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<li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic_and_misinformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic_and_misinformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>COVID-19 pandemic and misinformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic_and_misinformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plagiarism_by_co-founder_David_Mikkelson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plagiarism_by_co-founder_David_Mikkelson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Plagiarism by co-founder David Mikkelson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plagiarism_by_co-founder_David_Mikkelson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_of_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_of_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Change of ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_of_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Main site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Snopes</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B3.%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85" title="سنوبس.كوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سنوبس.كوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes.com" title="Snopes.com – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Snopes.com" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Legends_Reference_Pages" title="Urban Legends Reference Pages – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Urban Legends Reference Pages" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Snopes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Snopes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Snopes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="اسنوپس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسنوپس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Snopes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%86%89%EC%8A%A4" title="스놉스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스놉스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Snopes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Snopes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1" title="סנופס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנופס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9" title="スノープス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スノープス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Snopes" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Snopes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Snopes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes.com" title="Snopes.com – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Snopes.com" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Snopes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Snopes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Snopes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Snopes" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2287154#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fact-checking website</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the novels by William Faulkner, see <a href="/wiki/Snopes_trilogy" title="Snopes trilogy">Snopes trilogy</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org"><i>Snopes.com</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snopes_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Snopes logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Snopes_logo.png/125px-Snopes_logo.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Snopes_logo.png/188px-Snopes_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Snopes_logo.png/250px-Snopes_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="184" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snopes_home_page_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/Snopes_home_page_screenshot.png/300px-Snopes_home_page_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ac/Snopes_home_page_screenshot.png 1.5x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="237" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Type of site</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Reference pages</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Richmond_(entrepreneur)" title="Chris Richmond (entrepreneur)">Chris Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drew_Schoentrup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drew Schoentrup (page does not exist)">Drew Schoentrup</a><sup id="cite_ref-yahoo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahoo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paGKj_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paGKj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data">Barbara Mikkelson<br />David P. Mikkelson<sup id="cite_ref-webby_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webby-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com">snopes.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commercial</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration</th><td class="infobox-data">Required only on forums</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">1994<span class="noprint">; 30 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1994</span>)</span> (as <i>Urban Legends Reference Pages</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Snopes</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>), formerly known as the <i><b>Urban Legends Reference Pages</b></i>, is a <a href="/wiki/Fact_checking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fact checking">fact-checking</a> website.<sup id="cite_ref-bXXvq_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bXXvq-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been described as a "well-regarded reference for sorting out myths and rumors" on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-NwKqn_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NwKqn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zqpch_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zqpch-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site has also been seen as a source for both validating and <a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">debunking</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legends</a> and similar stories in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American popular culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2qSrZ_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2qSrZ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snopes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snopes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-tri_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tri-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-W4pKe_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W4pKe-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-U3B0T_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U3B0T-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David and Barbara Mikkelson created an urban <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> web site that would become <i>Snopes.com</i>. <i>Snopes</i> was an early <a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">online encyclopedia</a> focused on urban legends, which mainly presented search results of user discussions based at first on their contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> newsgroup alt.folklore.urban (AFU) where they'd been active.<sup id="cite_ref-UfNsE_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UfNsE-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site grew to encompass a wide range of subjects and became a resource to which Internet users began submitting pictures and stories of questionable veracity. According to the Mikkelsons, <i>Snopes</i> predated the <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a> concept of fact-checking via search results.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt100405_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt100405-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Mikkelson had originally adopted the username "Snopes" (the name of <a href="/wiki/Snopes_trilogy" title="Snopes trilogy">a family of often unpleasant people</a> in the works of <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>) in AFU.<sup id="cite_ref-SrJjD_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SrJjD-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chron_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chron-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Porter_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seipp_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seipp-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snopes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, the site had become known well enough that a <a href="/wiki/Television_pilot" title="Television pilot">television pilot</a> by writer-director Michael Levine called <i>Snopes: Urban Legends</i> was completed with American actor <a href="/wiki/Jim_Davidson_(actor)" title="Jim Davidson (actor)">Jim Davidson</a> as host. However, it did not air on major networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Chron_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chron-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snopes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 2010, the site was attracting seven million to eight million unique visitors in an average month.<sup id="cite_ref-ZYklr_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZYklr-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RXQhb_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RXQhb-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid-2014, Barbara had not written for <i>Snopes</i> "in several years"<sup id="cite_ref-webby_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webby-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and David hired users from <i>Snopes.com</i>'s message board to assist him in running the site. The Mikkelsons divorced around that time.<sup id="cite_ref-webby_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webby-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-so2d3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-so2d3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Richmond_(entrepreneur)" title="Chris Richmond (entrepreneur)">Christopher Richmond</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drew_Schoentrup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drew Schoentrup (page does not exist)">Drew Schoentrup</a> became part owners in July 2016 with the purchase of Barbara Mikkelson's share by the internet media management company Proper Media.<sup id="cite_ref-CNS_Bruno_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNS_Bruno-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 9, 2017, David Mikkelson terminated the brokering agreement with Proper Media, which was also the company that provided <i>Snopes</i> with <a href="/wiki/Web_development" title="Web development">web development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">hosting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Web_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Web advertising">advertising</a> support.<sup id="cite_ref-8XEZo_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8XEZo-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The move prompted Proper Media to stop remitting advertising revenue and to file a lawsuit in May. In late June, Bardav—the company founded by David and Barbara Mikkelson in 2003 to own and operate <i>snopes.com</i>—started a <a href="/wiki/GoFundMe" title="GoFundMe">GoFundMe</a> campaign to raise money to continue operations.<sup id="cite_ref-fcs4Q_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcs4Q-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They raised $500,000 in 24 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Hw4f0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hw4f0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in August, a judge ordered Proper Media to disburse advertising revenues to Bardav while the case was pending.<sup id="cite_ref-4EDNC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4EDNC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2018, <i>Snopes</i> abruptly terminated its contract with Managing Editor Brooke Binkowski, with no explanation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By the time <i>Snopes</i> co-founder and CEO David Mikkelson confirmed the termination to her, the situation was still not clear.<sup id="cite_ref-jgajb_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgajb-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2019, <i>Snopes</i> announced that it had acquired the website <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Issues" title="On the Issues">OnTheIssues.org</a></i>, and is "hard at work modernizing its extensive archives".<sup id="cite_ref-xpUaQ_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xpUaQ-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>OnTheIssues</i> is a website that seeks to "present all the relevant evidence, assess how strongly each piece supports or opposes a position, and summarize it with an average" in order to "provide voters with reliable information on candidates' policy positions".<sup id="cite_ref-TCJes_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCJes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 and 2019, <i>Snopes</i> fact-checked several articles from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">The Babylon Bee</a></i>, a satirical website, rating them "False". The decision resulted in Facebook adding warnings to links to those articles shared on its site.<sup id="cite_ref-FgmcC_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FgmcC-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt2019aug2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt2019aug2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buzzfeed_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buzzfeed-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Snopes</i> added a new rating called "Labeled Satire" to identify satirical stories.<sup id="cite_ref-gsgc0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsgc0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, <i>Snopes</i> was embroiled in legal disputes with <a href="/wiki/Proper_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper Media">Proper Media</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Legal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal case">court case</a> scheduled for spring 2020. By then Proper Media had become a co-owner of Bardav through acquiring Barbara Mikkelson's half-interest share, intending to take overall ownership of Snopes for its own "portfolio of media sites". The move failed as David Mikkelson had no intention to sell his share.<sup id="cite_ref-LBCSi_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBCSi-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snopes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="COVID-19_pandemic_and_misinformation">COVID-19 pandemic and misinformation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snopes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic and misinformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> started in 2020, many people tried to "educate themselves on the coronavirus" and find "any comfort, certainty, or hope for a cure [for the coronavirus]".<sup id="cite_ref-Ys1hw_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ys1hw-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2022)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Snopes</i> has around 237 COVID-related fact-checking articles.<sup id="cite_ref-wmBAB_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wmBAB-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (January 2023)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plagiarism_by_co-founder_David_Mikkelson">Plagiarism by co-founder David Mikkelson</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snopes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Plagiarism by co-founder David Mikkelson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 13, 2021, <i><a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed_News" title="BuzzFeed News">BuzzFeed News</a></i> published an investigation by reporter Dean Sterling Jones that showed David Mikkelson had used plagiarized material from different news sources in 54 articles between 2015 and 2019 in an effort to increase website traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-Ron_Lyons,_Jr._35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ron_Lyons,_Jr.-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HA5X5_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HA5X5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lfTgN_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lfTgN-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mikkelson also published plagiarized material under a pseudonym, "Jeff Zarronandia".<sup id="cite_ref-Ron_Lyons,_Jr._35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ron_Lyons,_Jr.-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>BuzzFeed</i> inquiry prompted <i>Snopes</i> to launch an internal review of Mikkelson's articles and to retract 60 of them the day the <i>BuzzFeed</i> story appeared. Mikkelson admitted to committing "multiple serious copyright violations" and apologized for "serious lapses in judgment."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was suspended from editorial duties during the investigation, but remains an officer and stakeholder in the company.<sup id="cite_ref-N8AtM_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N8AtM-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Change_of_ownership">Change of ownership</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snopes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Change of ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 16, 2022, David Mikkelson stepped down as CEO and was succeeded by shareholder and board member <a href="/wiki/Chris_Richmond_(entrepreneur)" title="Chris Richmond (entrepreneur)">Chris Richmond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yahoo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahoo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richmond and fellow shareholder Drew Schoentrup together acquired 100% of the company, ending the ownership dispute which began in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-yahoo_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahoo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_site">Main site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snopes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Main site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Snopes aims to debunk or confirm widely spread urban legends. The site has been referenced by news media and other sites, including <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64jjH_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64jjH-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wlXsT_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wlXsT-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cTalM_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cTalM-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By March 2009, the site had more than six million visitors per month.<sup id="cite_ref-OUfpj_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OUfpj-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Mikkelson ran the website from his home in <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YdEuC_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YdEuC-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mikkelson has stressed the <i>reference</i> portion of the name <i>Urban Legends Reference Pages</i>, indicating that the intention is not merely to dismiss or confirm misconceptions and rumors but to provide evidence for such debunkings and confirmation as well.<sup id="cite_ref-5VQan_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5VQan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where appropriate, pages are generally marked "undetermined" or "unverifiable" when there is not enough evidence to either support or disprove a given claim.<sup id="cite_ref-1vYfv_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1vYfv-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an attempt to demonstrate the perils of over-reliance on the Internet as authority, <i>Snopes</i> assembled a series of fabricated urban folklore tales that it termed "The Repository of Lost Legends".<sup id="cite_ref-yiitx_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yiitx-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was chosen for its acronym, T.R.O.L.L., a reference to the definition of the word <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">troll</a></i>, meaning an internet <a href="/wiki/Persona" title="Persona">persona</a> intended to be deliberately provocative or incendiary.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, <i><a href="/wiki/FactCheck.org" title="FactCheck.org">FactCheck.org</a></i> reviewed a sample of <i>Snopes</i>'s responses to political rumors regarding <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, and found them to be free from bias in all cases.<sup id="cite_ref-FactCheck_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactCheck-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gMMvx_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gMMvx-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Florida_Times-Union" title="The Florida Times-Union">The Florida Times-Union</a></i> reported that <i><a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a></i>'s urban legends researcher found a "consistent effort to provide even-handed analyses" and that Snopes' cited sources and numerous reputable analyses of its content confirm its accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-ZuMCn_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZuMCn-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mikkelson has said that the site receives more complaints of liberal bias than conservative bias, but added that the same debunking standards are applied to all political urban legends.<sup id="cite_ref-FactCheck_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactCheck-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snopes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, <i>Snopes</i> said that the entirety of its revenue was derived from advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year it received an award of $75,000 from the <a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a>, an organization formed to debunk paranormal claims. In 2017, it raised approximately $700,000 from a crowd-sourced <i>GoFundMe</i> effort and received $100,000 from Facebook as a part of a fact-checking partnership.<sup id="cite_ref-Disclosures_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disclosures-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Snopes</i> also offers a premium membership that disables ads.<sup id="cite_ref-ud3Mt_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ud3Mt-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 1, 2019, <i>Snopes</i> announced that it had ended its fact-checking partnership with Facebook. <i>Snopes</i> did not rule out the possibility of working with Facebook in the future but said it needed to "determine with certainty that our efforts to aid any particular platform are a net positive for our online community, publication and staff". <i>Snopes</i> added that the loss of revenue from the partnership meant the company would "have less money to invest in our publication—and we will need to adapt to make up for it".<sup id="cite_ref-U8ZOT_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U8ZOT-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aIf9H_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aIf9H-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Snopes</i> publishes a yearly summary detailing expenses and sources of income.<sup id="cite_ref-Disclosures_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disclosures-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snopes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fact-checking_websites" title="List of fact-checking websites">List of fact-checking websites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FactCheck.org" title="FactCheck.org">FactCheck.org</a> – Fact-checking website</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a> – Widespread deliberate fabrication presented as truth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions" title="List of common misconceptions">List of common misconceptions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snopes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-yahoo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yahoo_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yahoo_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yahoo_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/snopes-co-owners-acquire-remaining-140000348.html">"Snopes Co-Owners Acquire All Remaining Shares of the Company, Bringing Total Stake to 100%"</a>. <i>www.yahoo.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220923232402/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/snopes-co-owners-acquire-remaining-140000348.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Snopes+Co-Owners+Acquire+All+Remaining+Shares+of+the+Company%2C+Bringing+Total+Stake+to+100%25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fentertainment%2Fsnopes-co-owners-acquire-remaining-140000348.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paGKj-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-paGKj_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/disclosures/">"Disclosures"</a>. <i>Snopes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031102121/https://www.snopes.com/disclosures/">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes.com&rft.atitle=Disclosures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fdisclosures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webby-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-webby_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-webby_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-webby_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webbyawards.com/lists/how-the-truth-set-snopes-free">"How the Truth Set Snopes Free"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Webby_Awards" title="Webby Awards">Webby Awards</a></i>. October 19, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161217025540/http://webbyawards.com/lists/how-the-truth-set-snopes-free/">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Webby+Awards&rft.atitle=How+the+Truth+Set+Snopes+Free&rft.date=2016-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebbyawards.com%2Flists%2Fhow-the-truth-set-snopes-free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bXXvq-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bXXvq_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4819108">"Snopes.com: Debunking Myths in Cyberspace"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. August 27, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050911101109/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4819108">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Snopes.com%3A+Debunking+Myths+in+Cyberspace&rft.date=2005-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4819108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NwKqn-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NwKqn_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2007" class="citation web cs1">Allison, Melissa (March 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/77880145/">"Companies Find Rumors Hard to Kill on Internet"</a>. <i>Herald and Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142922/https://www.newspapers.com/image/77880145/">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Herald+and+Review&rft.atitle=Companies+Find+Rumors+Hard+to+Kill+on+Internet&rft.date=2007-03-04&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F77880145%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span> (image 3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zqpch-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zqpch_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Same article: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/359621651">"Corporations Combat Insistent Urban Legends on Internet"</a>. <i>The Courier</i>. March 4, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612170002/http://www.newspapers.com/image/359621651/">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Courier&rft.atitle=Corporations+Combat+Insistent+Urban+Legends+on+Internet&rft.date=2007-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F359621651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span> (image 7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2qSrZ-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2qSrZ_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry2007" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Neil (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520243422"><i>American Carnival: Journalism Under Siege in an Age of New Media</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520243422/page/285">285</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520243422" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520243422"><bdi>978-0520243422</bdi></a>. <q>The most widely known resource for validating or debunking rumors, myths, hoaxes, and urban legends in popular American culture is the website run by Barbara and David P. Mikkelson at www.snopes.com... .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Carnival%3A+Journalism+Under+Siege+in+an+Age+of+New+Media&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0520243422&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780520243422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tri-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tri_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twit.tv/shows/triangulation/episodes/343">"Triangulation 343 David Mikkelson, Snopes.com"</a>. <i>TWiT.tv</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426075955/https://twit.tv/shows/triangulation/episodes/343">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TWiT.tv&rft.atitle=Triangulation+343+David+Mikkelson%2C+Snopes.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwit.tv%2Fshows%2Ftriangulation%2Fepisodes%2F343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W4pKe-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W4pKe_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/about/">"About Us"</a>. <i>Snopes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603142507/https://www.snopes.com/about/">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-U3B0T-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-U3B0T_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTattoliJones2023" class="citation web cs1">Tattoli, Chantel; Jones, Dean Sterling (June 6, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/90901113/inside-snopes-the-rise-fall-and-rebirth-of-an-internet-icon">"Inside Snopes: the rise, fall, and rebirth of an internet icon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fast_Company" title="Fast Company">Fast Company</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603094532/https://www.fastcompany.com/90901113/inside-snopes-the-rise-fall-and-rebirth-of-an-internet-icon">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=Inside+Snopes%3A+the+rise%2C+fall%2C+and+rebirth+of+an+internet+icon&rft.date=2023-06-06&rft.aulast=Tattoli&rft.aufirst=Chantel&rft.au=Jones%2C+Dean+Sterling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F90901113%2Finside-snopes-the-rise-fall-and-rebirth-of-an-internet-icon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UfNsE-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UfNsE_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsprayCortada2019" class="citation book cs1">Aspray, William; Cortada, James W. (August 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oeeoDwAAQBAJ&q=From+Urban+Legends+to+Political+Fact-Checking%3A+Online+Scrutiny+in+America"><i>From Urban Legends to Political Fact-Checking: Online Scrutiny in America, 1990-2015</i></a>. Cham, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a> (published 2019). p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22951-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22951-1"><bdi>978-3-030-22951-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716164026/https://books.google.com/books?id=oeeoDwAAQBAJ&q=From+Urban+Legends+to+Political+Fact-Checking%3A+Online+Scrutiny+in+America">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Urban+Legends+to+Political+Fact-Checking%3A+Online+Scrutiny+in+America%2C+1990-2015&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft.isbn=978-3-030-22951-1&rft.aulast=Aspray&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Cortada%2C+James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoeeoDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DFrom%2BUrban%2BLegends%2Bto%2BPolitical%2BFact-Checking%253A%2BOnline%2BScrutiny%2Bin%2BAmerica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt100405-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt100405_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStelter2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stelter" title="Brian Stelter">Stelter, Brian</a> (April 4, 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/05/technology/05snopes.html">"Debunkers of Fictions Sift the Net"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422071500/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/05/technology/05snopes.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Debunkers+of+Fictions+Sift+the+Net&rft.date=2010-04-04&rft.aulast=Stelter&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F04%2F05%2Ftechnology%2F05snopes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SrJjD-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SrJjD_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/info/faq.asp#snopes">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. <i>Snopes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031124010/http://www.snopes.com/info/faq.asp#snopes">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2006</span>. <q>What are 'snopes'?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Finfo%2Ffaq.asp%23snopes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chron-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chron_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chron_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2002" class="citation news cs1">Bond, Paul (September 7, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Web-site-separates-fact-from-urban-legend-2800717.php">"Web site separates fact from urban legend"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SFGATE" class="mw-redirect" title="SFGATE">SFGATE</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805112819/https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Web-site-separates-fact-from-urban-legend-2800717.php">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SFGATE&rft.atitle=Web+site+separates+fact+from+urban+legend&rft.date=2002-09-07&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fentertainment%2Farticle%2FWeb-site-separates-fact-from-urban-legend-2800717.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Porter_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porter_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2013" class="citation book cs1">Porter, David (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQLaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">"Usenet Communities and the Cultural Politics of Information"</a>. <i>Internet Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135209049" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135209049"><bdi>978-1135209049</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716164036/https://books.google.com/books?id=KQLaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2016</span>. <q>The two most notorious trollers in AFU, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Frank" title="Ted Frank">Ted Frank</a> and snopes, are also two of the most consistent posters of serious research.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Usenet+Communities+and+the+Cultural+Politics+of+Information&rft.btitle=Internet+Culture&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1135209049&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKQLaAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seipp-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seipp_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeipp2004" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Seipp" title="Catherine Seipp">Seipp, Cathy</a> (July 21, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040812075515/http://www.nationalreview.com/seipp/seipp200407210830.asp">"Where Urban Legends Fall"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/seipp/seipp200407210830.asp">the original</a> on August 12, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Where+Urban+Legends+Fall&rft.date=2004-07-21&rft.aulast=Seipp&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fseipp%2Fseipp200407210830.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZYklr-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZYklr_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStelter2010" class="citation news cs1">Stelter, Brian (April 4, 2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/05/technology/05snopes.html">"Debunkers of Fictions Sift the Net"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100406221442/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/05/technology/05snopes.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Debunkers+of+Fictions+Sift+the+Net&rft.date=2010-04-04&rft.aulast=Stelter&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F04%2F05%2Ftechnology%2F05snopes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RXQhb-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RXQhb_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quantcast.com/snopes.com?country=US">"Snopes.com Audience Insights"</a></span>. <i>Quantcast</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013174232/https://www.quantcast.com/snopes.com?country=US">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quantcast&rft.atitle=Snopes.com+Audience+Insights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantcast.com%2Fsnopes.com%3Fcountry%3DUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-so2d3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-so2d3_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadrigal2017" class="citation news cs1">Madrigal, Alexis C. (July 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/07/the-ugly-dispute-threatening-snopes/534708/">"Snopes Faces an Ugly Legal Battle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512043759/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/07/the-ugly-dispute-threatening-snopes/534708/">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tacoma-based+Snopes%2C+debunker+of+fake+news%2C+is+locked+in+a+nasty+legal+dispute&rft.pub=The+Seattle+Times&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftacoma-based-snopes-debunker-of-fake-news-is-locked-in-a-nasty-legal-dispute%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ys1hw-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ys1hw_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/2020/03/20/snopes-on-covid-19-fact-checking/">"Snopes on COVID-19 Fact-Checking"</a>. <i>Snopes.com</i>. March 21, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115185655/https://www.snopes.com/2020/03/20/snopes-on-covid-19-fact-checking/">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes.com&rft.atitle=Snopes+on+COVID-19+Fact-Checking&rft.date=2020-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2F2020%2F03%2F20%2Fsnopes-on-covid-19-fact-checking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wmBAB-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wmBAB_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/collections/new-coronavirus-collection/">"The Coronavirus Collection: Snopes Fact Checks About COVID-19"</a>. <i>Snopes.com</i>. February 28, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115185655/https://www.snopes.com/collections/new-coronavirus-collection/">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes.com&rft.atitle=The+Coronavirus+Collection%3A+Snopes+Fact+Checks+About+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fcollections%2Fnew-coronavirus-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ron_Lyons,_Jr.-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ron_Lyons,_Jr._35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ron_Lyons,_Jr._35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2021" class="citation news cs1">Lyons, Ron Jr. (August 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ceo-of-snopes-plagiarized-dozens-of-articles-2021-8?r=US&IR=T">"The CEO of fact-checking site Snopes was caught plagiarizing dozens of articles"</a>. <i>Business Insider Australia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813205530/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/ceo-of-snopes-plagiarized-dozens-of-articles-2021-8?r=US&IR=T">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider+Australia&rft.atitle=The+CEO+of+fact-checking+site+Snopes+was+caught+plagiarizing+dozens+of+articles&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Ron+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fceo-of-snopes-plagiarized-dozens-of-articles-2021-8%3Fr%3DUS%26IR%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HA5X5-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HA5X5_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2021" class="citation news cs1">Lyons, Kim (August 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/13/22623442/buzzfeed-snopes-plagiarism-fact-check-report">"Go read this report about a Snopes editor who plagiarized other news sites"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813203714/https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/13/22623442/buzzfeed-snopes-plagiarism-fact-check-report">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Go+read+this+report+about+a+Snopes+editor+who+plagiarized+other+news+sites&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2021%2F8%2F13%2F22623442%2Fbuzzfeed-snopes-plagiarism-fact-check-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lfTgN-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lfTgN_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/deansterlingjones/snopes-cofounder-plagiarism-mikkelson">"The Cofounder Of The Fact-Checking Site Snopes Was Writing Plagiarized Articles Under A Fake Name"</a>. <i>BuzzFeed News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813175422/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/deansterlingjones/snopes-cofounder-plagiarism-mikkelson">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed+News&rft.atitle=The+Cofounder+Of+The+Fact-Checking+Site+Snopes+Was+Writing+Plagiarized+Articles+Under+A+Fake+Name&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeednews.com%2Farticle%2Fdeansterlingjones%2Fsnopes-cofounder-plagiarism-mikkelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2021" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Heather (August 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/13/business/media/snopes-plagiarism-David-Mikkelson.html">"Snopes Retracts 60 Articles Plagiarized by Co-Founder: 'Our Staff Are Gutted'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814185659/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/13/business/media/snopes-plagiarism-David-Mikkelson.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Snopes+Retracts+60+Articles+Plagiarized+by+Co-Founder%3A+%27Our+Staff+Are+Gutted%27&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F08%2F13%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fsnopes-plagiarism-David-Mikkelson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N8AtM-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N8AtM_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Dean Sterling (August 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/deansterlingjones/snopes-cofounder-plagiarism-mikkelson">"The Cofounder Of The Fact-Checking Site Snopes Was Writing Plagiarized Articles Under A Fake Name"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed" title="BuzzFeed">BuzzFeed</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813175422/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/deansterlingjones/snopes-cofounder-plagiarism-mikkelson">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed&rft.atitle=The+Cofounder+Of+The+Fact-Checking+Site+Snopes+Was+Writing+Plagiarized+Articles+Under+A+Fake+Name&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Dean+Sterling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeednews.com%2Farticle%2Fdeansterlingjones%2Fsnopes-cofounder-plagiarism-mikkelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64jjH-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64jjH_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNissen2001" class="citation news cs1">Nissen, Beth (October 3, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2001/US/10/03/rec.false.rumors/index.html">"Hear the rumor? Nostradamus and other tall tales"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040825220942/http://www.cnn.com/2001/US/10/03/rec.false.rumors/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Hear+the+rumor%3F+Nostradamus+and+other+tall+tales&rft.date=2001-10-03&rft.aulast=Nissen&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2001%2FUS%2F10%2F03%2Frec.false.rumors%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wlXsT-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wlXsT_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131013122153/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17798063/">"Urban Legends Banned-April Fools'!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></i>. April 1, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17798063/">the original</a> on October 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MSNBC&rft.atitle=Urban+Legends+Banned-April+Fools%27%21&rft.date=2007-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F17798063%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cTalM-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cTalM_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/politics/obama/muslim.asp">"Urban Legends Reference Pages: Who Is Barack Obama?"</a>. <i>Snopes</i>. August 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft.atitle=Urban+Legends+Reference+Pages%3A+Who+Is+Barack+Obama%3F&rft.date=2008-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2Fmuslim.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OUfpj-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OUfpj_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochman2009" class="citation web cs1">Hochman, David (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318123647/http://www.rd.com/your-america-inspiring-people-and-stories/rumor-detectives-true-story-or-online-hoax/article122216.html">"Rumor Detectives: True Story or Online Hoax?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rd.com/your-america-inspiring-people-and-stories/rumor-detectives-true-story-or-online-hoax/article122216.html">the original</a> on March 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reader%27s+Digest&rft.atitle=Rumor+Detectives%3A+True+Story+or+Online+Hoax%3F&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Hochman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rd.com%2Fyour-america-inspiring-people-and-stories%2Frumor-detectives-true-story-or-online-hoax%2Farticle122216.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YdEuC-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YdEuC_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacitis2018" class="citation news cs1">Lacitis, Erik (October 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/lies-lies-and-more-lies-out-of-an-old-tacoma-house-fact-checking-site-snopes-uncovers-them/">"Lies, lies and more lies. Out of an old Tacoma house, fact-checking site Snopes uncovers them"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132323/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/lies-lies-and-more-lies-out-of-an-old-tacoma-house-fact-checking-site-snopes-uncovers-them/">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Lies%2C+lies+and+more+lies.+Out+of+an+old+Tacoma+house%2C+fact-checking+site+Snopes+uncovers+them&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft.aulast=Lacitis&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fseattle-news%2Flies-lies-and-more-lies-out-of-an-old-tacoma-house-fact-checking-site-snopes-uncovers-them%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5VQan-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5VQan_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/info/faq.asp">"Urban Legends Reference Pages: Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. <i>Snopes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031124010/http://www.snopes.com/info/faq.asp">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2006</span>. <q>How do I know the information you've presented is accurate?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft.atitle=Urban+Legends+Reference+Pages%3A+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Finfo%2Ffaq.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1vYfv-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1vYfv_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/crime/warnings/roundrock.asp">"Urban Legends Reference Pages: Round Rock Gangs"</a>. <i>Snopes</i>. July 21, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220404005349/http://www.snopes.com/crime/warnings/roundrock.asp">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft.atitle=Urban+Legends+Reference+Pages%3A+Round+Rock+Gangs&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fcrime%2Fwarnings%2Froundrock.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yiitx-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yiitx_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/lost/lost.htm">"Urban Legends Reference Pages: Lost Legends"</a>. <i>Snopes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft.atitle=Urban+Legends+Reference+Pages%3A+Lost+Legends&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Flost%2Flost.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FactCheck-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FactCheck_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FactCheck_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factcheck.org/2009/04/snopescom/">"Ask FactCheck: Snopes.com"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FactCheck.org" title="FactCheck.org">FactCheck.org</a></i>. April 10, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220104205504/https://www.factcheck.org/2009/04/snopescom/">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FactCheck.org&rft.atitle=Ask+FactCheck%3A+Snopes.com&rft.date=2009-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2F2009%2F04%2Fsnopescom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gMMvx-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gMMvx_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707092627/http://www.networkworld.com/article/2235277/data-center/fact-checking-the-fact-checkers--snopes-com-gets-an--a-.html">"Fact-checking the fact-checkers: Snopes.com gets an 'A'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Network_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Network World">Network World</a></i>. April 13, 2009. 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We are"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Florida_Times-Union" title="The Florida Times-Union">The Florida Times-Union</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715173436/http://jacksonville.com/news/metro/2012-09-28/story/fact-check-so-whos-checking-fact-finders-we-are">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Times-Union&rft.atitle=Fact+Check%3A+So+who%27s+checking+the+fact-finders%3F+We+are&rft.date=2012-09-28&rft.aulast=Fader&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjacksonville.com%2Fnews%2Fmetro%2F2012-09-28%2Fstory%2Ffact-check-so-whos-checking-fact-finders-we-are&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreitfeld2016" class="citation news cs1">Streitfeld, David (December 25, 2016). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/25/technology/for-fact-checking-website-snopes-a-bigger-role-brings-more-attacks.html?_r=0">"For Fact Checking Website Snopes, a Bigger Role Brings More Attacks"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228150636/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/25/technology/for-fact-checking-website-snopes-a-bigger-role-brings-more-attacks.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Fact+Checking+Website+Snopes%2C+a+Bigger+Role+Brings+More+Attacks&rft.date=2016-12-25&rft.aulast=Streitfeld&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F25%2Ftechnology%2Ffor-fact-checking-website-snopes-a-bigger-role-brings-more-attacks.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disclosures-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Disclosures_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disclosures_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/disclosures/">"Disclosures"</a>. <i>Snopes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031102121/https://www.snopes.com/disclosures/">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes.com&rft.atitle=Disclosures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fdisclosures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ud3Mt-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ud3Mt_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzadi2020" class="citation news cs1">Izadi, Elahe (April 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2020/04/15/coronavirus-misinformation-snopes/">"There are so many coronavirus myths that even Snopes can't keep up"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423062314/https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2020/04/15/coronavirus-misinformation-snopes/">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=There+are+so+many+coronavirus+myths+that+even+Snopes+can%27t+keep+up&rft.date=2020-04-15&rft.aulast=Izadi&rft.aufirst=Elahe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fmedia%2F2020%2F04%2F15%2Fcoronavirus-misinformation-snopes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-U8ZOT-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-U8ZOT_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenMikkelson2019" class="citation web cs1">Green, Vinny; Mikkelson, David (February 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190426162131/https://www.snopes.com/snopes-fb-partnership-ends/">"A Message to Our Community Regarding the Facebook Fact-Checking Partnership"</a>. <i>Snopes.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/snopes-fb-partnership-ends/">the original</a> on April 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes.com&rft.atitle=A+Message+to+Our+Community+Regarding+the+Facebook+Fact-Checking+Partnership&rft.date=2019-02-01&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Vinny&rft.au=Mikkelson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fsnopes-fb-partnership-ends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aIf9H-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aIf9H_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/1/18207285/snopes-facebook-fact-checking-program-exit">"Snopes says nope to Facebook's money and leaves fact-checking program"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a>. February 1, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224215207/https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/1/18207285/snopes-facebook-fact-checking-program-exit">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Snopes+says+nope+to+Facebook%27s+money+and+leaves+fact-checking+program&rft.pub=The+Verge&rft.date=2019-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2019%2F2%2F1%2F18207285%2Fsnopes-facebook-fact-checking-program-exit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnopes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snopes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/">Official website</a></span></span> <span 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Richmond_(entrepreneur)" title="Chris Richmond (entrepreneur)">Chris Richmond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Online properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Snopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Tropes" title="TV Tropes">TV Tropes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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legends"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urban_legends" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legends</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_legends" title="List of urban legends">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/27_Club" title="27 Club">27 Club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_lighter_myth" title="White lighter myth">White lighter curse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_clown_sightings" title="2016 clown sightings">2016 clown sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Baby-Roast" title="The Baby-Roast">The Baby-Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_babysitter_and_the_man_upstairs" title="The babysitter and the man upstairs">The babysitter and the man upstairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Backrooms" title="The Backrooms">The Backrooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Mary_(folklore)" title="Bloody Mary (folklore)">Bloody Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle_Cove" title="Candle Cove">Candle Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coghlan_(actor,_born_1842)#Death" title="Charles Coghlan (actor, born 1842)">Coghlan's coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow_tipping" title="Cow tipping">Cow tipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Rainbow" title="The Dark Side of the Rainbow">The Dark Side of the Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fare" title="John Fare">John Fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_pill" title="Gasoline pill">Gasoline pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hook" title="The Hook">The Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_in_the_backseat" title="Killer in the backseat">Killer in the backseat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Licked_Hand" title="The Licked Hand">The Licked Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_and_naval_vessel_urban_legend" title="Lighthouse and naval vessel urban legend">Lighthouse and naval vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">Litter boxes in schools hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momo_Challenge_hoax" title="Momo Challenge hoax">Momo Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spooklight" title="The Spooklight">The Spooklight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayopa" title="Tayopa">Tayopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Tower" title="Frank Tower">Frank Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanishing_hitchhiker" title="Vanishing hitchhiker">Vanishing hitchhiker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angikuni_Lake#Legend_of_the_vanishing_village" title="Angikuni Lake">Angikuni's disappeared Inuit village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Island_mystery" title="Oak Island mystery">Oak Island money pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming_Tunnel" title="Screaming Tunnel">Screaming Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_light" title="St. Louis light">St. Louis light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis_Lake_Monster" title="Thetis Lake Monster">Thetis Lake Monster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United<br />States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)" title="Aurora (aircraft)">Aurora</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Train" title="Baby Train">Baby Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Drowned" title="Ben Drowned">Ben Drowned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_bait" title="Alligator bait">Black children as alligator bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dog_of_the_Hanging_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Dog of the Hanging Hills">Black Dog of the Hanging Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-eyed_children" title="Black-eyed children">Black-eyed children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_star_tattoo_legend" title="Blue star tattoo legend">Blue star tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_Scout_Lane" title="Boy Scout Lane">Boy Scout Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Mountain_lights" title="Brown Mountain lights">Brown Mountain lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunny_Man" title="Bunny Man">Bunny Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Robinson_(Green_Man)" title="Raymond Robinson (Green Man)">Charlie No-Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Vault" title="Chase Vault">Chase Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_House" title="Chimera House">Chimera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choking_Doberman" title="Choking Doberman">Choking Doberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Cox_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Cox myth">Rodney Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Fentz" title="Rudolph Fentz">Rudolph Fentz</a></li> <li>Goatmen <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Alton_Bridge" title="Old Alton Bridge">Goatman's Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goatman_(urban_legend)" title="Goatman (urban legend)">Maryland's Goatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lick_Monster" title="Pope Lick Monster">Pope Lick Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Worth_Monster" title="Lake Worth Monster">Lake Worth Monster</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hands_Resist_Him" title="The Hands Resist Him">The Hands Resist Him</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunchyville" title="Haunchyville">Haunchyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JATO_Rocket_Car" title="JATO Rocket Car">JATO Rocket Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay%27s_Cross" title="Kay's Cross">Kay's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_curse" title="Kennedy curse">Kennedy curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Dutchman%27s_Gold_Mine" title="Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine">Lost Dutchman's Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melon_heads" title="Melon heads">Melon heads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel%27s_Hole" title="Mel's Hole">Mel's Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midgetville" title="Midgetville">Midgetville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Doctors" title="Night Doctors">Night Doctors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_social_workers" title="Phantom social workers">Phantom social workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment" title="Philadelphia Experiment">Philadelphia Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoned_candy_myths" title="Poisoned candy myths">Poisoned candy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polybius_(urban_legend)" title="Polybius (urban legend)">Polybius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_sightings" title="Elvis sightings">Sightings of Elvis Presley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Vampire" title="Richmond Vampire">Richmond Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Opus" title="Ronald Opus">Ronald Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Gates_of_Hell" title="Seven Gates of Hell">Seven Gates of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_alligator" title="Sewer alligator">Sewer alligators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender_Man" title="Slender Man">Slender Man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slender_Man_stabbing" title="Slender Man stabbing">2014 stabbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_guy" title="Tourist guy">Tourist guy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental and<br />mainland Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Tomb" title="Colonel Tomb">Colonel Tomb</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nale_Ba" title="Nale Ba">Nale Ba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ourang_Medan" title="Ourang Medan">SS <i>Ourang Medan</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orang_Minyak" title="Orang Minyak">Orang Minyak</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rope_trick" title="Indian rope trick">Indian rope trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey-man_of_Delhi" title="Monkey-man of Delhi">Monkey-man of Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_urban_legends" title="Japanese urban legends">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_the_Colonel" title="Curse of the Colonel">Curse of the Colonel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aka_Manto" title="Aka Manto"><i>Aka Manto</i> ("Red Cape")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanako-san" title="Hanako-san">Hanako-san of the Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headless_Rider_urban_legend" title="Headless Rider urban legend">Headless Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inunaki_Village" title="Inunaki Village">Inunaki Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zegrus" title="John Zegrus">John Zegrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisaragi_Station" title="Kisaragi Station">Kisaragi Station</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokkuri" title="Kokkuri">Kokkuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchisake-onna" title="Kuchisake-onna"><i>Kuchisake-onna</i> ("Slit-Mouthed Woman")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunekune_(urban_legend)" title="Kunekune (urban legend)"><i>Kunekune</i> ("Wriggling Body")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_Town" title="Lavender Town">Lavender Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Room_Curse" title="Red Room Curse">Red Room Curse</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Sony_timer" title="Sony timer">Sony timer</a>'</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teke_Teke" title="Teke Teke">Teke Teke</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biringan" title="Biringan">Biringan City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamashita%27s_gold" title="Yamashita's gold">Yamashita's gold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental<br />Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/And_yet_it_moves" title="And yet it moves">And yet it moves</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Volga" title="Black Volga">Black Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Kyiv" title="Ghost of Kyiv">Ghost of Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herobrine" title="Herobrine">Herobrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Koukidis" title="Konstantinos Koukidis">Konstantinos Koukidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Loyon" title="Le Loyon">Le Loyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9r%C3%A1k,_the_Spring_Man_of_Prague" title="Pérák, the Spring Man of Prague">Pérák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Train_of_Stockholm" title="The Silver Train of Stockholm">Silverpilen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Man" title="This Man">This Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_of_Mons" title="Angels of Mons">Angels of Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanishing_Hotel_Room" title="Vanishing Hotel Room">Vanishing Hotel Room</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Corpse_Factory" title="German Corpse Factory">German Corpse Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampshades_made_from_human_skin" title="Lampshades made from human skin">Lampshades made from human skin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soap_made_from_human_corpses" title="Soap made from human corpses">Soap made from human corpses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_gunner_of_Flesqui%C3%A8res" title="Lone gunner of Flesquières">Lone gunner of Flesquières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kraina_Grzyb%C3%B3w_TV" title="Kraina Grzybów TV">Kraina Grzybów TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gold_train" title="Nazi gold train">Nazi gold train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zegrze_Reservoir_Monster" title="Zegrze Reservoir Monster">Zegrze Reservoir Monster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet Union/Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_Catherine_the_Great" title="Legends of Catherine the Great">Legends of Catherine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_was_a_mushroom" title="Lenin was a mushroom">Lenin was a mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(alligator)" title="Saturn (alligator)">Hitler's pet alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_to_Hell" title="Well to Hell">Well to Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Tights" title="White Tights">White Tights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian lisp">Castilian lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacamantecas" title="Sacamantecas">Sacamantecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Compa%C3%B1a" title="Santa Compaña">Santa Compaña</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/999_phone_charging_myth" title="999 phone charging myth">999 phone charging myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Train" title="Baby Train">Baby Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dog_(folklore)" title="Black dog (folklore)">Black dog</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crying_Boy" title="The Crying Boy">The Crying Boy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Rainbow" title="The Dark Side of the Rainbow">The Dark Side of the Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Friday" title="HMS Friday">HMS <i>Friday</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_social_workers" title="Phantom social workers">Phantom social workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spider_Bite" title="The Spider Bite">The Spider Bite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_steam_reserve" title="Strategic steam reserve">Strategic steam reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_and_myths_regarding_the_Titanic" title="Legends and myths regarding the Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_big_cats" title="British big cats">British big cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge_legends" title="University of Cambridge legends">University of Cambridge legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croydon_Cat_Killer" title="Croydon Cat Killer">Croydon Cat Killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_(dog)" title="Diamond (dog)">Isaac Newton's dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Drum" title="Drake's Drum">Drake's Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Pusher" title="Manchester Pusher">Manchester Pusher</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_Proposes,_God_Disposes" title="Man Proposes, God Disposes">Man Proposes, God Disposes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Mistletoe_Bough" title="Legend of the Mistletoe Bough">Mistletoe bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_is_dead" title="Paul is dead">Paul is dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ratman_of_Southend" title="The Ratman of Southend">Ratman of Southend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring-heeled_Jack" title="Spring-heeled Jack">Spring-heeled Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd" title="Sweeney Todd">Sweeney Todd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephants%27_graveyard" title="Elephants' graveyard">Elephants' graveyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guegue_(siren)" title="Guegue (siren)">Guegue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_Koi_Koi" title="Madam Koi Koi">Madam Koi Koi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_Strait_Triangle" title="Bass Strait Triangle">Bass Strait Triangle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Train" title="Baby Train">Baby Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">Harold Holt disappearance rumours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_Fauna_Act_myth" title="Flora and Fauna Act myth">Flora and Fauna Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany_Ship" title="Mahogany Ship">Mahogany Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinciana_Woman" title="Poinciana Woman">Poinciana Woman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Panther" title="Canterbury Panther">Canterbury Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyall%27s_wren" title="Lyall's wren">Lyall's wren extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa#Extinction" title="Moa">Moa sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waitoreke" title="Waitoreke">Waitoreke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Bartley" title="James Bartley">James Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_of_Lima" title="Treasure of Lima">Treasure of Lima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topic articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creepypasta" title="Creepypasta">Creepypastas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_and_myths_regarding_the_Titanic" title="Legends and myths regarding the Titanic">Legends and myths regarding the Titanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_urban_legends" title="McDonald's urban legends">McDonald's urban legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_claims_and_urban_legends" title="Time travel claims and urban legends">Time travel claims and urban legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists<br />and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Harold_Brunvand" title="Jan Harold Brunvand">Jan Harold Brunvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax_Slayer" title="Hoax Slayer">Hoax Slayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_D%C3%A9gh" title="Linda Dégh">Linda Dégh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Alan_Fine" title="Gary Alan Fine">Gary Alan Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Turner" title="Patricia Turner">Patricia Turner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Snopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Belief:_Fact_or_Fiction" title="Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction">Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MythBusters" title="MythBusters">MythBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urban_Legends_(TV_series)" title="Urban Legends (TV series)">Urban Legends</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Channel_Zero_(TV_series)" title="Channel Zero (TV series)">Channel Zero</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9" title="9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9">_9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candyman_(film_series)" title="Candyman (film series)"><i>Candyman</i> franchise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Through_Road_(web_series)" title="No Through Road (web series)">No Through Road</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petscop" title="Petscop">Petscop</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCP_Foundation" title="SCP Foundation">SCP Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Legend_(film_series)" title="Urban Legend (film series)"><i>Urban Legend</i> (film series)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creepypastas" title="List of creepypastas">List of creepypastas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptids" title="List of cryptids">List of cryptids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_species" title="Lists of fictional species">Lists of fictional species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_legendary_creatures" title="Lists of legendary creatures">Lists of legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Urban_legends" title="Category:Urban legends">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disinformation_and_misinformation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Misinformation" title="Template:Misinformation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Misinformation" title="Template talk:Misinformation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Misinformation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Misinformation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disinformation_and_misinformation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_reporting" title="Circular reporting">Circular reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">List of cognitive biases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_attack" title="Disinformation attack">Disinformation attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemistic_misspeaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphemistic misspeaking">Euphemistic misspeaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factoid" title="Factoid">Factoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fake_news_websites" title="List of fake news websites">list of websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fallacies" title="List of fallacies">List of fallacies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty,_and_doubt" title="Fear, uncertainty, and doubt">Fear, uncertainty, and doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery_as_covert_operation" title="Forgery as covert operation">Forgery as covert operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_manipulation" title="Internet manipulation">Internet manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potemkin_village" title="Potemkin village">Potemkin village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memetic_warfare" title="Memetic warfare">Memetic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Military deception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">black propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpropaganda" title="Counterpropaganda">counterpropaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda" title="State-sponsored Internet propaganda">State-sponsored Internet propaganda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoting_out_of_context" title="Quoting out of context">Quote mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrication_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabrication (science)">Scientific fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthiness" title="Truthiness">Truthiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Books_and_documentaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Books and documentaries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_(book)" title="Disinformation (book)"><i>Disinformation</i> by Ion Mihai Pacepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezinformatsia_(book)" title="Dezinformatsia (book)"><i>Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_KGB_and_Soviet_Disinformation" title="The KGB and Soviet Disinformation">The KGB and Soviet Disinformation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_in_the_CIA" title="Who's Who in the CIA">Who's Who in the CIA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt" title="Merchants of Doubt">Merchants of Doubt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_Truth:_Disinformation_and_the_Cost_of_Fake_News" title="After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News">After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Examples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Examples</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State_propaganda_war" title="Congo Free State propaganda war">Congo Free State propaganda war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory" title="Free energy suppression conspiracy theory">Free energy suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war">Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">Reptilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_tension" title="Strategy of tension">Strategy of tension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Health" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_5G_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Misinformation related to 5G technology">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments" title="COVID-19 misinformation by governments">by governments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_denial" title="Mental illness denial">Mental illness denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion" title="Misinformation related to abortion">Misinformation related to abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">anti-vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Operations_and_events_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Operations and events by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jihadunspun.com" title="Jihadunspun.com">Jihadunspun.com</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Chinese information operations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/50_Cent_Party" title="50 Cent Party">50 Cent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_China" title="Cyberwarfare by China">cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pink" title="Little Pink">Little Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Water_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Water Army">Internet Water Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Unit_61398" title="PLA Unit 61398">PLA Unit 61398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamouflage" title="Spamouflage">Spamouflage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China" title="COVID-19 misinformation by China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechoslovakia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Neptune_(espionage)" title="Operation Neptune (espionage)">Operation Neptune</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funkspiel" title="Funkspiel">Funkspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Myth of the clean Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_India" title="Fake news in India">Fake news in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godi-media" class="mw-redirect" title="Godi-media">Godi-media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_news_in_India" title="Paid news in India">Paid news in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia" title="OpIndia">OpIndia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Team_Jorge" title="Team Jorge">Team Jorge</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Agency_Network_of_Korea" title="Voluntary Agency Network of Korea">Voluntary Agency Network of Korea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kuwait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fintas_Group" title="Fintas Group">Fintas Group</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1abot" title="Peñabot">Peñabots</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/ChinaAngVirus_disinformation_campaign" title="ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign">ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_the_Philippines" title="Fake news in the Philippines">Fake news in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation" title="Russian disinformation">Russia</a> /<br />Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_disinformation" title="Soviet disinformation">Soviet era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-1000_battleship" title="K-1000 battleship">K-1000 battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_INFEKTION" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation INFEKTION">Operation INFEKTION</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Toucan_(KGB)" title="Operation Toucan (KGB)">Operation Toucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_12" title="Seat 12">Seat 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Field_Manual_30-31B" title="U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B">U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Useful_idiot" title="Useful idiot">Useful idiot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation_in_the_post-Soviet_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian disinformation in the post-Soviet era">Post-Soviet era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_Russia" title="Cyberwarfare by Russia">Cyberwarfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_cyberattacks_on_Estonia" title="2007 cyberattacks on Estonia">on Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattacks_during_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Cyberattacks during the Russo-Georgian War">during the Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_information_war_against_Ukraine" title="Russian information war against Ukraine">Information war against Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>On US elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2018_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">2016 Brexit referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="Russian Institute for Strategic Studies">Russian Institute for Strategic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency" title="Internet Research Agency">Trolls from Olgino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_web_brigades" title="Russian web brigades">Web brigades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS denialism in South Africa">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_censorship_and_disinformation_during_the_Gezi_Park_protests" title="Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests">Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AK_Trolls" title="AK Trolls">AK Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Pottinger" title="Bell Pottinger">Bell Pottinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-Cross_System" title="Double-Cross System">Double-Cross System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud"><i>Lancet</i> MMR autism fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mass_Appeal" title="Operation Mass Appeal">Operation Mass Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division" title="Psychological Warfare Division">Psychological Warfare Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinoviev_letter" title="Zinoviev letter">Zinoviev letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_CIA_disinformation_controversy" title="1995 CIA disinformation controversy">1995 CIA disinformation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the 2020 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">Conspiracy theories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA Kennedy assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news in the United States">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">online</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Fighter%27s_Manual" title="The Freedom Fighter's Manual">The Freedom Fighter's Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbush_letter" title="Habbush letter">Habbush letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Operations_Roadmap" title="Information Operations Roadmap">Information Operations Roadmap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">Litter boxes in schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta%27s_alleged_Prague_connection" title="Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection">Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_uranium_forgeries" title="Niger uranium forgeries">Niger uranium forgeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook" title="Tobacco industry playbook">Tobacco industry playbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shocker" title="Operation Shocker">Operation Shocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_rain" title="Yellow rain">Yellow rain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venezuela</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Army_of_Trolls" title="Bolivarian Army of Trolls">Bolivarian Army of Trolls</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vietnam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_brigades" title="Public opinion brigades">Public opinion brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_47" class="mw-redirect" title="Force 47">Force 47</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed 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