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<span>Folktales</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Folktales-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Folktales subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Folktales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry_and_Songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_and_Songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Poetry and Songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_and_Songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_folklore_on_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_folklore_on_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence of folklore on other media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_of_folklore_on_other_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence of folklore on other media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_folklore_on_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor_Tionghoa" title="Folklor Tionghoa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Folklor Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folclore_cinese" title="Folclore cinese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Folclore cinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6" title="ಚೀನೀ ಜಾನಪದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನೀ ಜಾನಪದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فۆلکلۆری چینی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆلکلۆری چینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk_folklore" title="Kinesisk folklore – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinesisk folklore" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradisyong-pambayang_Tsino" title="Tradisyong-pambayang Tsino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" 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It often tells stories of <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a>, historical or legendary events, love, and the supernatural. The stories often explain <a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_phenomena" title="List of natural phenomena">natural phenomena</a> and distinctive landmarks.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a>, it forms an important element in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_folklore&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_folklore&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folktales">Folktales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_folklore&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Folktales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niulang_and_Zhinv_(Long_Corridor).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Niulang_and_Zhinv_%28Long_Corridor%29.JPG/220px-Niulang_and_Zhinv_%28Long_Corridor%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Niulang_and_Zhinv_%28Long_Corridor%29.JPG/330px-Niulang_and_Zhinv_%28Long_Corridor%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Niulang_and_Zhinv_%28Long_Corridor%29.JPG/440px-Niulang_and_Zhinv_%28Long_Corridor%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>The reunion of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cowherd_and_the_Weaver_Girl" title="The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl">The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl</a></i>. Artwork in the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main influences on Chinese folk tales have been <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Some folktales may have arrived from Germany when Grimm brothers had contributed some materials for the folktales regard to the country life of the German dwellers since the 1840s;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others have no known western counterparts, but are widespread throughout East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Folktales_of_China_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folktales_of_China-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese folktales include a vast variety of forms such as myths, legends, fables, etc. A number of collections of such tales, such as <a href="/wiki/Pu_Songling" title="Pu Songling">Pu Songling</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Stories_from_a_Chinese_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio">Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio</a></i>, now remain popular. </p><p>Each Chinese folktale includes the representation of various objects and animals and uses symbolic messages through its characters and usually strives to convey a message that instills the reader with some sort of virtuous insight. These messages are vital to Chinese culture and through these folktales, they will be passed down to future generations to also learn from.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_folklore&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Great Race is a folk story that describes the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a> calendar that includes twelves animals each representing a specific year in a twelve-year cycle. </p><p>Chinese folklore contains many symbolic folk meanings for the objects and animals within the folktales. One example of this is the symbolic meaning behind frogs and toads. Toads are named Ch'an Chu (<span lang="zh">蟾蜍</span>) in Chinese, a folklore about <a href="/wiki/Toad" title="Toad">Ch'an Chu</a> illustrates the toad imports the implication of eternal life and perpetual. Chinese folklore unfolds the story of a Ch'an Chu (toad) is saved by Liu Hai, who is a courtier in ancient Chinese period. For recompense the gratitude to Liu Hai, Ch' an Chu divulge the secret of eternal life and being immortal to Liu Hai. And this is the origin of Ch' an Chu as a symbol of eternal in traditional Chinese folklore culture.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the "Chinese myth of the Moon Goddess, <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e" title="Chang'e">Chang'e</a>", frogs and toads are a symbol of wealth and prosperity as well as symbolize fertility, regeneration, yin, and immortality. It is said that there were ten suns exposing the earth in the ancient times. <a href="/wiki/Hou_Yi" title="Hou Yi">Hou Yi</a> who was an archer as well as the husband of Chang'e, he shot down nine suns from the sky with his bow and arrow. For expressing gratitude god rewarded him with pill which is an immortal elixir. In some versions of this tale, Chang'e took the pill for in avarice and she transformed into a three-legged Ch'an Chu and eventually flew to the moon. Hou Yi loved his wife so much that God allowed him to reunite annually with Chang'e at moment of the full moon on the 15th of August in Chinese lunar calendar, which is the celebration of Mid-Autumn Festival. From then on, the moon and Chang'e relate to the toad comprise the significance eternal and reunion.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Study">Study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_folklore&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formal academic study of Chinese folklore began to gain popularity in the 1910s with the <a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a>, which advocated <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular Chinese">Vernacular Chinese</a> as the language of education and literature. Because most folklore was created in the spoken language, this movement brought scholars' attention to the influences of folklore on classical literature. <a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>, a strong advocate of Vernacular Chinese, concluded that when Chinese writers drew their inspiration from traditional tales and songs, Chinese literature experienced a renaissance. When writers neglected these sources, they lost touch with the people of the nation. An emphasis on the study of folklore, Hu concluded, could usher in a literary renaissance. A rising sense of national identity also spurred the new interest in traditional folklore. The first issue of the <i>Folk-Song Weekly</i>, a publication issued by the Folk-Song Research Society, stated that "Based on the folk songs, on the real feeling of the nation, a kind of new national poetry may be produced."<sup id="cite_ref-Folktales_of_China_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folktales_of_China-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Folksong Studies Movement became a key contributor to establishing Chinese folklore as a modern academic discipline. This movement was founded by Hu Shi's students and colleagues at Peking University, such as <a href="/wiki/Gu_Jiegang" title="Gu Jiegang">Gu Jiegang</a>. They were successful in creating a field of study that focused on literature pertaining to Chinese folklore and attempted to bring to light the early traditions and culture of Chinese folklore in order to reestablish China's national spirit.;<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> in 1919 sparked patriotic students and scholars to collect and record historical folklore in both rural and urban areas. Folklore collections in the May Fourth Movement had a broad territorial sweep, including not only the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Han_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Han people">Han</a>, who form the majority, but also the minority areas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Folksong collection was carried by Peking University one year before the May Fourth Movement, started in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some folklore enthusiasts also hoped to improve the condition of the Chinese people and believed it necessary to understand their ideas, beliefs, and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-Folktales_of_China_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folktales_of_China-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communist</a> activists and scholars collected songs and local lore, often, reinventing and reinterpreting them to emphasize such themes as the virtue of the working commoner and the evil of aristocracy, while they left out stories that expressed praise for the emperor or traditional Confucian values from their collections. Widely circulated stories of today may have been treated in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-Folktales_of_China_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folktales_of_China-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some claimed that folksongs played a significant part in the integration of folklore culture in the early twentieth century of China, as well as a functional tool to convey the spirit of socialism and communism after the Liberation period.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After China emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> period in the late 1970s, the state adopted a more accepting position toward academic research on China's cultural traditions and folklore. Forbidden traditions and practices in early Chinese history became more relevant and accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetry_and_Songs">Poetry and Songs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_folklore&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Poetry and Songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></i>, the earliest known Chinese collection of poetry, contains 160 folk songs in addition to courtly songs and hymns. One tradition holds that <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> himself collected these songs, while another says that an emperor compiled them as a means to gauge the mood of the people and the effectiveness of his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed that Confucius did encourage his followers to study the songs contained in the <i>Classic of Poetry</i>, helping to secure the <i>Classic of Poetry'</i>s place among the <i><a href="/wiki/Five_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Classics">Five Classics</a></i>. After Confucian ideas became further entrenched in Chinese culture (after about 100 BCE), Confucius's endorsement led many scholars to study the lyrics of the <i>Classic of Poetry</i> and interpret them as political allegories and commentaries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Folksongs are divided into three major parts which are shan' ge (mountain songs), xiaodiao (little tunes), and chang'ge (long songs). Regarding shan'ge the mountain songs are having a deviation to represent the specific regional level, concentrating on rural rather than urban region. Xiaodiao can be considered as the mainstream folksongs among the genres, which are introduced to the general public with familiarity. Always accompanied by performs and professional stage shows presenting to the public. In terms of the chang'ge, long songs, which is a certain kind of narrative songs utilized mostly by the national minorities in some special events as a narrative form in singing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_of_folklore_on_other_media">Influence of folklore on other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_folklore&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence of folklore on other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mawangdui_silk_banner_from_tomb_no1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mawangdui_silk_banner_from_tomb_no1.jpg/220px-Mawangdui_silk_banner_from_tomb_no1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="548" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mawangdui_silk_banner_from_tomb_no1.jpg/330px-Mawangdui_silk_banner_from_tomb_no1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mawangdui_silk_banner_from_tomb_no1.jpg/440px-Mawangdui_silk_banner_from_tomb_no1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>The Journey to eternal life of Lady Dai (Xin Chui). Mawangdui, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan Province</a>, about 168 <a href="/wiki/Before_the_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before the Common Era">before the Common Era</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_folklore&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese folklore has provided inspiration for visual imagery by Chinese weavers, painters, water colorists, and florists. One of the most striking examples is a silk funerary banner (circa 168 BC) that contains a number of stories from early China.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_folklore&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern iterations of traditional Chinese stories can be found internationally as well as in native Chinese literature. <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Yep" title="Laurence Yep">Laurence Yep</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Magic_Paintbrush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Magic Paintbrush (page does not exist)">The Magic Paintbrush</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Hong_Kingston" title="Maxine Hong Kingston">Maxine Hong Kingston</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Woman_Warrior" title="The Woman Warrior">The Woman Warrior</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Walt Disney Pictures</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Mulan_(1998_film)" title="Mulan (1998 film)">Mulan</a></i> (based on <a href="/wiki/Hua_Mulan" title="Hua Mulan">Hua Mulan</a>) all borrow from Chinese folklore traditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_folklore&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese folklore has provided inspiration for Chinese writers and poets for centuries. Folk songs, which were originally accompanied by dance and other styles of performing arts, provided inspiration for courtly poetry. Classical fiction began in the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> and was modeled after oral traditions, while <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming</a> era dramatic plays were influenced by folk plays.<sup id="cite_ref-Folktales_of_China_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folktales_of_China-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_folklore&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels">Classic Chinese Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">Dance in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music of China</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_folklore&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giskin, Howard. <i>Chinese Folktales.</i> (NTC Publishing Group, Chicago, 1997). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8442-5927-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8442-5927-6">0-8442-5927-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMairBender2011" class="citation book cs1">Mair, Victor; Bender, Mark (3 May 2011). <i>The Columbia Anthology of Chinese Folk and Popular Literature</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231526739" title="Special:BookSources/9780231526739"><bdi>9780231526739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Anthology+of+Chinese+Folk+and+Popular+Literature&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft.isbn=9780231526739&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Bender%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+folklore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Folktales_of_China-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Folktales_of_China_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folktales_of_China_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folktales_of_China_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folktales_of_China_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folktales_of_China_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eberhard, Wolfram, <i>Folktales of China.</i>(1965). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1965. University of Congress Catalog Card Number: 65-25440</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shanshan, Y. (2016). Frogs and Toads in Chinese Myths, Legends, and Folklore. Chinese America: History & Perspectives, 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrump2015" class="citation book cs1">Crump, Martha L (2015). <i>Eye of Newt and Toe of Frog, Adder's Fork and Lizard's Leg : The Lore and Mythology of Amphibians and Reptiles</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226116143" title="Special:BookSources/9780226116143"><bdi>9780226116143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eye+of+Newt+and+Toe+of+Frog%2C+Adder%27s+Fork+and+Lizard%27s+Leg+%3A+The+Lore+and+Mythology+of+Amphibians+and+Reptiles&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780226116143&rft.aulast=Crump&rft.aufirst=Martha+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+folklore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrump2015" class="citation book cs1">Crump, Martha L (2015). <i>Eye of Newt and Toe of Frog, Adder's Fork and Lizard's Leg : The Lore and Mythology of Amphibians and Reptiles</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 87–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226116143" title="Special:BookSources/9780226116143"><bdi>9780226116143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eye+of+Newt+and+Toe+of+Frog%2C+Adder%27s+Fork+and+Lizard%27s+Leg+%3A+The+Lore+and+Mythology+of+Amphibians+and+Reptiles&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780226116143&rft.aulast=Crump&rft.aufirst=Martha+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+folklore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">AN, D., & YANG, L. (2015). Chinese Folklore Since the Late 1970s. Asian Ethnology, 74(2), 273–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMairBender2011" class="citation book cs1">Mair, Victor; Bender, Mark (3 May 2011). <i>The Columbia Anthology of Chinese Folk and Popular Literature</i>. Columbia University Press. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231526739" title="Special:BookSources/9780231526739"><bdi>9780231526739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Anthology+of+Chinese+Folk+and+Popular+Literature&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft.isbn=9780231526739&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Bender%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+folklore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1979" class="citation journal cs1">Knecht, Peter (1979). "Asian Folklore Studies". <i>Asian Ethnology</i>. <b>26</b> (2). Nanzan University: 5–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1177728">10.2307/1177728</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0385-2342">0385-2342</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177728">1177728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Ethnology&rft.atitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=5-6&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0385-2342&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1177728%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1177728&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+folklore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackerras1984" class="citation journal cs1">Mackerras, Colin (April 1984). "Folksongs and Dances of China's Minority Nationalities: Policy, Tradition, and Professionalization". <i>Modern China</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 194–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009770048401000202">10.1177/009770048401000202</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/189024">189024</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143857971">143857971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Folksongs+and+Dances+of+China%27s+Minority+Nationalities%3A+Policy%2C+Tradition%2C+and+Professionalization&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=194-195&rft.date=1984-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143857971%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F189024%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009770048401000202&rft.aulast=Mackerras&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+folklore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/19980115021723/http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/english/worldlit/wldocs/churchill/bksongs.htm">"Book of Songs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/english/worldlit/wldocs/churchill/bksongs.htm">the original</a> on 15 January 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Songs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmockingbird.creighton.edu%2Fenglish%2Fworldlit%2Fwldocs%2Fchurchill%2Fbksongs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+folklore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/19980115021723/http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/english/worldlit/wldocs/churchill/bksongs.htm">"Book of Songs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/english/worldlit/wldocs/churchill/bksongs.htm">the original</a> on 15 January 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Songs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmockingbird.creighton.edu%2Fenglish%2Fworldlit%2Fwldocs%2Fchurchill%2Fbksongs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+folklore" class="Z3988"></span> /</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackerras1984" class="citation journal cs1">Mackerras, Colin (April 1984). "Folksongs and Dances of China's Minority Nationalities: Policy, Tradition, and Professionalization". <i>Modern China</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 195–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009770048401000202">10.1177/009770048401000202</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/189024">189024</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143857971">143857971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Folksongs+and+Dances+of+China%27s+Minority+Nationalities%3A+Policy%2C+Tradition%2C+and+Professionalization&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-196&rft.date=1984-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143857971%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F189024%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009770048401000202&rft.aulast=Mackerras&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+folklore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cuddgTWyx50C&q=hare+and+toad+on+the+moon">Chinese Myths</a>, by Anne Birrell. University of Texas Press, Sep 15, 2000 – Literary Criticism – 80 pages</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_folklore&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Eberhard" title="Wolfram Eberhard">Eberhard, Wolfram</a>, translated by Paul Freeouf (1984). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/1882">On the Question of Transmission of Folktales in China</a>". In: <i>Folklore Forum</i> 17 (1): 20-60. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2022%2F1882">https://hdl.handle.net/2022/1882</a></span>.</li> <li>Lou Tsu-k'uang (ed.), <i>Asian Folklore and Social Life</i> – 2 vols. (Orient Cultural Service, Taiwan, 1975).</li> <li>Women of China (firm), <i>Women in Chinese Folklore.</i> (Chinese Publications Centre, Beijing, 1983)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Folktale indexes</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Eberhard, Wolfram. <i>Typen Chinesischer Volksmärchen</i>. FF Communications 120. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1937.</li> <li>Nai-tung TING. <i>A Type Index of Chinese Folktales in the Oral Tradition and Major Works of Non-religious Classical Literature</i>. FF Communications, no. 223. Helsinki, Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1978.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_folklore&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshliman" class="citation web cs1">Ashliman, D. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224073548/http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/china.html">"Folktales from China"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/china.html">the original</a> on 24 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Folktales+from+China&rft.aulast=Ashliman&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pitt.edu%2F~dash%2Fchina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+folklore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill" class="citation web cs1">Churchill, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828200801/http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/english/worldlit/wldocs/churchill/bksongs.htm">"Book of Songs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/english/worldlit/wldocs/churchill/bksongs.htm">the original</a> on 28 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Songs&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmockingbird.creighton.edu%2Fenglish%2Fworldlit%2Fwldocs%2Fchurchill%2Fbksongs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+folklore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215809/http://nanpin.china.com.cn/english/culture/137102.htm">"Collection of Chinese Folk Songs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nanpin.china.com.cn/english/culture/137102.htm">the original</a> on 26 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collection+of+Chinese+Folk+Songs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnanpin.china.com.cn%2Fenglish%2Fculture%2F137102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+folklore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://china-underground.com/2016/04/09/demons-monsters-ghosts-of-the-chinese-folklore/">"Demons, Monsters, and Ghosts of the Chinese Folklore"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demons%2C+Monsters%2C+and+Ghosts+of+the+Chinese+Folklore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchina-underground.com%2F2016%2F04%2F09%2Fdemons-monsters-ghosts-of-the-chinese-folklore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+folklore" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Folklore_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Folklore_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Folklore of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Indonesia" title="Folklore of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Malaysia" title="Folklore of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Maldives" title="Folklore of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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