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</a> <ul id="toc-Voice_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flaghoist_spelling_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flaghoist_spelling_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Flaghoist spelling alphabets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flaghoist_spelling_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telephone_spelling_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telephone_spelling_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Telephone spelling alphabets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telephone_spelling_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiotelephony_spelling_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiotelephony_spelling_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Radiotelephony spelling alphabets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Radiotelephony_spelling_alphabets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Radiotelephony spelling alphabets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Radiotelephony_spelling_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-During_WWI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_WWI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 During WWI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_WWI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_WWI_and_WWII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_WWI_and_WWII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Between WWI and WWII </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_WWI_and_WWII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_WWII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_WWII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 During WWII </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_WWII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-WWII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-WWII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Post-WWII </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-WWII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICAO_Radiotelephone_Spelling_Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICAO_Radiotelephone_Spelling_Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 ICAO Radiotelephone Spelling Alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICAO_Radiotelephone_Spelling_Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amateur_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amateur_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Amateur radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amateur_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additions_in_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additions_in_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Additions in other languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Additions_in_other_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Additions in other languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Additions_in_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Danish_and_Norwegian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danish_and_Norwegian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Danish and Norwegian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danish_and_Norwegian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Estonian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finnish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Finnish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 German </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Greek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Malay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Russian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Spanish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Swedish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_spelling_alphabets_by_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_spelling_alphabets_by_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Table of spelling alphabets by language </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Table_of_spelling_alphabets_by_language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Table of spelling alphabets by language subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Table_of_spelling_alphabets_by_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Other alphabets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Spelling alphabet</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Фанетычны алфавіт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фанетычны алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Фанэтычны альфабэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фанэтычны альфабэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hl%C3%A1skovac%C3%AD_tabulka" title="Hláskovací tabulka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hláskovací tabulka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchstabiertafel" title="Buchstabiertafel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buchstabiertafel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Φωνητικό αλφάβητο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωνητικό αλφάβητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_por_palabras" title="Alfabeto por palabras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto por palabras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parolalfabeto" title="Parolalfabeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parolalfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letreiatze-alfabeto" title="Letreiatze-alfabeto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Letreiatze-alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="الفبای آوایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای آوایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_radio" title="Alphabet radio – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet radio" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staveringsalfabet" title="Staveringsalfabet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Staveringsalfabet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%ED%99%94%ED%91%9C" title="통화표 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통화표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablica_sricanja" title="Tablica sricanja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tablica sricanja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%B0astafr%C3%B3f" title="Orðastafróf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orðastafróf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99" title="אלפבית צלילי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפבית צלילי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelalfabet" title="Spelalfabet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spelalfabet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1%E8%A1%A8" title="通話表 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="通話表" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokstaveringsalfabet" title="Bokstaveringsalfabet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bokstaveringsalfabet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imlo_taxtasi" title="Imlo taxtasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Imlo taxtasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literowanie_w_fonicznych_%C5%82%C4%85czno%C5%9Bciach_radiowych" title="Literowanie w fonicznych łącznościach radiowych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Literowanie w fonicznych łącznościach radiowych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_radiotelef%C3%B4nico" title="Alfabeto radiotelefônico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto radiotelefônico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Фонетический алфавит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фонетический алфавит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaakkoset" title="Radioaakkoset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Radioaakkoset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokstavering" title="Bokstavering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bokstavering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodlama_alfabesi" title="Kodlama alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kodlama alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Фонетичний алфавіт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фонетичний алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D%E8%A1%A8" title="通话表 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="通话表" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10926511#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Spelling_alphabet" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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to represent the <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">oral communication</a>, especially over a <a href="/wiki/Two-way_radio" title="Two-way radio">two-way radio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>. The words chosen to represent the letters sound sufficiently different from each other to clearly differentiate them. This avoids any confusion that could easily otherwise result from the names of letters that sound similar, except for some small difference easily missed or easily degraded by the imperfect sound quality of the apparatus. For example, in the Latin alphabet, the letters B, P, and D ("bee", "pee" and "dee") sound similar and could easily be confused, but the words "bravo", "papa" and "delta" sound completely different, making confusion unlikely. Any suitable words can be used in the moment, making this form of communication easy even for people not trained on any particular standardized spelling alphabet. For example, it is common to hear a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nonce#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:nonce">nonce</a> form like "A as in 'apple', D as in 'dog', P as in 'paper'" over the telephone in <a href="/wiki/Customer_support" title="Customer support">customer support</a> contexts. However, to gain the advantages of <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardization</a> in contexts involving trained persons, a standard version can be convened by an organization. Many (loosely or strictly) standardized spelling alphabets exist, mostly owing to historical <a href="/wiki/Information_silo" title="Information silo">siloization</a>, where each organization simply created its own. International air travel created a need for a worldwide standard. Today the most widely known spelling alphabet is the <a href="/wiki/ICAO" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAO">ICAO</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Radiotelephony_Spelling_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet">International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet</a>, also known as the NATO phonetic alphabet, which is used for Roman letters. Spelling alphabets also exist <a href="/wiki/Greek_spelling_alphabet" title="Greek spelling alphabet">for Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_spelling_alphabet" title="Russian spelling alphabet">for Russian</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> Spelling alphabets are called by various names, according to context. These synonyms include spelling alphabet, word-spelling alphabet, voice procedure alphabet, radio alphabet, radiotelephony alphabet, telephone alphabet, and telephony alphabet. A spelling alphabet is also often called a phonetic alphabet, especially by <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> enthusiasts,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> recreational sailors in the US and Australia,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and NATO military organizations,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> despite this usage of the term producing a <a href="/wiki/Naming_collision" title="Naming collision">naming collision</a> with the usage of the same phrase in <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a> to mean a notation used for <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcription</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic spelling">phonetic spelling</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, which is used to indicate the sounds of human speech. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The names of the letters of the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a> are "a", "bee", "cee", "dee", "e", etc. These can be difficult to discriminate, particularly over a limited-bandwidth and noisy communications channel, hence the use in aviation and by armed services of unambiguous substitute names for use in electrical voice communication such as telephone and radio. A large number of spelling alphabets have been developed over the past century, with the first ones being used to overcome problems with the early wired telephone networks, and the later ones being focused on wireless two-way radio (radiotelephony) links. Often, each communications company and each branch of each country's military developed its own spelling alphabet, with the result that one 1959 research effort documented a full 203 different spelling alphabets, comprising 1600 different words, leading the author of the report to ask: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Should an efficient American secretary, for example, know several alphabets—one for use on the telephone, another to talk to the telegraph operator, another to call the police, and still another for civil defense?<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a></blockquote> Each word in the spelling alphabet typically replaces the name of the letter with which it starts (<a href="/wiki/Acrophony" title="Acrophony">acrophony</a>). It is used to spell out words when speaking to someone not able to see the speaker, or when the audio channel is not clear. The lack of high frequencies on standard <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephones</a> makes it hard to distinguish an 'F' from an 'S' for example. Also, the lack of visual cues during oral communication can cause confusion. For example, lips are closed at the start of saying the letter "B" but open at the beginning of the letter "D" making these otherwise similar-sounding letters more easily discriminated when looking at the speaker. Without these visual cues, such as during announcements of airline gate numbers "B1" and "D1" at an airport, "B" may be confused with "D" by the listener. Spelling out one's name, a password or a <a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">ticker symbol</a> over the telephone are other scenarios where a spelling alphabet is useful. <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Signaller" title="Signaller">signallers</a> began using a partial spelling alphabet in the late 19th century. Recorded in the 1898 "Signalling Instruction" issued by the War Office and followed by the 1904 Signalling Regulations<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> this system differentiated only the letters most frequently misunderstood: Ack (originally "Ak") Beer (or Bar) C D E F G H I J K L eMma N O Pip Q R eSses Toc U Vic W X Y Z. This alphabet was the origin of phrases such as "ack-ack" (A.A. for <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft">anti-aircraft</a>), "pip-emma" for <a href="/wiki/Post_meridiem" class="mw-redirect" title="Post meridiem">pm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toc_H" title="Toc H">Toc H</a> for an ex-servicemen's association. It was developed on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> of the First World War. The RAF developed their "<a href="/wiki/Allied_military_phonetic_spelling_alphabets#RAF_radiotelephony_spelling_alphabet" title="Allied military phonetic spelling alphabets">telephony spelling alphabet</a>", which was adopted by all three services and civil aviation in the UK from 1921. It was later formally codified to provide a word for all 26 letters (see <a href="/wiki/Allied_Military_phonetic_spelling_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Military phonetic spelling alphabets">comparative tabulation</a> of Western military alphabets). For civilian users, in particular in the field of finance, alternative alphabets arose. Common personal names were a popular choice, and the First Name Alphabet came into common use. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voice_procedure">Voice procedure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Voice procedure">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Radiotelephony_procedure" title="Radiotelephony procedure">Radiotelephony procedure</a></div> Spelling alphabets are especially useful when speaking in a noisy environment when clarity and promptness of communication is essential, for example during <a href="/wiki/Two-way_radio" title="Two-way radio">two-way radio</a> communication between an aircraft pilot and <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a>, or in military operations. Whereas the names of many letters sound alike, the set of replacement words can be selected to be as distinct from each other as possible, to minimise the likelihood of ambiguity or mistaking one letter for another. For example, if a burst of <a href="/wiki/Noise_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise (radio)">static</a> cuts off the start of an <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English-language</a> utterance of the letter J, it may be mistaken for A or K. In the international radiotelephony spelling alphabet known as the <a href="/wiki/NATO_phonetic_alphabet" title="NATO phonetic alphabet">ICAO (or NATO) phonetic alphabet</a>, the sequence J–A–K would be pronounced Juliett–Alfa–Kilo. Some voice procedure standards require <a href="/wiki/Number" title="Number">numbers</a> to be spelled out <a href="/wiki/Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit">digit</a> by digit, so some spelling alphabets replace confusable digit names with more distinct alternatives; for example, the NATO alphabet has “niner” for 9 to distinguish it better from 5 (pronounced as “fife”) and the German word “nein”. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flaghoist_spelling_alphabets">Flaghoist spelling alphabets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flaghoist spelling alphabets">edit</a>]</div> Although no radio or traditional telephone communications are involved in communicating flag signals among ships, the instructions for which flags to hoist are relayed by voice on each ship displaying flags, and whether this is done by shouting between decks, sound tubes, or <a href="/wiki/Sound-powered_telephone" title="Sound-powered telephone">sound-powered telephones</a>, some of the same distortions that make a spelling alphabet for radiotelephony also make a spelling alphabet desirable for directing seamen in which flags to hoist. The first documented use of this were two different alphabets used by U.S. Navy circa 1908. By 1942, the U.S. Army's radiotelephony spelling alphabet was associated with the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Signals" title="International Code of Signals">International Code of Signals</a> (ICS) flags.<a href="#cite_note-:13-6">[6]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol </th> <th colspan="2">c. 1908<a href="#cite_note-:62-7">[7]</a> </th> <th>1920 (proposed)<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> </th> <th>c. 1942<a href="#cite_note-:13-6">[6]</a> </th> <th>1969–present<a href="#cite_note-:02-9">[9]</a> </th> <th>ICS flag </th></tr> <tr> <td>A </td> <td>Actor </td> <td>Ash </td> <td>Argentine </td> <td>Afirm </td> <td>Alpha/Alfa </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Alfa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/ICS_Alfa.svg/25px-ICS_Alfa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/ICS_Alfa.svg/38px-ICS_Alfa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/ICS_Alfa.svg/50px-ICS_Alfa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>B </td> <td>Baker </td> <td>Back </td> <td>Brussels </td> <td>Baker </td> <td>Bravo </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Bravo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/ICS_Bravo.svg/25px-ICS_Bravo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/ICS_Bravo.svg/38px-ICS_Bravo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/ICS_Bravo.svg/50px-ICS_Bravo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>C </td> <td>Canteen </td> <td>Chain </td> <td>Canada </td> <td>Cast </td> <td>Charlie </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Charlie.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ICS_Charlie.svg/25px-ICS_Charlie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ICS_Charlie.svg/38px-ICS_Charlie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ICS_Charlie.svg/50px-ICS_Charlie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>D </td> <td>Diver </td> <td>Dog </td> <td>Damascus </td> <td>Dog </td> <td>Delta </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Delta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/ICS_Delta.svg/25px-ICS_Delta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/ICS_Delta.svg/38px-ICS_Delta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/ICS_Delta.svg/50px-ICS_Delta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>E </td> <td>Eagle </td> <td>Egg </td> <td>Ecuador </td> <td>Easy </td> <td>Echo </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Echo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ICS_Echo.svg/25px-ICS_Echo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ICS_Echo.svg/38px-ICS_Echo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ICS_Echo.svg/50px-ICS_Echo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>F </td> <td>Fisher </td> <td>Fox </td> <td>France </td> <td>Fox </td> <td>Foxtrot </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Foxtrot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICS_Foxtrot.svg/25px-ICS_Foxtrot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICS_Foxtrot.svg/38px-ICS_Foxtrot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICS_Foxtrot.svg/50px-ICS_Foxtrot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G </td> <td>Gangway </td> <td>Gig </td> <td>Greece </td> <td>George </td> <td>Golf </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Golf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/ICS_Golf.svg/25px-ICS_Golf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/ICS_Golf.svg/38px-ICS_Golf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/ICS_Golf.svg/50px-ICS_Golf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>H </td> <td>Halliard </td> <td>Horse </td> <td>Hanover </td> <td>Hypo </td> <td>Hotel </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Hotel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/ICS_Hotel.svg/25px-ICS_Hotel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/ICS_Hotel.svg/38px-ICS_Hotel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/ICS_Hotel.svg/50px-ICS_Hotel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td>Insect </td> <td>Ice </td> <td>Italy </td> <td>Int </td> <td>India </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ICS_India.svg/25px-ICS_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ICS_India.svg/38px-ICS_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ICS_India.svg/50px-ICS_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>J </td> <td>Jockey </td> <td>Jake </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>Jig </td> <td>Juliett </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Juliett.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ICS_Juliett.svg/25px-ICS_Juliett.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ICS_Juliett.svg/38px-ICS_Juliett.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ICS_Juliett.svg/50px-ICS_Juliett.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>K </td> <td>Knapsack </td> <td>King </td> <td>Khartoum </td> <td>King </td> <td>Kilo </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Kilo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICS_Kilo.svg/25px-ICS_Kilo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICS_Kilo.svg/38px-ICS_Kilo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICS_Kilo.svg/50px-ICS_Kilo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>L </td> <td>Lugger </td> <td>Lash </td> <td>Lima </td> <td>Love </td> <td>Lima </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Lima.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/ICS_Lima.svg/25px-ICS_Lima.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/ICS_Lima.svg/38px-ICS_Lima.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/ICS_Lima.svg/50px-ICS_Lima.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>M </td> <td>Musket </td> <td>Mule </td> <td>Madrid </td> <td>Mike </td> <td>Mike </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Mike.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ICS_Mike.svg/25px-ICS_Mike.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ICS_Mike.svg/38px-ICS_Mike.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ICS_Mike.svg/50px-ICS_Mike.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>N </td> <td>Neptune </td> <td>Net </td> <td>Nancy </td> <td>Negat </td> <td>November </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_November.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ICS_November.svg/25px-ICS_November.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ICS_November.svg/38px-ICS_November.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ICS_November.svg/50px-ICS_November.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>O </td> <td>Oyster </td> <td>Oak </td> <td>Ostend </td> <td>Option </td> <td>Oscar </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Oscar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ICS_Oscar.svg/25px-ICS_Oscar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ICS_Oscar.svg/38px-ICS_Oscar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ICS_Oscar.svg/50px-ICS_Oscar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P </td> <td>Pistol </td> <td>Page </td> <td>Paris </td> <td>Prep </td> <td>Papa </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Papa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ICS_Papa.svg/25px-ICS_Papa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ICS_Papa.svg/38px-ICS_Papa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ICS_Papa.svg/50px-ICS_Papa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q </td> <td>Quadrant </td> <td>Quail </td> <td>Quebec </td> <td>Queen </td> <td>Quebec </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Quebec.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ICS_Quebec.svg/25px-ICS_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ICS_Quebec.svg/38px-ICS_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ICS_Quebec.svg/50px-ICS_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>R </td> <td>Reefer </td> <td>Raft </td> <td>Rome </td> <td>Roger </td> <td>Romeo </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Romeo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/ICS_Romeo.svg/25px-ICS_Romeo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/ICS_Romeo.svg/38px-ICS_Romeo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/ICS_Romeo.svg/50px-ICS_Romeo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>S </td> <td>Shipmate </td> <td>Scout </td> <td>Sardinia </td> <td>Sail </td> <td>Sierra </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Sierra.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/ICS_Sierra.svg/25px-ICS_Sierra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/ICS_Sierra.svg/38px-ICS_Sierra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/ICS_Sierra.svg/50px-ICS_Sierra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>T </td> <td>Topsail </td> <td>Tide </td> <td>Tokio </td> <td>Tare </td> <td>Tango </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Tango.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/ICS_Tango.svg/25px-ICS_Tango.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/ICS_Tango.svg/38px-ICS_Tango.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/ICS_Tango.svg/50px-ICS_Tango.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U </td> <td>Unload </td> <td>Use </td> <td>Uruguay </td> <td>Unit </td> <td>Uniform </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Uniform.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ICS_Uniform.svg/25px-ICS_Uniform.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ICS_Uniform.svg/38px-ICS_Uniform.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ICS_Uniform.svg/50px-ICS_Uniform.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>V </td> <td>Vessel </td> <td>Vast </td> <td>Victoria </td> <td>Victor </td> <td>Victor </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Victor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/ICS_Victor.svg/25px-ICS_Victor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/ICS_Victor.svg/38px-ICS_Victor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/ICS_Victor.svg/50px-ICS_Victor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>W </td> <td>Windage </td> <td>Winch </td> <td>Washington </td> <td>William </td> <td>Whiskey </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Whiskey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ICS_Whiskey.svg/25px-ICS_Whiskey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ICS_Whiskey.svg/38px-ICS_Whiskey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ICS_Whiskey.svg/50px-ICS_Whiskey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X </td> <td>Xray </td> <td>Xray </td> <td>Xaintrie </td> <td>Xray </td> <td>X-ray </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_X-ray.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ICS_X-ray.svg/25px-ICS_X-ray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ICS_X-ray.svg/38px-ICS_X-ray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ICS_X-ray.svg/50px-ICS_X-ray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y </td> <td>Yeoman </td> <td>Yacht </td> <td>Yokohama </td> <td>Yoke </td> <td>Yankee </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Yankee.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ICS_Yankee.svg/25px-ICS_Yankee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ICS_Yankee.svg/38px-ICS_Yankee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ICS_Yankee.svg/50px-ICS_Yankee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Z </td> <td>Zebra </td> <td>Zoo </td> <td>Zanzibar </td> <td>Zed </td> <td>Zulu </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_Zulu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ICS_Zulu.svg/25px-ICS_Zulu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ICS_Zulu.svg/38px-ICS_Zulu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ICS_Zulu.svg/50px-ICS_Zulu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telephone_spelling_alphabets">Telephone spelling alphabets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Telephone spelling alphabets">edit</a>]</div> While spelling alphabets today are mostly used over two-way radio voice circuits (radiotelephony), early on in telecommunications there were also telephone-specific spelling alphabets, which were developed to deal with the noisy conditions on long-distance circuits. Their development was loosely intertwined with radiotelephony spelling alphabets, but were developed by different organizations; for example, AT&T developed a spelling alphabet for its long-distance operators, another for its international operators; Western Union developed one for the public to use when dictating telegrams over the telephone;<a href="#cite_note-:22-10">[10]</a> and ITU-T developed a spelling alphabet for telephone networks, while ITU-R was involved in the development of radiotelephony spelling alphabets. Even though both of these groups were part of the same ITU, and thus part of the UN, their alphabets often differed from each other. Uniquely, the 1908 Tasmanian telegraph operator's code was designed to be memorized as follows:<a href="#cite_note-:8-11">[11]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Englishmen Invariably Support High Authority Unless Vindictive. The Managing Owners Never Destroy Bills. Remarks When Loose Play Jangling. Fractious Galloping Zigzag Knights eXpeditely Capture Your Queen. </div></blockquote> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol </th> <th>1904 British Army<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> (Signalling Regulations) </th> <th>1904 AT&T<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> </th> <th>1908 Tasmania<a href="#cite_note-:8-11">[11]</a> </th> <th>1910 Western Union<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> </th> <th>1912 Western Union<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> </th> <th>1914 British Post Office<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> </th> <th>1917 AT&T<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> </th> <th>c. 1917 AT&T Overseas<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> </th> <th>1918 <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-10">[10]</a> </th> <th><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1928 Western Union<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-10">[10]</a> </th> <th>1932 ITU-T IITS Article 40 (Code A; French)<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a> </th> <th>1932 ITU-T IITS Article 40 (Code B; English)<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a> </th> <th>1942 Western Union<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> </th> <th>1947 International Telecommunications Convention </th> <th>1958 International Telecommunications Convention </th></tr> <tr> <td>A </td> <td>Ack </td> <td> </td> <td>Authority </td> <td> </td> <td>Adams </td> <td>Apple </td> <td>Alice </td> <td>AMERICA </td> <td>Adams </td> <td>Adams </td> <td>Amsterdam </td> <td>Andrew </td> <td>Adams </td> <td>Amsterdam </td> <td>Amsterdam </td></tr> <tr> <td>B </td> <td>Beer </td> <td>ab </td> <td>Bills </td> <td> </td> <td>Boston </td> <td>Brother </td> <td>Bertha </td> <td>BENJAMIN </td> <td>Boston </td> <td>Boston </td> <td>Baltimore </td> <td>Benjamin </td> <td>Boston </td> <td>Baltimore </td> <td>Baltimore </td></tr> <tr> <td>C </td> <td> </td> <td>abc </td> <td>Capture </td> <td> </td> <td>Chicago </td> <td>Charlie </td> <td>Charles </td> <td>CHARLIE </td> <td>Chicago </td> <td>Chicago </td> <td>Casablanca </td> <td>Charles </td> <td>Chicago </td> <td>Casablanca </td> <td>Casablanca </td></tr> <tr> <td>D </td> <td> </td> <td>bcd </td> <td>Destroy </td> <td>Dora </td> <td>Denver </td> <td>Dover </td> <td>David </td> <td>DAVID </td> <td>Denver </td> <td>Denver </td> <td>Danemark </td> <td>David </td> <td>Denver </td> <td>Danemark </td> <td>Danemark </td></tr> <tr> <td>E </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Englishmen </td> <td> </td> <td>Edward </td> <td>Eastern </td> <td>Edward </td> <td>EDWARD </td> <td>Edward </td> <td>Edward </td> <td>Edison </td> <td>Edward </td> <td>Edward </td> <td>Edison </td> <td>Edison </td></tr> <tr> <td>F </td> <td> </td> <td>def </td> <td>Fractious </td> <td>D-E-F </td> <td>Frank </td> <td>Father </td> <td>Frank </td> <td>FRANK </td> <td>Frank </td> <td>Frank </td> <td>Florida </td> <td>Frederick </td> <td>Frank </td> <td>Florida </td> <td>Florida </td></tr> <tr> <td>G </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Galloping </td> <td> </td> <td>George </td> <td>George </td> <td>George </td> <td>GEORGE </td> <td>George </td> <td>George </td> <td>Gallipoli </td> <td>George </td> <td>George </td> <td>Gallipoli </td> <td>Gallipoli </td></tr> <tr> <td>H </td> <td> </td> <td>fgh </td> <td>High </td> <td> </td> <td>Henry </td> <td>Harry </td> <td>Henry </td> <td>HARRY </td> <td>Henry </td> <td>Henry </td> <td>Havana </td> <td>Harry </td> <td>Henry </td> <td>Havana </td> <td>Havana </td></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Invariably </td> <td> </td> <td>Ireland (late 1912=Ida) </td> <td>India </td> <td>Ida </td> <td>ISAAC </td> <td>Ida </td> <td>Ida </td> <td>Italia </td> <td>Isaac </td> <td>Ida </td> <td>Italia </td> <td>Italia </td></tr> <tr> <td>J </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Juggling </td> <td> </td> <td>Jersey </td> <td>Jack </td> <td>James </td> <td>JACK </td> <td>John </td> <td>John </td> <td>Jérusalem </td> <td>Jack </td> <td>John </td> <td>Jude </td> <td>Jude </td></tr> <tr> <td>K </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Knights </td> <td> </td> <td>King </td> <td>King </td> <td>Kate </td> <td>KING </td> <td>King </td> <td>King </td> <td>Kilogramme </td> <td>King </td> <td>King </td> <td>Kilogramme </td> <td>Kilogramme </td></tr> <tr> <td>L </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Loose </td> <td> </td> <td>Lincoln </td> <td>London </td> <td>Louis </td> <td>LONDON </td> <td>Lincoln </td> <td>Lincoln </td> <td>Liverpool </td> <td>Lucy </td> <td>Lincoln </td> <td>Liverpool </td> <td>Liverpool </td></tr> <tr> <td>M </td> <td>eMma </td> <td>klm </td> <td>Managing </td> <td> </td> <td>Mary </td> <td>Mother </td> <td>Mary </td> <td>MARY </td> <td>Mary </td> <td>Mary </td> <td>Madagascar </td> <td>Mary </td> <td>Mary </td> <td>Madagascar </td> <td>Madagascar </td></tr> <tr> <td>N </td> <td> </td> <td>lmn </td> <td>Never </td> <td> </td> <td>Newark </td> <td>November </td> <td>Nelly </td> <td>? </td> <td>New York </td> <td>New York </td> <td>New York </td> <td>Nellie </td> <td>New York </td> <td>New York </td> <td>New York </td></tr> <tr> <td>O </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Owners </td> <td> </td> <td>Ocean </td> <td>October </td> <td>Oliver </td> <td>OLIVER </td> <td>Ocean </td> <td>Ocean </td> <td>Oslo </td> <td>Oliver </td> <td>Ocean </td> <td>Oslo </td> <td>Oslo </td></tr> <tr> <td>P </td> <td>Pip </td> <td>nop </td> <td>Play </td> <td> </td> <td>Peter </td> <td>Peter </td> <td>Peter </td> <td>PETER </td> <td>Peter </td> <td>Peter </td> <td>Paris </td> <td>Peter </td> <td>Peter </td> <td>Paris </td> <td>Paris </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Queen </td> <td> </td> <td>Queen </td> <td>Queen </td> <td>Quaker </td> <td>QUEBEC </td> <td>Queen </td> <td>Queen </td> <td>Québec </td> <td>Queen </td> <td>Queen </td> <td>Quebec </td> <td>Quebec </td></tr> <tr> <td>R </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Remarks </td> <td> </td> <td>Robert </td> <td>Robert </td> <td>Robert </td> <td>ROBERT </td> <td>Robert </td> <td>Robert </td> <td>Roma </td> <td>Robert </td> <td>Robert </td> <td>Roma </td> <td>Roma </td></tr> <tr> <td>S </td> <td>eSses </td> <td>qrs </td> <td>Support </td> <td> </td> <td>Sugar </td> <td>Sugar </td> <td>Samuel </td> <td>SAMUEL? </td> <td>Sugar </td> <td>Sugar </td> <td>Santiago </td> <td>Samuel </td> <td>Sugar </td> <td>Santiago </td> <td>Santiago </td></tr> <tr> <td>T </td> <td>Toc </td> <td>rst </td> <td>The </td> <td> </td> <td>Texas </td> <td>Thomas </td> <td>Thomas </td> <td> </td> <td>Thomas </td> <td>Thomas </td> <td>Tripoli </td> <td>Tommy </td> <td>Thomas </td> <td>Tripoli </td> <td>Tripoli </td></tr> <tr> <td>U </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Unless </td> <td> </td> <td>Union </td> <td>Uncle </td> <td>Utah </td> <td>? </td> <td>Union </td> <td>Union </td> <td>Upsala </td> <td>Uncle </td> <td>Union </td> <td>Upsala </td> <td>Upsala </td></tr> <tr> <td>V </td> <td>Vic </td> <td>tuv </td> <td>Vindictive </td> <td> </td> <td>Violet </td> <td>Victoria </td> <td>Victor </td> <td>VICTORY </td> <td>Victor </td> <td>Victor </td> <td>Valencia </td> <td>Victor </td> <td>Victory </td> <td>Valencia </td> <td>Valencia </td></tr> <tr> <td>W </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>When </td> <td> </td> <td>William </td> <td>Wednesday </td> <td>William </td> <td>WILLIAM </td> <td>William </td> <td>William </td> <td>Washington </td> <td>William </td> <td>William </td> <td>Washington </td> <td>Washington </td></tr> <tr> <td>X </td> <td> </td> <td>vwx </td> <td>eXpeditely </td> <td> </td> <td>X-Ray </td> <td>Xmas </td> <td>X-Ray </td> <td>? </td> <td>X-Ray </td> <td>X-ray </td> <td>Xanthippe </td> <td>Xray </td> <td>X-ray </td> <td>Xanthippe </td> <td>Xanthippe </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y </td> <td> </td> <td>wxy </td> <td>Your </td> <td> </td> <td>Yale </td> <td>Yellow </td> <td>Young </td> <td>? </td> <td>Young </td> <td>Young </td> <td>Yokohama </td> <td>Yellow </td> <td>Young </td> <td>Yokohama </td> <td>Yokohama </td></tr> <tr> <td>Z </td> <td> </td> <td>xyz </td> <td>Zigzag </td> <td>X-Y-Z </td> <td>Zero </td> <td>Zebra </td> <td>Zebra </td> <td>? </td> <td>Zero </td> <td>Zero </td> <td>Zürich </td> <td>Zebra </td> <td>Zero </td> <td>Zurich </td> <td>Zurich </td></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Zero<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td>Zero<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>One<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td>One<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Two<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td>Two<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Three<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td>Three<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Four<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td>Four<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Five<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td>Five<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Six<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td>Six<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Seven<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td>Seven<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Eight<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td>Eight<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Nine<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td>Nine<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Comma </td> <td>Comma </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Fraction bar </td> <td>Fraction bar </td></tr> <tr> <td>. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Full stop (period) </td> <td>Full stop (period) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radiotelephony_spelling_alphabets">Radiotelephony spelling alphabets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Radiotelephony spelling alphabets">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_WWI">During WWI</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: During WWI">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seneca_code_instructions.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Seneca_code_instructions.agr.jpg/220px-Seneca_code_instructions.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Seneca_code_instructions.agr.jpg/330px-Seneca_code_instructions.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Seneca_code_instructions.agr.jpg/440px-Seneca_code_instructions.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption>Instruction page from WW I U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/Trench_code" title="Trench code">trench code</a>, Seneca edition, with spelling alphabet for telephone and radio use</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> battle lines were relatively static and forces were commonly linked by wired telephones. Signals could be weak on long wire runs and <a href="/wiki/Field_telephone" title="Field telephone">field telephone</a> systems often used a single wire with <a href="/wiki/Earth-return_telegraph" title="Earth-return telegraph">earth return</a>, which made them subject to inadvertent and deliberate interference. Spelling alphabets were introduced for wire telephony as well as on the newer radio voice equipment.<a href="#cite_note-friedman1942-16">[15]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol </th> <th>1915 British Army<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> </th> <th>1917 Royal Navy<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> </th> <th>1918 British Army<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>A </td> <td>Ack </td> <td>Apples </td> <td>Ack </td></tr> <tr> <td>B </td> <td>Beer </td> <td>Butter </td> <td>Beer </td></tr> <tr> <td>C </td> <td> </td> <td>Charlie </td> <td>Cork </td></tr> <tr> <td>D </td> <td>Don </td> <td>Duff </td> <td>Don </td></tr> <tr> <td>E </td> <td> </td> <td>Edward </td> <td>Eddy </td></tr> <tr> <td>F </td> <td> </td> <td>Freddy </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G </td> <td> </td> <td>George </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>H </td> <td> </td> <td>Harry </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td> </td> <td>Ink </td> <td>Ink </td></tr> <tr> <td>J </td> <td> </td> <td>Johnnie </td> <td>Jug </td></tr> <tr> <td>K </td> <td> </td> <td>King </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>L </td> <td> </td> <td>London </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>M </td> <td>eMma </td> <td>Monkey </td> <td>eMma </td></tr> <tr> <td>N </td> <td> </td> <td>Nuts </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>O </td> <td> </td> <td>Orange </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P </td> <td>Pip </td> <td>Pudding </td> <td>Pip </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q </td> <td> </td> <td>Queenie </td> <td>Quad </td></tr> <tr> <td>R </td> <td> </td> <td>Robert </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>S </td> <td>eSses </td> <td>Sugar </td> <td>eSses </td></tr> <tr> <td>T </td> <td>Toc </td> <td>Tommy </td> <td>Talk </td></tr> <tr> <td>U </td> <td> </td> <td>Uncle </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>V </td> <td>Vic </td> <td>Vinegar </td> <td>Vic </td></tr> <tr> <td>W </td> <td> </td> <td>Willie </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X </td> <td> </td> <td>Xerxes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y </td> <td> </td> <td>Yellow </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Z </td> <td> </td> <td>Zebra </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_WWI_and_WWII">Between WWI and WWII</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Between WWI and WWII">edit</a>]</div> Commercial and international telephone and radiotelephone spelling alphabets. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol </th> <th>1919 U.S. Air Service<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> </th> <th>1920 UECU Proposal (never adopted)<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> </th> <th>1927 (Washington, D.C.) International Radiotelegraph Convention (CCIR)<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> </th> <th>1930 <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">ARRL</a> List (same as 1918 Western Union)<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> </th> <th>1930 Bokstaveringstabell <a href="/wiki/Televerket_(Sweden)" title="Televerket (Sweden)">Televerket</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-18">[17]</a> </th> <th>1932 General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (CCIR/ICAN)<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> </th> <th>1932 <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Railroads" title="Association of American Railroads">American Association of Railroads</a> (same as 1918 Western Union)<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> </th> <th>1936 <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">ARRL</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-20">[19]</a> </th> <th>1938 (Cairo) International Radiocommunication Conference code words<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>A </td> <td>Able </td> <td>Argentine </td> <td>Amsterdam </td> <td>Adams </td> <td>Adam </td> <td>Amsterdam </td> <td>Adams </td> <td>Able </td> <td>Amsterdam </td></tr> <tr> <td>B </td> <td>Boy </td> <td>Brussels </td> <td>Baltimore </td> <td>Boston </td> <td>Bertil </td> <td>Baltimore </td> <td>Boston </td> <td>Boy </td> <td>Baltimore </td></tr> <tr> <td>C </td> <td>Cast </td> <td>Canada </td> <td>Canada </td> <td>Chicago </td> <td>Caesar </td> <td>Casablanca </td> <td>Chicago </td> <td>Cast </td> <td>Casablanca </td></tr> <tr> <td>D </td> <td>Dock </td> <td>Damascus </td> <td>Denmark </td> <td>Denver </td> <td>David </td> <td>Danemark </td> <td>Denver </td> <td>Dog </td> <td>Danemark </td></tr> <tr> <td>E </td> <td>Easy </td> <td>Ecuador </td> <td>Eddystone </td> <td>Edward </td> <td>Erik </td> <td>Edison </td> <td>Edward </td> <td>Easy </td> <td>Edison </td></tr> <tr> <td>F </td> <td>Fox </td> <td>France </td> <td>Francisco </td> <td>Frank </td> <td>Filip </td> <td>Florida </td> <td>Frank </td> <td>Fox </td> <td>Florida </td></tr> <tr> <td>G </td> <td>George </td> <td>Greece </td> <td>Gibraltar </td> <td>George </td> <td>Gustav </td> <td>Gallipoli </td> <td>George </td> <td>George </td> <td>Gallipoli </td></tr> <tr> <td>H </td> <td>Have </td> <td>Hanover </td> <td>Hanover </td> <td>Henry </td> <td>Helge (Harald prior 1960) </td> <td>Havana </td> <td>Henry </td> <td>Have </td> <td>Havana </td></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td>Item </td> <td>Italy </td> <td>Italy </td> <td>Ida </td> <td>Ivar </td> <td>Italia </td> <td>Ida </td> <td>Item </td> <td>Italia </td></tr> <tr> <td>J </td> <td>Jig </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>Jerusalem </td> <td>John </td> <td>Johan </td> <td>Jérusalem </td> <td>John </td> <td>Jig </td> <td>Jérusalem </td></tr> <tr> <td>K </td> <td>King </td> <td>Khartoum </td> <td>Kimberley </td> <td>King </td> <td>Kalle </td> <td>Kilogramme </td> <td>King </td> <td>King </td> <td>Kilogramme </td></tr> <tr> <td>L </td> <td>Love </td> <td>Lima </td> <td>Liverpool </td> <td>Lincoln </td> <td>Ludvig </td> <td>Liverpool </td> <td>Lincoln </td> <td>Love </td> <td>Liverpool </td></tr> <tr> <td>M </td> <td>Mike </td> <td>Madrid </td> <td>Madagascar </td> <td>Mary </td> <td>Martin </td> <td>Madagascar </td> <td>Mary </td> <td>Mike </td> <td>Madagascar </td></tr> <tr> <td>N </td> <td>Nan </td> <td>Nancy </td> <td>Neufchatel </td> <td>New York </td> <td>Nicklas </td> <td>New York </td> <td>New York </td> <td>Nan </td> <td>New-York </td></tr> <tr> <td>O </td> <td>Oble </td> <td>Ostend </td> <td>Ontario </td> <td>Ocean </td> <td>Olof </td> <td>Oslo </td> <td>Ocean </td> <td>Oboe </td> <td>Oslo </td></tr> <tr> <td>P </td> <td>Pup </td> <td>Paris </td> <td>Portugal </td> <td>Peter </td> <td>Petter </td> <td>Paris </td> <td>Peter </td> <td>Pup </td> <td>Paris </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q </td> <td>Quack </td> <td>Quebec </td> <td>Quebec </td> <td>Queen </td> <td>Quintus </td> <td>Québec </td> <td>Queen </td> <td>Quack </td> <td>Québec </td></tr> <tr> <td>R </td> <td>Rush </td> <td>Rome </td> <td>Rivoli </td> <td>Robert </td> <td>Rudolf </td> <td>Roma </td> <td>Robert </td> <td>Rot </td> <td>Roma </td></tr> <tr> <td>S </td> <td>Sail </td> <td>Sardinia </td> <td>Santiago </td> <td>Sugar </td> <td>Sigurd </td> <td>Santiago </td> <td>Sugar </td> <td>Sail </td> <td>Santiago </td></tr> <tr> <td>T </td> <td>Tare </td> <td>Tokio </td> <td>Tokio </td> <td>Thomas </td> <td>Tore </td> <td>Tripoli </td> <td>Thomas </td> <td>Tare </td> <td>Tripoli </td></tr> <tr> <td>U </td> <td>Unit </td> <td>Uruguay </td> <td>Uruguay </td> <td>Union </td> <td>Urban </td> <td>Upsala </td> <td>Union </td> <td>Unit </td> <td>Upsala </td></tr> <tr> <td>V </td> <td>Vice </td> <td>Victoria </td> <td>Victoria </td> <td>Victor </td> <td>Viktor </td> <td>Valencia </td> <td>Victor </td> <td>Vice </td> <td>Valencia </td></tr> <tr> <td>W </td> <td>Watch </td> <td>Washington </td> <td>Washington </td> <td>William </td> <td>Willhelm </td> <td>Washington </td> <td>William </td> <td>Watch </td> <td>Washington </td></tr> <tr> <td>X </td> <td>X-ray </td> <td>Xaintrie </td> <td>Xantippe </td> <td>X-Ray </td> <td>Xerxes </td> <td>Xanthippe </td> <td>X-ray </td> <td>X-ray </td> <td>Xanthippe </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y </td> <td>Yoke </td> <td>Yokohama </td> <td>Yokohama </td> <td>Young </td> <td>Yngve </td> <td>Yokohama </td> <td>Young </td> <td>Yoke </td> <td>Yokohama </td></tr> <tr> <td>Z </td> <td>Zed </td> <td>Zanzibar </td> <td>Zululand </td> <td>Zero </td> <td>Zäta </td> <td>Zürich </td> <td>Zero </td> <td>Zed </td> <td>Zurich </td></tr> <tr> <td>Å </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Åke </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ä </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ärlig </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ö </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Östen </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Nolla </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Zero </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ett (Etta prior 1960) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>One </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Tvåa </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Two </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Trea </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Three </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Fyra </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Four </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Femma </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Five </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Sexa </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Six </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Sju (Sjua prior 1960) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Seven </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Åtta </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Eight </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Nia </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Nine </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_WWII">During WWII</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: During WWII">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allied_military_phonetic_spelling_alphabets" title="Allied military phonetic spelling alphabets">Allied military phonetic spelling alphabets</a></div> The later <a href="/wiki/NATO_phonetic_alphabet" title="NATO phonetic alphabet">NATO phonetic alphabet</a> evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Allied_military_phonetic_spelling_alphabets" title="Allied military phonetic spelling alphabets">procedures of several different Allied nations</a> during World War II, including: <ul><li>The United States Navy (multiple versions in 1913, 1927, 1938, and WWII)</li> <li>The United States Army (multiple versions in 1916, 1939, 1944, and 1961)</li> <li>The United States Army Air Force</li> <li>Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet (1941–1956)</li> <li>The British Royal Air Force phonetic alphabet (1921 onwards)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Allied military alphabet history </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Symbol </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy Department</a> </th> <th>Joint Army/Navy phonetic alphabet </th></tr> <tr> <th>1914–1918 (World War I) </th> <th>1924–1942 </th> <th>1943–1956 </th> <th>1927–1937 </th> <th>1941–1956 </th></tr> <tr> <td>A </td> <td>Apples </td> <td>Ace </td> <td>Able/Affirm </td> <td>Afirm </td> <td>Able </td></tr> <tr> <td>B </td> <td>Butter </td> <td>Beer </td> <td>Baker </td> <td>Baker </td> <td>Baker </td></tr> <tr> <td>C </td> <td>Charlie </td> <td>Charlie </td> <td>Charlie </td> <td>Cast </td> <td>Charlie </td></tr> <tr> <td>D </td> <td>Duff </td> <td>Don </td> <td>Dog </td> <td>Dog </td> <td>Dog </td></tr> <tr> <td>E </td> <td>Edward </td> <td>Edward </td> <td>Easy </td> <td>Easy </td> <td>Easy </td></tr> <tr> <td>F </td> <td>Freddy </td> <td>Freddie </td> <td>Fox </td> <td>Fox </td> <td>Fox </td></tr> <tr> <td>G </td> <td>George </td> <td>George </td> <td>George </td> <td>George </td> <td>George </td></tr> <tr> <td>H </td> <td>Harry </td> <td>Harry </td> <td>How </td> <td>Hypo </td> <td>How </td></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td>Ink </td> <td>Ink </td> <td>Item/Interrogatory </td> <td>Int </td> <td>Item </td></tr> <tr> <td>J </td> <td>Johnnie </td> <td>Johnnie </td> <td>Jig/Johnny </td> <td>Jig </td> <td>Jig </td></tr> <tr> <td>K </td> <td>King </td> <td>King </td> <td>King </td> <td>King </td> <td>King </td></tr> <tr> <td>L </td> <td>London </td> <td>London </td> <td>Love </td> <td>Love </td> <td>Love </td></tr> <tr> <td>M </td> <td>Monkey </td> <td>Monkey </td> <td>Mike </td> <td>Mike </td> <td>Mike </td></tr> <tr> <td>N </td> <td>Nuts </td> <td>Nuts </td> <td>Nab/Negat </td> <td>Negat </td> <td>Nan </td></tr> <tr> <td>O </td> <td>Orange </td> <td>Orange </td> <td>Oboe </td> <td>Option </td> <td>Oboe </td></tr> <tr> <td>P </td> <td>Pudding </td> <td>Pip </td> <td>Peter/Prep </td> <td>Prep </td> <td>Peter </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q </td> <td>Queenie </td> <td>Queen </td> <td>Queen </td> <td>Quack </td> <td>Queen </td></tr> <tr> <td>R </td> <td>Robert </td> <td>Robert </td> <td>Roger </td> <td>Roger </td> <td>Roger </td></tr> <tr> <td>S </td> <td>Sugar </td> <td>Sugar </td> <td>Sugar </td> <td>Sail </td> <td>Sugar </td></tr> <tr> <td>T </td> <td>Tommy </td> <td>Toc </td> <td>Tare </td> <td>Tare </td> <td>Tare </td></tr> <tr> <td>U </td> <td>Uncle </td> <td>Uncle </td> <td>Uncle </td> <td>Uncle </td> <td>Uncle </td></tr> <tr> <td>V </td> <td>Vinegar </td> <td>Vic </td> <td>Victor </td> <td>Vice </td> <td>Victor </td></tr> <tr> <td>W </td> <td>Willie </td> <td>William </td> <td>William </td> <td>William </td> <td>William </td></tr> <tr> <td>X </td> <td>Xerxes </td> <td>X-ray </td> <td>X-ray </td> <td>X-ray </td> <td>X-ray </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y </td> <td>Yellow </td> <td>Yorker </td> <td>Yoke </td> <td>Yoke </td> <td>Yoke </td></tr> <tr> <td>Z </td> <td>Zebra </td> <td>Zebra </td> <td>Zebra </td> <td>Zebra </td> <td>Zebra </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-WWII">Post-WWII</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-WWII">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol </th> <th>1946 ARRL<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> </th> <th>1947 (Atlantic City) International Radio Conference<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> </th> <th>1949 ICAO<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> </th> <th>1951 IATA code words </th> <th>1957 American Association of Railroads (same as 1917 AT&T)<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> </th> <th>1959 (Geneva) Administrative Radio Conference code words<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> </th> <th>1969–present code words[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">whose?</a>] </th> <th>1969–present pronunciation[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </th></tr> <tr> <td>A </td> <td>Adam </td> <td>Amsterdam </td> <td>Alfa </td> <td>Alfa </td> <td>Alice</td> <td>Alfa</td> <td>Alfa</td> <td>AL FAH </td></tr> <tr> <td>B </td> <td>Baker </td> <td>Baltimore </td> <td>Beta </td> <td>Bravo </td> <td>Bertha</td> <td>Bravo</td> <td>Bravo</td> <td>BRAH VOH </td></tr> <tr> <td>C </td> <td>Charlie </td> <td>Casablanca </td> <td>Coca </td> <td>Coca </td> <td>Charles</td> <td>Charlie</td> <td>Charlie</td> <td>CHAR LEE </td></tr> <tr> <td>D </td> <td>David </td> <td>Danemark </td> <td>Delta </td> <td>Delta </td> <td>David</td> <td>Delta</td> <td>Delta</td> <td>DELL TAH </td></tr> <tr> <td>E </td> <td>Edward </td> <td>Edison </td> <td>Echo </td> <td>Echo </td> <td>Edward</td> <td>Echo</td> <td>Echo</td> <td>ECK OH </td></tr> <tr> <td>F </td> <td>Frank </td> <td>Florida </td> <td>Foxtrot </td> <td>Foxtrot </td> <td>Frank</td> <td>Foxtrot</td> <td>Foxtrot</td> <td>FOKS TROT </td></tr> <tr> <td>G </td> <td>George </td> <td>Gallipoli </td> <td>Golf </td> <td>Gold </td> <td>George</td> <td>Golf</td> <td>Golf</td> <td>GOLF </td></tr> <tr> <td>H </td> <td>Henry </td> <td>Havana </td> <td>Hotel </td> <td>Hotel </td> <td>Henry</td> <td>Hotel</td> <td>Hotel</td> <td>HOH TELL </td></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td>Ida </td> <td>Italia </td> <td>India </td> <td>India </td> <td>Ida</td> <td>India</td> <td>India</td> <td>IN DEE AH </td></tr> <tr> <td>J </td> <td>John </td> <td>Jerusalem </td> <td>Julietta </td> <td>Juliett </td> <td>James</td> <td>Juliett</td> <td>Juliett</td> <td>JEW LEE ETT </td></tr> <tr> <td>K </td> <td>King </td> <td>Kilogramme </td> <td>Kilo </td> <td>Kilo </td> <td>Kate</td> <td>Kilo</td> <td>Kilo</td> <td>KEY LOH </td></tr> <tr> <td>L </td> <td>Lewis </td> <td>Liverpool </td> <td>Lima </td> <td>Lima </td> <td>Louis</td> <td>Lima</td> <td>Lima</td> <td>LEE MAH </td></tr> <tr> <td>M </td> <td>Mary </td> <td>Madagascar </td> <td>Metro </td> <td>Metro </td> <td>Mary</td> <td>Mike</td> <td>Mike</td> <td>MIKE </td></tr> <tr> <td>N </td> <td>Nancy </td> <td>New York </td> <td>Nectar </td> <td>Nectar </td> <td>Nelly</td> <td>November</td> <td>November</td> <td>NO VEM BER </td></tr> <tr> <td>O </td> <td>Otto </td> <td>Oslo </td> <td>Oscar </td> <td>Oscar </td> <td>Oliver</td> <td>Oscar</td> <td>Oscar</td> <td>OSS CUR </td></tr> <tr> <td>P </td> <td>Peter </td> <td>Paris </td> <td>Polka </td> <td>Papa </td> <td>Peter</td> <td>Papa</td> <td>Papa</td> <td>PAH PAH </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q </td> <td>Queen </td> <td>Quebec </td> <td>Quebec </td> <td>Quebec </td> <td>Quaker</td> <td>Quebec</td> <td>Quebec</td> <td>KEH BECK </td></tr> <tr> <td>R </td> <td>Robert </td> <td>Roma </td> <td>Romeo </td> <td>Romeo </td> <td>Robert</td> <td>Romeo</td> <td>Romeo</td> <td>ROW ME OH </td></tr> <tr> <td>S </td> <td>Susan </td> <td>Santiago </td> <td>Sierra </td> <td>Sierra </td> <td>Samuel</td> <td>Sierra</td> <td>Sierra</td> <td>SEE AIR RAH </td></tr> <tr> <td>T </td> <td>Thomas </td> <td>Tripoli </td> <td>Tango </td> <td>Tango </td> <td>Thomas</td> <td>Tango</td> <td>Tango</td> <td>TANG GO </td></tr> <tr> <td>U </td> <td>Union </td> <td>Upsala </td> <td>Union </td> <td>Union </td> <td>Utah</td> <td>Uniform</td> <td>Uniform</td> <td>YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM </td></tr> <tr> <td>V </td> <td>Victor </td> <td>Valencia </td> <td>Victor </td> <td>Victor </td> <td>Victor</td> <td>Victor</td> <td>Victor</td> <td>VIK TAH </td></tr> <tr> <td>W </td> <td>William </td> <td>Washington </td> <td>Whiskey </td> <td>Whiskey </td> <td>William</td> <td>Whiskey</td> <td>Whiskey</td> <td>WISS KEY </td></tr> <tr> <td>X </td> <td>X-ray </td> <td>Xanthippe </td> <td>eXtra </td> <td>eXtra </td> <td>X-Ray</td> <td>X-ray</td> <td>X-ray</td> <td>ECKS RAY </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y </td> <td>Young </td> <td>Yokohama </td> <td>Yankey </td> <td>Yankee </td> <td>Young</td> <td>Yankee</td> <td>Yankee</td> <td>YANG KEY </td></tr> <tr> <td>Z </td> <td>Zebra </td> <td>Zurich </td> <td>Zebra </td> <td>Zulu </td> <td>Zebra</td> <td>Zulu</td> <td>Zulu</td> <td>ZOO LOO </td></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Zero<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Zero<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> (proposal A: ZE-RO; proposal B: ZERO)</td> <td>Nadazero</td> <td>NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td>One<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>One<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> (proposal A: WUN; proposal B: WUN)</td> <td>Unaone</td> <td>OO-NAH-WUN </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>Two<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Two<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> (proposal A: TOO; proposal B: BIS)</td> <td>Bissotwo</td> <td>BEES-SOH-TOO </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td> </td> <td>Three<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Three<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> (proposal A: TREE; proposal B: TER)</td> <td>Terrathree</td> <td>TAY-RAH-TREE </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>Four<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Four<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> (proposal A: FOW-ER; proposal B: QUARTO)</td> <td>Kartefour</td> <td>KAR-TAY-FOWER </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td> </td> <td>Five<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Five<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> (proposal A: FIFE; proposal B: PENTA)</td> <td>Pantafive</td> <td>PAN-TAH-FIVE </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td> </td> <td>Six<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Six<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> (proposal A: SIX; proposal B: SAXO)</td> <td>Soxisix</td> <td>SOK-SEE-SIX </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td> </td> <td>Seven<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Seven<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> (proposal A: SEV-EN; proposal B: SETTE)</td> <td>Setteseven</td> <td>SAY-TAY-SEVEN </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td>Eight<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Eight<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> (proposal A: AIT; proposal B: OCTO)</td> <td>Oktoeight</td> <td>OK-TOH-AIT </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td> </td> <td>Nine<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Nine<a href="#cite_note-:03-15">[Note 1]</a> (proposal A: NIN-ER; proposal B: NONA)</td> <td>Novenine</td> <td>NO-VAY-NINER </td></tr> <tr> <td>, </td> <td> </td> <td>Comma </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Comma</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ </td> <td> </td> <td>Fraction bar </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Fraction bar</td> <td></td> <td>Forward slash </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Break signal </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Break signal </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>. </td> <td> </td> <td>Full stop (period) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Full stop (period)</td> <td>Stop</td> <td>STOP </td></tr> <tr> <td>. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Point (proposal A: DAY-SEE-MAL; proposal B: DECIMAL)</td> <td>Decimal</td> <td>DAY-SEE-MAL </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thousand </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(Proposal A: TOUS-AND) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> For the 1938 and 1947 alphabets, each transmission of figures is preceded and followed by the words "as a number" spoken twice. The ITU adopted the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a>'s phonetic spelling alphabet in 1959,<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> and in 1969 specified that it be "for application in the maritime mobile service only".<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> During the late 1940s and early 1950s, there were two international aviation radio spelling alphabets, the "Able Baker" was used by most Western countries, while the "Ana Brazil" alphabet was used by South American and Caribbean regions.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Pronunciation was not defined prior to 1959. From 1959 to present, the underlined syllable of each code word[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">whose?</a>] for the letters should be stressed, and from 1969 to present, each syllable of the code words for the digits should be equally stressed, with the exceptions of the unstressed second syllables of fower, seven, niner, hundred. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICAO_Radiotelephone_Spelling_Alphabet">ICAO Radiotelephone Spelling Alphabet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: ICAO Radiotelephone Spelling Alphabet">edit</a>]</div> After WWII, the major work in producing a better spelling alphabet was conducted by the ICAO, which was subsequently adopted in modified form by the ITU and IMO. Its development is related to these various international conventions on radio, including: <ul><li>Universal Electrical Communications Union, Washington, D.C., December 1920<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a></li> <li>International Radiotelegraph Convention, Washington, 1927 (which created the CCIR)<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></li> <li>General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (Madrid, 1932)<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></li> <li>Instructions for the International Telephone Service, 1932 (ITU-T E.141; withdrawn in 1993)</li> <li>The <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1936 ARRL and 1928 Western Union alphabets likely originated earlier.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></li> <li>General Radiocommunication Regulations and Additional Radiocommunication Regulations (Cairo, 1938)<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></li> <li>Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations (Atlantic City, 1947),<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> where "it was decided that the International Civil Aviation Organization and other international aeronautical organizations would assume the responsibility for procedures and regulations related to aeronautical communication. However, ITU would continue to maintain general procedures regarding distress signals."</li> <li>1959 Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1959)<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></li> <li>Final Acts of WARC-79 (Geneva, 1979).<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Here the alphabet was formally named "Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code".</li> <li>International Code of Signals for Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications, United States Edition, 1969 (Revised 2003)<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></li> <li>NATO phonetic alphabet history<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">International Telecommunication Union, Radio</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/ICAO_spelling_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAO spelling alphabet">ICAO Radiotelephony Alphabet</a> is defined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> for international aircraft communications.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol</th> <th>1932 ITU/ICAN</th> <th>1951 IATA</th> <th>1956–Present ICAO </th></tr> <tr> <td>A</td> <td>Amsterdam</td> <td>Alfa</td> <td>Alfa </td></tr> <tr> <td>B</td> <td>Baltimore</td> <td>Bravo</td> <td>Bravo </td></tr> <tr> <td>C</td> <td>Casablanca</td> <td>Coca</td> <td>Charlie </td></tr> <tr> <td>D</td> <td>Denmark</td> <td>Delta</td> <td>Delta </td></tr> <tr> <td>E</td> <td>Edison</td> <td>Echo</td> <td>Echo </td></tr> <tr> <td>F</td> <td>Florida</td> <td>Foxtrot</td> <td>Foxtrot </td></tr> <tr> <td>G</td> <td>Gallipoli</td> <td>Golf</td> <td>Golf </td></tr> <tr> <td>H</td> <td>Havana</td> <td>Hotel</td> <td>Hotel </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>Italia</td> <td>India</td> <td>India </td></tr> <tr> <td>J</td> <td>Jerusalem</td> <td>Juliett</td> <td>Juliett </td></tr> <tr> <td>K</td> <td>Kilogramme</td> <td>Kilo</td> <td>Kilo </td></tr> <tr> <td>L</td> <td>Liverpool</td> <td>Lima</td> <td>Lima </td></tr> <tr> <td>M</td> <td>Madagascar</td> <td>Mike</td> <td>Mike </td></tr> <tr> <td>N</td> <td>New York</td> <td>November</td> <td>November </td></tr> <tr> <td>O</td> <td>Oslo</td> <td>Oscar</td> <td>Oscar </td></tr> <tr> <td>P</td> <td>Paris</td> <td>Papa</td> <td>Papa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q</td> <td>Quebec</td> <td>Quebec</td> <td>Quebec </td></tr> <tr> <td>R</td> <td>Roma</td> <td>Romeo</td> <td>Romeo </td></tr> <tr> <td>S</td> <td>Santiago</td> <td>Sierra</td> <td>Sierra </td></tr> <tr> <td>T</td> <td>Tripoli</td> <td>Tango</td> <td>Tango </td></tr> <tr> <td>U</td> <td>Upsala</td> <td>Uniform</td> <td>Uniform </td></tr> <tr> <td>V</td> <td>Valencia</td> <td>Victor</td> <td>Victor </td></tr> <tr> <td>W</td> <td>Washington</td> <td>Whiskey</td> <td>Whisky </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>Xanthippe</td> <td>X-ray</td> <td>X-ray </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y</td> <td>Yokohama</td> <td>Yankee</td> <td>Yankee </td></tr> <tr> <td>Z</td> <td>Zurich</td> <td>Zulu</td> <td>Zulu </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>One (Wun) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Two </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Tree </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Fower </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Fife </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Six </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Seven </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Eight </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Niner </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Zero </td></tr> <tr> <td>-00</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Hundred<a href="#cite_note-hundred-39">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Tousand<a href="#cite_note-hundred-39">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Decimal </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Law enforcement">edit</a>]</div> Defined by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Public-Safety_Communications_Officials-International" title="Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International">Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The APCO first suggested that its Procedure and Signals Committee work out a system for a "standard set of words representing the alphabet should be used by all stations" in its April 1940 newsletter.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Note: The old APCO alphabet has wide usage among Public Safety agencies nationwide, even though APCO itself deprecated the alphabet in 1974, replacing it with the ICAO spelling alphabet. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.apcointl.org">https://www.apcointl.org</a> and <a href="/wiki/APCO_radiotelephony_spelling_alphabet" title="APCO radiotelephony spelling alphabet">APCO radiotelephony spelling alphabet</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol</th> <th>APCO Project 2 1967<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> </th> <th>APCO Project 14 (1974)<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>A</td> <td>Adam</td> <td>ALPHA </td></tr> <tr> <td>B</td> <td>Boy</td> <td>BRAVO </td></tr> <tr> <td>C</td> <td>Charles</td> <td>CHARLIE </td></tr> <tr> <td>D</td> <td>David</td> <td>DELTA </td></tr> <tr> <td>E</td> <td>Edward</td> <td>ECHO </td></tr> <tr> <td>F</td> <td>Frank</td> <td>FOXTROT </td></tr> <tr> <td>G</td> <td>George</td> <td>GOLF </td></tr> <tr> <td>H</td> <td>Henry</td> <td>HOTEL </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>Ida</td> <td>INDIA </td></tr> <tr> <td>J</td> <td>John</td> <td>JULIETTE </td></tr> <tr> <td>K</td> <td>King</td> <td>KILO </td></tr> <tr> <td>L</td> <td>Lincoln</td> <td>LIMA </td></tr> <tr> <td>M</td> <td>Mary</td> <td>MIKE </td></tr> <tr> <td>N</td> <td>Nora</td> <td>NOVEMBER </td></tr> <tr> <td>O</td> <td>Ocean</td> <td>OSCAR </td></tr> <tr> <td>P</td> <td>Paul</td> <td>PAPA </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q</td> <td>Queen</td> <td>QUEBEC </td></tr> <tr> <td>R</td> <td>Robert</td> <td>ROMEO </td></tr> <tr> <td>S</td> <td>Sam</td> <td>SIERRA </td></tr> <tr> <td>T</td> <td>Tom</td> <td>TANGO </td></tr> <tr> <td>U</td> <td>Union</td> <td>UNIFORM </td></tr> <tr> <td>V</td> <td>Victor</td> <td>VICTOR </td></tr> <tr> <td>W</td> <td>William</td> <td>WHISKEY </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>X-ray</td> <td>XRAY </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y</td> <td>Young</td> <td>YANKEE </td></tr> <tr> <td>Z</td> <td>Zebra</td> <td>ZULU </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>ZERO (with a strong Z and a short RO)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>WUN (with a strong W and N)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>TOO (with a strong and long OO)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>TH-R-EE (with a slightly rolling R and long EE)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>FO-WER (with a long O and strong W and final R</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>VIE-YIV (with a long I changing to short and strong Y and V)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>SIKS (with a strong S and KS)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>SEV-VEN (with a strong S and V and well-sounded VEN)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>ATE (with a long A and strong T)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>NI-YEN (with a strong N at the beginning, a long I and a well sounded YEN)</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amateur_radio">Amateur radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Amateur radio">edit</a>]</div> The FCC regulations for Amateur radio state that "Use of a phonetic alphabet as an aid for correct station identification is encouraged" (47 C.F.R. § 97.119(b)(2)<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a>), but does not state which set of words should be used. Officially the same as used by ICAO, but there are significant variations commonly used by stations participating in HF contests and DX (especially in international HF communications).<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> The official ARRL alphabet changed over the years, sometimes to reflect the current norms, and sometimes by the force of law. In rules made effective beginning April 1, 1946, the FCC forbade using the names of cities, states, or countries in spelling alphabets.<a href="#cite_note-:6-48">[47]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol </th> <th>1930 <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">ARRL</a> List (same as 1918 Western Union)<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> </th> <th>1936–1946 ARRL<a href="#cite_note-:7-20">[19]</a> </th> <th>1946–1969 ARRL<a href="#cite_note-:6-48">[47]</a></th> <th>1970–present ARRL<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> (ICAO)</th> <th>DX<a href="#cite_note-:5-50">[49]</a></th> <th>DX alternate<a href="#cite_note-:5-50">[49]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>A </td> <td>Adams </td> <td>Able </td> <td>ADAM</td> <td>Alpha</td> <td>America</td> <td>Amsterdam </td></tr> <tr> <td>B </td> <td>Boston </td> <td>Boy </td> <td>BAKER</td> <td>Bravo</td> <td>Boston</td> <td>Baltimore </td></tr> <tr> <td>C </td> <td>Chicago </td> <td>Cast </td> <td>CHARLIE</td> <td>Charlie</td> <td>Canada</td> <td>Chile </td></tr> <tr> <td>D </td> <td>Denver </td> <td>Dog </td> <td>DAVID</td> <td>Delta</td> <td>Denmark</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>E </td> <td>Edward </td> <td>Easy </td> <td>EDWARD</td> <td>Echo</td> <td>England</td> <td>Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>F </td> <td>Frank </td> <td>Fox </td> <td>FRANK</td> <td>Foxtrot</td> <td>France</td> <td>Finland </td></tr> <tr> <td>G </td> <td>George </td> <td>George </td> <td>GEORGE</td> <td>Golf</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>Geneva </td></tr> <tr> <td>H </td> <td>Henry </td> <td>Have </td> <td>HENRY</td> <td>Hotel</td> <td>Honolulu</td> <td>Hawaii </td></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td>Ida </td> <td>Item </td> <td>IDA</td> <td>India</td> <td>Italy</td> <td>Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td>J </td> <td>John </td> <td>Jig </td> <td>JOHN</td> <td>Juliett</td> <td>Japan</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>K </td> <td>King </td> <td>King </td> <td>KING</td> <td>Kilo</td> <td>Kilowatt</td> <td>Kentucky </td></tr> <tr> <td>L </td> <td>Lincoln </td> <td>Love </td> <td>LEWIS</td> <td>Lima</td> <td>London</td> <td>Luxembourg </td></tr> <tr> <td>M </td> <td>Mary </td> <td>Mike </td> <td>MARY</td> <td>Mike</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>Montreal </td></tr> <tr> <td>N </td> <td>New York </td> <td>Nan </td> <td>NANCY</td> <td>November</td> <td>Norway</td> <td>Nicaragua </td></tr> <tr> <td>O </td> <td>Ocean </td> <td>Oboe </td> <td>OTTO</td> <td>Oscar</td> <td>Ontario</td> <td>Ocean </td></tr> <tr> <td>P </td> <td>Peter </td> <td>Pup </td> <td>PETER</td> <td>Papa</td> <td>Pacific</td> <td>Portugal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q </td> <td>Queen </td> <td>Quack </td> <td>QUEEN</td> <td>Quebec</td> <td>Quebec</td> <td>Queen </td></tr> <tr> <td>R </td> <td>Robert </td> <td>Rot </td> <td>ROBERT</td> <td>Romeo</td> <td>Radio</td> <td>Romania </td></tr> <tr> <td>S </td> <td>Sugar </td> <td>Sail </td> <td>SUSAN</td> <td>Sierra</td> <td>Santiago</td> <td>Sweden </td></tr> <tr> <td>T </td> <td>Thomas </td> <td>Tare </td> <td>THOMAS</td> <td>Tango</td> <td>Tokyo</td> <td>Texas </td></tr> <tr> <td>U </td> <td>Union </td> <td>Unit </td> <td>UNION</td> <td>Uniform</td> <td>United</td> <td>Uruguay </td></tr> <tr> <td>V </td> <td>Victor </td> <td>Vice </td> <td>VICTOR</td> <td>Victor</td> <td>Victoria</td> <td>Venezuela </td></tr> <tr> <td>W </td> <td>William </td> <td>Watch </td> <td>WILLIAM</td> <td>Whiskey</td> <td>Washington</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X </td> <td>X-Ray </td> <td>X-ray </td> <td>X-RAY</td> <td>X-ray</td> <td>X-Ray</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y </td> <td>Young </td> <td>Yoke </td> <td>YOUNG</td> <td>Yankee</td> <td>Yokohama</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Z </td> <td>Zero </td> <td>Zed </td> <td>ZEBRA</td> <td>Zulu</td> <td>Zanzibar</td> <td>Zulu </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>One</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Two</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Tree</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Fower</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Fife</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Six</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Seven</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Eight</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Niner</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Zero</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>. </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Stop</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>. </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Decimal</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additions_in_other_languages">Additions in other languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Additions in other languages">edit</a>]</div> Certain languages' standard alphabets have letters, or letters with diacritics (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlauts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)" title="Ring (diacritic)">rings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tildes</a>), that do not exist in the English alphabet. If these letters have two-letter <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> substitutes, the ICAO/ITU code words for the two letters are used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Danish_and_Norwegian">Danish and Norwegian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Danish and Norwegian">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> the letters "<a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a>", "<a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">ø</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a>" have their own code words. In Danish Ægir, Ødis and Åse represent the three letters,<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> while in Norwegian the three code words are Ægir, Ørnulf and Ågot for civilians and Ærlig, Østen and Åse for military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonian">Estonian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Estonian">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> has four special letters, õ, ä, ö and ü. Õnne represents õ, Ärni for ä, Ööbik for ö and Ülle for ü.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnish">Finnish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Finnish">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> there are special code words for the letters å, ä and ö. Åke is used to represent å, Äiti is used for ä and Öljy for ö. These code words are used only in national operations, the last remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_armed_forces%27_radio_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish armed forces' radio alphabet">Finnish radio alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: German">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buchstabiertafel_%C3%96sterreich_%C3%A4hnlich_%C3%96NORM_A_1081.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Buchstabiertafel_%C3%96sterreich_%C3%A4hnlich_%C3%96NORM_A_1081.jpg/220px-Buchstabiertafel_%C3%96sterreich_%C3%A4hnlich_%C3%96NORM_A_1081.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Buchstabiertafel_%C3%96sterreich_%C3%A4hnlich_%C3%96NORM_A_1081.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>German alphabet used in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, Alfa-Echo (ae) may be used for "<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>", Oscar-Echo (oe) for "<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>", Sierra-Sierra (ss) for "<a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a>", and Uniform-Echo (ue) for "<a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Greek">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_spelling_alphabet" title="Greek spelling alphabet">Greek spelling alphabet</a> is a spelling alphabet for the Greek language, i.e. a set of names used in lieu of alphabet letters for the purpose of spelling out words. It is used by the Greek armed and emergency services. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malay">Malay</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Malay">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>) represents the letter "L" with "London", since the word lima means "five" in this language.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian">Russian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Russian">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_spelling_alphabet" title="Russian spelling alphabet">Russian spelling alphabet</a> is a spelling alphabet for the Russian version of the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish">Spanish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spanish">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> the word ñoño (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈɲo.ɲo]</a>, 'dull') is used for <a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">ñ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swedish">Swedish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Swedish">edit</a>]</div> Åke is used for "<a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a>" Ärlig for "<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>" and Östen for "<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> spelling alphabet, though the two-letter substitutes aa, ae and oe respectively may be used in absence of the specific letters.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Table_of_spelling_alphabets_by_language">Table of spelling alphabets by language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Table of spelling alphabets by language">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spelling_alphabet" title="Special:EditPage/Spelling alphabet">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Letters </th> <th><a href="/wiki/NATO_phonetic_alphabet" title="NATO phonetic alphabet">NATO phonetic alphabet</a> </th> <th colspan="4">French </th> <th colspan="3">German </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_spelling_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch spelling alphabet">Dutch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Italian </th> <th rowspan="2">Spanish </th> <th colspan="2">Portuguese </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian languages">Scandinavian</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Finnish </th> <th rowspan="2">Turkish<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Romanian<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Czech<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Yugoslav<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Serbian </th> <th rowspan="2">Slovene<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>(International) </th> <th>(France) </th> <th>(Belgium) <a href="#cite_note-experto-65">[64]</a> </th> <th>(Switzerland)<a href="#cite_note-experto-65">[64]</a> </th> <th>(Québec)<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> </th> <th>(Germany, 2022)<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> </th> <th>(Austria)<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> </th> <th>(Germany, informal, 2022)<a href="#cite_note-germany-informal-69">[Note 2]</a> </th> <th>(Netherlands) </th> <th>(Belgium) </th> <th>(Brazil) </th> <th>(Portugal) </th> <th>Swedish <a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> </th> <th>Danish </th> <th>Norwegian </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> </th> <td>Alfa [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] </td> <td>Anatole </td> <td>Arthur </td> <td>Anna </td> <td>Alice </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> </td> <td>Anton </td> <td>Albert </td> <td>Anna/Anton </td> <td>Arthur </td> <td>Ancona </td> <td>Antonio </td> <td>Amor </td> <td>Aveiro </td> <td>Adam </td> <td>Anna </td> <td>Anna </td> <td>Aarne </td> <td>Adana </td> <td>Ana </td> <td>Adam </td> <td>Avala </td> <td>Avala </td> <td>Ankaran </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Å</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)" title="Ring (diacritic)">Ringakzent</a> Aachen </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="7">- </td> <td>Åke </td> <td>Åse </td> <td>Åse </td> <td>Åke </td> <td colspan="6">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">Umlaut</a> Aachen </td> <td>Ärger </td> <td>Änderung </td> <td colspan="6">- </td> <td>Ärlig </td> <td colspan="2">- </td> <td>Äiti </td> <td colspan="6">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">Verbund</a> Aachen Essen </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">- </td> <td>Ægir </td> <td>Ærlig </td> <td colspan="7">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> </th> <td>Bravo </td> <td>Berthe </td> <td>Bruxelles </td> <td>Berthe </td> <td>Berthe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </td> <td>Berta </td> <td>Bernhard </td> <td>Bern(h)ard </td> <td>Brussel </td> <td>Bologna </td> <td>Burgos </td> <td>Bandeira </td> <td>Braga </td> <td>Bertil </td> <td>Bernhard </td> <td>Bernhard </td> <td>Bertta </td> <td>Bolu </td> <td>Barbu </td> <td>Božena </td> <td>Beograd </td> <td>Beograd </td> <td>Bled </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> </th> <td>Charlie </td> <td>Célestin </td> <td>César </td> <td>Cécile </td> <td>Charles </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a> </td> <td>Cäsar </td> <td>Cäsar </td> <td>Cornelis </td> <td>Carolina </td> <td>Como </td> <td>Carmen </td> <td>Cobra </td> <td>Coimbra </td> <td>Caesar </td> <td>Cecilie </td> <td>Caesar </td> <td>Celsius </td> <td>Ceyhan </td> <td>Constantin </td> <td>Cyril </td> <td>Cetinje </td> <td>Cetinje </td> <td>Celje </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">Ç</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">Hakenstrich</a> Chemnitz </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="11">- </td> <td>Çanakkale </td> <td colspan="5">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td>- </td> <td>Charlotte </td> <td>Charlotte </td> <td colspan="3">- </td> <td>Chocolate </td> <td colspan="8">- </td> <td>Chrudim </td> <td colspan="3">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C4%8C" title="Č">Č</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">Winkelakzent</a> Chemnitz </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="13">- </td> <td>Čeněk </td> <td>Čačak </td> <td>Čačak </td> <td>Čatež </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C4%86" title="Ć">Ć</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">Aufwärtsakzent</a> Chemnitz </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="14">- </td> <td>Ćuprija </td> <td>Ćuprija </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> </th> <td>Delta </td> <td>Désiré </td> <td>David </td> <td>Daniel </td> <td>David </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> </td> <td>Dora </td> <td>David </td> <td>Dirk </td> <td>Desiré </td> <td>Domodossola </td> <td>David </td> <td>Dado </td> <td>Dafundo </td> <td>David </td> <td>David </td> <td>David </td> <td>Daavid </td> <td>Denizli </td> <td>Dumitru </td> <td>David </td> <td>Dubrovnik </td> <td>Drina </td> <td>Drava </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="DŽ">DŽ</a> </th> <td colspan="21">- </td> <td>džamija </td> <td>Džep </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C4%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Đ">Đ</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">Querstrich</a> Düsseldorf </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="14">- </td> <td>Đakovo </td> <td>Đeravica </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C4%8E" title="Ď">Ď</a> </th> <td colspan="20">- </td> <td>Ďáblice </td> <td colspan="3">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> </th> <td>Echo </td> <td>Eugène </td> <td>Émile </td> <td>Émile </td> <td>Édouard </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a> </td> <td>Emil </td> <td>Emil </td> <td>Eduard </td> <td>Emiel </td> <td>Empoli </td> <td>España </td> <td>Estrela </td> <td>Évora </td> <td>Erik </td> <td>Erik </td> <td>Edith </td> <td>Eemeli </td> <td>Edirne </td> <td>Elena </td> <td>Emil </td> <td>Evropa </td> <td>Evropa </td> <td>Evropa </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> </th> <td>Foxtrot </td> <td>François </td> <td>Frédéric </td> <td>François </td> <td>François </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a> </td> <td>Friedrich </td> <td>Friedrich </td> <td>Ferdinand </td> <td>Frederik </td> <td>Firenze </td> <td>Francia </td> <td>Feira </td> <td>Faro </td> <td>Filip </td> <td>Frederik </td> <td>Fredrik </td> <td>Faarao </td> <td>Fatsa </td> <td>Florea </td> <td>František </td> <td>Foča </td> <td>Futog </td> <td>Fala </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> </th> <td>Golf </td> <td>Gaston </td> <td>Gustave </td> <td>Gustave </td> <td>George </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a> </td> <td>Gustav </td> <td>Gustav </td> <td>Gerard </td> <td>Gustaaf </td> <td>Genova </td> <td>Granada </td> <td>Goiaba </td> <td>Guarda </td> <td>Gustav </td> <td>Georg </td> <td>Gustav </td> <td>Gideon </td> <td>Giresun </td> <td>Gheorghe </td> <td>Gustav </td> <td>Gorica </td> <td>Golija </td> <td>Gorica </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C4%9E" title="Ğ">Ğ</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">Bogenakzent</a> Goslar </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="11">- </td> <td>Yumuşak G<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td colspan="5">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> </th> <td>Hotel </td> <td colspan="4">Henri </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> </td> <td>Heinrich </td> <td>Heinrich </td> <td>Hendrik </td> <td>Hendrik </td> <td>Hotel </td> <td>Historia </td> <td>Hotel </td> <td>Horta </td> <td>Helge </td> <td>Hans </td> <td>Harald </td> <td>Heikki </td> <td>Hatay </td> <td>Haralambie </td> <td>Helena </td> <td>Hercegovina </td> <td>Heroj </td> <td>Hrastnik </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> </th> <td>India </td> <td>Irma </td> <td>Isidor </td> <td>Ida </td> <td>Isabelle </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ingelheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingelheim">Ingelheim</a> </td> <td>Ida </td> <td>Ida </td> <td>Izaak </td> <td>Isidoor </td> <td>Imola </td> <td>Inés </td> <td>Índio </td> <td>Itália </td> <td>Ivar </td> <td>Ida </td> <td>Ivar </td> <td>Iivari </td> <td>Isparta </td> <td>Ion </td> <td>Ivan </td> <td>Istra </td> <td>Igalo </td> <td>Izola </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0" title="İ">İ</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">Überpunkt</a> Ingelheim </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="11">- </td> <td>İzmir </td> <td colspan="5">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> </th> <td>Juliett [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] </td> <td>Joseph </td> <td>Joseph </td> <td>Jeanne </td> <td>Jacques </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> </td> <td>Julius </td> <td>Jakob </td> <td>Johan/Jacob /Julius </td> <td>Jozef </td> <td>Jolly, Juventus </td> <td>José </td> <td>José </td> <td>José </td> <td>Johan </td> <td>Johan </td> <td>Johan </td> <td>Jussi </td> <td>Jandarma </td> <td>Jean </td> <td>Josef </td> <td>Jadran </td> <td>Jadran </td> <td>Jadran </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> </th> <td>Kilo </td> <td>Kléber </td> <td>Kilogramme </td> <td>Kilo </td> <td>Kilo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Köln">Köln</a> </td> <td>Kaufmann / Konrad </td> <td>Katharina </td> <td>Karel </td> <td>Kilogram </td> <td>Kappa,<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> Kiwi </td> <td>Kilo </td> <td>Kiwi </td> <td>Kodak </td> <td>Kalle </td> <td>Karen </td> <td>Karin </td> <td>Kalle </td> <td>Kars </td> <td>Kilogram </td> <td>Karel </td> <td>Kosovo </td> <td>Kosovo </td> <td>Kamnik </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> </th> <td>Lima </td> <td>Louis </td> <td>Léopold </td> <td>Louise </td> <td>Louis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> </td> <td>Ludwig </td> <td>Ludwig </td> <td>Lodewijk/Leo </td> <td>Leopold </td> <td>Livorno </td> <td>Lorenzo </td> <td>Lua </td> <td>Lisboa </td> <td>Ludvig </td> <td>Ludvig </td> <td>Ludvig </td> <td>Lauri </td> <td>Lüleburgaz </td> <td>Lazăr </td> <td>Ludvik </td> <td>Lika </td> <td>Lovćen </td> <td>Ljubljana </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a> </th> <td colspan="11">- </td> <td>Llave </td> <td colspan="12">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lj_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lj (letter)">LJ</a> </th> <td colspan="21">- </td> <td>Ljubljana </td> <td>Ljubovija </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> </th> <td>Mike </td> <td>Marcel </td> <td>Marie </td> <td>Marie </td> <td>Marie </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="München">München</a> </td> <td>Martha </td> <td>Marie </td> <td>Maria </td> <td>Maria </td> <td>Milano </td> <td>Madrid </td> <td>Maria </td> <td>Maria </td> <td>Martin </td> <td>Mari </td> <td>Martin </td> <td>Matti </td> <td>Muş </td> <td>Maria </td> <td>Marie </td> <td>Mostar </td> <td>Morava </td> <td>Maribor </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> </th> <td>November </td> <td>Nicolas </td> <td>Napoléon </td> <td>Nicolas </td> <td>Nicolas </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nürnberg">Nürnberg</a> </td> <td>Nordpol </td> <td>Nathan </td> <td>Nico </td> <td>Napoleon </td> <td>Napoli </td> <td>Navidad </td> <td>Navio </td> <td>Nazaré </td> <td>Niklas </td> <td>Nikolaj </td> <td>Nils </td> <td>Niilo </td> <td>Niğde </td> <td>Nicolae </td> <td>Norbert </td> <td>Niš </td> <td>Niš </td> <td>Nanos </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">Ñ</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">Tilde</a> Nürnberg </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="4">- </td> <td>Ñoño </td> <td colspan="12">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">NJ</a> </th> <td colspan="21">- </td> <td>Njegoš </td> <td>Njegoš </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C5%87" title="Ň">Ň</a> </th> <td colspan="20">- </td> <td>Nina </td> <td colspan="3">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> </th> <td>Oscar </td> <td>Oscar </td> <td>Oscar </td> <td>Olga </td> <td>Olivier </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach</a> </td> <td>Otto </td> <td>Otto </td> <td>Otto </td> <td>Oscar </td> <td>Otranto </td> <td>Oviedo </td> <td>Ouro </td> <td>Ovar </td> <td>Olof </td> <td>Odin </td> <td>Olivia </td> <td>Otto </td> <td>Ordu </td> <td>Olga </td> <td>Oto (Otakar) </td> <td>Osijek </td> <td>Obilić </td> <td>Ormož </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">Umlaut</a> Offenbach </td> <td>Ökonom / Österreich / Öse </td> <td>Ökonom </td> <td colspan="6">- </td> <td>Östen </td> <td colspan="2">- </td> <td>Öljy </td> <td>Ödemiş </td> <td colspan="5">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">Ø</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">Schräggestrichen</a> Offenbach </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">- </td> <td>Øresund </td> <td>Østen </td> <td colspan="7">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> </th> <td>Papa </td> <td>Pierre </td> <td>Piano </td> <td>Paul </td> <td>Pierre </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> </td> <td>Paula </td> <td>Paula </td> <td>Pieter </td> <td>Piano </td> <td>Padova </td> <td>París </td> <td>Pipa </td> <td>Porto </td> <td>Petter </td> <td>Peter </td> <td>Petter </td> <td>Paavo </td> <td>Polatlı </td> <td>Petre </td> <td>Petr </td> <td>Pirot </td> <td>Pirot </td> <td>Piran </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> </th> <td>Quebec </td> <td>Quintal </td> <td>Quiévrain </td> <td>Quittance </td> <td>Québec </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quickborn" title="Quickborn">Quickborn</a> </td> <td>Quelle </td> <td>Quelle </td> <td>Quirinus/Quinten /Quotiënt </td> <td>Quotiënt </td> <td>Quadro </td> <td>Queso </td> <td>Quilombo </td> <td>Queluz </td> <td>Quintus </td> <td>Quintus </td> <td>Quintus </td> <td>Kuu<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Qu (Chiu)<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Quido </td> <td>kvadrat </td> <td>Ku<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Queen </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> </th> <td>Romeo </td> <td>Raoul </td> <td>Robert </td> <td>Robert </td> <td>Robert </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a> </td> <td>Richard </td> <td>Richard </td> <td>Richard/Rudolf </td> <td>Robert </td> <td>Roma </td> <td>Ramón </td> <td>Raiz </td> <td>Rossio </td> <td>Rudolf </td> <td>Rasmus </td> <td>Rikard </td> <td>Risto </td> <td>Rize </td> <td>Radu </td> <td>Rudolf </td> <td>Rijeka </td> <td>Ruma </td> <td>Ravne </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C5%98" title="Ř">Ř</a> </th> <td colspan="20">- </td> <td>Řehoř </td> <td colspan="3">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> </th> <td>Sierra </td> <td>Suzanne </td> <td>Simon </td> <td>Suzanne </td> <td>Samuel </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salzwedel" title="Salzwedel">Salzwedel</a> </td> <td>Samuel / Siegfried </td> <td>Samuel </td> <td>Simon </td> <td>Sofie </td> <td>Savona </td> <td>Sábado </td> <td>Saci </td> <td>Setúbal </td> <td>Sigurd </td> <td>Søren </td> <td>Sigrid </td> <td>Sakari </td> <td>Sinop </td> <td>Sandu </td> <td>Svatopluk </td> <td>Skopje </td> <td>Sava </td> <td>Soča </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E" title="Ş">Ş</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">Hakenstrich</a> Salzwedel </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="11">- </td> <td>Şırnak </td> <td colspan="5">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sch_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sch (trigraph)">Sch</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td>- </td> <td>Schule </td> <td>Schule </td> <td colspan="16">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td>Eszett<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Eszett<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> / scharfes S </td> <td>Eszett <a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td colspan="16">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">Š</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">Winkelakzent</a> Salzwedel </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="13">- </td> <td>Šimon </td> <td>Šibenik </td> <td>Šabac </td> <td>Šmarje </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> </th> <td>Tango </td> <td>Thérèse </td> <td>Téléphone </td> <td>Thérèse </td> <td>Thomas </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> </td> <td>Theodor </td> <td>Theodor </td> <td>Theodor </td> <td>Telefoon </td> <td>Torino </td> <td>Toledo </td> <td>Tatu </td> <td>Tavira </td> <td>Tore </td> <td>Theodor </td> <td>Teodor </td> <td>Tyyne </td> <td>Tokat </td> <td>Tudor </td> <td>Tomáš </td> <td>Tuzla </td> <td>Timok </td> <td>Triglav </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C5%A4" title="Ť">Ť</a> </th> <td colspan="20">- </td> <td>Těšnov </td> <td colspan="3">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> </th> <td>Uniform </td> <td>Ursule </td> <td>Ursule </td> <td>Ulysse </td> <td>Ursule </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unna" title="Unna">Unna</a> </td> <td>Ulrich </td> <td>Ulrich </td> <td>Utrecht </td> <td>Ursula </td> <td>Udine </td> <td>Ulises </td> <td>Uva </td> <td>Unidade </td> <td>Urban </td> <td>Ulla </td> <td>Ulrik </td> <td>Urho </td> <td>Uşak </td> <td>Udrea </td> <td>Urban </td> <td>Užice </td> <td>Užice </td> <td>Unec </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ü</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">Umlaut</a> Unna </td> <td>Übermut / Übel </td> <td>Überfluss </td> <td colspan="10">- </td> <td>Ünye </td> <td colspan="5">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> </th> <td>Victor </td> <td colspan="4">Victor </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lklingen" title="Völklingen">Völklingen</a> </td> <td>Viktor </td> <td>Viktor </td> <td>Victor </td> <td>Victor </td> <td>Verona, Venezia </td> <td>Valencia </td> <td>Vitória </td> <td>Vidago </td> <td>Viktor </td> <td>Viggo </td> <td>Enkelt-V </td> <td>Vihtori </td> <td>Van </td> <td>Vasile </td> <td>Václav </td> <td>Valjevo </td> <td>Valjevo </td> <td>Velenje </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> </th> <td>Whiskey </td> <td>William </td> <td>Waterloo </td> <td>William </td> <td>William </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a> </td> <td>Wilhelm </td> <td>Wilhelm </td> <td>Willem </td> <td>Waterloo </td> <td>Whiskey, Washington </td> <td>Washington </td> <td>Wilson </td> <td>Waldemar </td> <td>Wilhelm </td> <td>William </td> <td>Dobbelt-W<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Wiski </td> <td>- </td> <td>dublu v<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>dvojité V<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>duplo ve<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Duplo ve<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Dvojni v<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> </th> <td>X-ray </td> <td>Xavier </td> <td>Xantippe </td> <td>Xavier </td> <td>Xavier </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xanten" title="Xanten">Xanten</a> </td> <td>Xanthippe / Xaver </td> <td>Xanthippe </td> <td>Xant(h)ippe </td> <td>Xavier </td> <td>Ics,<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> Xilofono </td> <td>Xilófono </td> <td>Xadrez </td> <td>Xavier </td> <td>Xerxes </td> <td>Xerxes </td> <td>Xerxes </td> <td>Äksä<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Xenia </td> <td>Xaver </td> <td>iks<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Iks<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Iks<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> </th> <td>Yankee </td> <td colspan="4">Yvonne </td> <td>Ypsilon<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Ypsilon<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Ypsilon<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Ypsilon<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Yvonne </td> <td>York, yogurt </td> <td>Yolanda </td> <td>Yolanda </td> <td>York </td> <td>Yngve </td> <td>Yrsa </td> <td>Yngling </td> <td>Yrjö </td> <td>Yozgat </td> <td>I grec<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Ypsilon<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>ipsilon<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Ipsilon<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Ipsilon<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">Verbund</a> Ingelheim Jena </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>IJmuiden/IJsbrand </td> <td colspan="15">- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </th> <td>Zulu </td> <td>Zoé </td> <td>Zéro </td> <td>Zurich </td> <td>Zoé </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a> </td> <td>Zacharias / Zürich </td> <td>Zacharias </td> <td>Zaandam/Zacharias </td> <td>Zola </td> <td>Zara, Zorro </td> <td>Zaragoza </td> <td>Zebra </td> <td>Zulmira </td> <td>Zäta<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Zackarias </td> <td>Zakarias </td> <td>Tseta<a href="#cite_note-letter-name-71">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td>Zonguldak </td> <td>Zahăr </td> <td>Zuzana </td> <td>Zagreb </td> <td>Zemun </td> <td>Zalog </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C5%BD" title="Ž">Ž</a> </th> <td colspan="5">- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">Winkelakzent</a> Zwickau </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="13">- </td> <td>Žofie </td> <td>Žirovnica </td> <td>Žabljak </td> <td>Žalec </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_alphabets">Other alphabets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other alphabets">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/PGP_word_list" title="PGP word list">PGP word list</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bubble_Babble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bubble Babble (page does not exist)">Bubble Babble</a> wordlist used by <a href="/wiki/Ssh-keygen" title="Ssh-keygen">ssh-keygen</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/S/KEY" title="S/KEY">S/KEY</a> dictionary, are spelling alphabets for <a href="/wiki/Public_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Public key">public key</a> fingerprints (or other binary data) – a set of names given to data bytes for the purpose of spelling out binary data in a clear and unambiguous way via a voice channel. Many unofficial spelling alphabets are in use that are not based on a standard, but are based on words the transmitter can remember easily, including <a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">first names</a>, states, or cities. The <a href="/wiki/LAPD_phonetic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="LAPD phonetic alphabet">LAPD phonetic alphabet</a> has many first names. The <a href="/wiki/German_spelling_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="German spelling alphabet">German spelling alphabet</a> ("Deutsches Funkalphabet" (literally "German Radio Alphabet")) also uses first names. Also, during the Vietnam war, soldiers used 'Cain' instead of 'Charlie' because 'Charlie' meant Viet Cong (Charlie being short for Victor Charlie, the International alphabet spelling of the initials VC). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO_phonetic_alphabet" title="NATO phonetic alphabet">NATO phonetic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Military_Phonetic_Spelling_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Military Phonetic Spelling Alphabet">Allied Military Phonetic Spelling Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APCO_radiotelephony_spelling_alphabet" title="APCO radiotelephony spelling alphabet">APCO radiotelephony spelling alphabet</a></li> <li>Language-specific spelling alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_spelling_alphabet" title="Greek spelling alphabet">Greek spelling alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spelling_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="German spelling alphabet">German spelling alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography#Alphabet" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch spelling alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_spelling_alphabet" title="Russian spelling alphabet">Russian spelling alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces%27_radio_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Armed Forces' radio alphabet">Swedish Armed Forces' radio alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_radiotelephony_alphabet" title="Japanese radiotelephony alphabet">Japanese radiotelephony alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_spelling_alphabet" title="Korean spelling alphabet">Korean spelling alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockney_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockney alphabet">Cockney alphabet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:03-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-39">an</a> Each transmission of figures is preceded and followed by "as a number" spoken twice. </li> <li id="cite_note-germany-informal-69"><a href="#cite_ref-germany-informal_69-0">^</a> With DIN 5009 of June 2022, the German Institute for Standardisation has introduced a new spelling alphabet based on city names instead of first names. The system, which had been established for a good hundred years, had been slightly changed several times, including the replacement of Jewish names on a large scale by the Nazi regime in 1936, which was only partially corrected after the war. With the 2022 edition, DIN has largely reinstated the old first names from before 1936 and incorporated this alphabet, adjusted for Nazi interference, into the standard as an informal "postal spelling alphabet". </li> <li id="cite_note-letter-name-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter-name_71-29">ad</a> This is simply the ordinary name of the letter. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Radio%2520Lab%2520Handbook/RLH%2520Unit%25201Lesson%25201_2.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203051716/http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Radio%2520Lab%2520Handbook/RLH%2520Unit%25201Lesson%25201_2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2012-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2FRadio%252520Lab%252520Handbook%2FRLH%252520Unit%2525201Lesson%2525201_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msq.qld.gov.au/Safety/Marine-radios.aspx">"Marine radios"</a>. www.msq.qld.gov.au. 31 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320052956/http://www.msq.qld.gov.au/Safety/Marine-radios.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.msq.qld.gov.au&rft.atitle=Marine+radios&rft.date=2016-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msq.qld.gov.au%2FSafety%2FMarine-radios.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armystudyguide.com/content/army_board_study_guide_topics/communications/phonetic-alphabet-military.shtml">"Phonetic Alphabet (ArmyStudyGuide.com) page 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111221104804/http://www.armystudyguide.com/content/army_board_study_guide_topics/communications/phonetic-alphabet-military.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phonetic+Alphabet+%28ArmyStudyGuide.com%29+page+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armystudyguide.com%2Fcontent%2Farmy_board_study_guide_topics%2Fcommunications%2Fphonetic-alphabet-military.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.governmentattic.org/4docs/ICAO-WordSpellingAlphabet_1959.pdf">"The Evolution and Rationale of the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) Word-Spelling Alphabet, July 1959"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310112903/http://www.governmentattic.org/4docs/ICAO-WordSpellingAlphabet_1959.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved November 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+and+Rationale+of+the+ICAO+%28International+Civil+Aviation+Organization%29+Word-Spelling+Alphabet%2C+July+1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.governmentattic.org%2F4docs%2FICAO-WordSpellingAlphabet_1959.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/202780?redirectedFrom=toc">"toc, n.". OED Online. September 2013. Oxford University Press. (accessed September 14, 2013)</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]. </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCAS1942">CAS 1942</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCAS1942 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-7"><a href="#cite_ref-:62_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dDczAQAAMAAJ&q=United+States+Navy+General+Signal+Book&pg=PA82">"Boat-Book: United States Navy, 1908"</a>. 1908. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501012134/https://books.google.com/books?id=dDczAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=United+States+Navy+General+Signal+Book&source=bl&ots=pUpnCCjDDQ&sig=awa08PCeV1toGpNnqo6CC8tNRLo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjn-JP1hJ_ZAhUP42MKHfNVBsAQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=United%20States%20Navy%20General%20Signal%20Book&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boat-Book%3A+United+States+Navy%2C+1908&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdDczAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DUnited%2BStates%2BNavy%2BGeneral%2BSignal%2BBook%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OVgNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA101">"Draft of Convention and Regulations, Washington, D.C., December, 1920"</a>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draft+of+Convention+and+Regulations%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+December%2C+1920&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOVgNAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-9"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFICS1969">ICS 1969</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph-office.com/pages/telegram.html">"How to Write Telegrams Properly"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131104336/http://www.telegraph-office.com/pages/telegram.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Write+Telegrams+Properly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph-office.com%2Fpages%2Ftelegram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mentalfloss.com/article/504886/4-phonetic-alphabets-didnt-survive">"4 Phonetic Alphabets That Didn't Survive"</a>. 30 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205205046/http://mentalfloss.com/article/504886/4-phonetic-alphabets-didnt-survive">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=4+Phonetic+Alphabets+That+Didn%27t+Survive&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F504886%2F4-phonetic-alphabets-didnt-survive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsignals.org.uk/articles/alpha.htm">"Phonetic Alphabets in the British Service"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018120012/http://www.royalsignals.org.uk/articles/alpha.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phonetic+Alphabets+in+the+British+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsignals.org.uk%2Farticles%2Falpha.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcorn" class="citation web cs1">Alcorn, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qsl.net/wd8das/RadioCodes.pdf">"Radiotelegraph and Radiotelephone Codes, Prowords And Abbreviations"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603053050/http://www.qsl.net/wd8das/RadioCodes.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radiotelegraph+and+Radiotelephone+Codes%2C+Prowords+And+Abbreviations&rft.aulast=Alcorn&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qsl.net%2Fwd8das%2FRadioCodes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-E.141-199303-W">"E.141 : Instructions for operators on the operator-assisted international telephone service"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031834/http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-E.141-199303-W">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E.141+%3A+Instructions+for+operators+on+the+operator-assisted+international+telephone+service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Frec%2FT-REC-E.141-199303-W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-friedman1942-16"><a href="#cite_ref-friedman1942_16-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsa.gov/Portals/75/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/friedman-documents/publications/FOLDER_267/41784809082383.pdf">American Army Field Codes In the American Expeditionary Forces During The First World War</a>, William Friedman, U.S. War Department, June 1942 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/5.20.61.en.100.pdf">"Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington, 1927"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170409022433/http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/5.20.61.en.100.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-04-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radiotelegraph+Convention+of+Washington%2C+1927&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.itu.int%2Fhistory%2FHistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary%2F5.20.61.en.100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_18-1">b</a> "Sambandsregelmente för Försvarsmakten, Telefoni – HKV 12800: 70799" dated 26 June 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/news/safety_briefing/2012/media/NovDec2012Translation.pdf">"(Don't Get) Lost in Translation"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216163555/https://www.faa.gov/news/safety_briefing/2012/media/NovDec2012Translation.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28Don%27t+Get%29+Lost+in+Translation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fnews%2Fsafety_briefing%2F2012%2Fmedia%2FNovDec2012Translation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tubebooks.org/Books/arrl_1936.pdf">Radio Amateur's Handbook</a> (PDF). American Radio Relay League. 1936. p. 360. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022140/http://www.tubebooks.org/Books/arrl_1936.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Amateur%27s+Handbook&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=American+Radio+Relay+League&rft.date=1936&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tubebooks.org%2FBooks%2Farrl_1936.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/4.50.43.en.100.pdf">"General Radiocommunication Regulations (Revision of Cairo, 1938; Additional Radiocommunication regulations (revision of Cairo, 1938); Additional Protocol"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032042/http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/4.50.43.en.100.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Radiocommunication+Regulations+%28Revision+of+Cairo%2C+1938%3B+Additional+Radiocommunication+regulations+%28revision+of+Cairo%2C+1938%29%3B+Additional+Protocol.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.itu.int%2Fhistory%2FHistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary%2F4.50.43.en.100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/4.62.43.en.100.pdf">"Radio Regulations Annexed to the International Telecommunication Convention (Atlantic City, 1947)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032136/http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/4.62.43.en.100.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+Regulations+Annexed+to+the+International+Telecommunication+Convention+%28Atlantic+City%2C+1947%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.itu.int%2Fhistory%2FHistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary%2F4.62.43.en.100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/4.85.43.en.100.pdf">"Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations (Geneva, 1959)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031456/http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/4.85.43.en.100.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+Regulations+and+Additional+Radio+Regulations+%28Geneva%2C+1959%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.itu.int%2Fhistory%2FHistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary%2F4.85.43.en.100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/01/S020100004B4804PDFE.PDF">"Documents of the World Administrative Radio Conference to deal with matters relating to the maritime mobile service (WARC Mar) (Geneva, 1967)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150710081939/http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/01/S020100004B4804PDFE.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documents+of+the+World+Administrative+Radio+Conference+to+deal+with+matters+relating+to+the+maritime+mobile+service+%28WARC+Mar%29+%28Geneva%2C+1967%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pub%2Fitu-s%2Foth%2F02%2F01%2FS020100004B4804PDFE.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/0A/S020A0000765302PDFE.PDF">"Report on the Activities of The International Telecommunication Union in 1967"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150710081915/http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/0A/S020A0000765302PDFE.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Activities+of+The+International+Telecommunication+Union+in+1967&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pub%2Fitu-s%2Foth%2F02%2F0A%2FS020A0000765302PDFE.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ininet.org/international-significance-of-icao-alphabet-for-flight-safety.html">"International Significance of ICAO Alphabet for Flight Safety"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055354/http://ininet.org/international-significance-of-icao-alphabet-for-flight-safety.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Significance+of+ICAO+Alphabet+for+Flight+Safety&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fininet.org%2Finternational-significance-of-icao-alphabet-for-flight-safety.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstivalFarrisMolesworth2016" class="citation book cs1">Estival, Dominique; Farris, Candace; Molesworth, Brett (8 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c6ZYCwAAQBAJ&q=ICAN+radio+spelling+alphabets&pg=PA4">Aviation English: A Lingua Franca for Pilots and Air Traffic Controllers</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317339328" title="Special:BookSources/9781317339328"><bdi>9781317339328</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501012134/https://books.google.com/books?id=c6ZYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=ICAN+radio+spelling+alphabets&source=bl&ots=GcD6RLAx-7&sig=_QH0tyKYhte8a3bAHEySKYEWNQE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjP8q_Dw6rXAhUQ4WMKHXVJCfg4ChDoAQg-MAQ#v=onepage&q=ICAN%20radio%20spelling%20alphabets&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aviation+English%3A+A+Lingua+Franca+for+Pilots+and+Air+Traffic+Controllers&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.isbn=9781317339328&rft.aulast=Estival&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.au=Farris%2C+Candace&rft.au=Molesworth%2C+Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc6ZYCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DICAN%2Bradio%2Bspelling%2Balphabets%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/RadioConferences.aspx?conf=4.39">"International Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington, 1927"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023725/http://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/RadioConferences.aspx?conf=4.39">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Radiotelegraph+Convention+of+Washington%2C+1927&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fen%2Fhistory%2FPages%2FRadioConferences.aspx%3Fconf%3D4.39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://handle.itu.int/11.1004/020.1000/4.41.43.en.101">"General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (Madrid, 1932)"</a>. Retrieved 26 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Radiocommunication+and+Additional+Regulations+%28Madrid%2C+1932%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhandle.itu.int%2F11.1004%2F020.1000%2F4.41.43.en.101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tubebooks.org/Books/arrl_1936.pdf">"The Radio Amateur's Handbook"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022140/http://www.tubebooks.org/Books/arrl_1936.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Radio+Amateur%27s+Handbook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tubebooks.org%2FBooks%2Farrl_1936.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/TelegraphAndTelephoneConferences.aspx?conf=4.29">"General Radiocommunication Regulations and Additional Radiocommunication Regulations (Cairo, 1938)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031124/http://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/TelegraphAndTelephoneConferences.aspx?conf=4.29">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Radiocommunication+Regulations+and+Additional+Radiocommunication+Regulations+%28Cairo%2C+1938%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fen%2Fhistory%2FPages%2FTelegraphAndTelephoneConferences.aspx%3Fconf%3D4.29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://handle.itu.int/11.1004/020.1000/4.62.43.en.100">"Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations (Atlantic City, 1947)"</a>. Retrieved 26 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+Regulations+and+Additional+Radio+Regulations+%28Atlantic+City%2C+1947%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhandle.itu.int%2F11.1004%2F020.1000%2F4.62.43.en.100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/02/S02020000014502PDFE.pdf">"Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1959)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215192629/http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/02/S02020000014502PDFE.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Administrative+Radio+Conference+%28Geneva%2C+1959%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pub%2Fitu-s%2Foth%2F02%2F02%2FS02020000014502PDFE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/01/S02010000394002PDFE.PDF">"Final Acts of WARC-79 (Geneva, 1979)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108170745/http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/01/S02010000394002PDFE.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Acts+of+WARC-79+%28Geneva%2C+1979%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pub%2Fitu-s%2Foth%2F02%2F01%2FS02010000394002PDFE.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFICS1969" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seasources.net/PDF/PUB102.pdf">International Code of Signals for Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications, United States Edition, 1969 (Revised 2003)</a> (PDF), 1969, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320145733/http://www.seasources.net/PDF/PUB102.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2015-03-20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Signals+for+Visual%2C+Sound%2C+and+Radio+Communications%2C+United+States+Edition%2C+1969+%28Revised+2003%29&rft.date=1969&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seasources.net%2FPDF%2FPUB102.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117170418/http://memim.com/nato-phonetic-alphabet.html">"NATO phonetic alphabet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memim.com/nato-phonetic-alphabet.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NATO+phonetic+alphabet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemim.com%2Fnato-phonetic-alphabet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/Pages/AlphabetRadiotelephony.aspx">"Alphabet - Radiotelephony"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320140711/http://www.icao.int/Pages/AlphabetRadiotelephony.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alphabet+-+Radiotelephony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2FPages%2FAlphabetRadiotelephony.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/Meetings/anconf12/Document%20Archive/AN10_V2_cons%5B1%5D.pdf">"Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Aeronautical Telecommunications, Volume II Communication Procedures including those with PANS Status"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528074253/http://www.icao.int/Meetings/anconf12/Document%20Archive/AN10_V2_cons%5b1%5d.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annex+10+to+the+Convention+on+International+Civil+Aviation%2C+Aeronautical+Telecommunications%2C+Volume+II+Communication+Procedures+including+those+with+PANS+Status&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2FMeetings%2Fanconf12%2FDocument%2520Archive%2FAN10_V2_cons%255B1%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hundred-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hundred_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hundred_39-1">b</a> After another digit. E.g. 1,500 is 'one fife hundred', 29,000 is 'two niner tausand'. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationaltraining025505mbp">"Public Safety Communications Standard Operating Procedure Manual, (APCO Project Two, 1967)"</a>. Retrieved 27 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Safety+Communications+Standard+Operating+Procedure+Manual%2C+%28APCO+Project+Two%2C+1967%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationaltraining025505mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172555/http://www.apcohistory.org/pdf/1940-01-jan_pages1-12.pdf">"The APCO Bulletin (April, 1940)"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apcohistory.org/pdf/1940-01-jan_pages1-12.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+APCO+Bulletin+%28April%2C+1940%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apcohistory.org%2Fpdf%2F1940-01-jan_pages1-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tusaconsulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/november-08-backscatter.pdf">"Backscatter Journal"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084556/http://www.tusaconsulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/november-08-backscatter.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2015-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Backscatter+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tusaconsulting.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F07%2Fnovember-08-backscatter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationaltraining025505mbp">"A NATIONAL TRAINING MANUAL AND PROCEDURAL GUIDE FOR POLICE AND PUBLIC SAFETY RADIO COMMUNICATIONS PERSONNEL"</a>. U.S.GOVT.PRINTING OFFICE. June 22, 1968 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+NATIONAL+TRAINING+MANUAL+AND+PROCEDURAL+GUIDE+FOR+POLICE+AND+PUBLIC+SAFETY+RADIO+COMMUNICATIONS+PERSONNEL&rft.pub=U.S.GOVT.PRINTING+OFFICE&rft.date=1968-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationaltraining025505mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://28011b0082f55a9e1ec0-aecfa82ae628504f4b1d229bd9030ae1.r13.cf1.rackcdn.com/1974-proj14-apr-061.200.pdf">"APCO Project 14 report, exhibit No. 8, International Phonetic Alphabet"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107010245/http://28011b0082f55a9e1ec0-aecfa82ae628504f4b1d229bd9030ae1.r13.cf1.rackcdn.com/1974-proj14-apr-061.200.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APCO+Project+14+report%2C+exhibit+No.+8%2C+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F28011b0082f55a9e1ec0-aecfa82ae628504f4b1d229bd9030ae1.r13.cf1.rackcdn.com%2F1974-proj14-apr-061.200.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/47/97.119">"47 CFR 97.119 - Station identification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115015401/https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/47/97.119">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=47+CFR+97.119+-+Station+identification.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fcfr%2Ftext%2F47%2F97.119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamradioschool.com/phonetic-alphabets/">"Phonetic Alphabets"</a>. Ham Radio School. 12 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702052706/http://www.hamradioschool.com/phonetic-alphabets/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ham+Radio+School&rft.atitle=Phonetic+Alphabets&rft.date=2013-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamradioschool.com%2Fphonetic-alphabets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bckelk.org.uk/menu.html">"Phonetic alphabets, wordlists, texts, word and letter frequency"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phonetic+alphabets%2C+wordlists%2C+texts%2C+word+and+letter+frequency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bckelk.org.uk%2Fmenu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">ARRL Communications Department Operating Aid No. 1. ARRL. 1946.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ARRL+Communications+Department+Operating+Aid+No.+1&rft.pub=ARRL&rft.date=1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/operating-aids">"ARRL Operating Aids"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115015146/http://www.arrl.org/operating-aids">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARRL+Operating+Aids&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2Foperating-aids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamradioschool.com/phonetic-alphabets/">"Ham Radio School Phonetic Alphabets"</a>. 12 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702052706/http://www.hamradioschool.com/phonetic-alphabets/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-07-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ham+Radio+School+Phonetic+Alphabets&rft.date=2013-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamradioschool.com%2Fphonetic-alphabets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glemsom.dk/sprog/fonetisk_alfabet.htm">"Det fonetiske alfabet"</a>. Glemsom.dk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001824/http://www.glemsom.dk/sprog/fonetisk_alfabet.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Det+fonetiske+alfabet&rft.pub=Glemsom.dk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glemsom.dk%2Fsprog%2Ffonetisk_alfabet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aktivioslo.no/info/det-fonetiske-alfabetet/">"Internasjonalt alfabet for radiokommunikasjon"</a>. Aktivioslo.no. 24 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234054/http://www.aktivioslo.no/info/det-fonetiske-alfabetet/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internasjonalt+alfabet+for+radiokommunikasjon&rft.pub=Aktivioslo.no&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aktivioslo.no%2Finfo%2Fdet-fonetiske-alfabetet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904115355/http://www.puolustusvoimat.fi/wcm/c0acb9804173cfc2934ef78fcb266289/SKK2013_web_small.pdf?MOD=AJPERES">Sotilaan käsikirja 2013</a> (PDF). Puolustusvoimat. 2013. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-25-2463-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-25-2463-1"><bdi>978-951-25-2463-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puolustusvoimat.fi/wcm/c0acb9804173cfc2934ef78fcb266289/SKK2013_web_small.pdf?MOD=AJPERES">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sotilaan+k%C3%A4sikirja+2013&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Puolustusvoimat&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-951-25-2463-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.puolustusvoimat.fi%2Fwcm%2Fc0acb9804173cfc2934ef78fcb266289%2FSKK2013_web_small.pdf%3FMOD%3DAJPERES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/can-you-speak-in-code/?replytocom=39944">"Can You Speak in Code?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409043518/https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/can-you-speak-in-code/?replytocom=39944">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+You+Speak+in+Code%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwonderopolis.org%2Fwonder%2Fcan-you-speak-in-code%2F%3Freplytocom%3D39944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugrahaIngham2013" class="citation book cs1">Nugraha, Iskandar; Ingham, Katherine (27 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vqDTAgAAQBAJ&q=Lima+%22spelling+alphabet%22+london&pg=PT27">Essential Indonesian Phrasebook and Dictionary: Speak Indonesian with Confidence! (Revised and Expanded)</a>. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462913381" title="Special:BookSources/9781462913381"><bdi>9781462913381</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409044541/https://books.google.ie/books?id=vqDTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT27&dq=Lima+%22spelling+alphabet%22+london&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0kP2QxqvaAhWEZFAKHWovBF4Q6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=Lima+%22spelling+alphabet%22+london&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Indonesian+Phrasebook+and+Dictionary%3A+Speak+Indonesian+with+Confidence%21+%28Revised+and+Expanded%29&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft.isbn=9781462913381&rft.aulast=Nugraha&rft.aufirst=Iskandar&rft.au=Ingham%2C+Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvqDTAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DLima%2B%2522spelling%2Balphabet%2522%2Blondon%26pg%3DPT27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLtd" class="citation web cs1">Ltd, Not Panicking. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h2g2.com/approved_entry/A8245910">"h2g2 - The NATO phonetic alphabet - Edited Entry"</a>. www.h2g2.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409050310/https://www.h2g2.com/approved_entry/A8245910">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.h2g2.com&rft.atitle=h2g2+-+The+NATO+phonetic+alphabet+-+Edited+Entry&rft.aulast=Ltd&rft.aufirst=Not+Panicking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.h2g2.com%2Fapproved_entry%2FA8245910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://janecronin.wordpress.com/2016/11/06/the-spanish-phonetic-alphabet/">"The Spanish phonetic alphabet"</a>. wordpress.com. 6 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409044608/https://janecronin.wordpress.com/2016/11/06/the-spanish-phonetic-alphabet/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2018. 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Retrieved 1 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spainbuddy.com&rft.atitle=Learn+Spanish+-+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spainbuddy.com%2Flearn-spanish-phonetic-alphabet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bokstaveringsalfabet.se/svenska">"Svenska bokstaveringsalfabetet"</a> (in Swedish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161231190238/http://bokstaveringsalfabet.se/svenska">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2016. 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Alcorn: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e0IKBgAAQBAJ&dq=elena+barbu+radu+alfabet&pg=PA162">Radiotelegraph & Radiotelephone Codes, Prowords and Abbreviations</a>, 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2005-155#f2921464">Vyhláška o způsobu tvorby volacích značek, identifikačních čísel a kódů, jejich používání a o druzích radiokomunikačních služeb, pro které jsou vyžadovány</a> [Decree on the Manner of Creating Call Signs, Identification Numbers and Codes, Their Use and Kinds of Radiocommunication Services They Are Required For] (Decree 155/2005 Coll., Appendix 1) (in Czech). Ministry of Informatics of the Czech Republic. 28 April 2005. Retrieved 2023-10-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Vyhl%C3%A1%C5%A1ka+o+zp%C5%AFsobu+tvorby+volac%C3%ADch+zna%C4%8Dek%2C+identifika%C4%8Dn%C3%ADch+%C4%8D%C3%ADsel+a+k%C3%B3d%C5%AF%2C+jejich+pou%C5%BE%C3%ADv%C3%A1n%C3%AD+a+o+druz%C3%ADch+radiokomunika%C4%8Dn%C3%ADch+slu%C5%BEeb%2C+pro+kter%C3%A9+jsou+vy%C5%BEadov%C3%A1ny&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Informatics+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.date=2005-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zakonyprolidi.cz%2Fcs%2F2005-155%23f2921464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Ivan Abramović (1972), Birotehnika, mehanografija i automatska obrada podataka, Beograd: Zavod za obrazovanje administrativnih kadrova SR Srbije, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabenšekKulauzovićSouventVraničar2004" class="citation book cs1">Grabenšek, Drago; Kulauzović, Bajko; Souvent, Andrej; Vraničar, Jure (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radioamater.si/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/prirocnik-za-radioamaterje_2izd.pdf">Priročnik za radioamaterje, 2. dopolnjena izd</a> (PDF). Ljubljana: Zveza radioamaterjev Slovenije. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/961-90200-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/961-90200-1-4"><bdi>961-90200-1-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803053955/https://www.radioamater.si/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/prirocnik-za-radioamaterje_2izd.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Priro%C4%8Dnik+za+radioamaterje%2C+2.+dopolnjena+izd.&rft.place=Ljubljana&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Zveza+radioamaterjev+Slovenije&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=961-90200-1-4&rft.aulast=Graben%C5%A1ek&rft.aufirst=Drago&rft.au=Kulauzovi%C4%87%2C+Bajko&rft.au=Souvent%2C+Andrej&rft.au=Vrani%C4%8Dar%2C+Jure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioamater.si%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F01%2Fprirocnik-za-radioamaterje_2izd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-experto-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-experto_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-experto_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatrice_Leclercq2010" class="citation web cs1">Beatrice Leclercq (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.experto.de/businesstipps/buchstabiertafel-namen-und-begriffe-auf-franzoesisch-buchstabieren.html">"Buchstabiertafel: Namen und Begriffe auf Französisch buchstabieren"</a>. Experto.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Experto.de&rft.atitle=Buchstabiertafel%3A+Namen+und+Begriffe+auf+Franz%C3%B6sisch+buchstabieren&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Beatrice+Leclercq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.experto.de%2Fbusinesstipps%2Fbuchstabiertafel-namen-und-begriffe-auf-franzoesisch-buchstabieren.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdl.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/BDL/gabarit_bdl.asp?id=3271">"Code d'épellation"</a>. Office québécois de la langue française. March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+d%27%C3%A9pellation&rft.pub=Office+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdl.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca%2FBDL%2Fgabarit_bdl.asp%3Fid%3D3271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDIN2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">DIN, ed. (13 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.din.de/de/din-und-seine-partner/presse/mitteilungen/von-aachen-bis-zwickau-867074">"Von Aachen bis Zwickau – DIN 5009 mit neuer Buchstabiertafel auf Basis von Städtenamen veröffentlicht"</a> (in German). Retrieved 13 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Von+Aachen+bis+Zwickau+%E2%80%93+DIN+5009+mit+neuer+Buchstabiertafel+auf+Basis+von+St%C3%A4dtenamen+ver%C3%B6ffentlicht&rft.date=2022-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.din.de%2Fde%2Fdin-und-seine-partner%2Fpresse%2Fmitteilungen%2Fvon-aachen-bis-zwickau-867074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoodle.phwien.ac.at/pluginfile.php/324064/mod_resource/content/2/%C3%96NORM%20A%201081.pdf">ÖNORM A 1081 – Richtlinien für die Diktiersprache</a> (Lingual rules for dictation), edition 1 July 2010, retracted in 2019 without successor </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spellingalphabets.com/swedish">"Swedish Phonetic Alphabet | spellingalphabets.com"</a>. spellingalphabets.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spellingalphabets.com&rft.atitle=Swedish+Phonetic+Alphabet+%26%23124%3B+spellingalphabets.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspellingalphabets.com%2Fswedish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bckelk.org.uk/phon.full.html">Phonetic/spelling Alphabets for various languages</a> from Brian Kelk's website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103160142/http://thealphabet.info/">Website converting text to telephone alphabet</a>, (non-standard English, NATO, 14 other languages).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalcoding.com/tools/phonetic-alphabet-converter.html">Website converting text to NATO and several military English-language telephone alphabets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioalphabet.com/">Learn the NATO Radio Alphabet (and others) with flash cards game.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spellingalphabets.com/">Spelling alphabets from around the world including sound.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> 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