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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mga huling binago</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Makipag-ugnayan_sa_amin" title="Paano makokontak ang Wikipedia"><span>Makipag-ugnayan</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tulong" title="Ang lugar para maghanap ng tulong sa Wikipedia."><span>Tulong</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ang Malayang Ensiklopedya" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-tl.svg" width="119" height="13" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> 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type="search" name="search" placeholder="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" aria-label="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Natatangi:Maghanap"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hanapin</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl" class=""><span>Donasyon</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Linux" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito" class=""><span>Gumawa ng account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mga pansariling kagamitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl"><span>Donasyon</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Mag-ambag</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Linux" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd 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accesskey="n"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mga nilalaman" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga nilalaman</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">itago</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Simula</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kasaysayan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasaysayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kasaysayan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kasaysayan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Kasaysayan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kasaysayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-MINIX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MINIX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>MINIX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MINIX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pangkalakalan_at_popular_na_pagkaintindi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pangkalakalan_at_popular_na_pagkaintindi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pangkalakalan at popular na pagkaintindi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pangkalakalan_at_popular_na_pagkaintindi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karapatang-ari_at_pagpa-pangalan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karapatang-ari_at_pagpa-pangalan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Karapatang-ari at pagpa-pangalan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Karapatang-ari_at_pagpa-pangalan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Karapatang-ari at pagpa-pangalan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Karapatang-ari_at_pagpa-pangalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-GNU/Linux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GNU/Linux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>GNU/Linux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GNU/Linux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tingnan_din" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tingnan_din"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tingnan din</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tingnan_din-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_sanggunian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_sanggunian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mga sanggunian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_sanggunian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mga nilalaman" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Talaan ng mga Nilalaman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Linux</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pumunta sa isang artikulo na nakasulat sa ibang wika. Mayroon ito sa 159 (na) wika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-159" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">159 (na) wika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%91%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5" title="ሊኑክስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሊኑክስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="لينكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لينكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%A3" title="ܠܝܢܘܟܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܝܢܘܟܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3" title="لينوكس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لينوكس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="لينكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لينكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="লীনাক্স – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লীনাক্স" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینوکس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لینوکس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="লিনাক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিনাক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینوکس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لینوکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینوکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لینوکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="לינוקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לינוקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Լինուքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լինուքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Լինուքս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լինուքս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/la_.linuks." title="la .linuks. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="la .linuks." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%85" title="លីនុច – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="លីនុច" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಿನಕ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಿನಕ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%88%85%EC%8A%A4" title="리눅스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리눅스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(Bedriefsystem)" title="Linux (Bedriefsystem) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Linux (Bedriefsystem)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BB%8C" title="ລີນຸກຊ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລີນຸກຊ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux" title="GNU/Linux – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="GNU/Linux" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="လင်းနပ်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လင်းနပ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लाइनक्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लाइनक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8" title="ଲିନକ୍ସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲିନକ୍ସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਲਿਨਅਕਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਨਅਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لینکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لينوکس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لينوکس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Лінукс – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лінукс" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="لينڪس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لينڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ලිනක්ස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලිනක්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(opera%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m)" title="Linux (operačný systém) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Linux (operačný systém)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="லினக்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லினக்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="లినక్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లినక్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ลินุกซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลินุกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لینکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="לינוקס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לינוקס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF" title="林納斯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="林納斯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q388#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Baguhin ang link sa ibang wika" class="wbc-editpage">baguhin ang mga link</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Tingnan ang nilalaman [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Usapan:Linux" rel="discussion" title="Usapan tungkol sa nilalaman nito [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ibahin ang baryante o variant ng wika" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tagalog</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Mga tingin"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Linux"><span>Basahin</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&veaction=edit" title="Baguhin ito [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Baguhin</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit" title="Baguhin ang kodigong batayan ng pahinang ito [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Baguhin ang wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=history" title="Nakaraang pagbabago sa pahinang ito [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Tingnan ang kasaysayan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">itago</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Mula sa Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tl" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2151589">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{.mw-parser-output .ns-0 .hatnote{display:none}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Itong artikulo ay tungkol sa mga operating system na gumagamit ng Linux kernel.  Para sa kernel mismo, tingnan ang <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>. Para sa ibang mga gamit, tingnan ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_(paglilinaw)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux (paglilinaw) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Linux (paglilinaw)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1971697">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="line-height: normal; border-spacing: 2px; background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #9e9e93; border-radius: 5px;"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Linux</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Tux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tux ang penguin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/150px-Tux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/225px-Tux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/300px-Tux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="607" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tux_(mascot)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tux (mascot) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tux</a> ang penguino, ang maskot ng Linux<sup id="cite_ref-LinuxOnLine2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinuxOnLine2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Gumawa</th><td class="infobox-data">Mga tagapamahagi ng komunidad, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming language">Sinulat sa</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(wikang_pamprograma)" title="C (wikang pamprograma)">C</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assembly_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assembly language (hindi pa naisusulat)">assembly language</a>, at mga iba</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Pamilya</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix-like&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unix-like (hindi pa naisusulat)">Unix-like</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Estado ng paggana</th><td class="infobox-data">Kasalukuyan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Modelo ng pinaggalingan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open-source software (hindi pa naisusulat)">Open source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Unang labas</th><td class="infobox-data">17 Setyembre 1991<span class="noprint">; 33 taon na'ng nakalipas</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1991-09-17</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Repositoryo</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/">git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Layunin ng pagbenta</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloud_computing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloud computing (hindi pa naisusulat)">Cloud computing</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_device&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embedded device (hindi pa naisusulat)">embedded devices</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainframe_computer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mainframe computer (hindi pa naisusulat)">mainframe computers</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_device&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile device (hindi pa naisusulat)">mobile devices</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_computer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Personal computer (hindi pa naisusulat)">personal computers</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Server_(computing)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Server (computing) (hindi pa naisusulat)">servers</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercomputer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supercomputer (hindi pa naisusulat)">supercomputers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wika" title="Wika">Magagamit sa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Multilingual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Plataporma</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DEC_Alpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DEC Alpha (hindi pa naisusulat)">Alpha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARC_(processor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARC (processor) (hindi pa naisusulat)">ARC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARM_architecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARM architecture (hindi pa naisusulat)">ARM</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C2%B7CORE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M·CORE (hindi pa naisusulat)">C-Sky</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualcomm_Hexagon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualcomm Hexagon (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hexagon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=IA-64&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IA-64 (hindi pa naisusulat)">IA-64</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loongson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loongson (hindi pa naisusulat)">LoongArch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M68k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M68k (hindi pa naisusulat)">m68k</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microblaze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microblaze (hindi pa naisusulat)">Microblaze</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MIPS_architecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MIPS architecture (hindi pa naisusulat)">MIPS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nios_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nios II (hindi pa naisusulat)">Nios II</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenRISC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenRISC (hindi pa naisusulat)">OpenRISC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PA-RISC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PA-RISC (hindi pa naisusulat)">PA-RISC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PowerPC (hindi pa naisusulat)">PowerPC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RISC-V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RISC-V (hindi pa naisusulat)">RISC-V</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ESA/390&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESA/390 (hindi pa naisusulat)">s390</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SuperH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SuperH (hindi pa naisusulat)">SuperH</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPARC (hindi pa naisusulat)">SPARC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=X86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X86 (hindi pa naisusulat)">x86</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xtensa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xtensa (hindi pa naisusulat)">Xtensa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Uri ng kernel</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monolithic_kernel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monolithic kernel (hindi pa naisusulat)">Monolithic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Userland</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BusyBox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BusyBox (hindi pa naisusulat)">BusyBox</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2150173">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix_shell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unix shell (hindi pa naisusulat)">Unix shell</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Command-line_interface&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Command-line interface (hindi pa naisusulat)">CLI</a>)</li><li>Most <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_distribution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux distribution (hindi pa naisusulat)">distributions</a> include a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desktop_environment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desktop environment (hindi pa naisusulat)">desktop environment</a> (<a href="/wiki/GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Lisensiya</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPLv2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GPLv2 (hindi pa naisusulat)">GPLv2</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Opisyal na website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kernel.org">kernel.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Mga artikulo sa serye</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_distribution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux distribution (hindi pa naisusulat)">Linux distribution</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Ubuntu_23.04_Lunar_Lobster_English.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ubuntu_23.04_Lunar_Lobster_English.png/220px-Ubuntu_23.04_Lunar_Lobster_English.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ubuntu_23.04_Lunar_Lobster_English.png/330px-Ubuntu_23.04_Lunar_Lobster_English.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ubuntu_23.04_Lunar_Lobster_English.png/440px-Ubuntu_23.04_Lunar_Lobster_English.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> 23.04 "Lunar Lobster"</figcaption></figure> <p>Ang <b>Linux</b> (pagbigkas: IPA: /ˈlɪnʊks/, lin-uks) ay isang <i><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a></i> kernel para sa mga <i>operating system</i> na humahalintulad sa <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>. Isa ang Linux sa mga pinaka-prominanteng halimbawa ng <a href="/wiki/Malayang_software" title="Malayang software">malayang software</a> at pagsasagawa ng <i><a href="/wiki/Open_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source">open source</a></i> (bukas na pinagkukunang kodigo); madalas, malayang mapapalitan, gamitin, at maipamahagi ninuman ang lahat ng pinag-ugatang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Source_code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Source code (hindi pa naisusulat)">source code</a></i> (pinagmulang kodigo). </p><p>Ang kauna-unahang paglabas sa publiko ng Linux kernel ay noong 17 Setyembre 1991, para sa <a href="/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura">arkitektura</a> ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intel (hindi pa naisusulat)">Intel</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=X86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X86 (hindi pa naisusulat)">x86</a> <a href="/wiki/Kompyuter" title="Kompyuter">PC</a>. Sinama ang kernel sa <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_utilities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System utilities (hindi pa naisusulat)">system utilities</a></i> at <i>libraries</i> mula sa proyektong <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> upang makalikha ng isang magagamit na <i>operating system</i>, kung saan nabuo ang iminumungkahing, alternatibong terminong <a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU/Linux">GNU/Linux</a>. Naka-empake ang Linux para sa iba't-ibang gamit sa mga ipinapamahaging Linux, kung saan ito'y naglalaman ng minsa'y nabagong kernel kasama ng mga iba't-ibang <i>software packages</i> para sa iba't-ibang pangangailangan. </p><p>Mas kilala ang Linux bilang pang-<i>server</i>, sinusuportahan ang Linux ng mga korporasyon gaya ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dell (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dell</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hewlett-Packard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hewlett-Packard (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hewlett-Packard</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novell (hindi pa naisusulat)">Novell</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oracle Corporation (hindi pa naisusulat)">Oracle Corporation</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Hat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Hat (hindi pa naisusulat)">Red Hat</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Microsystems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Microsystems (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sun Microsystems</a>. Ginagamit rin ito bilang <i>operating system</i> sa mga <a href="/wiki/Hardwer_ng_kompyuter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwer ng kompyuter">hardwer ng kompyuter</a>, kagaya ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompyuter_pang-desktop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompyuter pang-desktop (hindi pa naisusulat)">kompyuter pang-<i>desktop</i></a>, mga <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercomputer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supercomputer (hindi pa naisusulat)">supercomputer</a></i>, mga sistemang <a href="/wiki/Larong_bidyo" title="Larong bidyo">larong bidyo</a>, tulad ng PlayStation 2, 3, at ng marami pang <a href="/wiki/Laro" title="Laro">larong</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arcade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcade (hindi pa naisusulat)">arcade</a></i>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kagamitang_naka-embed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kagamitang naka-embed (hindi pa naisusulat)">kagamitang naka-<i>embed</i></a>, tulad ng mga <i><a href="/wiki/Cellphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellphone">cellphone</a></i> at mga <i><a href="/wiki/Router" title="Router">router</a></i>. </p><p>Noong 1992, pinaliwanag ni <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> na ang kanyang pagbanggit sa Linux ay /ˈlɪnʊks/, ngunit madalas ding gamitin ang ibang baryasyon ng karamihan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kasaysayan">Kasaysayan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kasaysayan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Kasaysayan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2151589" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Tingnan din: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasaysayan_ng_Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasaysayan ng Linux (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kasaysayan ng Linux</a></div> <p>Ang <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> <i>operating system</i> ay ginawa at ginamit noong dekada 1960 at una namang inilabas noong kaagahan ng dekadang 1970. Nangangahulugan malawakang tinanggap ang palagiang mayroon at madaling paglipat nito. Kinopya at pinalitan ng mga institusyong akademya at mga <a href="/wiki/Negosyo" title="Negosyo">kalakalan</a> at sa kanyang disenyo, naimpluwensiyahan ang mga may-akda ng iba pang mga sistema. </p><p>Sinumulan noong 1984, ang isang diumano'y sistemang halintulad ng <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> na tinawag na <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>, na ang tanging mithiin ay ang lumikha ng "<i>kumpletong sistemang software na maaaring gamitin sa Unix</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-gnu_announce_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnu_announce-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> na gawa lamang sa purong <a href="/wiki/Malayang_software" title="Malayang software">malayang software</a>. Noong 1985, itinatag ni <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> ang <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> at gumawa ng <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GNU GPL), upang maipamahagi ang <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> ng malaya. Ginawa at natapos noong kaagahan ng 1990 ang marami sa programang kinakailangan sa isang OS (gaya ng <i>libraries</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Text editor (hindi pa naisusulat)">text editors</a></i> (nagbabago ng teksto), isang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix_shell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unix shell (hindi pa naisusulat)">Unix shell</a></i>, at sistemang <i>window</i>), ngunit ang mga mababang antas na bahagi gaya ng <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Device_driver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Device driver (hindi pa naisusulat)">device drivers</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daemon (hindi pa naisusulat)">daemons</a></i>, at ang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernel_(agham_pangkompyuter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernel (agham pangkompyuter) (hindi pa naisusulat)">kernel</a></i> ay naumpisahan ngunit di pa tapos.<sup id="cite_ref-gnu_history_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnu_history-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nabanggit ni Linus Torvalds na kung nagkataon na yari na noon ang GNU kernel, hindi na siya marahil nagpasyang gumawa ng sarili niya.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MINIX">MINIX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Baguhin seksiyon: MINIX" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: MINIX"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Linus_Torvalds.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Linus_Torvalds.jpeg/250px-Linus_Torvalds.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Linus_Torvalds.jpeg/330px-Linus_Torvalds.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Linus_Torvalds.jpeg/500px-Linus_Torvalds.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, gumawa ng <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Unang naisapubliko ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=MINIX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MINIX (hindi pa naisusulat)">MINIX</a>, isang sistema na halintulad ng Unix na ginawa para sa anumang academya, ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_S._Tanenbaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum (hindi pa naisusulat)">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a> noong 1987. Habang mayroon na ang kodigong pinagmulan, ipinagbawal ang pagpapalit at pagpapamahagi nito. Karagdagan pa nito, hindi umaakma ang disenyong <a href="/w/index.php?title=16-bit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16-bit (hindi pa naisusulat)">16-bit</a> ng MINIX's sa disenyong <a href="/w/index.php?title=32-bit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="32-bit (hindi pa naisusulat)">32-bit</a> ng napakamura at mas nagiging kilalang arkitekturang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_386&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intel 386 (hindi pa naisusulat)">Intel 386</a> para sa mga <a href="/wiki/Kompyuter" title="Kompyuter">personal na kompyuter</a>. </p><p>Noong 1991, sinimulan ni <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> na gumawa ng isang hindi binebentang kapalit ng MINIX habang nag-aaral siya sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Helsinki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Helsinki (hindi pa naisusulat)">University of Helsinki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ito ang proyektong kilala ngayon bilang <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>. </p><p>Noong una, nakadepende ang Linux sa MINIX <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Userspace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Userspace (hindi pa naisusulat)">userspace</a></i>. Nang malayang mayroon na ang kodigo mula sa sistemang GNU, kapakipakinabang ito dahil magagamit ito sa bagong OS. Maaaring gamitin sa ibang proyekto ang anumang kodigo na lisensiyado sa ilalim ng GNU GPL, hangga't maipapamigay sa ilalim ng pareho o akmang lisensiya itong ibang proyekto. Upang maging akma ang Linux kernel sa mga komponente mula sa Proyektong GNU, pinalitan ni Torvalds ang orihinal na ginagamit na lisensiya (na nagbabawal sa pagbebenta) para sa kanyang kernel at ginamit ang GNU GPL.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang Linux at ang mga gumagawa (<i>developer</i>) ng GNU ay nagtrabaho upang maipagisa ang komponente ng GNU sa Linux para makalikha ng isang gumaganang malayang operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-gnu_history_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnu_history-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pangkalakalan_at_popular_na_pagkaintindi">Pangkalakalan at popular na pagkaintindi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pangkalakalan at popular na pagkaintindi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Pangkalakalan at popular na pagkaintindi"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ngayon, ginagamit ang Linux ng maraming <a href="/wiki/Dominyo" title="Dominyo">dominyo</a>, mula sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemang_naka-embed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemang naka-embed (hindi pa naisusulat)">sistemang naka-<i>embed</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hanggang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercomputers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supercomputers (hindi pa naisusulat)">supercomputers</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at lugar na matindi ang seguridad sa pag-luklok ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Server_(pangkompyter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Server (pangkompyter) (hindi pa naisusulat)">server</a> kasama ng kilalang aplikasyong <a href="/w/index.php?title=LAMP_(software_bundle)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LAMP (software bundle) (hindi pa naisusulat)">LAMP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Itinuloy ni Torvalds ang pangangasiwa ng paggawa ng kernel. Habang si Stallman ay namumuno sa <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>, na patuloy na sinusuportahan ang mga komponenteng GNU. Sa wakas, tumulong ang mga indibidwal at mga korporasyon na gumawa ng mga komponenteng <i>third-party</i> (ikatlong partido) na hindi gawang GNU. Binubuo ang mga komponenteng <i>third-party</i> ng malawak na gawain at maaaring kasama ang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernel_module&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernel module (hindi pa naisusulat)">kernel module</a></i> at aplikasyon ng tagagamit at <i>libraries</i>. Naghahalo, nagsasamasama at nagpapamigay ng kernel, komponenteng GNU, at mga komponente na hindi gawang GNU, kasama ng mga <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_management_software&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Package management software (hindi pa naisusulat)">package management software</a></i> bilang isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipinapamahaging_Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipinapamahaging Linux (hindi pa naisusulat)">ipinapamahaging Linux</a> ang nagtitinda ng Linux at komunidad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karapatang-ari_at_pagpa-pangalan">Karapatang-ari at pagpa-pangalan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Karapatang-ari at pagpa-pangalan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Karapatang-ari at pagpa-pangalan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ang Linux kernel at karamihan sa GNU software ay naka-lisensiya sa ilalim ng <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL), besyong 2. Dahil sa GPL, kinakailangang ng sinumang namamahagi ng Linux kernel ang marapat na pamamahagi rin ang kodigo (at kung anumang pagkakaiba sa orihinal) sa mga tatanggap sa ilalim ng parehong kundisyon. Noong 1997, nabanggit ni Linus Torvalds na ang paglilipat ng lisensiya ng Linux sa GPL ang tunay the pinakamagandang nagawa niya.”<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ang ibang susing komponente ng isang Linux system ay maaaring gumamit ng ibang lisensiya; marami sa <i>libraries</i> ang gumagamit ng <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a> (LGPL), isang mas mapagpahintulot na klase ng GPL, at ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=X_Window_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X Window System (hindi pa naisusulat)">X Window System</a> ay gumagamit ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisensiyang_MIT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisensiyang MIT (hindi pa naisusulat)">Lisensiyang MIT</a>. </p><p>Binanggit ni Torvalds sa publiko na hindi niya gagawing palitan ang lisensiya ng Linux kernel sa version 3 ng GPL, ipinamahagi noong kalagitnaan ng 2007, tinutukoy nito ang pagpalit sa bagong lisensiya na nagbabawal sa paggamit <i>software</i> sa <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_rights_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital rights management (hindi pa naisusulat)">digital rights management</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Isang pag-aaral noong 2001 sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Hat_Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Hat Linux (hindi pa naisusulat)">Red Hat Linux</a> 7.1 na nakita na itong distribusyon ay naglalaman ng 30 milyong linya ng pinagmulang kodigo. Gamit ang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=COCOMO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="COCOMO (hindi pa naisusulat)">Constructive Cost Model</a></i>, sinabi ng pag-aaral na nangangailangan ang distribusyon ito ng mga walong libong taon (12 ng buwan bawat taon) ng paglikha. Ayon sa pag-aaral, kapag nilikha ang lahat nitong software sa isang konbensiyonal na <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proprietary software (hindi pa naisusulat)">proprietary</a></i>, ibig sabihin, marahil aabot ito ng mga 1.08 bilyong dolyar (<a href="/wiki/Dolyar_ng_Estados_Unidos" title="Dolyar ng Estados Unidos">Dolyar ng Estados Unidos</a> sa taong 2000) upang malikha sa Estados Unidos.<sup id="cite_ref-estimating_size_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estimating_size-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasulat ang kalahatan sa kodigo (71%) nasulat sa mga <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming language">wikang</a> pangprogramang <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, ngunit marami pang ibang wika ang nagamit, kasama na ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C++ (hindi pa naisusulat)">C++</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assembly_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assembly language (hindi pa naisusulat)">assembly language</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perl (hindi pa naisusulat)">Perl</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortran (hindi pa naisusulat)">Fortran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> at iba't iba pang mga wikang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shell_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shell script (hindi pa naisusulat)">shell script</a>. Bahagyang higit sa kalahati ng lahat-lahat ng kodigo ang lisensiyado sa ilalim ng GPL. Magtatamo lamang ang Linux kernel mismo ng 2.4 milyong linya ng kodigo, o 8% ng kabuuan.<sup id="cite_ref-estimating_size_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estimating_size-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sa kailan lamang na pag-aaral, parehong pagsusuri ang ginawa para sa Debian GNU/Linux version 4.0.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naglalaman ng mahigit 283 milyong linya ng kodigong pinagmulan ang distribusyong ito, at ang tinatayang aabot ng 5.4 bilyong Euro ang gastusin para makalikha gamit ang konbensiyonal na pamamaraan. Sa <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>, isang <a href="/wiki/Tatak" title="Tatak">tatak</a> ang pangalang <i>Linux</i> na nakarehistro kay Linus Torvalds.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noong una'y, walang nagparehistro nito, ngunit noong 15 Agosto 1994, si William R. Della Croce, Jr. ang nag-rehistro para sa tatak na <i>Linux</i>, at saka humiling ng <i>royalties</i> (mga bayad) mula sa mga namamahagi ng Linux. Noong 1996, nagdemanda si Torvalds at iba pang apektadong organisasyon na ang maibigay kay Torvalds ang tatak, at noong 1997, naayos ang kaso.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nagsimulang panghawakan ang pagpapalisensiya ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Mark_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux Mark Institute (hindi pa naisusulat)">Linux Mark Institute</a>. Binanggit ni Torvalds na ginawa niya lang ang pagpapa-tatak ng pangalan upang mapigilan ang iba pang balak gawin uli ang nangyari, ngunit ito'y naipasa sa batas ng tatak ng Estados Unidos noong 2005 upang maging tagapagpatupad ng nararapat ukol sa tatak. Ang resulta, nagpadala ng liham ang LMI sa mga nagbebenta ng distribusyon at humiling na magbayad para sa paggamit ng pangalan, at sumunod ang ilan sa mga kompanya.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2151589" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Tingnan din: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi_pagkakasundo_sa_SCO-Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindi pagkakasundo sa SCO-Linux (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hindi pagkakasundo sa SCO-Linux</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GNU/Linux"><span id="GNU.2FLinux"></span>GNU/Linux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Baguhin seksiyon: GNU/Linux" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: GNU/Linux"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2151589" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinid_pagkakasundo_sa_pagpapangalan_ng_GNU/Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinid pagkakasundo sa pagpapangalan ng GNU/Linux (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hinid pagkakasundo sa pagpapangalan ng GNU/Linux</a></div> <p>Sa pananaw ng <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>, ang distribusyon ng Linux na gumagamit ng GNU software bilang <i>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_variants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNU variants (hindi pa naisusulat)">GNU variants</a>"</i> (ibang uri) at humihiling ang ganoong mga <i>operating system</i> na marapat tawagin bilang <i>GNU/Linux</i> o <i>isang sistemang GNU na batay sa Linux</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lamang, binabanggit ang pamilya ng mga <i>operating system</i> ng medya at karamihan bilang <i>Linux</i>. Habang pinupunto ng iba namang namamahagi ang paggamit sa naturang porma, mas kapuna-puna ang <a href="/wiki/Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian">Debian</a> sa kanilang <i><a href="/wiki/Debian_GNU/Linux" title="Debian GNU/Linux">Debian GNU/Linux</a></i> distribusyon, limitado ang terminong gamit sa labas ng komunidad. Isang pinagmumulan ng pagkalito sa maraming baguhan ang pagkakaiba sa pagitan ng Linux kernel at mga distribusyon na nakabatay dito at ang sistemang GNU, at nanatiling kontrobersiyal ang pagpapangalan nito. Ginagamit din ito ni <i>Richard Antonio.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tingnan_din">Tingnan din</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Tingnan din" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Tingnan din"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Listahan_ng_mga_distro_sa_Linux" title="Listahan ng mga distro sa Linux">Listahan ng mga distro sa Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_sanggunian">Mga sanggunian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga sanggunian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Mga sanggunian"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1961329">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">May kaugnay na midya tungkol sa <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Linux" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Linux">Linux</a></span> ang Wikimedia Commons.</div></div> </div> <p><i>Ang buong artikulo o mga bahagi nito ay isinalin magmula sa artikulong <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" class="extiw" title="en:Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> ng Ingles na Wikipedia, partikular na ang <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&oldid=176224497">bersiyong ito</a></span>.</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2121818">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LinuxOnLine2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LinuxOnLine2008_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2132731">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFLinux_Online2008" class="citation web cs1">Linux Online (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100815085106/http://www.linux.org/info/logos.html">"Linux Logos and Mascots"</a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linux.org/info/logos.html">orihinal</a> noong August 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Logos+and+Mascots&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Linux+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.org%2Finfo%2Flogos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/category/faq.html">"The Linux Kernel Archives: Frequently asked questions"</a>. <i>kernel.org</i>. September 2, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905100143/https://www.kernel.org/category/faq.html">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong September 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kernel.org&rft.atitle=The+Linux+Kernel+Archives%3A+Frequently+asked+questions&rft.date=2014-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fcategory%2Ffaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnu_announce-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gnu_announce_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html">About the GNU Project - Initial Announcement</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnu_history-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gnu_history_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gnu_history_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.html">Kabuuang ng Sistemang GNU</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202074816/http://people.fluidsignal.com/~luferbu/misc/Linus_vs_Tanenbaum.html">"<i>Linus vs. Tanenbaum debate</i>"</a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.fluidsignal.com/~luferbu/misc/Linus_vs_Tanenbaum.html">orihinal</a> noong 2008-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2007-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linus+vs.+Tanenbaum+debate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.fluidsignal.com%2F~luferbu%2Fmisc%2FLinus_vs_Tanenbaum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Torvalds, Linus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b">"<i>What would you like to see most in minix?</i>"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet_newsgroup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usenet newsgroup (hindi pa naisusulat)">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.minix">comp.os.minix</a>. 1991Aug25.205708.9541@klaava.Helsinki.FI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2006-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+would+you+like+to+see+most+in+minix%3F&rft.pub=comp.os.minix&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.minix%2Fmsg%2Fb813d52cbc5a044b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds1992" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> (1992-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12">"RELEASE NOTES FOR LINUX v0.12"</a>. Linux Kernel Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2007-07-23</span></span>. <q>Ang karapatang-ari sa Linux ay papalitan: Marami akong natanggap na kahilingan na gawing akma sa GNU copyleft, at tatanggalin ang kundisyong "<i>you may not distribute it for money</i>" ("hindi mo maaaring ipamahagi kapalit ng pera"). Ako'y sang-ayon. Iminumungkahi ko na ang copyright ay palitan para ito ay maging akma sa GNU ─ habang nag-aantay sa approval ng mga taong persons tumulong magsulat ng code. Sa pagkakaalam ko, walang magiging problema kahit kanino: Kung mayroon kauong hinanakit ("Isinulat ko ang kodigo sa pag-aakalang ang karapatang-ari ay magiging pareho kailanman"), sulatan ninyo ako. Kung di nama'y ang GNU copyleft ay ang magiging bagong lisensiya sa ika-1 ng <a href="/wiki/Pebrero" title="Pebrero">Pebrero</a>. Kung hindi ninyo alam kung anu ang karapatang-aring GNU ─ basahin ninyo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RELEASE+NOTES+FOR+LINUX+v0.12&rft.pub=Linux+Kernel+Archives&rft.date=1992-01-05&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2FHistoric%2Fold-versions%2FRELNOTES-0.12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFSanthanamVishal_Kulkarni2002" class="citation web cs1">Santhanam, Anand; Vishal Kulkarni (1 Marso 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-embdev.html">"<i>Linux system development on an embedded device</i>"</a>. <i>DeveloperWorks</i>. IBM<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2007-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DeveloperWorks&rft.atitle=Linux+system+development+on+an+embedded+device&rft.date=2002-03-01&rft.aulast=Santhanam&rft.aufirst=Anand&rft.au=Vishal+Kulkarni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-128.ibm.com%2Fdeveloperworks%2Flibrary%2Fl-embdev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFLyons" class="citation web cs1">Lyons, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/home/enterprisetech/2005/03/15/cz_dl_0315linux.html">"Linux rules supercomputers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2007-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+rules+supercomputers&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fhome%2Fenterprisetech%2F2005%2F03%2F15%2Fcz_dl_0315linux.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFSchrecker" class="citation web cs1">Schrecker, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techsoup.org/learningcenter/webbuilding/page5067.cfm">"<i>Turn on Web Interactivity with LAMP</i>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2007-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turn+on+Web+Interactivity+with+LAMP&rft.aulast=Schrecker&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techsoup.org%2Flearningcenter%2Fwebbuilding%2Fpage5067.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311190841/http://kde.sw.com.sg/food/linus.html">"Linus Torvalds interview"</a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kde.sw.com.sg/food/linus.html">orihinal</a> noong 2007-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2007-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linus+Torvalds+interview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkde.sw.com.sg%2Ffood%2Flinus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds,_Linus2006" class="citation web cs1">Torvalds, Linus (2006-01-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230820154501/https://lkml.org/lkml/2006/1/25/273">"Re: GPL V3 and Linux - Dead Copyright Holders"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Kernel_Mailing_List&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux Kernel Mailing List (hindi pa naisusulat)">Linux Kernel Mailing List</a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.org/lkml/2006/1/25/273">orihinal</a> noong 2023-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2007-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+GPL+V3+and+Linux+-+Dead+Copyright+Holders&rft.pub=Linux+Kernel+Mailing+List&rft.date=2006-01-26&rft.au=Torvalds%2C+Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flkml.org%2Flkml%2F2006%2F1%2F25%2F273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds,_Linus2006" class="citation web cs1">Torvalds, Linus (2006-09-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908164121/http://lkml.org/lkml/2006/9/25/161">"Re: GPLv3 Position Statement"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Kernel_Mailing_List&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux Kernel Mailing List (hindi pa naisusulat)">Linux Kernel Mailing List</a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.org/lkml/2006/9/25/161">orihinal</a> noong 2013-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2007-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+GPLv3+Position+Statement&rft.pub=Linux+Kernel+Mailing+List&rft.date=2006-09-25&rft.au=Torvalds%2C+Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flkml.org%2Flkml%2F2006%2F9%2F25%2F161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-estimating_size-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-estimating_size_14-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-estimating_size_14-1">14.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2002" class="citation web cs1">Wheeler, David A (2002-07-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060421145300/http://dwheeler.com/sloc/redhat71-v1/redhat71sloc.html">"More Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size"</a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwheeler.com/sloc/redhat71-v1/redhat71sloc.html">orihinal</a> noong 2006-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2006-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+Than+a+Gigabuck%3A+Estimating+GNU%2FLinux%27s+Size&rft.date=2002-07-29&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=David+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwheeler.com%2Fsloc%2Fredhat71-v1%2Fredhat71sloc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFAmor2007" class="citation web cs1">Amor, Juan José; atbp. (17 Hunyo 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925210354/https://penta.debconf.org/~joerg/attachments/33-measuring_etch_slides.pdf">"<i>Measuring Etch: the size of Debian 4.0</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penta.debconf.org/~joerg/attachments/33-measuring_etch_slides.pdf">orihinal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> noong 2007-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2007-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+Etch%3A+the+size+of+Debian+4.0&rft.date=2007-06-17&rft.aulast=Amor&rft.aufirst=Juan+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenta.debconf.org%2F~joerg%2Fattachments%2F33-measuring_etch_slides.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">|author2=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#explicit_et_al" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assignments.uspto.gov/assignments/q?db=tm&rno=1916230">"U.S. Reg No: 1916230"</a>. United States Patent and Trademark Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2006-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Reg+No%3A+1916230&rft.pub=United+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassignments.uspto.gov%2Fassignments%2Fq%3Fdb%3Dtm%26rno%3D1916230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9065">"Linux Timeline"</a>. Linux Journal. 31 Mayo 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Timeline&rft.pub=Linux+Journal&rft.date=2006-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Farticle%2F9065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoworld.com/article/05/09/05/36OPopenent_1.html">"Linus gets tough on Linux trademark"</a>. 2005-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2006-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linus+gets+tough+on+Linux+trademark&rft.date=2005-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F05%2F09%2F05%2F36OPopenent_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFStallman2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Stallman, Richard</a> (2007-03-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">"Linux and the GNU Project"</a>. Free Software Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2007-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+and+the+GNU+Project&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation&rft.date=2007-03-03&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Flinux-and-gnu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2023235">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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