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Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="فلسفة العقل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة العقل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_de_la_mente" title="Filosofía de la mente – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filosofía de la mente" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0drak_f%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99si" title="İdrak fəlsəfəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İdrak fəlsəfəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="মনের দর্শন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মনের দর্শন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A3_%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%81%D3%99%D1%84%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Аң фәлсәфәһе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аң фәлсәфәһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Философия на съзнанието – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Философия на съзнанието" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_de_la_ment" title="Filosofia de la ment – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filosofia de la ment" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofie_mysli" title="Filozofie mysli – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filozofie mysli" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athroniaeth_y_meddwl" title="Athroniaeth y meddwl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Athroniaeth y meddwl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevidsthedsfilosofi" title="Bevidsthedsfilosofi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bevidsthedsfilosofi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_des_Geistes" title="Philosophie des Geistes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philosophie des Geistes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaimufilosoofia" title="Vaimufilosoofia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaimufilosoofia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Φιλοσοφία του νου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φιλοσοφία του νου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Philosophy of mind" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_de_la_mente" title="Filosofía de la mente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filosofía de la mente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofio_de_menso" title="Filozofio de menso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filozofio de menso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adimenaren_filosofia" title="Adimenaren filosofia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adimenaren filosofia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="فلسفه ذهن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلسفه ذهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_de_l%27esprit" title="Philosophie de l'esprit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philosophie de l'esprit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99" title="심리철학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심리철학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գիտակցության փիլիսոփայություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիտակցության փիլիսոփայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_uma" title="Filozofija uma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filozofija uma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat_budi" title="Filsafat budi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filsafat budi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugspeki" title="Hugspeki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hugspeki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_della_mente" title="Filosofia della mente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filosofia della mente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A9" title="פילוסופיה של הנפש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פילוסופיה של הנפש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Сана философиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сана философиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_mentis" title="Philosophia mentis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philosophia mentis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%81ta_filozofija" title="Prāta filozofija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Prāta filozofija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85mon%C4%97s_filosofija" title="Sąmonės filosofija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sąmonės filosofija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmefiloz%C3%B3fia" title="Elmefilozófia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elmefilozófia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Филозофија на умот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филозофија на умот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%B4z%C3%B4fian%27_ny_saina" title="Filôzôfian' ny saina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Filôzôfian' ny saina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie_van_de_geest" title="Filosofie van de geest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Filosofie van de geest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E3%81%AE%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="心の哲学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="心の哲学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinnsfilosofi" title="Sinnsfilosofi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sinnsfilosofi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong_falsafasi" title="Ong falsafasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ong falsafasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਨ ਦਾ ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨ ਦਾ ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%DB%81%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="ذہن دا فلسفہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ذہن دا فلسفہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="د ذهن فلسفه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ذهن فلسفه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_umys%C5%82u" title="Filozofia umysłu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filozofia umysłu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_da_mente" title="Filosofia da mente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filosofia da mente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_min%C8%9Bii" title="Filozofia minții – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filozofia minții" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия сознания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Философия сознания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_e_mendjes" title="Filozofia e mendjes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filozofia e mendjes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_mysle" title="Filozofia mysle – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Filozofia mysle" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فەلسەفەی زەین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەلسەفەی زەین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Филозофија духа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филозофија духа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_uma" title="Filozofija uma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filozofija uma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mielenfilosofia" 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lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phrenology1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Phrenology1.jpg/200px-Phrenology1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Phrenology1.jpg/300px-Phrenology1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Phrenology1.jpg/400px-Phrenology1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain_mapping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brain mapping (not yet started)">mapping</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> from the 1800s. <a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a> was one way that tried to explain the brain in the past, although it is now considered wrong.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Philosophy of mind</b> is one part of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> that works with the <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>. It is about thinking how the mind works, and how it relates to the world. It also deals with <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, which is also researched in <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mind-body_problem">Mind-body problem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_mind&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Mind-body problem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_mind&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Mind-body problem"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mind-body problem is the main problem that is talked about in philosophy of mind. It is the problem of how our minds and our bodies are related, and what exactly the mind is. Many different answers have been come up with to solve the mind-body problem. Most of them fall into the two groups of <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">dualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dualism_as_an_answer_to_the_mind-body_problem">Dualism as an answer to the mind-body problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_mind&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Dualism as an answer to the mind-body problem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_mind&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Dualism as an answer to the mind-body problem"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">Dualism (philosophy of mind)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a> is the belief that minds and bodies are separate things. One of the main dualist views comes from <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> and is named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesian_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartesian dualism (not yet started)">Cartesian dualism</a>, or substance dualism. Descartes thought that minds and bodies were two completely different substances (like <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>) in the world. He argued that consciousness was different from the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One reason to believe dualism is that when you ask most people what the mind is, they would say it is their personality or their soul. They would almost certainly deny that the mind simply is the brain, or vice versa, finding the idea that there is just one <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology"><i>ontological</i></a> thing at play to be too machine-like.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mental events have a subjective quality, whereas physical events do not. So, for example, one can ask what a blue sky looks like, or what nice music sounds like to a person. But it is odd, to ask what an increase in chemicals in your brain feels like. These subjective aspects of mental events are called "<a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">qualia</a>" by philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But if it is true that the mind can exist without the brain, dualists must explain how a non-physical mind can affect physical reality. This remains a problem for dualism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monism_as_an_answer_to_the_mind-body_problem">Monism as an answer to the mind-body problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_mind&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Monism as an answer to the mind-body problem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_mind&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Monism as an answer to the mind-body problem"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a> is the opposite of dualism because it is the belief that minds and bodies are not separate things. Many monist views are called <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a> because they think that minds are not anything different from matter just like bodies. In the early 20th century, a popular answer was behaviorism.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behaviorism says that a person's inner mental life is unpredictable. Only behaviors we can see are useful for scientists and philosophers. This view became unpopular in the second half of the century, during the "cognitive revolution", which saw psychology, linguistics, computer science, anthropology, neuroscience, and philosophy combine together to find ways to study the mind scientifically. </p><p>After behaviorism failed, materialist philosophers invented <i>type physicalism</i>. These philosophers thought that, if mental states are something material, but not behavioral, then mental states are probably identical to a brain states. In very simplified terms: For example, the mental state "desire for a cup of coffee" is actually just the "firing of certain neurons in certain brain regions". However, other philosophers saw that type physicalism could not explain an idea called <i>multiple realizability</i>. Multiple realizability means that a mental state can be created by different brain states. For example, a dog has a different brain and nervous system for a person. However, both can experience the mental state of "pain". This view led to a different kind of monism called <i>functionalism</i>, and compared the mind to a computer. Many functionalists think the mind is like <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, and the brain is <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>. </p><p>One problem with functionalism is the <i>Chinese room thought experiment</i> by John Searle. Searle tells a story of a man that only speaks English locked inside a room. Inside the room are Chinese symbols and a rule book in English on moving the symbols around. Other people outside communicate with him in Chinese writing. The man can reply in perfect Chinese by following the rules, but does that mean the man knows any Chinese? Searle does not think so, and this means that thinking must happen at a higher level than following rules like a computer.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panpsychism_as_an_answer_to_the_mind-body_problem">Panpsychism as an answer to the mind-body problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_mind&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Panpsychism as an answer to the mind-body problem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_mind&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Panpsychism as an answer to the mind-body problem"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">Panpsychism</a> is the belief that mental aspects are basic and everywhere in the world. This could mean conscious experience, or thought, is everywhere. It has a long history in both Western and Eastern philosophy. It is becoming popular again in recent times. Panpsychism is a "middle way" between dualism and monism. A panpsychist might say that humans have a very rich experience, horses less, mice even less, and plants even less. They would say that experiences reduce down to the most basic levels of reality, perhaps electrons are quarks. In this way, there could be a small amount of consciousness in the universe that can combine into the kind of experience humans have. Philosopher and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> endorsed this view of <i>Russellian</i> or <i>neutral monism.</i> Like dualism and monism, there are many other types of panpsychism, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. </p><p>One problem with all types of panpsychism is the "combination problem": how does this small amount of consciousness combine to form a "big" conscious subject? Most philosophers at the moment do not think there is a good answer to the combination problem. Panpsychism has only recently been taken seriously in philosophy and neuroscience, so an explanation of the combination problem may be decades or hundreds of years away.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mysterianism">Mysterianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_mind&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Mysterianism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_mind&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Mysterianism"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mysterianism is an idea that there are no answers to the mind-body problem. There are many different types of mysterianism. The strongest types say that there will never be an answer because our mind has limits. A weaker type of mysterianism might say that we will not be able to answer the mind-body problem until we have more scientific knowledge, or even a <i>paradigm shift</i>. A paradigm shift means that the basic ideas in our science and the way we explain the world all must change.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_mind&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_mind&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver Elbs, <i>Neuro-Esthetics: Mapological foundations and applications (Map 2003)</i>, (Munich 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDescartes1998" class="citation book cs1">Descartes, René (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39606836"><i>Discourse on method ; and : Meditations on first philosophy</i></a>. Donald A. Cress (4th ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-421-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-421-9"><bdi>0-87220-421-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39606836">39606836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourse+on+method+%3B+and+%3A+Meditations+on+first+philosophy&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Hackett+Pub&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39606836&rft.isbn=0-87220-421-9&rft.aulast=Descartes&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F39606836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy+of+mind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGuttenplan1995" class="citation cs2">Guttenplan, Samuel, ed. (1995), "A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind", Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 544–584, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fb.9780631199960.1995.00018.x">10.1111/b.9780631199960.1995.00018.x</a> (inactive 2024-11-02), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631199960" title="Special:BookSources/9780631199960"><bdi>9780631199960</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Companion+to+the+Philosophy+of+Mind&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=544-584&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fb.9780631199960.1995.00018.x&rft.isbn=9780631199960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy+of+mind" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203987698-28">"David J. Chalmers, "Absent Qualia, Fading Qualia, Dancing Qualia"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>, <i>Philosophy of Mind: Contemporary Readings</i>, Routledge, pp. 246–266, 2005-07-26, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203987698-28">10.4324/9780203987698-28</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-98769-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-98769-8"><bdi>978-0-203-98769-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+of+Mind%3A+Contemporary+Readings&rft.atitle=David+J.+Chalmers%2C+%22Absent+Qualia%2C+Fading+Qualia%2C+Dancing+Qualia%22&rft.pages=246-266&rft.date=2005-07-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203987698-28&rft.isbn=978-0-203-98769-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9780203987698-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy+of+mind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKim2018" class="citation cs2">Kim, Jaegwon (2018-04-19), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429494857-10">"Consciousness and the Mind-Body Problem"</a>, <i>Philosophy of Mind</i>, Routledge, pp. 301–337, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429494857-10">10.4324/9780429494857-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-49485-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-49485-7"><bdi>978-0-429-49485-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+of+Mind&rft.atitle=Consciousness+and+the+Mind-Body+Problem&rft.pages=301-337&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429494857-10&rft.isbn=978-0-429-49485-7&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jaegwon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9780429494857-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy+of+mind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCole2020" class="citation cs2">Cole, David (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/chinese-room/">"The Chinese Room Argument"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Winter 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Room+Argument&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Winter+2020&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2020%2Fentries%2Fchinese-room%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy+of+mind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGoffSeagerAllen-Hermanson2021" class="citation cs2">Goff, Philip; Seager, William; Allen-Hermanson, Sean (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/panpsychism/">"Panpsychism"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Winter 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Panpsychism&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Winter+2021&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Goff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Seager%2C+William&rft.au=Allen-Hermanson%2C+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2021%2Fentries%2Fpanpsychism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy+of+mind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFNickles2017" class="citation cs2">Nickles, Thomas (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/scientific-revolutions/">"Scientific Revolutions"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Winter 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scientific+Revolutions&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Winter+2017&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Nickles&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2017%2Fentries%2Fscientific-revolutions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy+of+mind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_mind&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: 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mind)">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihumanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antihumanism (not yet started)">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolute_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolute idealism (not yet started)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British idealism (not yet started)">British</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Objective_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Objective idealism (not yet started)">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjective_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjective idealism (not yet started)">Subjective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology" title="Phenomenology">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical Realism (not yet started)">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social organization (not yet started)">Collectivism</a> (related page: <a href="/wiki/Collectivism" title="Collectivism">Collectivism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edo_neo-Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edo neo-Confucianism (not yet started)">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundationalism (not yet started)">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokugaku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokugaku (not yet started)">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Confucianism (not yet started)">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-scholasticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-scholasticism (not yet started)">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcendentalism (not yet started)">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li>Named after <b>people</b>:</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartesianism (not yet started)">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kantianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kantianism (not yet started)">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Kantianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-Kantianism (not yet started)">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard (not yet started)">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krausism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krausism (not yet started)">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegelianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hegelianism (not yet started)">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marxist_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marxist philosophy (not yet started)">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newtonianism (not yet started)">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche (not yet started)">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinozism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinozism (not yet started)">Spinozism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li>Logical <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal positivism (not yet started)">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Applied ethics (not yet started)">Applied ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_feminism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytical feminism (not yet started)">Analytic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_Marxism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytical Marxism (not yet started)">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communitarianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communitarianism (not yet started)">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critical_rationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Critical rationalism (not yet started)">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experimental philosophy (not yet started)">Experimental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundationalism (not yet started)">Foundationalism</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coherentism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coherentism (not yet started)">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internalism_and_externalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internalism and externalism (not yet started)">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meta-ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meta-ethics (not yet started)">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moral_realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moral realism (not yet started)">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalized_epistemology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naturalized epistemology (not yet started)">Quinean naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postanalytic_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postanalytic philosophy (not yet started)">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quietism_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quietism (philosophy) (not yet started)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_epistemology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reformed epistemology (not yet started)">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systemics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systemics (not yet started)">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientism (not yet started)">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific realism (not yet started)">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_skepticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific skepticism (not yet started)">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transactionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transactionalism (not yet started)">Transactionalism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122492"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consciousness" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122447"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consciousness" title="Template:Consciousness"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Consciousness (not yet started)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Consciousness&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consciousness" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philosophy of mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">Panpsychism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomalous_monism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anomalous monism (not yet started)">Anomalous monism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_theory_of_mind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computational theory of mind (not yet started)">Computationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Double-aspect_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Double-aspect theory (not yet started)">Double-aspect theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eliminative_materialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eliminative materialism (not yet started)">Eliminative materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergentism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emergentism (not yet started)">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphenomenalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epiphenomenalism (not yet started)">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind) (not yet started)">Interactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mind–body dualism (not yet started)">Mind–body dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutral_monism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutral monism (not yet started)">Neutral monism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_mysterianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New mysterianism (not yet started)">New mysterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nondualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nondualism (not yet started)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychophysical_parallelism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychophysical parallelism (not yet started)">Parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Property dualism (not yet started)">Property dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexive_monism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reflexive monism (not yet started)">Reflexive monism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revisionary_materialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revisionary materialism (not yet started)">Revisionary materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_physicalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Type physicalism (not yet started)">Type physicalism (reductive materialism, identity theory)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attention_schema_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attention schema theory (not yet started)">Attention schema theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Universe_of_Consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Universe of Consciousness (not yet started)">Dynamic core hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damasio%27s_theory_of_consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damasio's theory of consciousness (not yet started)">Damasio's theory of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electromagnetic theories of consciousness (not yet started)">Electromagnetic theories of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_workspace_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Global workspace theory (not yet started)">Global workspace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher-order_theories_of_consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher-order theories of consciousness (not yet started)">Higher-order theories of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holonomic_brain_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holonomic brain theory (not yet started)">Holonomic brain theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_information_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrated information theory (not yet started)">Integrated information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_masking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visual masking (not yet started)">Lamme's recurrent feedback hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_drafts_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multiple drafts model (not yet started)">Multiple drafts model</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchestrated_objective_reduction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orchestrated objective reduction (not yet started)">Orchestrated objective reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">Altered state of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Philosophical zombie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">Sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subconscious" class="mw-redirect" title="Subconscious">Subconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconsciousness">Unconsciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agnosia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agnosia (not yet started)">Agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Animal consciousness (not yet started)">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artificial consciousness (not yet started)">Artificial consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awareness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awareness (not yet started)">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binding_problem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binding problem (not yet started)">Binding problem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binocular_rivalry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binocular rivalry (not yet started)">Binocular rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blindsight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blindsight (not yet started)">Blindsight</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesian_theater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartesian theater (not yet started)">Cartesian theater</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consciousness_after_death&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consciousness after death (not yet started)">Consciousness after death</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disorders_of_consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disorders of consciousness (not yet started)">Disorders of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divided_consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divided consciousness (not yet started)">Divided consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dual consciousness (not yet started)">Dual consciousness (split-brain)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explanatory_gap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Explanatory gap (not yet started)">Explanatory gap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flash_suppression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flash suppression (not yet started)">Flash suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_problem_of_consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hard problem of consciousness (not yet started)">Hard problem of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterophenomenology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterophenomenology (not yet started)">Heterophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher consciousness (not yet started)">Higher consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Introspection_illusion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Introspection illusion (not yet started)">Introspection illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knowledge argument (not yet started)">Knowledge argument</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locked-in_syndrome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locked-in syndrome (not yet started)">Locked-in syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind%E2%80%93body_problem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mind–body problem (not yet started)">Mind–body problem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimally_conscious_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minimally conscious state (not yet started)">Minimally conscious state</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neural_correlates_of_consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neural correlates of consciousness (not yet started)">Neural correlates of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurophenomenology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurophenomenology (not yet started)">Neurophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phenomenology (philosophy) (not yet started)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primary consciousness (not yet started)">Primary consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Problem_of_other_minds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Problem of other minds (not yet started)">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_mind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantum mind (not yet started)">Quantum mind</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reentry_(neural_circuitry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reentry (neural circuitry) (not yet started)">Reentry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakshi_(witness)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakshi (witness) (not yet started)">Sakshi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purusha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purusha (not yet started)">Purusha</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary consciousness (not yet started)">Secondary consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentiocentrism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentiocentrism (not yet started)">Sentiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_human_consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of human consciousness (not yet started)">Sociology of human consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream_of_consciousness_(psychology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stream of consciousness (psychology) (not yet started)">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjective_character_of_experience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjective character of experience (not yet started)">Subjective character of experience</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy) (not yet started)">Subjectivity and objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_masking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visual masking (not yet started)">Visual masking</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Wigner_interpretation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation (not yet started)">Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yogachara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yogachara (not yet started)">Yogachara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People<br />(or figures)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Gustav Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_D._Hoffman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald D. Hoffman (not yet started)">Donald D. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Brentano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Brentano (not yet started)">Franz Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Fechner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Fechner (not yet started)">Gustav Fechner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Koffka" title="Kurt Koffka">Kurt Koffka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Wertheimer" title="Max Wertheimer">Max Wertheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler" title="Wolfgang Köhler">Wolfgang Köhler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neuroscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anil_Seth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anil Seth (not yet started)">Anil Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Damasio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Damasio (not yet started)">Antonio Damasio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Libet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Libet (not yet started)">Benjamin Libet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Baars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Baars (not yet started)">Bernard Baars</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christof_Koch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christof Koch (not yet started)">Christof Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giulio_Tononi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giulio Tononi (not yet started)">Giulio Tononi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl Pribram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Weiskrantz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Weiskrantz (not yet started)">Lawrence Weiskrantz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Gazzaniga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Gazzaniga (not yet started)">Michael Gazzaniga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Graziano" title="Michael Graziano">Michael Graziano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Wilken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Wilken (not yet started)">Patrick Wilken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanislas_Dehaene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanislas Dehaene (not yet started)">Stanislas Dehaene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Laureys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Laureys (not yet started)">Steven Laureys</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Hameroff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuart Hameroff (not yet started)">Stuart Hameroff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolf_Singer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolf Singer (not yet started)">Wolf Singer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annaka_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annaka Harris (not yet started)">Annaka Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Bohm (not yet started)">David Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Blackmore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Blackmore (not yet started)">Susan Blackmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Universe_of_Consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Universe of Consciousness (not yet started)">A Universe of Consciousness</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness (not yet started)">Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consciousness_and_Cognition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consciousness and Cognition (not yet started)">Consciousness and Cognition</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consciousness_Explained&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consciousness Explained (not yet started)">Consciousness Explained</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmic Consciousness (not yet started)">Cosmic Consciousness</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=How_the_Self_Controls_Its_Brain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="How the Self Controls Its Brain (not yet started)">How the Self Controls Its Brain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Consciousness Studies (not yet started)">Journal of Consciousness Studies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Consciousness_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Consciousness Conference (not yet started)">Online Consciousness Conference</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psyche_(consciousness_journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psyche (consciousness journal) (not yet started)">Psyche</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Astonishing_Hypothesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Astonishing Hypothesis (not yet started)">The Astonishing Hypothesis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Conscious_Mind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Conscious Mind (not yet started)">The Conscious Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emperor%27s_New_Mind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Emperor's New Mind (not yet started)">The Emperor's New Mind</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Science_of_Consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Science of Consciousness (not yet started)">The Science of Consciousness</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Understanding_Consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Understanding Consciousness (not yet started)">Understanding Consciousness</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=What_Is_It_Like_to_Be_a_Bat%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="What Is It Like to Be a Bat? (not yet started)">What Is It Like to Be a Bat?</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wider_than_the_Sky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wider than the Sky (not yet started)">Wider than the Sky</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_mind&oldid=9860389">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_mind&oldid=9860389</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Branches_of_philosophy" title="Category:Branches of philosophy">Branches of philosophy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing title">CS1 errors: missing title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 2 November 2024, at 12:45.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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