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href="#History_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_curanderos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_curanderos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of curanderos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_curanderos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices_of_curanderos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices_of_curanderos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Practices of curanderos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practices_of_curanderos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_Illnesses_and_Curses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Illnesses_and_Curses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Traditional Illnesses and Curses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_Illnesses_and_Curses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional Illnesses and Curses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_Illnesses_and_Curses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consequences_of_Encounters_with_Duendes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences_of_Encounters_with_Duendes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Consequences of Encounters with <i>Duendes</i></span> 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Traditional healer found in Latin America and the United States</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curandera_performing_a_limpieza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Curandera_performing_a_limpieza.jpg/220px-Curandera_performing_a_limpieza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Curandera_performing_a_limpieza.jpg/330px-Curandera_performing_a_limpieza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Curandera_performing_a_limpieza.jpg/440px-Curandera_performing_a_limpieza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption><i>Curandera</i> performing a <i>limpieza</i> in Cuenca, Ecuador</figcaption></figure> 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medicine" title="Category:Alternative medicine">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline-body-aura.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/60px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/90px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/120px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">General information</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alternative_medicine" title="History of alternative medicine">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_alternative_medicine" title="Terminology of alternative medicine">Terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_veterinary_medicine" title="Alternative veterinary medicine">Alternative veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a> (health fraud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine#19th_century:_rise_of_modern_medicine" title="History of medicine">Rise of modern medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_nihilism" title="Therapeutic nihilism">Therapeutic nihilism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Fringe medicine and science</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupressure" title="Acupressure">Acupressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_diet" title="Alkaline diet">Alkaline diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Research_and_Enlightenment" title="Association for Research and Enlightenment">Association for Research and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auriculotherapy" title="Auriculotherapy">Auriculotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_terrain_assessment" title="Biological terrain assessment">Biological terrain assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_salve" title="Black salve">Black salve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodywork_(alternative_medicine)" title="Bodywork (alternative medicine)">Bodywork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_bone-setting" title="Traditional bone-setting">Bone-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_technique" title="Bowen technique">Bowen technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathwork_(New_Age)" title="Breathwork (New Age)">Breathwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">Fake COVID-19 treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_urine" title="Camel urine">Camel urine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_cancer_treatments" title="Alternative cancer treatments">Cancer treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal_cleanse" title="Activated charcoal cleanse">Charcoal cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic_treatment_techniques" title="Chiropractic treatment techniques">Chiropractic treatment techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloidal silver">Colloidal silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_enema" title="Coffee enema">Coffee enema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorpuncture" title="Colorpuncture">Colorpuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniosacral_therapy" title="Craniosacral therapy">Craniosacral therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_amalgam_controversy" title="Dental amalgam controversy">Dental amalgam controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_foot_baths" title="Detoxification foot baths">Foot detox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_needling" title="Dry needling">Dry needling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">Esoteric energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_touch" title="Therapeutic touch">Therapeutic touch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_dominance" title="Estrogen dominance">Estrogen dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabunan_Antiviral_Injection" title="Fabunan Antiviral Injection">Fabunan Antiviral Injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldenkrais_Method" title="Feldenkrais Method">Feldenkrais Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_medicine" title="Functional medicine">Functional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_analysis_(alternative_medicine)" title="Hair analysis (alternative medicine)">Hair analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_dentistry" title="Holistic dentistry">Holistic dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologram_bracelet" title="Hologram bracelet">Hologram bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bach_flower_remedies" title="Bach flower remedies">Bach flower remedies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrotherapy" title="Hydrotherapy">Hydrotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionized_jewelry" title="Ionized jewelry">Ionized jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilly_Juice" title="Jilly Juice">Jilly Juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lightning_Process" title="The Lightning Process">Lightning Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotherapy" title="Lymphotherapy">Lymphotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_therapy" title="Manual therapy">Manual therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_lymphatic_drainage" title="Manual lymphatic drainage">Manual lymphatic drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_intuitive" title="Medical intuitive">Medical intuitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megavitamin_therapy" title="Megavitamin therapy">Megavitamin therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_magnetism" title="Animal magnetism">Mesmerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Mind–body interventions">Mind–body interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myofascial_release" title="Myofascial release">Myofascial release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambudripad%27s_Allergy_Elimination_Techniques" title="Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques">NAET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pulling" title="Oil pulling">Oil pulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthomolecular_medicine" title="Orthomolecular medicine">Orthomolecular medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteomyology" title="Osteomyology">Osteomyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathy" title="Osteopathy">Osteopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_therapy" title="Ozone therapy">Ozone therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_Integration" title="Postural Integration">Postural Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodermatology" title="Psychodermatology">Psychodermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_healing" title="Quantum healing">Quantum healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexology" title="Reflexology">Reflexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichian_body-oriented_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichian body-oriented psychotherapy">RBOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolfing" title="Rolfing">Rolfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThetaHealing" title="ThetaHealing">ThetaHealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomsonianism" title="Thomsonianism">Thomsonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_Field_Therapy" title="Thought Field Therapy">Thought Field Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urophagia" title="Urophagia">Urophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_steaming" title="Vaginal steaming">Vaginal steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetotherapy" title="Vegetotherapy">Vegetotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_therapy" title="Vision therapy">Vision therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_balancing" title="Zero balancing">Zero balancing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Controversies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">OPV AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccinationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Vaccine misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">Vaccines and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR vaccine and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">in chiropractic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">Turbo cancer</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine#NCCIH_classification" title="Alternative medicine">Classifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medical_systems" title="Category:Alternative medical systems">Alternative medical systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Category:Mind–body interventions">Mind–body intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biologically_based_therapies" title="Category:Biologically based therapies">Biologically based therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manual_therapy" title="Category:Manual therapy">Manipulative methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_therapies" title="Category:Energy therapies">Energy therapy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muti" title="Muti">Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa" title="Traditional healers of Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dosha" title="Dosha">Dosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Vedic_Approach_to_Health" title="Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health">MVAH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneotherapy" title="Balneotherapy">Balneotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_traditional_medicine" title="Brazilian traditional medicine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">Bush medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Cambodian_medicine" title="Traditional Cambodian medicine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_stasis" title="Blood stasis">Blood stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dit_da" title="Dit da">Dit da</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_sha" title="Gua sha">Gua sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_plate_trade" title="Gill plate trade">Gill plate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gu" title="Long gu">Long gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Meridian (Chinese medicine)">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">Moxibustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_point" title="Pressure point">Pressure point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jiao" title="San Jiao">San Jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tui_na" title="Tui na">Tui na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zang-fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zang-fu">Zang-fu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_traditional_medicine" title="Chumash traditional medicine">Chumash</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Curandero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">Hilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_traditional_medicine" title="Iranian traditional medicine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamu" title="Jamu">Jamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayakalpa" title="Kayakalpa">Kayakalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambo_cleanse" class="mw-redirect" title="Kambo cleanse">Kambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampo" title="Kampo">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mien_Shiang" title="Mien Shiang">Mien Shiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftalan_oil" title="Naftalan oil">Naftalan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_medicine" title="Prophetic medicine">Prophetic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiatsu" title="Shiatsu">Shiatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_traditional_medicine" title="Sri Lankan traditional medicine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_massage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai massage">Thai massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unani_medicine" title="Unani medicine">Unani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Alternative diagnoses</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerotoxic_syndrome" title="Aerotoxic syndrome">Aerotoxic syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_hypersensitivity" title="Candida hypersensitivity">Candida hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_Lyme_disease" title="Chronic Lyme disease">Chronic Lyme disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_legs" title="Heavy legs">Heavy legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_chemical_sensitivity" title="Multiple chemical sensitivity">Multiple chemical sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PANDAS" title="PANDAS">PANDAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_temperature_syndrome" title="Wilson's temperature syndrome">Wilson's temperature syndrome</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Template talk:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <i><b>curandero</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[kuɾanˈdeɾo]</a></span>, healer; <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">f.</a> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">curandera</i></span>, also spelled <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><b>curandeiro</b></i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[kuɾɐ̃ˈdejɾu]</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">f.</a> <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">curandeira</i></span>) is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">native</a> <a href="/wiki/Folk_healer" title="Folk healer">healer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shaman</a> found primarily in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and also in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A curandero is a specialist in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a> whose practice can either contrast with or supplement that of a practitioner of <a href="/wiki/Western_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Western medicine">Western medicine</a>. A curandero is claimed to administer <a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">shamanistic and spiritistic remedies</a> for mental, emotional, physical and spiritual illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some curanderos, such as <a href="/wiki/Don_Pedro_Jaramillo" title="Don Pedro Jaramillo">Don Pedrito, the Healer of Los Olmos</a>, make use of simple herbs, waters, or mud to allegedly effect their cures.<sup id="cite_ref-Seman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others add <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a> elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a> and pictures of <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martin_de_Porres" title="Martin de Porres">San Martin de Porres</a> for example is heavily employed within <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peruvian</a> <i>curanderismo</i>. The use of Catholic prayers and other borrowings and lendings is often found alongside native religious elements. Many curanderos emphasize their native spirituality in healing while being practicing Catholics. Still others, such as <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sabina" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Sabina">Maria Sabina</a>, employ hallucinogenic media and many others use a combination of methods. Most of the concepts related to <i>curanderismo</i> (the practice of curanderos) are Spanish words, often with <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> definitions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_in_Latin_America">History in Latin America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curandero&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History in Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>curanderos</i> can be traced back to the Spanish colonization of Latin America. Curanderos in this part of the world are the result of the mixture of traditional Indigenous medicinal practices and Catholic rituals. There was also an influence from African rituals brought to Latin America by slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-mrt.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrt.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curandero/a comes from the root <i>curar</i> in Spanish which literally translates to cure. Thus, a curandero/a is one who heals. Curanderos go beyond Western medicine, linking illness with evil spirits. This extends a curandero's duties to cover not only physical ailments but also psychological and interpersonal issues. Among the illnesses that Curandero/a's help with range from the mundane stomach ache to certain spiritual illnesses such as <i><a href="/wiki/Susto" title="Susto">susto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">mal de ojo</a>,</i> and even reversing <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">black magic</a>. Traditional communities see all of these issues as a loss of spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe that the curanderos can enter different dimensions where they are able to find the solutions to a person's illness or problem. Furthermore, they believe that God or the Higher Creator gives curanderos difficult and painful experiences so that they are better able to assist their patients.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Colonial Latin America, female folk healers, or curanderas, were often conflated with <i>brujas</i> (witches), which refers to those who cast spells; although curanderas were persecuted during such times, it is likely because they were females in positions of authority, not because of their healing methods.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today many women and men continue the curandero tradition in Mexico and the southwestern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-mrt.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrt.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_in_the_United_States">History in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curandero&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, in the United States, curanderos were only found in concentrated <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindian populations</a>. It was largely thought that curanderos mainly practiced in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> & along the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a>. However, recent historical research shows that the practice of <i>curanderismo</i> (traditional healing) was not restricted to the American Southwest. The practice of <i>curanderismo</i> was prevalent in the 1880s in Northeastern Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid- to late 1970s the rise in ethnic minority and immigrant populations grew in tandem with the public presence of curanderos in areas outside of the historical geographic regions of the United States which had large Indigenous populations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, it has become more commonplace to see curanderos in northern-tier cities in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_curanderos">Types of curanderos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curandero&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of curanderos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many different types of curanderos. <i>Yerberos</i> are primarily <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbalists</a>. <i>Hueseros</i> are bone and muscle therapists who emphasize physical ailments. <i>Parteras</i> are <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwives</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oracionista" title="Oracionista">Oracionistas</a></i> work primarily through the <a href="/wiki/Efficacy_of_prayer" title="Efficacy of prayer">power of prayer</a>. Other types include <i>sobadors,</i> who are <a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">masseurs</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Brujeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Brujeria">brujos</a></i> or <i>brujas</i>, who are witch doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among these broader terms, there are several subspecialties. For instance, <i>yerberos</i> who work primarily with <a href="/wiki/Nicotiana_rustica" title="Nicotiana rustica">tobacco</a> to heal patients are known as <i>tabaqueros</i>. Healers who work primarily with <a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">ayahuasca</a> are known as <i>ayahuasqueros</i>. Healers who work with <a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">peyote</a> are known as <i>peyoteros</i>. </p><p>Although many curanderos do have a specialty and may identify with it, that does not mean that these healing modalities are necessarily strict and do not overlap. As an example, an oracionista may also be a yerbera, and so on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices_of_curanderos">Practices of curanderos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curandero&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Practices of curanderos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hispanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics">Hispanics</a> might seek out curanderos if the properties of their bodies are "hot" and "cold". Most of these practicing curanderos do not have formal medical training and inherit their gift or learn through being an apprentice. Often these <a href="/wiki/Faith_healers" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith healers">faith healers</a> have no office and work out of their homes. A significant factor why Hispanics seek out help from a curandero is because it is more affordable. Western medicine can often be more expensive, and some Hispanic families do not have the resources needed to be able to pay for them. Depending on the curandero, they might not charge for their services or just ask for a small offering or fee. You can find them in Hispanic communities to allow the members more accessibility to their services. Other reasons these communities might seek out services offered by curanderos are the language barrier and their <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> status. Curanderos are found in Spanish communities and can communicate better about their diagnoses and treatment. Unlike hospitals or healthcare workers that might have difficulty with a language barrier and complex <a href="/wiki/Medical_terminology" title="Medical terminology">medical terminology</a>. </p><p>Communicating correctly to your patients is essential, but it is even more challenging if you do not speak the language or do not have an interpreter. As for their immigration status, it can be challenging to get health care from government support, especially for <a href="/wiki/Undocumented_immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Undocumented immigrant">undocumented</a>. Many of these <a href="/wiki/Latinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinos">Latinos</a> will pay in cash for health care services they do receive out of fear of getting their immigration status reported. </p><p>Curanderos and at-home remedies come as an advantage to these individuals if they cannot pay cash but will do so if things get severe and do not better with other remedies first. Considering that these practices align more with Hispanic cultural views and beliefs, many of these individuals used curanderos and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> in their home country. It can also be seen as a way of preserving these cultural views. <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_healing" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual healing">Spiritual healing</a> is another reason why curanderos might be sought out, and Hispanics feel that medical providers cannot help heal spiritual issues that the body might deal with.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clients find that curanderos are healers of both the body and spirit. If needed, a curandero can cast out the <a href="/wiki/Evil_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Evil spirits">evil spirits</a> that might reside in someone's body and do a full spiritual cleanse. These are practices one will not find western medical providers performing or trying to achieve. It is found that most Hispanics who seek curanderos for their services are born in their home country as opposed to Hispanics born in the United States. Hispanics who are less integrated into life in the United States seek these healers to connect and feel familiar with their home countries' traditionalism. These Hispanic community members can be dissatisfied with diagnoses or Western medicine practices. They feel that their provider does not believe in their folk illnesses, much less know how to approach and treat them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_Illnesses_and_Curses">Traditional Illnesses and Curses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curandero&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Traditional Illnesses and Curses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among some of the <a href="/wiki/Illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Illness">illnesses</a> that curanderos treat are: <i>espanto</i> ("scare") or <i><a href="/wiki/Susto" title="Susto">susto</a></i> ("fright"); detaching or warding off vampiric <i>espiritus</i> (spirits); defending against or negating <i><a href="/wiki/Brujeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Brujeria">brujeria</a></i> ("witchcraft" or "sorcery"), such as <i>mal de ojo</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>") or other ill intent; clearing illnesses associated with <i>mal aire</i> or <i>mal viento</i> ("evil air" or "evil wind"); treating <i>mal projimo</i> ("bad neighbor"), an illness caused by having negative thoughts or feelings towards another individual, or conversely, a group of people feeling negatively towards the patient being treated, both of which can lead to harm to the individual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequences_of_Encounters_with_Duendes">Consequences of Encounters with <i>Duendes</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curandero&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consequences of Encounters with Duendes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A curandero can treat the negative consequences of encounters a person has had had with a <i><a href="/wiki/Duende" title="Duende">duende</a></i> (a "spirit creature" such as a <a href="/wiki/Pixie" title="Pixie">pixie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">imp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">leprechaun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brownie_(folklore)" title="Brownie (folklore)">brownie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">gnome</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">troll</a>. A <i>duende</i> can be a beneficial, neutral, or malicious spirit. <i>Duendes</i> are believed to live in the countryside of Latin American countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_Mal_aire_or_mal_viento">Effects of <i>Mal aire</i> or <i>mal viento</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curandero&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Effects of Mal aire or mal viento"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mal aire</i> or <i>mal viento</i> is something invisible movements of the air are believed to cause. These can be defined as the result of "bad" or "evil" air or an illness caused by hot or cold air. For example, if a person is outside on a hot day but enters a much cooler building, they can catch an <i>aire</i>. This can also be caused by supernatural forces carried through the wind. Something can be caught by walking around or encountering places with bad energy. Examples of such places can be graveyards, abandoned houses, and other places where these "bad" forces reside. The harmful energy attaches itself to a person when such forces are encountered and can quickly takes over their entire body. It is believed that this harmful energy can also result in the decaying of a person's internal organs and can be fatal if left untreated. Many other common symptoms of <i>mal aire</i> include headaches, nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, and paleness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soul_Loss">Soul Loss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curandero&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Soul Loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A person can "lose their soul" (also known as <a href="/wiki/Soul_loss" title="Soul loss">soul loss</a>) when being frightened or experiencing a frightening experience. This is called <i>espanto</i> or <i>susto</i>. Usually, susto has much milder symptoms, and children and babies are more prone to getting in regarding this illness. Examples of such experiences that can cause this is having scary dreams, receiving devastating news, facing a wild animal, etc. Symptoms associated with this disease can be nausea, crying, bad dreams, and insomnia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For all of the illnesses mentioned above, a curandero can perform a <i>mal limpieza</i> ("purge of evil" or "cleansing of evil") in order to get rid of the "bad" and restore the client to health. Examples of materials used in these limpizas are sugar, liquor, holy water, perfume, eggs, chickens, and Guinea pigs. Others include a dog's skull, a dove's blood, and a head from a doll, or some other power object. Limpieza can also be performed with plants. These magical plants can be helpful in cleaning houses as well. If a house has been abandoned or something terrible has happened in it, such as a sudden death or act of violence, a curandero will do a ritual that cleanses the home from all the <i>mal</i> ("evil"). Once a limpieza has occurred, the materials used in it are disposed of. Given that the <i>mal</i> has been transferred to them, they must be disposed of far from human inhabitants in order to prevent others being harmed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_information">Further information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curandero&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 21st century as the popularity of alternative medicines grow, some curanderos are concerned about the appropriation of these practices. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">Moche</a> people of ancient <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> often depicted curanderos in their art.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, one of the instruments of the <i>curandero</i> is the <i>chonta</i>, a lance carved from the chonta palm, <i><a href="/wiki/Bactris_gasipaes" title="Bactris gasipaes">Bactris gasipaes</a></i>, thought to be imbued with magical powers. The palm grows only in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> and is the object of a brisk commerce. The <a href="/wiki/Jivaro_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivaro people">Jivaro people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a> use the hardwood of the chonta to carve their spears.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shaman is also known as <i>chonteador</i>, and his most important wand is the <i>chonta defensa</i>; if he dies without disciples, the <i>chonta</i> is thrown, wrapped in rubands<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="not a familiar English word (August 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and weighted with stones, to the bottom of a lake with the belief that its power will reemerge when a new shaman will take office. The shamans also use wands of <i>huatulco</i> wood, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loxopterygium_huasango&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loxopterygium huasango (page does not exist)">Loxopterygium huasango</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curandero&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Curanderos, probably because of the mystery and intrigue that surrounds them, are frequently included in fictional works: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Calvo" title="César Calvo">César Calvo</a></i>, <i>Las Tres Mitades de Ino Moxo y otros brujos de la Amazonías</i> (Iquitos 1981), translated as <i>The Three Halves of Ino Moxo. Teachings of the Wizard of the Upper Amazon</i>. A novel by the Peruvian author based on the life of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_C%C3%B3rdova-Rios" title="Manuel Córdova-Rios">Manuel Córdova-Rios</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bless_Me,_Ultima" title="Bless Me, Ultima">Bless Me, Ultima</a></i>, by the <a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a> author <a href="/wiki/Rudolfo_Anaya" title="Rudolfo Anaya">Rudolfo Anaya</a>.</li> <li>The original screenplay for the film <i><a href="/wiki/Viva_Zapata!" title="Viva Zapata!">Viva Zapata!</a></i> involved a curandera predicting the birth and death of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican people">Mexican</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a>. The original played much more heavily on the supernatural than the chosen script.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curandero_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curandero (film) (page does not exist)">Curandero</a></i>, a 2005 film by <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(director)" title="Eduardo Rodríguez (director)">Eduardo Rodríguez</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changes_for_Josefina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Changes for Josefina (page does not exist)">Changes for Josefina</a></i>, one of the <a href="/wiki/American_Girl" title="American Girl">American Girl</a> series of books about 10-year-old Maria Josefina Montoya set outside Santa Fe in the mid-1820s, features Tía Magdalena as a curandera and the most respected woman in the protagonist's village. She is also featured in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Girl_novel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Girl novel (page does not exist)">American Girl novel</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secrets_in_the_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secrets in the Hills (page does not exist)">Secrets in the Hills</a>.</li> <li><i>Forests of the Heart</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Lint" title="Charles de Lint">Charles de Lint</a> features a curandera protagonist.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/So_Far_from_God" title="So Far from God">So Far from God</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Chicana" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicana">Chicana</a> author <a href="/wiki/Ana_Castillo" title="Ana Castillo">Ana Castillo</a>, features the curandera character Doña Felicia.</li> <li><i>(Notes from the Trial of) La Curandera</i>, a song by the band <a href="/wiki/Clutch_(band)" title="Clutch (band)">Clutch</a> off their 2004 album <a href="/wiki/Blast_Tyrant" title="Blast Tyrant">Blast Tyrant</a>. It features a fictional trial of a curandera for curing a demon.</li> <li><i>Nightmare</i> by <a href="/wiki/Joan_Lowery_Nixon" title="Joan Lowery Nixon">Joan Lowery Nixon</a></li> <li><i>The Hummingbird's Daughter</i> by <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Urrea" title="Luis Alberto Urrea">Luis Alberto Urrea</a> tells the story of Teresita Urrea, a curandera at the end of the 1800s.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Scorpion" title="The House of the Scorpion">The House of the Scorpion</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Farmer" title="Nancy Farmer">Nancy Farmer</a> features a character named Celia who is a curandera.</li> <li><i>Dark Obsession</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terri_Molina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terri Molina (page does not exist)">Terri Molina</a> features a character named Ramon Chavez who is warned of danger by the spirit of a curandera, and contains a healing experience based on real life.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Codex_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Codex (novel)">The Codex</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Preston" title="Douglas Preston">Douglas Preston</a> features two curanderos: Don Alfonso Boswas and Borabay. A North American character, Sally Colorado, is also honoured with the nickname Curandera.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Center_(TV_series)" title="Medical Center (TV series)">Medical Center (TV series)</a> episode 'Tio Taco', Dr. Joe Gannon confronts Mondragon, a curandero who tries to treat a woman with an internal hemorrhage.</li> <li><i>Marta's Ride</i> by Gordon Rottman mentions curanderas attempting to save a possessed man.</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Bruja_(short_story)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Bruja (short story) (page does not exist)">La Bruja</a>", a short story by Derek Hawke, tells the story of a good Curandera who is betrayed by the town she serves and condemned as a bruja. She makes a dark pact to take revenge on the townspeople who sentenced her to death.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Terror_(TV_series)" title="The Terror (TV series)">The Terror: Infamy</a></i> features a curandera during segments set in New Mexico in the 1940s.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_the_Toxic_Spell_Dump" title="The Case of the Toxic Spell Dump">The Case of the Toxic Spell Dump</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a> includes a curandero named Cuauhtémoc Hernandez.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_La_Llorona" title="The Curse of La Llorona">The Curse of La Llorona</a></i> (2019 film) features a curandero (played by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cruz" title="Raymond Cruz">Raymond Cruz</a>) who fights the titular spirit of the "<a href="/wiki/La_Llorona" title="La Llorona">weeping woman</a>".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_works">In other works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curandero&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Woman Who Glows in the Dark: A Curandera Reveals Traditional Aztec Secrets of Physical and Spiritual Health</i> (2000), by Elena Avila</li> <li><i>Eduardo The Healer</i> is a documentary that follows the life of a Peruvian curandero.</li> <li>The life and writing of <a href="/wiki/Don_Miguel_Ruiz" title="Don Miguel Ruiz">Don Miguel Ruiz</a> has been also influenced by curanderismo; his mother was a curandera.</li> <li><i>Women who Run with the Wolves: Myths and Stories of the Wild Woman Archetype</i> (1992), by <a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Pinkola_Est%C3%A9s" title="Clarissa Pinkola Estés">Clarissa Pinkola Estés</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curandero&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_medicine" title="Aztec medicine">Aztec medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Guillermo Arévalo">Guillermo Arévalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Amaringo" title="Pablo Amaringo">Pablo Amaringo</a></li> <li>Benedicaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castaneda" title="Carlos Castaneda">Carlos Castaneda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_healer" title="Folk healer">Folk healer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machi_(shaman)" title="Machi (shaman)">Machi (shaman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Maya medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">Medicine man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganga" title="Nganga">Nganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Sabina" title="María Sabina">María Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shaman" title="Plastic shaman">Plastic shaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipibo-Conibo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipibo-Conibo people">Shipibo-Conibo people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">Witch doctor</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curandero&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Seman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSeman2021" class="citation book cs1">Seman, Jennifer Koshatka (2021-01-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=53oEEAAAQBAJ"><i>Borderlands Curanderos: The Worlds of Santa Teresa Urrea and Don Pedrito Jaramillo</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2194-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2194-2"><bdi>978-1-4773-2194-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borderlands+Curanderos%3A+The+Worlds+of+Santa+Teresa+Urrea+and+Don+Pedrito+Jaramillo&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2021-01-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-2194-2&rft.aulast=Seman&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Koshatka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D53oEEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurandero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadillaGomezBiggerstaffMehler2001" class="citation journal cs1">Padilla, R; Gomez, V; Biggerstaff, SL; Mehler, PS (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.161.10.1336">"Use of curanderismo in a public health care system"</a>. <i>Archives of Internal Medicine</i>. <b>161</b> (10): 1336–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.161.10.1336">10.1001/archinte.161.10.1336</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11371263">11371263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Use+of+curanderismo+in+a+public+health+care+system&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1336-40&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchinte.161.10.1336&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11371263&rft.aulast=Padilla&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Gomez%2C+V&rft.au=Biggerstaff%2C+SL&rft.au=Mehler%2C+PS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Farchinte.161.10.1336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurandero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisPetersonRothschildResnicow2011" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, RE; Peterson, KE; Rothschild, SK; Resnicow, K (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3209710">"Pushing the envelope for cultural appropriateness: Does evidence support cultural tailoring in type 2 diabetes interventions for Mexican American adults?"</a>. <i>The Diabetes Educator</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 227–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0145721710395329">10.1177/0145721710395329</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3209710">3209710</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21343599">21343599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diabetes+Educator&rft.atitle=Pushing+the+envelope+for+cultural+appropriateness%3A+Does+evidence+support+cultural+tailoring+in+type+2+diabetes+interventions+for+Mexican+American+adults%3F&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-38&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3209710%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21343599&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0145721710395329&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=RE&rft.au=Peterson%2C+KE&rft.au=Rothschild%2C+SK&rft.au=Resnicow%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3209710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurandero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes-OrtizRodriguezMarkides2009" class="citation journal cs1">Reyes-Ortiz, CA; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnobiology+and+Ethnomedicine&rft.atitle=The+use+of+magical+plants+by+curanderos+in+the+highlands+of+Ecuador&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2009-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2642781%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19161618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1746-4269-5-3&rft.aulast=Cavender&rft.aufirst=Anthony+P&rft.au=Alban%2C+Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com%2Ftrack%2Fpdf%2F10.1186%2F1746-4269-5-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurandero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. <i>The Spirit of Ancient Peru: treasures from the <a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera</a>.</i> New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karsten, Rafael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Kg2lrNfHtwC&dq=Rafael%20Karsten&pg=PP1"><i>Blood, Revenge, War and Victory Feasts Among the Jibara Indians of Eastern Ecuador.</i></a> Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-3181-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-3181-1">978-1-4179-3181-1</a>. Page 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Polia, The priest of the nameless hill, Le Scienze, october 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terri Molina. Dark Obsession, published by Crimson Romance 2012</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curandero&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Karsten, Rafael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Kg2lrNfHtwC&dq=Rafael%20Karsten&pg=PP1"><i>Blood, Revenge, War and Victory Feasts Among the Jibara Indians of Eastern Ecuador.</i></a> Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-3181-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-3181-1">978-1-4179-3181-1</a>.</li> <li>Beyer, Stephan V. (2009). <i>Singing to the Plants: A Guide to Mestizo Shamanism in the Upper Amazon</i>. University of New Mexico Press</li> <li>Favazza Titus, Sharon K. "Seeking and Utilizing a Curandero in the United States." Journal of Holistic Nursing, vol. 32, no. 3, 2014, pp. 189–201.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curandero&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Riding, Alan. <i>Distant Neighbors: A Portrait of the Mexicans</i>. New York: Vintage, 2000.</li> <li>Trotter, Robert T. II, and Juan Antonio Chavira. <i>Curanderismo: Mexican American Folk Healing</i> (Second ed.). University of Georgia Press, October 1997.</li> <li>Cavender, Anthony P, and Manuel Albán. "The Use of Magical Plants by Curanderos in the Ecuador Highlands." Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2009, p. 9.</li> <li>Avila, Elena, and Joy Parker. “Woman Who Glows In The Dark. A Curandera Reveals Traditional Aztec Secrets of Physical and Spiritual Health” <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87477-958-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87477-958-8">0-87477-958-8</a> 1999.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traditional_medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Traditional_medicine" title="Template:Traditional medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Traditional_medicine" title="Template talk:Traditional medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traditional_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Ancient Egyptian medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernanthe_iboga" title="Tabernanthe iboga">Tabernanthe iboga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muti" title="Muti">Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganga" title="Nganga">Nganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">Traditional African medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Hausa_medicine" title="Traditional Hausa medicine">Traditional Hausa medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa" title="Traditional healers of Southern Africa">Traditional healers of Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1_medicine" title="Yorùbá medicine">Yorùbá medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg/100px-Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg/150px-Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg/200px-Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="2291" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_medicine" title="Aztec medicine">Aztec medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_traditional_medicine" title="Brazilian traditional medicine">Brazilian traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_traditional_medicine" title="Chumash traditional medicine">Chumash traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Curandero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallawaya" title="Kallawaya">Kallawaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_medicine" title="Mapuche medicine">Mapuche medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Maya medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_medicine" title="Navajo medicine">Navajo medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Alaska_Native_medicine" title="Traditional Alaska Native medicine">Traditional Alaska Native medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhivehi_beys" title="Dhivehi beys">Dhivehi beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_folk_medicine" title="Georgian folk medicine">Georgian folk medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">Hilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_traditional_medicine" title="Iranian traditional medicine">Iranian traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_medicine" title="Ancient Iranian medicine">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamu" title="Jamu">Jamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampo" title="Kampo">Kampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramuan" title="Ramuan">Ramuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_traditional_medicine" title="Sri Lankan traditional medicine">Sri Lankan traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_medicine" title="Traditional Thai medicine">Traditional Thai medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Traditional Korean medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Traditional Mongolian medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Traditional Tibetan medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">Traditional Vietnamese medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unani_medicine" title="Unani medicine">Unani medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Ancient Greek medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Byzantine medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_ancient_Rome" title="Medicine in ancient Rome">Medicine in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medieval medicine of Western Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">Bush medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">Apothecary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine in the medieval Islamic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electuary" title="Electuary">Electuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" title="Template:Medicinal herbs and fungi">herbs and fungi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alternative_medicine" title="History of alternative medicine">History of alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a 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