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Cultural relationship between the Welsh and the English - Wikipedia
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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of cultural interaction between the Welsh and English</div> <p>The cultural relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> manifests through many shared cultural elements including language, sport, religion and food. The cultural relationship is usually characterised by tolerance of people and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a>, although some mutual mistrust and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> persists. Hatred or fear of the Welsh by the English has been termed "Cymrophobia",<sup id="cite_ref-parker_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and similar attitudes towards the English by the Welsh, or others, are termed "<a href="/wiki/Anglophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophobia">Anglophobia</a>". </p><p>The relationship has developed historically from the origins of the two nations, and has been shaped by the military, political, economic and cultural power exercised by the more populous English over the Welsh for many centuries; differences between the English and Welsh languages; and the cultural importance attached by people in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> to features of their national identity including the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_in_Wales" title="Nonconformity in Wales">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">history</a>, traditions, and the national sport of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Wales" title="Rugby union in Wales">rugby union</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman</a> kings of England had conquered Wales militarily by the 13th century, and under <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> the country was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts</a> in the 16th century. Many elements of the Welsh economy and society since then have been shaped by demands from England, and Wales has been described as "England's first colony".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Welsh identity remained strong, and recently there has been an increasing awareness and acknowledgement of Wales' cultural and historical separateness from England, which is <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Assembly_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Assembly Government">reflected politically</a>. </p><p>The Welsh language is in the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic language group</a>, whereas English is in the <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic group</a>; consequently the English language is further from the Welsh language in both vocabulary and grammar than from a number of European languages, such as Dutch, for example. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_relationship_between_the_Welsh_and_the_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History of Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History of England</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celt_and_Saxon">Celt and Saxon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_relationship_between_the_Welsh_and_the_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Celt and Saxon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Britons_(Celtic_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (Celtic people)">Britons</a> (<i>Britanni</i>) were the native inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>, and spoke the <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a> language, one of the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a> which evolved into <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbric language">Cumbric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>. By the time the Roman legions left in the early 5th century, the Britons (Brythons) had started to come under attack, leading to mass migrations of <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> from the European mainland, who set up their own kingdoms and settled in what became <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. </p><p>The native Britons established independent kingdoms such as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Powys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Gwent</a>, and (under Irish influence) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dyfed" title="Kingdom of Dyfed">Dyfed</a> in the more mountainous and remote west. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chester" title="Battle of Chester">Battle of Chester</a> in 616, won by the Angles of Northumbria, contributed to the isolation of what became Wales. Around 730, the English historian <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> described the Britons as "for the most part, through innate hatred... adverse to the English nation."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time, the Saxons had full control of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>. Mercia, in particular, came into conflict with Powys, and <a href="/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke" title="Offa's Dyke">Offa's Dyke</a> was built around 790 by the Mercian king <a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa</a> to create an effective barrier against incursions from the neighbouring Welsh kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 11th century, if not earlier, Wales – with its own <a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">distinct legal system</a>, though only intermittently unified as a political entity – had developed a national identity as <i>Cymru</i>, or "Land of the compatriots" (<i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Cymry</a></i>), in contrast to the <i>Saeson</i> or Saxons. In England, the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Anglo-Saxon language</a> had long supplanted the old Brittonic languages, and the English words "Wales" and "Welsh", meaning "foreigners", came to be used to describe the free lands to the west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Norman_conquest">Anglo-Norman conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_relationship_between_the_Welsh_and_the_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anglo-Norman conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><i>If any of the gild slay a man, and he be an avenger by compulsion and compensate for his violence, and the slain man be a twelfhynde man, let each of the gild give half a mark for his aid: if the slain man be a Ceorl, two oras.</i> <i>If he be Welsh, one ora.</i> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">The terms of the Gild regulations of the Gild of the Thanes at Grantabrycge<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William of Normandy</a>'s conquest of England in 1066, responsibility for oppressing the Welsh passed to <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lords">Marcher Lords</a> in the border areas. Gwynedd and Powys initially remained independent, but were gradually subjugated under the technical overlordship of the kings of England. The writings of <a href="/wiki/Giraldus_Cambrensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giraldus Cambrensis">Giraldus Cambrensis</a>, setting out both positive and negative aspects of what he saw as the Welsh character, date from around this time. <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a>, building on the policy of his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Llywelyn the Great">Llywelyn the Great</a>, had his title of <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> accepted by the English crown in 1267. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a>'s invasion in 1282, the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a> annexed Llywelyn's <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a> – but not the whole country – to the kingdom of England, and the Welsh <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">longbowmen</a> became one of the numerous groups of foreign mercenaries serving with the English army. English settlers were sent to live in the newly created borough towns which developed in the shadow of Edward I's castles, particularly in the south and east. Over the next few centuries, the English dominated these garrison towns, from which the native Welsh were officially excluded. The settlers called themselves "the English burgesses of the English boroughs of Wales" and proclaimed that the new towns had been raised "for the habitation of Englishmen", excluding "mere Welshmen" from their privileges on the grounds that they were "foreigners" in the implanted boroughs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As historian <a href="/wiki/R._R._Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="R. R. Davies">R. R. Davies</a> notes: </p> <blockquote><p>"Nowhere was the spirit of conquest and of <a href="/wiki/Racial_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial superiority">racial superiority</a> so vigorously and selfishly kept alive as in the English boroughs. It was little wonder that they were the most consistent target of Welsh resentment throughout the fourteenth century".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>They imposed an English legal system, and the Welsh were not allowed to hold office in the government or church. <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a>'s rebellion in the early 15th century was the last armed rebellion of the Welsh against the English. Anti-Welsh riots were reported in Oxford and London, and Parliament imposed more repressive measures on Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-parker_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Tudors_and_the_early_modern_period">The Tudors and the early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_relationship_between_the_Welsh_and_the_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Tudors and the early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1485, Henry Tudor, who was of Welsh descent, gained the English throne as King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>, thanks largely to the support of the Welsh who hoped he was the <a href="/wiki/Mab_Darogan" title="Mab Darogan">Mab Darogan</a> who would restore Britain to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Britons" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Britons">Britons</a>. However, this led to the cementing of Wales into the English administrative and legal system under his son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535%E2%80%931542" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542">Laws in Wales Acts of 1535–1542</a> annexed <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">Wales to England</a>, abolished the Welsh legal system, and banned the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a> from any official role and status. It also allowed members representing Wales to be elected to Parliament for the first time, although these were often not Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second of the Acts of Union (1542) established the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Great_Sessions_in_Wales" title="Court of Great Sessions in Wales">Court of Great Sessions</a> to deal with major misdemeanours in Wales: of the 217 judges who sat on its benches in its 288 years of existence, only 30 were Welshmen and it is unlikely that more than a handful of the latter – members of the higher gentry – actually spoke Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gradually, the Welsh language – which remained the language of the overwhelming majority of the Welsh – regained some of the ground it had lost. There were translations of the full <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> into Welsh by 1600, and over the next two centuries there was a steady growth of education in the Welsh language, and the revival of traditions such as the <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">eisteddfod</a>. The attitude towards the Welsh language in England was hostile. A flood of anti-Welsh pamphlets were printed in the 17th century, such as <i>Wallography</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Richards_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Richards (clergyman)">William Richards</a> (1682), which wishes the speedy demise of the Welsh language: </p> <blockquote><p>The native gibberish is usually prattled throughout the whole of Taphydom except in their market towns, whose inhabitants being a little raised do begin to despise it. 'Tis usually cashiered out of gentlemen's houses ... so that (if the stars prove lucky) there may be some glimmering hopes that the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">British language</a> may be quite extinct and may be Englished out of Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Distinct democratic and religious movements also began to develop in Wales. However, <a href="/wiki/Wales_and_Berwick_Act_1746" title="Wales and Berwick Act 1746">legislation in 1746</a> introduced the legislative notion that, in all future laws, references to "England" would by default include Wales. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a> "<a href="/wiki/Taffy_was_a_Welshman" title="Taffy was a Welshman">Taffy was a Welshman</a>" was first published around 1780, and seems to have been particularly popular in the English counties that bordered Wales. The name "Taffy" for any Welshman may derive either from the name <a href="/wiki/David_(name)" title="David (name)">Dafydd</a>, or from the <a href="/wiki/River_Taff" title="River Taff">River Taff</a> which flows through <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie1997_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie1997-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_relationship_between_the_Welsh_and_the_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of <a href="/wiki/19th-century_Anglo-Saxonism" class="mw-redirect" title="19th-century Anglo-Saxonism">19th-century Anglo-Saxonism</a> led to theories of English and Scottish racial and cultural superiority that described the Welsh as racially inferior. Around the same time, English and Scottish industrialists began establishing iron works and other heavy industry in the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_coalfield" class="mw-redirect" title="South Wales coalfield">coalfield of south Wales</a>. By attracting labour from the rural areas, this produced new urban concentrations of Welsh speakers, and helped build the culture of the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys" title="South Wales Valleys">South Wales Valleys</a> communities. The <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Rising" title="Merthyr Rising">Merthyr Rising</a> of 1831 was a protest against exploitation by the mine owners which began a period of unrest, including the "<a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Riots" title="Rebecca Riots">Rebecca Riots</a>" and the <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist movement</a>, and a process of radical thinking. In Parliament, <a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Lord Melbourne</a> declared that south Wales was "the worst and most formidable district in the kingdom."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concerns of the British political establishment were confirmed in the 1847 <a href="/wiki/Reports_of_the_Commissioners_of_Inquiry_into_the_State_of_Education_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Reports of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the State of Education in Wales">Reports of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the State of Education in Wales</a>, commonly known in Wales as the <i>Treason of the Blue Books</i>, which, based on evidence taken in towns and villages around Wales, said that "The Welsh language is a vast drawback to Wales and a manifold barrier to the moral progress and commercial prosperity of the people. It is not easy to over-estimate its evil effects." The report's 3 commissioners were English, and spoke no Welsh, but relied on an army of Welsh-speaking assistant commissioners to collect evidence from the Welsh population,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup> around half of which spoke no English at the time. As a result, English-only schools were set up in much of Wales, and, although use of the "<a href="/wiki/Welsh_Not" title="Welsh Not">Welsh Not</a>" was virtually unknown by then, there were some reports that it continued to be used in a few places.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_not_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_not-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TWAEoW_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWAEoW-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although 18th and 19th century English writers increasingly recognised the beauty and grandeur of the Welsh landscape, many contrasted this with a negative view of the Welsh people themselves. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> newspaper wrote in 1866: "Wales... is a small country, unfavourably situated for commercial purposes, with an indifferent soil, and inhabited by an unenterprising people. It is true it possesses valuable minerals but these have chiefly been developed by English energy and for the supply of English wants." At the same time, rural areas close to England became more depopulated and anglicised, as many people moved to the growing English cities in the <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">north west</a> and Midlands. Welsh culture was important in these areas; for example, the <a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales" title="National Eisteddfod of Wales">National Eisteddfod of Wales</a> was held in either <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> or <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a> six times between 1884 and 1929. </p><p>Changes to the electoral system meant that, by the end of the 19th century, a Welsh presence began to be felt in British politics. In 1881, the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Closing_(Wales)_Act_1881" title="Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881">Sunday Closing Act</a> was the first piece of parliamentary legislation that granted Wales the status of a distinct national unit. Around the turn of the 20th century there was considerable anti-Welsh feeling in the English establishment. <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> said in 1905 "I would sooner go to hell than to Wales."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a>'s characters in the novel <i>Decline and Fall</i> (1928) was made to say: "From the earliest times the Welsh have been looked upon as an unclean people. It is thus that they have preserved their racial integrity. Their sons and daughters rarely mate with human-kind except their own blood relations..... I often think that we can trace almost all the disasters of English history to the influence of Wales."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_relationship_between_the_Welsh_and_the_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 20th century, Welsh politicians such as <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> (prime minister from 1916 to 1922), and later <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a> (architect of the NHS) rose to UK-wide prominence. </p><p>The powerlessness of Welsh politicians in influencing their own affairs, due to the English numerical superiority in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>, was highlighted in the mid-20th century. <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_City_Council" title="Liverpool City Council">Liverpool City Council</a> had decided to expand the industry of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wirral" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wirral">The Wirral</a>. Believing that they would need access to an increased water supply, they chose the <a href="/wiki/Afon_Tryweryn" title="Afon Tryweryn">Tryweryn Valley</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Bala,_Gwynedd" title="Bala, Gwynedd">Bala</a>, even though the development would require flooding the village of <a href="/wiki/Capel_Celyn" title="Capel Celyn">Capel Celyn</a>. In 1956, a <a href="/wiki/Private_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Private bill">private bill</a> sponsored by Liverpool City Council was brought before Parliament to create <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Celyn" title="Llyn Celyn">Llyn Celyn</a> <a href="/wiki/Reservoir_(water)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservoir (water)">reservoir</a>, thus circumventing planning consent from the relevant Welsh local authorities, by obtaining authority via a parliamentary Act. </p><p>Despite 35 of the 36 Welsh <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) voting against the bill, with the other abstaining, Parliament – with <a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1955 United Kingdom general election">630 MPs</a>, the majority of members represented constituencies in England – still passed the bill. Years of democratic, non-violent Welsh protest were in vain, Capel Celyn was drowned, and a new wave of Welsh nationalism, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Mudiad_Amddiffyn_Cymru" title="Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru">Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru</a></i> (English: <span lang="en">Welsh Defence Movement</span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Wales_Army" title="Free Wales Army">Free Wales Army</a>, were born. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1967" title="Welsh Language Act 1967">Welsh Language Acts of 1967</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1993" title="Welsh Language Act 1993">1993</a> gave the language equal status in Wales, and in 1997 the Welsh electorate voted to establish a Welsh assembly, known as the <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a> since 2019. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_comments">Recent comments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_relationship_between_the_Welsh_and_the_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recent comments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Welsh_sentiment">Anti-Welsh sentiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_relationship_between_the_Welsh_and_the_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anti-Welsh sentiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of anti-Welsh sentiment in the media include the journalist <a href="/wiki/A._A._Gill" title="A. A. Gill">A. A. Gill</a> (born in Scotland to English parents) who in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i> in 1997 described the Welsh as "loquacious, dissemblers, immoral liars, stunted, bigoted, dark, ugly, pugnacious little trolls."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English writer <a href="/wiki/A._N._Wilson" title="A. N. Wilson">A. N. Wilson</a> said: "The Welsh have never made any significant contribution to any branch of knowledge, culture or entertainment. They have no architecture, no gastronomic tradition, and, since the Middle Ages, no literature worthy of the name." (<i><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></i>, 1993.)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, a cross-party group of Members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a>, representing all four political parties in the Assembly, called for an end to what they termed "persistent anti-Welsh racism" in the British media.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Television personality <a href="/wiki/Anne_Robinson" title="Anne Robinson">Anne Robinson</a> (born in England of Irish origin) appeared on the comedy show <i><a href="/wiki/Room_101_(British_TV_series)" title="Room 101 (British TV series)">Room 101</a></i> in 2001 and made derisive comments about Welsh people, such as "what are they for?" and "I never did like them". The show is designed to draw extreme views from interview subjects in order to generate controversy and humour. The people she was thinking about were supposedly those who spoke Welsh around the market stall operated by her mother in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> during her childhood. <a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Police" title="North Wales Police">North Wales Police</a> spent 96 hours investigating the comments, and concluded that no crime had been committed. Although she was cleared by the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Standards_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting Standards Commission">Broadcasting Standards Commission</a>, it was stated that her comments "came close to bordering on racism."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North Wales Police have also investigated allegations of anti-Welsh racism made against <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> and columnist <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Odone" title="Cristina Odone">Cristina Odone</a>. Again, no charges were brought.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writer <a href="/wiki/Neal_Ascherson" title="Neal Ascherson">Neal Ascherson</a> commented that: "Southern views of the Scots over the last hundred years have been faintly sceptical – "chippy, lacking in humour, slow to unbend" – but on the whole affectionate. (Contrast English attitudes to Welshness, which, for reasons I am not sure of, are often genuinely hostile)."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> presenter <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson" title="Jeremy Clarkson">Jeremy Clarkson</a> is well known for his comments about other countries and regularly expresses anti-Welsh prejudice, e.g. "It's entirely unfair that some people are born fat or ugly or dyslexic or disabled or ginger or small or Welsh. Life, I'm afraid, is tragic."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example, in the context of Wales's 2008 <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(rugby_union)" title="Grand Slam (rugby union)">Grand Slam</a> victory: "You can never rely on the French. All they had to do was go to Cardiff last weekend with a bit of fire in their bellies and they'd have denied Wales the Six Nations Grand Slam. But no. They turned up instead with cheese in their bellies and mooched about for 80 minutes, seemingly not at all bothered that we've got to spend the next 12 months listening to the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sheepshagger" class="extiw" title="wikt:sheepshagger">sheepsters</a> droning on about their natural superiority and brilliance. Or worse. Give them a Grand Slam and the next thing you know, all our holiday cottages are on fire. There are, of course, other reasons I hoped the French would win. I’d rather live in France than Wales; I’d rather eat a snail than a daffodil; I’d certainly rather drink French fizzy wine; and I’d much rather sleep with <a href="/wiki/Carole_Bouquet" title="Carole Bouquet">Carole Bouquet</a> than <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Church" title="Charlotte Church">Charlotte Church</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his BBC2 show he placed a plastic map of Wales in a microwave and burned it to audience applause.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 September 2011, in his weekend column for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></i> newspaper, Clarkson said "I think we are fast approaching the time when the United Nations should start to think seriously about abolishing other languages. What’s the point of Welsh for example? All it does is provide a silly maypole around which a bunch of hotheads can get all nationalistic."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2010, <a href="/wiki/Rod_Liddle" title="Rod Liddle">Rod Liddle</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i> magazine, described Welsh people as "miserable, seaweed munching, sheep-bothering pinch-faced hill-tribes" while calling for the closure of <a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C</a> as part of the 2010 Comprehensive Spending Review.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-English_sentiment">Anti-English sentiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_relationship_between_the_Welsh_and_the_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anti-English sentiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concerns over the decline of the Welsh language and its historical proscription have contributed to anti-English sentiment in Wales.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other factors include sporting rivalry, particularly over rugby; religious differences concerning nonconformism and English <a href="/wiki/Anglican_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican church">episcopacy</a>; industrial disputes which usually involved English capital and Welsh labour; resentment over the conquest and subjection of Wales; and the exploitation of Wales' natural resources such as coal and water. In 1977, Welsh <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby</a> player <a href="/wiki/Phil_Bennett" title="Phil Bennett">Phil Bennett</a> is reputed to have inspired his teammates for the <a href="/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team" title="Wales national rugby union team">Wales</a> v <a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team" title="England national rugby union team">England</a> game with a pre-match speech: "Look what these bastards have done to Wales. They've taken our coal, our water, our steel. They buy our homes and only live in them for a fortnight every year. What have they given us? Absolutely nothing. We've been exploited, raped, controlled and punished by the English – and that's who you are playing this afternoon."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Llew_Smith" title="Llew Smith">Llew Smith</a> then Labour MP for <a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)">Blaenau Gwent</a>, gave a Commons speech critical of Welsh nationalism claiming (for example) that Nationalists resisted evacuation of children from English cities during WWII.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HM Prison Parc reported problems with anti-English racism, as well as racism towards other ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, The Chairman of Swansea Bay Race Equality Council said that 'Devolution has brought a definite increase in anti-English behaviour'.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English immigration to Wales is another point of contention. From 1979 to 1994, the Welsh militant group <a href="/wiki/Meibion_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Meibion Glyndŵr">Meibion Glyndŵr</a> (English: <span lang="en">Sons of <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">(Owain) Glyndŵr</a></span>) firebombed 300 English-owned homes in Wales. In 1989, the group attempted arson against several estate agents in Wales and England, and against the offices of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Welsh businessman, and former chair of the Welsh Language Board, John Elfed Jones, characterised English migration as the human version of foot-and-mouth disease.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author <a href="/wiki/Simon_Brooks" title="Simon Brooks">Simon Brooks</a> recommended that English-owned homes in Wales be 'peacefully occupied'.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vice-president of <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a>, Gwilym ab Ioan, was forced to resign when he said that Wales had become a "dumping ground for oddballs, social misfits and society drop-outs" from England.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both comments were reported to the Commission for Racial Equality<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the cases were dropped after an apology by John Elfed Jones, but not Gwilym ab Ioan - who never offered any apology and maintains to the present that his comments were factually true and irrefutable. A Plaid Cymru county councillor, Seimon Glyn was criticised as anti-English when he said that English migration to Wales ought to be controlled, and that English incomers ought to be required to learn and speak Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BNP leader <a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Nick Griffin</a> was accused of playing on concerns over the decline of Welsh when his party aired a Welsh-language broadcast which tied racism towards ethnic minority immigrants to Wales with racism towards English-speaking incomers to Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to this <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Elis-Thomas" title="Dafydd Elis-Thomas">Dafydd Elis-Thomas</a>, a former leader of Plaid Cymru, said that there was an anti-English strand to Welsh nationalism. His remarks were condemned by the Welsh Language Society and others.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_relationship_between_the_Welsh_and_the_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">England–Wales border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-border_derby" title="Cross-border derby">Cross-border derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severnside_Derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Severnside Derby">Severnside Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_England_beyond_Wales" title="Little England beyond Wales">Little England beyond Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_relationship_between_the_Welsh_and_the_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-parker-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parker_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parker_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mike Parker, <i>Neighbours from Hell? – English attitudes to the Welsh</i>, 2007, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86243-611-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86243-611-7">0-86243-611-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_west/6358375.stm">"Wales-England: Where is the love?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2007-02-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Wales-England%3A+Where+is+the+love%3F&rft.date=2007-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2Fnorth_west%2F6358375.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+relationship+between+the+Welsh+and+the+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719125219/http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/bede/bl-bede-5-23.htm">"23 – Book 5 – Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum – Bede"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/bede/bl-bede-5-23.htm">the original</a> on 2008-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=23+%E2%80%93+Book+5+%E2%80%93+Historia+Ecclesiastica+Gentis+Anglorum+%E2%80%93+Bede&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassiclit.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fbl-etexts%2Fbede%2Fbl-bede-5-23.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+relationship+between+the+Welsh+and+the+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpat.org.uk/offa/what.htm">"What is Offa's Dyke?", Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006110053/http://www.cpat.org.uk/offa/what.htm">Archived</a> 2015-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 10 December 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright_and_Longueville-Jones" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Wright and Longueville-Jones. <i>The Memorials of Cambridge, Vol. ii</i> (in Old English). 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Hughes, <i>Wales and the Welsh in English literature</i> (Wrexham, 1924), p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opie1997-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Opie1997_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Opie and P. Opie, <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes</i> (Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), pp. 400–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Stephens <i>The Oxford Companion to the Literature of Wales</i> (Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 569.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110111953/http://www.britannia.com/wales/whist16.html">"GO BRITANNIA! Wales: The Great Rising"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://britannia.com/wales/whist16.html">the original</a> on 2006-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WalesOnline&rft.atitle=Now+BNP+spreading+racism+in+Welsh&rft.date=2004-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fnow-bnp-spreading-racism-welsh-2436266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+relationship+between+the+Welsh+and+the+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1716615.stm">"WALES | Attack on '19th century' nationalism"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2001-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=WALES+%26%23124%3B+Attack+on+%2719th+century%27+nationalism&rft.date=2001-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2F1716615.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+relationship+between+the+Welsh+and+the+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_relationship_between_the_Welsh_and_the_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130505050048/http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/all/5200003/mocking-the-welsh-is-the-last-permitted-bigotry.thtml">Jan Morris, <i>Mocking the Welsh is the last permitted bigotry</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i>, 22 July 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20000820/ai_n14323332">Article: "The visitor to Wales is greeted with what seems unfeigned warmth and politeness. Yet underneath the surface, Welsh-English tensions remain."</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/voices/pages/pubwelsh.shtml">Discussion of reports that Welsh speakers "only start speaking Welsh when the English turn up"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218065204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/voices/pages/pubwelsh.shtml">Archived</a> 2007-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/welsh.htm">Article on relationship between the Welsh and English languages</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Wales" title="Template:Geography of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Geography of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography of Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#AFD697;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_Wales" title="List of bays of Wales">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_the_United_Kingdom#Wales" title="List of beaches in the United Kingdom">Beaches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Blue_Flag_Beaches_of_Wales" title="List of Blue Flag Beaches of Wales">Blue Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">Border with England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke" title="Offa's Dyke">Offa's Dyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat%27s_Dyke" title="Wat's Dyke">Wat's Dyke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_the_United_Kingdom#Canals_in_Wales" title="List of canals in the United Kingdom">Canals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_canal_system" title="History of the British canal system">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_the_United_Kingdom#Wales" title="List of caves in the United Kingdom">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Wales" title="Coastline of Wales">Coastline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_paths_in_Wales" title="Category:Coastal paths in Wales">Coastal paths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_coast" title="Heritage coast">heritage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_the_United_Kingdom#Wales" title="List of dams and reservoirs in the United Kingdom">Dams and reservoirs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoirs_of_Wales" title="Reservoirs of Wales">Reservoir management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of reservoirs in the United Kingdom">by volume</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desert_of_Wales" title="Desert of Wales">Desert of Wales</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dune_systems_of_Wales" title="List of dune systems of Wales">Dune systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estuaries_of_Wales" title="List of estuaries of Wales">Estuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Wales" title="Extreme points of Wales">Extreme points</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_points_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Centre points of the United Kingdom">centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_broadleaf_forests" title="Celtic broadleaf forests">Broadleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rainforests_in_Wales" title="Celtic rainforests in Wales">Temperate rainforests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Wales" title="List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales">fossiliferous stratigraphic units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_faults_of_Wales" title="List of geological faults of Wales">faults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Wales" title="List of lakes of Wales">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meadows_in_Wales" title="Category:Meadows in Wales">Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorlands_of_Wales" title="Category:Moorlands of Wales">Moorlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_British_Isles_by_height" title="List of mountains of the British Isles by height">Mountains and hills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_3000s" title="Welsh 3000s">3000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_principal_areas_by_highest_point" title="List of Welsh principal areas by highest point">County tops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_England_and_Wales_in_1964_by_highest_point" title="List of counties of England and Wales in 1964 by highest point">historic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Furth_mountains_in_the_British_Isles" title="List of Furth mountains in the British Isles">Furths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_British_Isles_by_height" title="List of mountains of the British Isles by height">by height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hewitt_mountains_in_England,_Wales_and_Ireland" title="List of Hewitt mountains in England, Wales and Ireland">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_in_Wales" title="List of highest mountains in Wales">highest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marilyns_in_the_British_Isles" title="List of Marilyns in the British Isles">Marilyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nuttall_mountains_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nuttall mountains in Wales">Nuttall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_P600_mountains_in_the_British_Isles" title="List of P600 mountains in the British Isles">P600s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_Wales" title="List of mountain passes of Wales">passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Wales" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Wales">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_rescue_in_Wales" title="Mountain rescue in Wales">rescue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peninsulas#Wales" title="List of peninsulas">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Wales" title="Protected areas of Wales">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_Wales" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales">AONBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Wales" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Wales">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserves_in_Wales" title="National nature reserves in Wales">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_Wales" title="List of Ramsar sites in Wales">Ramsar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Wales" title="List of rivers of Wales">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Springs_of_Wales" title="Category:Springs of Wales">Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vales_in_England_and_Wales" title="List of vales in England and Wales">Vales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mach_Loop" title="Mach Loop">for military-use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom#Wales" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Extinct volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Wales" title="List of waterfalls in Wales">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_Wales" title="Category:Wetlands of Wales">Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Zone_(Boundaries_and_Transfer_of_Functions)_Order_2010" title="Welsh Zone (Boundaries and Transfer of Functions) Order 2010">Adjacent waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environment of the United Kingdom">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Wales" title="Biodiversity of Wales">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Wales" title="Fauna of Wales">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_breeds" title="List of Welsh breeds">Breeds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Wales" title="Flora of Wales">Flora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_apples" title="Welsh apples">Apples</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Wales" title="Climate of Wales">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Special_Areas_of_Conservation_in_Wales" title="List of Special Areas of Conservation in Wales">Conservation areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Wales" title="Environmental issues in Wales">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_habitats_of_principal_importance_in_Wales" title="List of habitats of principal importance in Wales">Habitats of importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Character_Area" title="Marine Character Area">Marine Character Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales_Precipitation" title="England and Wales Precipitation">Precipitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Land_use_in_Wales" title="Land use in Wales">Land use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Wales" title="Natural resources of Wales">Natural resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Wales" title="Mining in Wales">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">Coal mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_tips_in_Wales" title="Coal tips in Wales">tips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Forest_for_Wales" title="National Forest for Wales">re-forestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_gold" title="Welsh gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">Slate quarrying</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Wales" title="Subdivisions of Wales">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantref" title="Cantref">Cantref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commote" title="Commote">Commote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Marches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcher_lord" title="Marcher lord">lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_law_(Anglo-Welsh_border)" title="March law (Anglo-Welsh border)">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hundreds_of_Wales" title="List of hundreds of Wales">Hundreds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">Historic counties</a> <ul><li>by area <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_Wales_by_area_in_1831" title="List of counties of Wales by area in 1831">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_counties_of_Wales_by_area_in_1891" title="List of historic counties of Wales by area in 1891">1891</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_county_exclaves_in_England_and_Wales_1844%E2%80%931974" title="List of county exclaves in England and Wales 1844–1974">1844–1974 exclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_Wales_by_population_in_1971" title="List of counties of Wales by population in 1971">by population in 1971</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poor_law_unions_in_Wales" title="List of poor law unions in Wales">Poor law unions</a></li> <li>Local districts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_boards_formed_in_England_and_Wales_1848%E2%80%931894" title="Local boards formed in England and Wales 1848–1894">1848–1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_districts_formed_in_England_and_Wales_1894%E2%80%9395" title="List of urban districts formed in England and Wales 1894–95">1894–95</a></li> <li>1896–1974 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_districts_formed_in_England_and_Wales_1896%E2%80%931974" title="List of urban districts formed in England and Wales 1896–1974">UDs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_districts_formed_in_England_and_Wales_1894%E2%80%931974" title="List of rural districts formed in England and Wales 1894–1974">RDs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_and_urban_districts_in_Wales_in_1973" title="List of rural and urban districts in Wales in 1973">1973</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preserved_counties_of_Wales" title="Preserved counties of Wales">Preserved counties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Wales" title="Districts of Wales">districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_areas_of_Wales" title="Principal areas of Wales">Principal areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_principal_areas" title="List of Welsh principal areas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(Wales)" title="Community (Wales)">Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Wales" title="List of communities in Wales">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_wards_in_Wales" title="List of electoral wards in Wales">Electoral wards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-up_areas_in_Wales_by_population" title="List of built-up areas in Wales by population">Built-up areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Wales" title="Regions of Wales">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economy_in_Wales" title="Regional economy in Wales">for economy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_places_in_Wales" title="Lists of places in Wales">Places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wales" title="List of cities in Wales">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Wales" title="Capital of Wales">capital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Wales" title="List of towns in Wales">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Wales" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Wales">Twin towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_towns_twinned_with_a_Breton_town" title="List of Welsh towns twinned with a Breton town">with Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_places_in_Wales" title="Category:Lists of places in Wales">by county</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_toponymy" title="Welsh toponymy">Toponymy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_generic_forms_in_place_names_in_Ireland_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of generic forms in place names in Ireland and the United Kingdom">General forms of place-names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">Caer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llan_(placename)" title="Llan (placename)">Llan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pil_(placename)" title="Pil (placename)">Pil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Place-Name_Society" title="Welsh Place-Name Society">Welsh Place-Name Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_place_names_in_other_countries" title="Welsh place names in other countries">In other countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locations_in_the_United_States_with_a_Welsh_name" title="Locations in the United States with a Welsh name">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_standardised_Welsh_place-names" title="List of standardised Welsh place-names">Standardised Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_identity_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography and identity in Wales">Social geography and identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in Wales">North–South divide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cardiff" title="Demographics of Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo–Welsh relations</a></li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a></i></span> (Welsh-speaking areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsker_Line" title="Landsker Line">Landsker Line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_England_beyond_Wales" title="Little England beyond Wales">Little England beyond Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cardiff" title="Geography of Cardiff">Geography of Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Sustainability in Merthyr Tydfil">Sustainability in Merthyr Tydfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lammas_Ecovillage" title="Lammas Ecovillage">Lammas Ecovillage</a></li></ul> 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