactory_systems_in_courtship_behavior_of_male_garter_snakes"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Roles of the vomeronasal and olfactory systems in courtship behavior of male garter snakes" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859335/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458205/Roles_of_the_vomeronasal_and_olfactory_systems_in_courtship_behavior_of_male_garter_snakes">Roles of the vomeronasal and olfactory systems in courtship behavior of male garter snakes</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology</span><span>, Aug 1, 1978</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The purpose of this study was to determine whether male garter snakes require intact vomeronasal ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The purpose of this study was to determine whether male garter snakes require intact vomeronasal or olfactory systems to detect the pheromone that triggers the chin-pressing behavior of courtship. Male garter snakes (Thamnophis radix) with testosterone propionate pellets implanted subcutaneously were tested for courtship displays with estradiol benzoate treated females. Three groups of 10 males were formed from snakes exhibiting strong courtship responses. Bilateral olfactory nerve cuts were attempted on one group, vomeronasal nerve cuts on a second; control surgeries were performed on a third. After postoperative testing, the heads of the snakes were histologically processed for lesion verification. All snakes in the olfactory nerve cut and control groups courted after surgery, and three snakes in each group copulated. More than half of the snakes in the olfactory nerve cut group had complete nerve cuts. Nine of the 10 snakes in the vomeronasal nerve cut group exhibited no courtship responses after surgery. The one snake in this group that courted was the only snake in which intact vomeronasal nerve fascicles were observed. These data indicate that male garter snakes without functional olfactory systems do court and mate normally but that male garter snakes without functional vomeronasal systems exhibit no courtship responses. Garter snakes normally go into a period Sexually active males move toward and exof intense mating activity in the early spring plore any moving snake, but a species-spe-(Aleksiuk & Gregory, 1974; Bellairs, 1959). cific chemical must coat the female's dorsal On warm early spring days males emerge skin for a male to court the female (Devine,</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="69759c26b24464a994f07123944d4f50" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859335,"asset_id":115458205,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859335/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458205"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458205"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458205; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458204"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458204/_Salt_and_Pepper_Pontine_Infarct"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of “Salt and Pepper” Pontine Infarct" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859334/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458204/_Salt_and_Pepper_Pontine_Infarct">“Salt and Pepper” Pontine Infarct</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Neuro-ophthalmology</span><span>, Sep 1, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A paramedian pontine stroke may herald the unique symptom of "salt and pepper" eye pain, in which...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A paramedian pontine stroke may herald the unique symptom of "salt and pepper" eye pain, in which patients describe the sensation of pepper rubbed into the eye. While localization of the lesion is a common thread among published cases, the mechanism for the sensation of eye pain is still a matter of conjecture. It is important for clinicians to be aware of this unique symptom because strokes rarely present with eye pain and failure to establish this diagnosis might lead to a poor clinical outcome.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4ac13e46b5a9ed99b3b0e71375974dfc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859334,"asset_id":115458204,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859334/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458204"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458204"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458204; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458203"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458203/Tonic_and_Phasic_Firing_of_Rat_Hippocampal_Complex_Spike_Cells_in_Three_Different_Situations_Context_and_Place"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Tonic and Phasic Firing of Rat Hippocampal Complex-Spike Cells in Three Different Situations: Context and Place" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458203/Tonic_and_Phasic_Firing_of_Rat_Hippocampal_Complex_Spike_Cells_in_Three_Different_Situations_Context_and_Place">Tonic and Phasic Firing of Rat Hippocampal Complex-Spike Cells in Three Different Situations: Context and Place</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Springer eBooks</span><span>, 1982</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The firing of hippocampal complex-spike cells has previously been demonstrated to be related to a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The firing of hippocampal complex-spike cells has previously been demonstrated to be related to a rat’s position in its environment. In this paper we examine the firing of individual complex-spike cells in three familiar environments: an Olton radial maze, an operant chamber with a DRL-16 schedule in effect, and a home box with the rat’s pups. We have found that individual neurons have spatial fields in several environments, and that the position of the fields is stable within an environment but unpredictable from one environment to the next. We have also found that tonic firing rates are stable in one environment but vary dramatically and unpredictably from one situation to another. The results are interpreted in terms of a hippocampal context system.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458203"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458203"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458203; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458203]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458203]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458203; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458203']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458203]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458203,"title":"Tonic and Phasic Firing of Rat Hippocampal Complex-Spike Cells in Three Different Situations: Context and Place","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458203/Tonic_and_Phasic_Firing_of_Rat_Hippocampal_Complex_Spike_Cells_in_Three_Different_Situations_Context_and_Place","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458202"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458202/Laboratory_observations_of_trailing_behavior_in_garter_snakes"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Laboratory observations of trailing behavior in garter snakes" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859332/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458202/Laboratory_observations_of_trailing_behavior_in_garter_snakes">Laboratory observations of trailing behavior in garter snakes</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology</span><span>, 1975</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Using a Y-maze apparatus, nine garter snakes were trained to follow an earthworm-extract trail. C...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Using a Y-maze apparatus, nine garter snakes were trained to follow an earthworm-extract trail. Correct trailing improved significantly as training progressed. All snakes were able to attain a trailing criterion of 8 out of 10 correct trials by the termination of training. For each trial, the number of tongue flicks each snake made was recorded and tongue flick rate calculated. Tongue flick rate was found to be highly characteristic and constant for individual subjects. In addition, running speed and tongue flick rate were found to be significantly correlated.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="78c2d1462f205db27001cd06ec3dba28" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859332,"asset_id":115458202,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859332/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458202"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458202"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458202; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "78c2d1462f205db27001cd06ec3dba28" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458202]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458202,"title":"Laboratory observations of trailing behavior in garter snakes","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458202/Laboratory_observations_of_trailing_behavior_in_garter_snakes","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[{"id":111859332,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859332/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"h007706120240226-1-j88ln.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859332/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Laboratory_observations_of_trailing_beha.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111859332/h007706120240226-1-j88ln-libre.pdf?1708970111=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLaboratory_observations_of_trailing_beha.pdf\u0026Expires=1739717152\u0026Signature=C6fK8OZz~RuH3COpg0jA-lJK0L37YGfICAyhkDvEfmQeIhjvy7Xkp7Lje1i-tV-M2PLmwi2MUj54lFhW6iDjiiDQwjJyWR8rEdKsLrJSHGEs7Xw3SnylKn1XJa4rWc9xN7-Ym-utCV8jj2oQUHNA7sWYZGUBR6fpQ6vgNd4u1CGJa50c~-JkUOy9UTgNJF8Ecn6S6iTe4YOYRzpaFJ20NV9rQYIy3FVAC2mEKaHwdSZ65HP39xxZ~wRLN6zPj0k6SSNXAT50w84BxqmIsWpo1JF8Dcw5iyslL7YZffST-fT91TW29mnBCytfAio87I4MtUt3f0gC57fLZLwrboV1PA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458201"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458201/The_role_of_the_ophidian_vomeronasal_system_in_species_typical_behavior"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The role of the ophidian vomeronasal system in species-typical behavior" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458201/The_role_of_the_ophidian_vomeronasal_system_in_species_typical_behavior">The role of the ophidian vomeronasal system in species-typical behavior</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Trends in Neurosciences</span><span>, Dec 1, 1984</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The garter snake vomeronasal system is critically involved in several species-typical behaviors i...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The garter snake vomeronasal system is critically involved in several species-typical behaviors including response to female sex pheromones, aggregation, shelter selection, prey selection, prey trailing and prey attack. There is also some evidence that ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458201"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458201"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458201; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458201]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458201]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458201; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458201']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458201]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458201,"title":"The role of the ophidian vomeronasal system in species-typical behavior","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458201/The_role_of_the_ophidian_vomeronasal_system_in_species_typical_behavior","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458200"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458200/Experience_dependent_modifications_of_hippocampal_place_cell_firing"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Experience-dependent modifications of hippocampal place cell firing" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859336/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458200/Experience_dependent_modifications_of_hippocampal_place_cell_firing">Experience-dependent modifications of hippocampal place cell firing</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hippocampus</span><span>, Apr 2, 1991</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Understanding the empirical rules that regulate alterations of hippocampal firing fields will enh...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Understanding the empirical rules that regulate alterations of hippocampal firing fields will enhance our understanding of hippocampal function. The current study sought to extend previous research in this area by examining the effect of substituting a new stimulus for a familiar stimulus in a familiar environment. Hippocampal place cells were recorded while rats chased food pellets scattered onto the floor of a cylindrical apparatus with a white cue card affixed to the apparatus wall. Once a place cell had been recorded in the presence of the white card, the white card was replaced by a black card of the same size and shape. The place cell was then recorded in the presence of the black card. Thirty-six cells were recorded using this procedure. All cells had stable firing fields in the presence of the white card. Both the white and black cards had stimulus control over place cell firing; generally, rotation of either card caused an equal rotation of the firing fields present. When the black card was substituted for the white card, place cells showed time-variant changes in their spatial firing patterns. The change was such that the spatial firing patterns of the majority of place cells were similar in the presence of the white and black cards during initial black card exposures. During subsequent presentations of the black card, the spatial firing patterns associated with the 2 cards became distinct from each other. Once the differentiation of firing patterns had occurred in a given rat, all place cells subsequently recorded from that rat had different firing patterns in the presence of the white and black cards. The findings are discussed relative to sensory-, motor-, attentional-, and learning-related interpretations of hippocampal function. It is argued that the time-variant alteration of place cell firing fields observed following exposure to a novel stimulus in this study reflects an experience-dependent modification of place cell firing patterns.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="49907d80a309d5c68126d263177a279b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859336,"asset_id":115458200,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859336/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458200"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458200"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458200; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458200]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458200]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458200; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458200']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458199"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458199/The_salamander_nose_a_model_system_for_the_study_of_spatial_coding_of_olfactory_quality"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The salamander nose: a model system for the study of spatial coding of olfactory quality" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458199/The_salamander_nose_a_model_system_for_the_study_of_spatial_coding_of_olfactory_quality">The salamander nose: a model system for the study of spatial coding of olfactory quality</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Chemical Senses</span><span>, 1981</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract. Recent experiments in the salamander on the spatial coding of odorant quality have reve...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract. Recent experiments in the salamander on the spatial coding of odorant quality have revealed that different odorants elicit different topographic patterns of olfactory receptor cell responses which are independent of odorant concentration. These experiments from the laboratory of David Moulton confirm and extend ideas expressed in his recent review (Moulton, 1976). A dominant theme in David Moulton&amp;apos;s research career was the coding of odorant quality by the olfactory system. He was especially interested in the possibility of spatial coding in olfaction, and his recent comprehensive review (1976) provided impetus for research on this problem both in his own laboratory and in others. The aim of this article is to orient the reader to the problem of spatial coding, and to summarize the recent work that we and others carried out in Moulton&amp;apos;s laboratory which addresses some of these issues. The work we describe was car-ried out on the olfactory system of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) which has proven to be an ideal animal for this kind of research. Spatial coding of sensory and motor information by the nervous system exists most frequently in topologically &amp;quot;flat &amp;quot; neural structures. The possibility that</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458199"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458199"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458199; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458199]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458199]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458199; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458199']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458199]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458199,"title":"The salamander nose: a model system for the study of spatial coding of olfactory quality","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458199/The_salamander_nose_a_model_system_for_the_study_of_spatial_coding_of_olfactory_quality","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458198"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458198/Shedding_enhances_the_sexual_attractiveness_of_oestradiol_treated_garter_snakes_and_their_untreated_penmates"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Shedding enhances the sexual attractiveness of oestradiol treated garter snakes and their untreated penmates" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458198/Shedding_enhances_the_sexual_attractiveness_of_oestradiol_treated_garter_snakes_and_their_untreated_penmates">Shedding enhances the sexual attractiveness of oestradiol treated garter snakes and their untreated penmates</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Animal Behaviour</span><span>, May 1, 1978</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The courtship behaviour of male garter snakes (Thamnophis radix) was tested with females who rece...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The courtship behaviour of male garter snakes (Thamnophis radix) was tested with females who received or did not receive oestradiol benzoate (EB) injections prior to shedding, and with non-shedding females who received EB. Each female injected for 5 or more days prior to ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458198"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458198"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458198; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458198]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458198]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458198; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458198']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458198]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458198,"title":"Shedding enhances the sexual attractiveness of oestradiol treated garter snakes and their untreated penmates","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458198/Shedding_enhances_the_sexual_attractiveness_of_oestradiol_treated_garter_snakes_and_their_untreated_penmates","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458197"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458197/Brevital_Sodium_An_Effective_Anesthetic_Agent_for_Performing_Surgery_on_Small_Reptiles"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Brevital Sodium: An Effective Anesthetic Agent for Performing Surgery on Small Reptiles" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458197/Brevital_Sodium_An_Effective_Anesthetic_Agent_for_Performing_Surgery_on_Small_Reptiles">Brevital Sodium: An Effective Anesthetic Agent for Performing Surgery on Small Reptiles</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Copeia</span><span>, Nov 25, 1977</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">CONCLUSION Never before in modern-day Florida has the alligator been so free from human persecuti...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">CONCLUSION Never before in modern-day Florida has the alligator been so free from human persecution by hunting, and never have so many large alligators lived in such close contact with hu-mans. Although only a handful of attacks (most of them minor) occur each year in ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458197"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458197"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458197; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458197]").text(description); 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458197]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458197,"title":"Brevital Sodium: An Effective Anesthetic Agent for Performing Surgery on Small Reptiles","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458197/Brevital_Sodium_An_Effective_Anesthetic_Agent_for_Performing_Surgery_on_Small_Reptiles","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458196"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458196/Conditioned_discrimination_of_airborne_odorants_by_garter_snakes_Thamnophis_radix_and_T_sirtalis_sirtalis_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Conditioned discrimination of airborne odorants by garter snakes (Thamnophis radix and T. sirtalis sirtalis)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458196/Conditioned_discrimination_of_airborne_odorants_by_garter_snakes_Thamnophis_radix_and_T_sirtalis_sirtalis_">Conditioned discrimination of airborne odorants by garter snakes (Thamnophis radix and T. sirtalis sirtalis)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Comparative Psychology</span><span>, Mar 1, 1988</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458196"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458196"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458196; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458195"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458195/Conditioned_discrimination_of_airborne_odorants_by_garter_snakes_Thamnophis_radis_and_T_sirtalis_sirtalis_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Conditioned discrimination of airborne odorants by garter snakes (Thamnophis radis and T. sirtalis sirtalis)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458195/Conditioned_discrimination_of_airborne_odorants_by_garter_snakes_Thamnophis_radis_and_T_sirtalis_sirtalis_">Conditioned discrimination of airborne odorants by garter snakes (Thamnophis radis and T. sirtalis sirtalis)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Comparative Psychology</span><span>, 1988</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458195"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458195"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458195; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458195]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458195]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458195; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458195']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458195]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458195,"title":"Conditioned discrimination of airborne odorants by garter snakes (Thamnophis radis and T. sirtalis sirtalis)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458195/Conditioned_discrimination_of_airborne_odorants_by_garter_snakes_Thamnophis_radis_and_T_sirtalis_sirtalis_","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458194"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458194/Robert_U_Muller_In_memory"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Robert U. Muller—In memory" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458194/Robert_U_Muller_In_memory">Robert U. Muller—In memory</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hippocampus</span><span>, Mar 18, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458194"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458194"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458194; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458194]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458194]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458194; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458194']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458194]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458194,"title":"Robert U. Muller—In memory","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458194/Robert_U_Muller_In_memory","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458193"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458193/What_is_optimized_in_an_optimal_path"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of What is optimized in an optimal path?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458193/What_is_optimized_in_an_optimal_path">What is optimized in an optimal path?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</span><span>, Oct 1, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">An animal confronts numerous challenges when constructing an optimal navigational route. Spatial ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">An animal confronts numerous challenges when constructing an optimal navigational route. Spatial representations used for path optimization are likely constrained by critical environmental factors that dictate which neural systems control navigation. Multiple coding schemes depend upon their ecological relevance for a particular species, particularly when dealing with the third, or vertical, dimension of space.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458193"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458193"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458193; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458193]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458193]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458193; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458193']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458193]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458193,"title":"What is optimized in an optimal path?","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458193/What_is_optimized_in_an_optimal_path","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458192"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458192/Chemical_Communication_in_the_Guinea_Pig_Urinary_Components_of_Low_Volatility_and_Their_Access_to_the_Vomeronasal_Organ"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Chemical Communication in the Guinea Pig: Urinary Components of Low Volatility and Their Access to the Vomeronasal Organ" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458192/Chemical_Communication_in_the_Guinea_Pig_Urinary_Components_of_Low_Volatility_and_Their_Access_to_the_Vomeronasal_Organ">Chemical Communication in the Guinea Pig: Urinary Components of Low Volatility and Their Access to the Vomeronasal Organ</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Springer eBooks</span><span>, 1980</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Guinea pigs (Cavia sp.) utilize chemical information from conspecifics in the regulation of socia...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Guinea pigs (Cavia sp.) utilize chemical information from conspecifics in the regulation of social behavior (Beauchamp et al., 1977; King, 1956; Rood, 1972), We have been Investigating a number of aspects of this communication system. Here, we will present observations and evidence from behavioral and chemical studies that suggest that information transfer among individuals is mediated at least in part by compounds of low volatility. If compounds of low volatility are used, the receptor organ(s) and the means by which the compounds reach the organ(s) are called into question. Volatile compounds can easily reach the olfactory receptor cells during inspiration; non-volatile substances presumably must reach appropriate receptors by some other means. We have hypothesized that the vomeronasal organ is involved in responses to chemical signals, particularly those of low volatility. We also will describe studies investigating access of non-volatile material to the vomeronasal organ.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458192"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458192"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458192; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458192]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458192]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458192; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458192']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458192]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458192,"title":"Chemical Communication in the Guinea Pig: Urinary Components of Low Volatility and Their Access to the Vomeronasal Organ","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458192/Chemical_Communication_in_the_Guinea_Pig_Urinary_Components_of_Low_Volatility_and_Their_Access_to_the_Vomeronasal_Organ","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458191"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458191/Telemetry_system_for_reliable_recording_of_action_potentials_from_freely_moving_rats"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Telemetry system for reliable recording of action potentials from freely moving rats" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859329/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458191/Telemetry_system_for_reliable_recording_of_action_potentials_from_freely_moving_rats">Telemetry system for reliable recording of action potentials from freely moving rats</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hippocampus</span><span>, 2002</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Recording single cells from alert rats currently requires a cable to connect brain electrodes to ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Recording single cells from alert rats currently requires a cable to connect brain electrodes to the acquisition system. If no cable were necessary, a variety of interesting experiments would become possible, and the design of other experiments would be simplified. To eliminate the need for a cable we have developed a one-channel radiotelemetry system that is easily carried by a rat. This system transmits a signal that is reliable, highly accurate and can be detected over distances of >20 m. The mobile part of the system has three components: (1) a headstage with built-in amplifiers that plugs into the connector for the electrode array on the rat's head; the headstage also incorporates a light-emitting diode (LED) used to track the rat's position; (2) a backpack that contains the transmitter and batteries (2 N cells); the backpack also provides additional amplification of the single cell signals; and (3) a short cable that connects the headstage to the backpack; the cable supplies power to the headstage amplifiers and the LED, and carries the physiological signals from the headstage to the backpack. By using a differential amplifier and recording between two brain microelectrodes the system can transmit action potential activity from two nearly independent sources. In a future improvement, two transmitters with different frequencies would be used to telemeter signals from four microelectrodes simultaneously.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e340fec0ee9b2cf3b46b74a0fe7e0afa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859329,"asset_id":115458191,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859329/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458191"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458191"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458191; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="1071016" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458210"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458210/The_hippocampus_as_a_cognitive_graph_abridged_version_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The hippocampus as a cognitive graph (abridged version)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859337/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458210/The_hippocampus_as_a_cognitive_graph_abridged_version_">The hippocampus as a cognitive graph (abridged version)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hippocampus</span><span>, Jul 3, 1991</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7617a8d9472fa31576ccb3c75b5c3a6d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859337,"asset_id":115458210,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859337/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458210"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458210"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458210; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458210]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458210]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458210; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458210']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458209"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458209/Emergence_of_Cognition_from_Action"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Emergence of Cognition from Action" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859302/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458209/Emergence_of_Cognition_from_Action">Emergence of Cognition from Action</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Theories of brain function have evolved through multiple stages. The first proposition was that b...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Theories of brain function have evolved through multiple stages. The first proposition was that brain networks support a set of reflex responses, with current sensory inputs producing immediate motor outputs. The behaviorist paradigm suggested that actions can always be explained as a response to immediate external cues. In response to these views, the cognitive paradigm argued that behavior cannot be understood simply as input-output functions because the hidden layers of brain generate unpredictability. The central processing was termed "cognition." Here we propose a neuroscience-based model of cognition. Our core hypothesis is that cognition depends on internal models of the animal and its world, where internally generated sequences can serve to perform "what if" scenarios and anticipate the possible consequences of alternative actions without actually testing them, and aid in the decisions of overt actions. We support our hypotheses by several examples of recent experimental findings and show how externally guided cell assembly sequences become internalized to support cognitive functions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e5127f62e04e645de8c0044939d95d4d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859302,"asset_id":115458209,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859302/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458209"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458209"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458209; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e5127f62e04e645de8c0044939d95d4d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458209]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458209,"title":"Emergence of Cognition from Action","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458209/Emergence_of_Cognition_from_Action","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[{"id":111859302,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859302/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"41.full.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859302/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Emergence_of_Cognition_from_Action.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111859302/41.full-libre.pdf?1708970110=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEmergence_of_Cognition_from_Action.pdf\u0026Expires=1739717152\u0026Signature=Wtm0l2vBdVhcgBG2mC6PkMkMFJew~XcJQbISsz11MrF7ZI-CpiZGP7w8cscTNW6yjjm6YkgWBITxUI6GP5Ur31p4rDgDv2wJ6AbSbSCdzgmU5D7bYE07akKJ9ZpmohpIWztYV7twItKaBaQB4crIQW7YAvTn4UytRYoay87ES-ZSKrzo1Az3Y5~TBFT711Yp0~b7HWRvr7e5mOxxiSEgoqlsKsZ7CTdVArq-ovJGFAGckTkygstPbFavvLIE28vTwdZMrcApjGJ3HslAD0UqawSplSqjqzKNoAZ4PfEKOD~C5nrEsYmPNffqCks6SGHXE8gzYf7jhtQP7KpEpVe20g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":111859303,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859303/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"41.full.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859303/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Emergence_of_Cognition_from_Action.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111859303/41.full-libre.pdf?1708970110=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEmergence_of_Cognition_from_Action.pdf\u0026Expires=1739717152\u0026Signature=V7cpsSIAqwy5rUuYcR3DizXjdk~4l-8VRuM3bowBYjTJIU~ZvAIS0mxqUz0IgzH0eCdhWESUXB7xym4jSdwcsKS-heFXLG5npXemWijVq8RISVU~WP2cxcBGlQ33tBa1q6-6VOr0fI~MS7mmp~5EIdM3dp25DZq1VNG5PVWB3JPxI20q4n2how04mKjQwVua0urY1nCFi~DhLwwFxRzcdsrv6WC8YmXDv0V4WJD3qbOB75kV-egTA5VYvmiELK0Gg9nXdVhkBGOkUAX1DVWCwYl3Bd1wjgIst0dNMh3nX3fixRODmWYDxtWiL~jdpFaEUNlkYyT7JfsA8dQF10LNwg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458208"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458208/Electrophysiological_Analysis_of_the_Nasal_Chemical_Senses_in_Garter_Snakes"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Electrophysiological Analysis of the Nasal Chemical Senses in Garter Snakes" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458208/Electrophysiological_Analysis_of_the_Nasal_Chemical_Senses_in_Garter_Snakes">Electrophysiological Analysis of the Nasal Chemical Senses in Garter Snakes</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Brain Behavior and Evolution</span><span>, 1993</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Electroolfactogram and electrovomeronasogram recordings were made from garter snakes stimulated w...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Electroolfactogram and electrovomeronasogram recordings were made from garter snakes stimulated with vapor of amyl acetate, butanol and of earthworm wash. The olfactory epithelium was more sensitive than the vomeronasal epithelium to all three stimuli. Volatiles from prey washes were capable of stimulating the olfactory epithelium when delivered as airstreams. The vomeronasal epithelium was sensitive only to the air delivery of vapor of amyl acetate. Single unit recordings from the mitral cell layer of the accessory olfactory bulb of garter snakes were made in response to liquid delivery of a variety of chemical stimuli including classical odorants, amino acids and proteins derived from prey. All three classes of stimuli altered unit firing in the accessory olfactory bulb. Amyl acetate, earthworm wash, goldfish wash and non-volatile amino acids delivered as liquid stimuli to the vomeronasal epithelium produced responses in the accessory olfactory bulb that were more distinct and reliable than the electrovomeronasogram responses to airborne odorants recorded at the periphery. Both excitatory and inhibitory responses were observed in the accessory olfactory bulb of garter snakes. The direction of the response to a given stimulus differed for different neurons. Responses were frequently biphasic and could last longer than 50 seconds. Individual neurons responded to different classes of stimuli suggesting that they are broadly tuned.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458208"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458208"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458208; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458208]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458208]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458208; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458208']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458208]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458208,"title":"Electrophysiological Analysis of the Nasal Chemical Senses in Garter Snakes","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458208/Electrophysiological_Analysis_of_the_Nasal_Chemical_Senses_in_Garter_Snakes","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458207"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458207/Is_hippocampal_remapping_the_physiological_basis_for_context"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Is hippocampal remapping the physiological basis for context?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859338/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458207/Is_hippocampal_remapping_the_physiological_basis_for_context">Is hippocampal remapping the physiological basis for context?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hippocampus</span><span>, Sep 30, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In 1980, Nadel and Wilner extended Richard Hirsh's notion that the hippocampus creates environmen...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In 1980, Nadel and Wilner extended Richard Hirsh's notion that the hippocampus creates environmental representations, called “contexts,” suggesting that the fundamental structure of context was the spatial representation proposed by O'Keefe and Nadel's landmark book, The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map (1978). This book, in turn, derives from the discovery that individual hippocampal neurons act as place cells, with the complete set of place cells tiling an enclosure, forming a type of spatial map. It was found that unique environments had unique place cell representations. That is, if one takes the hippocampal map of a specific environment, this representation scrambles, or “remaps” when the animal is placed in a different environment. Several authors have speculated that “maps” and “remapping” form the physiological substrates for context and context shifting. One difficulty with this definition is that it is exclusively spatial; it can only be inferred when an animal locomotes in an enclosure. There are five aims for this article. The first is to give an historical overview of context as a variable that controls behavior. The second aim is to give an historical overview of concepts of place cell maps and remapping. The third aim is to propose an updated definition of a place cell map, based on temporal rather than spatial overlaps, which adds flexibility. The fourth aim is to address the issue of whether the biological phenomenon of hippocampal remapping, is, in fact, the substrate for shifts in the psychological phenomenon of context. The final aim is speculation of how contextual representations may contribute to effective behavior.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a67b67941cd42ea96cbe45593a43191f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859338,"asset_id":115458207,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859338/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458207"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458207"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458207; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458207]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458207]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458207; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458207']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458206"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458206/Heading_vector_navigation_based_on_head_direction_cells_and_path_integration"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Heading-vector navigation based on head-direction cells and path integration" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859333/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458206/Heading_vector_navigation_based_on_head_direction_cells_and_path_integration">Heading-vector navigation based on head-direction cells and path integration</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hippocampus</span><span>, May 1, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Insect navigation is guided by heading vectors that are computed by path integration. Mammalian n...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Insect navigation is guided by heading vectors that are computed by path integration. Mammalian navigation models, on the other hand, are typically based on map-like place representations provided by hippocampal place cells. Such models compute optimal routes as a continuous series of locations that connect the current location to a goal. We propose a ''heading-vector'' model in which head-direction cells or their derivatives serve both as key elements in constructing the optimal route and as the straight-line guidance during route execution. The model is based on a memory structure termed the ''shortcut matrix,'' which is constructed during the initial exploration of an environment when a set of shortcut vectors between sequential pairs of visited waypoint locations is stored. A mechanism is proposed for calculating and storing these vectors that relies on a hypothesized cell type termed an ''accumulating head-direction cell.'' Following exploration, shortcut vectors connecting all pairs of waypoint locations are computed by vector arithmetic and stored in the shortcut matrix. On re-entry, when local view or place representations query the shortcut matrix with a current waypoint and goal, a shortcut trajectory is retrieved. Since the trajectory direction is in head-direction compass coordinates, navigation is accomplished by tracking the firing of head-direction cells that are tuned to the heading angle. Section 1 of the manuscript describes the properties of accumulating head-direction cells. It then shows how accumulating head-direction cells can store local vectors and perform vector arithmetic to perform path-integration-based homing. Section 2 describes the construction and use of the shortcut matrix for computing direct paths between any pair of locations that have been registered in the shortcut matrix. In the discussion, we analyze the advantages of heading-based navigation over map-based navigation. Finally, we survey behavioral evidence that nonhippocampal, heading-based navigation is used in small mammals and humans. V</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1079b97d3bf8f1a4b1f0e52a625238ab" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859333,"asset_id":115458206,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859333/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458206"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458206"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458206; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458205"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458205/Roles_of_the_vomeronasal_and_olfactory_systems_in_courtship_behavior_of_male_garter_snakes"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Roles of the vomeronasal and olfactory systems in courtship behavior of male garter snakes" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859335/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458205/Roles_of_the_vomeronasal_and_olfactory_systems_in_courtship_behavior_of_male_garter_snakes">Roles of the vomeronasal and olfactory systems in courtship behavior of male garter snakes</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology</span><span>, Aug 1, 1978</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The purpose of this study was to determine whether male garter snakes require intact vomeronasal ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The purpose of this study was to determine whether male garter snakes require intact vomeronasal or olfactory systems to detect the pheromone that triggers the chin-pressing behavior of courtship. Male garter snakes (Thamnophis radix) with testosterone propionate pellets implanted subcutaneously were tested for courtship displays with estradiol benzoate treated females. Three groups of 10 males were formed from snakes exhibiting strong courtship responses. Bilateral olfactory nerve cuts were attempted on one group, vomeronasal nerve cuts on a second; control surgeries were performed on a third. After postoperative testing, the heads of the snakes were histologically processed for lesion verification. All snakes in the olfactory nerve cut and control groups courted after surgery, and three snakes in each group copulated. More than half of the snakes in the olfactory nerve cut group had complete nerve cuts. Nine of the 10 snakes in the vomeronasal nerve cut group exhibited no courtship responses after surgery. The one snake in this group that courted was the only snake in which intact vomeronasal nerve fascicles were observed. These data indicate that male garter snakes without functional olfactory systems do court and mate normally but that male garter snakes without functional vomeronasal systems exhibit no courtship responses. Garter snakes normally go into a period Sexually active males move toward and exof intense mating activity in the early spring plore any moving snake, but a species-spe-(Aleksiuk & Gregory, 1974; Bellairs, 1959). cific chemical must coat the female's dorsal On warm early spring days males emerge skin for a male to court the female (Devine,</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="69759c26b24464a994f07123944d4f50" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859335,"asset_id":115458205,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859335/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458205"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458205"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458205; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458204"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458204/_Salt_and_Pepper_Pontine_Infarct"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of “Salt and Pepper” Pontine Infarct" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859334/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458204/_Salt_and_Pepper_Pontine_Infarct">“Salt and Pepper” Pontine Infarct</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Neuro-ophthalmology</span><span>, Sep 1, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A paramedian pontine stroke may herald the unique symptom of "salt and pepper" eye pain, in which...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A paramedian pontine stroke may herald the unique symptom of "salt and pepper" eye pain, in which patients describe the sensation of pepper rubbed into the eye. While localization of the lesion is a common thread among published cases, the mechanism for the sensation of eye pain is still a matter of conjecture. It is important for clinicians to be aware of this unique symptom because strokes rarely present with eye pain and failure to establish this diagnosis might lead to a poor clinical outcome.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4ac13e46b5a9ed99b3b0e71375974dfc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859334,"asset_id":115458204,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859334/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458204"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458204"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458204; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458203"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458203/Tonic_and_Phasic_Firing_of_Rat_Hippocampal_Complex_Spike_Cells_in_Three_Different_Situations_Context_and_Place"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Tonic and Phasic Firing of Rat Hippocampal Complex-Spike Cells in Three Different Situations: Context and Place" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458203/Tonic_and_Phasic_Firing_of_Rat_Hippocampal_Complex_Spike_Cells_in_Three_Different_Situations_Context_and_Place">Tonic and Phasic Firing of Rat Hippocampal Complex-Spike Cells in Three Different Situations: Context and Place</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Springer eBooks</span><span>, 1982</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The firing of hippocampal complex-spike cells has previously been demonstrated to be related to a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The firing of hippocampal complex-spike cells has previously been demonstrated to be related to a rat’s position in its environment. In this paper we examine the firing of individual complex-spike cells in three familiar environments: an Olton radial maze, an operant chamber with a DRL-16 schedule in effect, and a home box with the rat’s pups. We have found that individual neurons have spatial fields in several environments, and that the position of the fields is stable within an environment but unpredictable from one environment to the next. We have also found that tonic firing rates are stable in one environment but vary dramatically and unpredictably from one situation to another. The results are interpreted in terms of a hippocampal context system.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458203"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458203"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458203; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458203]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458203]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458203; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458203']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458203]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458203,"title":"Tonic and Phasic Firing of Rat Hippocampal Complex-Spike Cells in Three Different Situations: Context and Place","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458203/Tonic_and_Phasic_Firing_of_Rat_Hippocampal_Complex_Spike_Cells_in_Three_Different_Situations_Context_and_Place","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458202"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458202/Laboratory_observations_of_trailing_behavior_in_garter_snakes"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Laboratory observations of trailing behavior in garter snakes" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859332/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458202/Laboratory_observations_of_trailing_behavior_in_garter_snakes">Laboratory observations of trailing behavior in garter snakes</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology</span><span>, 1975</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Using a Y-maze apparatus, nine garter snakes were trained to follow an earthworm-extract trail. C...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Using a Y-maze apparatus, nine garter snakes were trained to follow an earthworm-extract trail. Correct trailing improved significantly as training progressed. All snakes were able to attain a trailing criterion of 8 out of 10 correct trials by the termination of training. For each trial, the number of tongue flicks each snake made was recorded and tongue flick rate calculated. Tongue flick rate was found to be highly characteristic and constant for individual subjects. In addition, running speed and tongue flick rate were found to be significantly correlated.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="78c2d1462f205db27001cd06ec3dba28" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859332,"asset_id":115458202,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859332/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458202"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458202"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458202; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458201"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458201/The_role_of_the_ophidian_vomeronasal_system_in_species_typical_behavior"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The role of the ophidian vomeronasal system in species-typical behavior" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458201/The_role_of_the_ophidian_vomeronasal_system_in_species_typical_behavior">The role of the ophidian vomeronasal system in species-typical behavior</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Trends in Neurosciences</span><span>, Dec 1, 1984</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The garter snake vomeronasal system is critically involved in several species-typical behaviors i...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The garter snake vomeronasal system is critically involved in several species-typical behaviors including response to female sex pheromones, aggregation, shelter selection, prey selection, prey trailing and prey attack. There is also some evidence that ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458201"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458201"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458201; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458201]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458201]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458201; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458201']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458201]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458201,"title":"The role of the ophidian vomeronasal system in species-typical behavior","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458201/The_role_of_the_ophidian_vomeronasal_system_in_species_typical_behavior","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458200"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458200/Experience_dependent_modifications_of_hippocampal_place_cell_firing"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Experience-dependent modifications of hippocampal place cell firing" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859336/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458200/Experience_dependent_modifications_of_hippocampal_place_cell_firing">Experience-dependent modifications of hippocampal place cell firing</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hippocampus</span><span>, Apr 2, 1991</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Understanding the empirical rules that regulate alterations of hippocampal firing fields will enh...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Understanding the empirical rules that regulate alterations of hippocampal firing fields will enhance our understanding of hippocampal function. The current study sought to extend previous research in this area by examining the effect of substituting a new stimulus for a familiar stimulus in a familiar environment. Hippocampal place cells were recorded while rats chased food pellets scattered onto the floor of a cylindrical apparatus with a white cue card affixed to the apparatus wall. Once a place cell had been recorded in the presence of the white card, the white card was replaced by a black card of the same size and shape. The place cell was then recorded in the presence of the black card. Thirty-six cells were recorded using this procedure. All cells had stable firing fields in the presence of the white card. Both the white and black cards had stimulus control over place cell firing; generally, rotation of either card caused an equal rotation of the firing fields present. When the black card was substituted for the white card, place cells showed time-variant changes in their spatial firing patterns. The change was such that the spatial firing patterns of the majority of place cells were similar in the presence of the white and black cards during initial black card exposures. During subsequent presentations of the black card, the spatial firing patterns associated with the 2 cards became distinct from each other. Once the differentiation of firing patterns had occurred in a given rat, all place cells subsequently recorded from that rat had different firing patterns in the presence of the white and black cards. The findings are discussed relative to sensory-, motor-, attentional-, and learning-related interpretations of hippocampal function. It is argued that the time-variant alteration of place cell firing fields observed following exposure to a novel stimulus in this study reflects an experience-dependent modification of place cell firing patterns.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="49907d80a309d5c68126d263177a279b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859336,"asset_id":115458200,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859336/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458200"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458200"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458200; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458200]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458200]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458200; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458200']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "49907d80a309d5c68126d263177a279b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458200]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458200,"title":"Experience-dependent modifications of hippocampal place cell firing","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458200/Experience_dependent_modifications_of_hippocampal_place_cell_firing","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[{"id":111859336,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859336/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Muller5.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859336/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Experience_dependent_modifications_of_hi.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111859336/Muller5-libre.pdf?1708970137=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DExperience_dependent_modifications_of_hi.pdf\u0026Expires=1739717152\u0026Signature=JIHcQ0fhR~zPWgGiM9Im0iytxklcvgCD1c59YCqzO2U0PgjCyA21FE76dtF5MdWBvY-X6lvCNl8QzwoQbci8eOrPNEGxS14fAJgFGKcgeZoc8zIcOLjOi4cVICIaeCc1Iny8bmtA76MViDVDF5BUHYuTLiWedbbzkXGxPg97tFaETIIRai-wgp7QbuVzjMEpAdpX2ocQ1k1W9o6SEt3RLXSYrBkI9F5D0yRt1~ri2zGUcZ3bhh3rZ7~c6~~kYW3AC8C94-k0TEe8uJRGFxiYfvglt4sojWxKDjQpbE8OY2nkMiV-uncnPJne~eRWPawfio3NqPaNvBBwAmu4kkwIYQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458199"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458199/The_salamander_nose_a_model_system_for_the_study_of_spatial_coding_of_olfactory_quality"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The salamander nose: a model system for the study of spatial coding of olfactory quality" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458199/The_salamander_nose_a_model_system_for_the_study_of_spatial_coding_of_olfactory_quality">The salamander nose: a model system for the study of spatial coding of olfactory quality</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Chemical Senses</span><span>, 1981</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract. Recent experiments in the salamander on the spatial coding of odorant quality have reve...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract. Recent experiments in the salamander on the spatial coding of odorant quality have revealed that different odorants elicit different topographic patterns of olfactory receptor cell responses which are independent of odorant concentration. These experiments from the laboratory of David Moulton confirm and extend ideas expressed in his recent review (Moulton, 1976). A dominant theme in David Moulton&amp;apos;s research career was the coding of odorant quality by the olfactory system. He was especially interested in the possibility of spatial coding in olfaction, and his recent comprehensive review (1976) provided impetus for research on this problem both in his own laboratory and in others. The aim of this article is to orient the reader to the problem of spatial coding, and to summarize the recent work that we and others carried out in Moulton&amp;apos;s laboratory which addresses some of these issues. The work we describe was car-ried out on the olfactory system of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) which has proven to be an ideal animal for this kind of research. Spatial coding of sensory and motor information by the nervous system exists most frequently in topologically &amp;quot;flat &amp;quot; neural structures. The possibility that</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458199"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458199"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458199; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458199]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458199]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458199; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458199']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458199]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458199,"title":"The salamander nose: a model system for the study of spatial coding of olfactory quality","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458199/The_salamander_nose_a_model_system_for_the_study_of_spatial_coding_of_olfactory_quality","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458198"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458198/Shedding_enhances_the_sexual_attractiveness_of_oestradiol_treated_garter_snakes_and_their_untreated_penmates"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Shedding enhances the sexual attractiveness of oestradiol treated garter snakes and their untreated penmates" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458198/Shedding_enhances_the_sexual_attractiveness_of_oestradiol_treated_garter_snakes_and_their_untreated_penmates">Shedding enhances the sexual attractiveness of oestradiol treated garter snakes and their untreated penmates</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Animal Behaviour</span><span>, May 1, 1978</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The courtship behaviour of male garter snakes (Thamnophis radix) was tested with females who rece...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The courtship behaviour of male garter snakes (Thamnophis radix) was tested with females who received or did not receive oestradiol benzoate (EB) injections prior to shedding, and with non-shedding females who received EB. Each female injected for 5 or more days prior to ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458198"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458198"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458198; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458198]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458198]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458198; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458198']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458198]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458198,"title":"Shedding enhances the sexual attractiveness of oestradiol treated garter snakes and their untreated penmates","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458198/Shedding_enhances_the_sexual_attractiveness_of_oestradiol_treated_garter_snakes_and_their_untreated_penmates","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458197"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458197/Brevital_Sodium_An_Effective_Anesthetic_Agent_for_Performing_Surgery_on_Small_Reptiles"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Brevital Sodium: An Effective Anesthetic Agent for Performing Surgery on Small Reptiles" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458197/Brevital_Sodium_An_Effective_Anesthetic_Agent_for_Performing_Surgery_on_Small_Reptiles">Brevital Sodium: An Effective Anesthetic Agent for Performing Surgery on Small Reptiles</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Copeia</span><span>, Nov 25, 1977</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">CONCLUSION Never before in modern-day Florida has the alligator been so free from human persecuti...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">CONCLUSION Never before in modern-day Florida has the alligator been so free from human persecution by hunting, and never have so many large alligators lived in such close contact with hu-mans. Although only a handful of attacks (most of them minor) occur each year in ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458197"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458197"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458197; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458197]").text(description); 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458197]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458197,"title":"Brevital Sodium: An Effective Anesthetic Agent for Performing Surgery on Small Reptiles","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458197/Brevital_Sodium_An_Effective_Anesthetic_Agent_for_Performing_Surgery_on_Small_Reptiles","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458196"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458196/Conditioned_discrimination_of_airborne_odorants_by_garter_snakes_Thamnophis_radix_and_T_sirtalis_sirtalis_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Conditioned discrimination of airborne odorants by garter snakes (Thamnophis radix and T. sirtalis sirtalis)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458196/Conditioned_discrimination_of_airborne_odorants_by_garter_snakes_Thamnophis_radix_and_T_sirtalis_sirtalis_">Conditioned discrimination of airborne odorants by garter snakes (Thamnophis radix and T. sirtalis sirtalis)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Comparative Psychology</span><span>, Mar 1, 1988</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458196"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458196"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458196; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458195"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458195/Conditioned_discrimination_of_airborne_odorants_by_garter_snakes_Thamnophis_radis_and_T_sirtalis_sirtalis_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Conditioned discrimination of airborne odorants by garter snakes (Thamnophis radis and T. sirtalis sirtalis)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458195/Conditioned_discrimination_of_airborne_odorants_by_garter_snakes_Thamnophis_radis_and_T_sirtalis_sirtalis_">Conditioned discrimination of airborne odorants by garter snakes (Thamnophis radis and T. sirtalis sirtalis)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Comparative Psychology</span><span>, 1988</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458195"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458195"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458195; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458194"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458194/Robert_U_Muller_In_memory"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Robert U. Muller—In memory" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458194/Robert_U_Muller_In_memory">Robert U. Muller—In memory</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hippocampus</span><span>, Mar 18, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458194"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458194"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458194; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458194]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458194]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458194; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458194']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458194]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458194,"title":"Robert U. Muller—In memory","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458194/Robert_U_Muller_In_memory","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458193"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458193/What_is_optimized_in_an_optimal_path"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of What is optimized in an optimal path?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458193/What_is_optimized_in_an_optimal_path">What is optimized in an optimal path?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</span><span>, Oct 1, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">An animal confronts numerous challenges when constructing an optimal navigational route. Spatial ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">An animal confronts numerous challenges when constructing an optimal navigational route. Spatial representations used for path optimization are likely constrained by critical environmental factors that dictate which neural systems control navigation. Multiple coding schemes depend upon their ecological relevance for a particular species, particularly when dealing with the third, or vertical, dimension of space.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458193"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458193"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458193; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458193]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458193]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458193; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458193']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458193]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458193,"title":"What is optimized in an optimal path?","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458193/What_is_optimized_in_an_optimal_path","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458192"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458192/Chemical_Communication_in_the_Guinea_Pig_Urinary_Components_of_Low_Volatility_and_Their_Access_to_the_Vomeronasal_Organ"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Chemical Communication in the Guinea Pig: Urinary Components of Low Volatility and Their Access to the Vomeronasal Organ" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458192/Chemical_Communication_in_the_Guinea_Pig_Urinary_Components_of_Low_Volatility_and_Their_Access_to_the_Vomeronasal_Organ">Chemical Communication in the Guinea Pig: Urinary Components of Low Volatility and Their Access to the Vomeronasal Organ</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Springer eBooks</span><span>, 1980</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Guinea pigs (Cavia sp.) utilize chemical information from conspecifics in the regulation of socia...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Guinea pigs (Cavia sp.) utilize chemical information from conspecifics in the regulation of social behavior (Beauchamp et al., 1977; King, 1956; Rood, 1972), We have been Investigating a number of aspects of this communication system. Here, we will present observations and evidence from behavioral and chemical studies that suggest that information transfer among individuals is mediated at least in part by compounds of low volatility. If compounds of low volatility are used, the receptor organ(s) and the means by which the compounds reach the organ(s) are called into question. Volatile compounds can easily reach the olfactory receptor cells during inspiration; non-volatile substances presumably must reach appropriate receptors by some other means. We have hypothesized that the vomeronasal organ is involved in responses to chemical signals, particularly those of low volatility. We also will describe studies investigating access of non-volatile material to the vomeronasal organ.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458192"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458192"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458192; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458192]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115458192]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458192; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115458192']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115458192]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115458192,"title":"Chemical Communication in the Guinea Pig: Urinary Components of Low Volatility and Their Access to the Vomeronasal Organ","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115458192/Chemical_Communication_in_the_Guinea_Pig_Urinary_Components_of_Low_Volatility_and_Their_Access_to_the_Vomeronasal_Organ","owner_id":8332817,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":8332817,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kubie","page_name":"JohnKubie","domain_name":"downstate","created_at":"2014-01-15T20:44:13.497-08:00","display_name":"John Kubie","url":"https://downstate.academia.edu/JohnKubie"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115458191"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458191/Telemetry_system_for_reliable_recording_of_action_potentials_from_freely_moving_rats"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Telemetry system for reliable recording of action potentials from freely moving rats" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111859329/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115458191/Telemetry_system_for_reliable_recording_of_action_potentials_from_freely_moving_rats">Telemetry system for reliable recording of action potentials from freely moving rats</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hippocampus</span><span>, 2002</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Recording single cells from alert rats currently requires a cable to connect brain electrodes to ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Recording single cells from alert rats currently requires a cable to connect brain electrodes to the acquisition system. If no cable were necessary, a variety of interesting experiments would become possible, and the design of other experiments would be simplified. To eliminate the need for a cable we have developed a one-channel radiotelemetry system that is easily carried by a rat. This system transmits a signal that is reliable, highly accurate and can be detected over distances of >20 m. The mobile part of the system has three components: (1) a headstage with built-in amplifiers that plugs into the connector for the electrode array on the rat's head; the headstage also incorporates a light-emitting diode (LED) used to track the rat's position; (2) a backpack that contains the transmitter and batteries (2 N cells); the backpack also provides additional amplification of the single cell signals; and (3) a short cable that connects the headstage to the backpack; the cable supplies power to the headstage amplifiers and the LED, and carries the physiological signals from the headstage to the backpack. By using a differential amplifier and recording between two brain microelectrodes the system can transmit action potential activity from two nearly independent sources. In a future improvement, two transmitters with different frequencies would be used to telemeter signals from four microelectrodes simultaneously.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e340fec0ee9b2cf3b46b74a0fe7e0afa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111859329,"asset_id":115458191,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111859329/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115458191"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115458191"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115458191; 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