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<span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_inventions_during_the_classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_inventions_during_the_classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>New inventions during the classical period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_inventions_during_the_classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hellenistic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theatron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>Theatron</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skené" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skené"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><span><i>Skené</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skené-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchestra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchestra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Orchestra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchestra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Acoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scenic_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scenic_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Scenic elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scenic_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Masks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Masks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Masks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Masks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masks_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masks_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Masks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masks_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mask_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mask_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mask details</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mask_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mask_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mask_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Mask functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mask_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_costume_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_costume_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Other costume details</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_costume_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Theatre of ancient Greece</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griekse_teater" title="Griekse teater – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Griekse teater" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%A5%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A" title="مسرح إغريقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسرح إغريقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatru_de_l%27Antigua_Grecia" title="Teatru de l'Antigua Grecia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Teatru de l'Antigua Grecia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Древногръцки театър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Древногръцки театър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatre_de_l%27antiga_Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Teatre de l'antiga Grècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teatre de l'antiga Grècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starov%C4%9Bk%C3%A9_%C5%99eck%C3%A9_divadlo" title="Starověké řecké divadlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Starověké řecké divadlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_der_griechischen_Antike" title="Theater der griechischen Antike – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Theater der griechischen Antike" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanakreeka_teater" title="Vanakreeka teater – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanakreeka teater" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Αρχαίο ελληνικό θέατρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαίο ελληνικό θέατρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_de_la_Antigua_Grecia" title="Teatro de la Antigua Grecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teatro de la Antigua Grecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_teatro" title="Helena teatro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Helena teatro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinako_Greziako_antzerkia" title="Antzinako Greziako antzerkia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinako Greziako antzerkia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تئاتر یونان باستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تئاتر یونان باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_grec_antique" title="Théâtre grec antique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théâtre grec antique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_grego_antigo" title="Teatro grego antigo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Teatro grego antigo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%97%B0%EA%B7%B9" title="고대 그리스 연극 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 그리스 연극" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Հին հունական թատրոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին հունական թատրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A" title="प्राचीन यूनानी रंगमंच – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राचीन यूनानी रंगमंच" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogr%C4%8Dko_kazali%C5%A1te" title="Starogrčko kazalište – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Starogrčko kazalište" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teater_Yunani_kuno" title="Teater Yunani kuno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teater Yunani kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_greco" title="Teatro greco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teatro greco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="תיאטרון ביוון העתיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תיאטרון ביוון העתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ежелгі Грекия театры – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ежелгі Грекия театры" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93kori_g%C3%B6r%C3%B6g_sz%C3%ADnh%C3%A1z" title="Ókori görög színház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ókori görög színház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Старогрчки театар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Старогрчки театар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_in_het_oude_Griekenland" title="Theater in het oude Griekenland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Theater in het oude Griekenland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%BC%94%E5%8A%87" title="古代ギリシアの演劇 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代ギリシアの演劇" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikkens_greske_teater" title="Antikkens greske teater – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antikkens greske teater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatre_gr%C3%A8c_antic" title="Teatre grèc antic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Teatre grèc antic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_teatr" title="Antik teatr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antik teatr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0" title="ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਯੂਨਾਨੀ ਥੀਏਟਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਯੂਨਾਨੀ ਥੀਏਟਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatr_grecki" title="Teatr grecki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teatr grecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_na_Gr%C3%A9cia_Antiga" title="Teatro na Grécia Antiga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teatro na Grécia Antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatrul_%C3%AEn_Grecia_antic%C4%83" title="Teatrul în Grecia antică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teatrul în Grecia antică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Театр в Древней Греции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Театр в Древней Греции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පුරාතන ග්‍රීසියේ රංග කලාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුරාතන ග්‍රීසියේ රංග කලාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Theatre of ancient Greece" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C5%A1ko_gledali%C5%A1%C4%8De" title="Grško gledališče – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grško gledališče" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Старогрчко позориште – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Старогрчко позориште" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatar_u_drevnoj_Gr%C4%8Dkoj" title="Teatar u drevnoj Grčkoj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Teatar u drevnoj Grčkoj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teater_Yunani_Kuno" title="Teater Yunani Kuno – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Teater Yunani Kuno" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiikin_Kreikan_teatteri" title="Antiikin Kreikan teatteri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antiikin Kreikan teatteri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_grekisk_dramatik" title="Antik grekisk dramatik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antik grekisk dramatik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="கிரேக்க நாடக வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரேக்க நாடக வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Борынгы Греция театры – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Борынгы Греция театры" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="గ్రీకు నాటకరంగం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రీకు నాటకరంగం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_Yunan_tiyatrosu" title="Antik Yunan tiyatrosu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antik Yunan tiyatrosu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80" title="Давньогрецький театр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньогрецький театр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2n_kh%E1%BA%A5u_Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="Sân khấu Hy Lạp cổ đại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sân khấu Hy Lạp cổ đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%88%8F%E5%89%A7" title="古希腊戏剧 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古希腊戏剧" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%88%B2%E5%8A%87" title="古希臘戲劇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古希臘戲劇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greek theatre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Greek theatre" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Greek_theatre_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Greek theatre (disambiguation)">Greek theatre (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_-_Actor_-_Walters_541067.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_-_Actor_-_Walters_541067.jpg/170px-Greek_-_Actor_-_Walters_541067.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_-_Actor_-_Walters_541067.jpg/255px-Greek_-_Actor_-_Walters_541067.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_-_Actor_-_Walters_541067.jpg/340px-Greek_-_Actor_-_Walters_541067.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statue of a Greek actor, 150–100 BC. The half-mask over the eyes and nose identifies the figure as an actor. He wears a man's conical cap but female garments, following the Greek custom of men playing the roles of women. Later, slave women were brought in to play minor female characters and in comedy as well.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatrical</a> culture flourished in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> from 700 BC. At its centre was the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">city-state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a>, which became a significant cultural, political, and religious place during this period, and the theatre was <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutionalised</a> there as part of a <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festival</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a>, which honoured the god <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">Tragedy</a> (late 500 BC), <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">comedy</a> (490 BC), and the <a href="/wiki/Satyr_play" title="Satyr play">satyr play</a> were the three <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">dramatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> emerged there. Athens exported the festival to its numerous colonies. Modern Western theatre comes, in large measure, from the <b>theatre of ancient Greece</b>, from which it borrows technical terminology, classification into genres, and many of its <a href="/wiki/Theme_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (arts)">themes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">stock characters</a>, and plot elements. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">τραγῳδία</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">tragodia</i></span>, from which the word "<a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a>" is derived, is a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> of two <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> words: <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">τράγος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">tragos</i></span> or "goat" and <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ᾠδή</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">ode</a></i></span> meaning "song", from <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀείδειν</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">aeidein</i></span>, 'to sing'.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This etymology indicates a link with the practices of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Dionysus" title="Cult of Dionysus">Dionysian cults</a>. It is impossible, however, to know with certainty how these <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rite" title="Fertility rite">fertility rituals</a> became the basis for tragedy and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">comedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Redgeway_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redgeway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">Greek tragedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_great_theater_of_Epidaurus,_designed_by_Polykleitos_the_Younger_in_the_4th_century_BC,_Sanctuary_of_Asklepeios_at_Epidaurus,_Greece_(14015010416).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_great_theater_of_Epidaurus%2C_designed_by_Polykleitos_the_Younger_in_the_4th_century_BC%2C_Sanctuary_of_Asklepeios_at_Epidaurus%2C_Greece_%2814015010416%29.jpg/220px-The_great_theater_of_Epidaurus%2C_designed_by_Polykleitos_the_Younger_in_the_4th_century_BC%2C_Sanctuary_of_Asklepeios_at_Epidaurus%2C_Greece_%2814015010416%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_great_theater_of_Epidaurus%2C_designed_by_Polykleitos_the_Younger_in_the_4th_century_BC%2C_Sanctuary_of_Asklepeios_at_Epidaurus%2C_Greece_%2814015010416%29.jpg/330px-The_great_theater_of_Epidaurus%2C_designed_by_Polykleitos_the_Younger_in_the_4th_century_BC%2C_Sanctuary_of_Asklepeios_at_Epidaurus%2C_Greece_%2814015010416%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_great_theater_of_Epidaurus%2C_designed_by_Polykleitos_the_Younger_in_the_4th_century_BC%2C_Sanctuary_of_Asklepeios_at_Epidaurus%2C_Greece_%2814015010416%29.jpg/440px-The_great_theater_of_Epidaurus%2C_designed_by_Polykleitos_the_Younger_in_the_4th_century_BC%2C_Sanctuary_of_Asklepeios_at_Epidaurus%2C_Greece_%2814015010416%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Theatre_of_Epidaurus" title="Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus">the ancient theatre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidaurus</a>, considered by <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> the finest in Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ancient Greeks valued the power of the spoken word, and it was their main method of communication and storytelling. Bahn and Bahn write, "To Greeks, the spoken word was a living thing and infinitely preferable to the dead symbols of a written language." <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> himself believed that once something has been written down, it lost its ability for change and growth. For these reasons, among many others, oral storytelling flourished in Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">Greek tragedy</a>, as it is presently known, was created in Athens around 532 BC, when <a href="/wiki/Thespis" title="Thespis">Thespis</a> was the earliest recorded actor. Being a winner of the first theatrical contest held in Athens, he was the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">exarchon</i></span>, or leader,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Dithyramb" title="Dithyramb">dithyrambs</a> performed in and around Attica, especially at the <a href="/wiki/Dionysia#Rural_Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Rural Dionysia</a>. By Thespis' time, the dithyramb had evolved far away from its cult roots. Under the influence of heroic epic, Doric choral lyric and the innovations of the poet <a href="/wiki/Arion" title="Arion">Arion</a>, it had become a narrative, ballad-like genre. Because of these, Thespis is often called the "Inventor of Tragedy"; however, his importance is disputed, and Thespis is sometimes listed as late as 16th in the chronological order of Greek tragedians; the statesman <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a>, for example, is credited with creating poems in which characters speak with their own voice, and spoken performances of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s epics by <a href="/wiki/Rhapsode" title="Rhapsode">rhapsodes</a> were popular in festivals prior to 534 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Brockett_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockett-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Thespis's true contribution to drama is unclear at best, but his name has been given a longer life in English as a common term for performer—i.e., a "thespian." </p><p>The dramatic performances were important to the Athenians – this is made clear by the creation of a tragedy competition and festival in the <a href="/wiki/Dionysia#City_Dionysia" title="Dionysia">City Dionysia</a> (or Great Dionysia). This was organized possibly to foster loyalty among the tribes of Attica (recently created by <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a>). The festival was created roughly around 508 BC. While no drama texts exist from the sixth century BC, the names of three competitors besides Thespis are known: Choerilus, Pratinas, and <a href="/wiki/Phrynichus_(tragic_poet)" title="Phrynichus (tragic poet)">Phrynichus</a>. Each is credited with different innovations in the field. </p><p>Some information is known about Phrynichus. He won his first competition between 511 BC and 508 BC. He produced tragedies on themes and subjects later exploited in the <a href="/wiki/Fifth-century_Athens" title="Fifth-century Athens">Golden Age</a> such as the <i>Danaids</i>, <i>Phoenician Women</i> and <i>Alcestis</i>. He was the first poet we know of to use a historical subject – his <i>Fall of Miletus</i>, produced in 493–2, chronicled the fate of the town of Miletus after it was conquered by the Persians. Herodotus reports that "the Athenians made clear their deep grief for the taking of Miletus in many ways, but especially in this: when Phrynichus wrote a play entitled <i>The Fall of Miletus</i> and produced it, the whole theatre fell to weeping; they fined Phrynichus a thousand drachmas for bringing to mind a calamity that affected them so personally and forbade the performance of that play forever."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also thought to be the first to use female characters (though not female performers).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic period</a>, all tragedies were unique pieces written in honour of Dionysus and played only once; what is primarily extant today are the pieces that were still remembered well enough to have been repeated when the repetition of old tragedies became fashionable (the accidents of survival, as well as the subjective tastes of the Hellenistic librarians later in Greek history, also played a role in what survived from this period). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_inventions_during_the_classical_period">New inventions during the classical period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New inventions during the classical period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athen_Akropolis_(18512008726).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Athen_Akropolis_%2818512008726%29.jpg/220px-Athen_Akropolis_%2818512008726%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Athen_Akropolis_%2818512008726%29.jpg/330px-Athen_Akropolis_%2818512008726%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Athen_Akropolis_%2818512008726%29.jpg/440px-Athen_Akropolis_%2818512008726%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_destruction_of_Athens" title="Achaemenid destruction of Athens">Achaemenid destruction of Athens</a> in 480 BC, the town and acropolis were rebuilt, and theatre became formalized and an even greater part of Athenian culture and civic pride. This century is normally regarded as the Golden Age of Greek drama. The center-piece of the annual <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a>, which took place once in winter and once in spring, was a competition between three tragic playwrights at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a>. Each submitted three tragedies, plus a <a href="/wiki/Satyr_play" title="Satyr play">satyr play</a> (a comic, <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a> version of a mythological subject). Beginning in a first competition in 486 BC each playwright submitted a comedy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> claimed that <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> added the second actor (<a href="/wiki/Deuteragonist" title="Deuteragonist">deuteragonist</a>), and that <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> introduced the third (<a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">tritagonist</a>). Apparently, the Greek playwrights never used more than three actors based on what is known about Greek theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greek_Tragedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Tragedy">Tragedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">comedy</a> were viewed as completely separate genres, and no plays ever merged aspects of the two. Satyr plays dealt with the mythological subject matter of the tragedies, but in a purely comedic manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hellenistic_period">Hellenistic period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hellenistic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_with_Menander_and_New_Comedy_Masks_-_Princeton_Art_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Relief_with_Menander_and_New_Comedy_Masks_-_Princeton_Art_Museum.jpg/220px-Relief_with_Menander_and_New_Comedy_Masks_-_Princeton_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Relief_with_Menander_and_New_Comedy_Masks_-_Princeton_Art_Museum.jpg/330px-Relief_with_Menander_and_New_Comedy_Masks_-_Princeton_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Relief_with_Menander_and_New_Comedy_Masks_-_Princeton_Art_Museum.jpg/440px-Relief_with_Menander_and_New_Comedy_Masks_-_Princeton_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="1451" /></a><figcaption>Roman, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Early Imperial</a> Relief of a seated poet (<a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a>) with masks of New Comedy, 1st century BC. – early 1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The power of Athens declined following its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>. From that time on, the theatre started performing old tragedies again. Although its theatrical traditions seem to have lost their vitality, Greek theatre continued into the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> (the period following <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s conquests in the fourth century BC). </p><p>The primary Hellenistic theatrical form was not tragedy but <a href="/wiki/Greek_comedy#New_Comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek comedy">New Comedy</a>, comic episodes about the lives of ordinary citizens. The only extant playwright from the period is <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a>. One of New Comedy's most important contributions was its influence on Roman comedy, an influence that can be seen in the surviving works of <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acropolis_amphitheatre_of_Pergamon_(2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Acropolis_amphitheatre_of_Pergamon_%282020%29.jpg/220px-Acropolis_amphitheatre_of_Pergamon_%282020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Acropolis_amphitheatre_of_Pergamon_%282020%29.jpg/330px-Acropolis_amphitheatre_of_Pergamon_%282020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Acropolis_amphitheatre_of_Pergamon_%282020%29.jpg/440px-Acropolis_amphitheatre_of_Pergamon_%282020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Theatre of <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>, one of the steepest theatres in the world, has a capacity of 10,000 people and was constructed in the 3rd century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Most ancient Greek cities lay on or near hills, so seating was generally built into the slope of a hill, producing a natural viewing area known as the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">theatron</i></span> (literally "seeing place"). In cities without suitable hills, banks of earth were piled up.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the foot of the hill was a flattened, generally circular performance space with an average diameter of 78 feet (24 m),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Unable to verify average diameter (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> known as the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">orchestra</i></span> (literally "dancing place"),<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where a <a href="/wiki/Greek_chorus" title="Greek chorus">chorus</a> of typically 12 to 15 people<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> performed plays in verse accompanied by music. There were often tall, arched entrances called <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Parodos" title="Parodos">parodoi</a></i></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Eisodos" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisodos">eisodoi</a></i></span>, through which actors and chorus members entered and exited the orchestra. In some theatres, behind the orchestra, was a backdrop or scenic wall known as the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">skené</i></span>. </p><p>The term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">theatre</i></span> eventually came to mean the whole area of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">theatron</i></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">orchestra</i></span>, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">skené</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatron"><i>Theatron</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theatron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Greek_theatre_in_Delos_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ancient_Greek_theatre_in_Delos_01.jpg/220px-Ancient_Greek_theatre_in_Delos_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ancient_Greek_theatre_in_Delos_01.jpg/330px-Ancient_Greek_theatre_in_Delos_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ancient_Greek_theatre_in_Delos_01.jpg/440px-Ancient_Greek_theatre_in_Delos_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2396" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Greek theatre in <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">theatron</i></span> was the seating area, built into a hill to create a natural viewing space. The first seats in Greek theatres (other than just sitting on the ground) were wooden, but around 499 BC, the practice of inlaying stone blocks into the side of the hill to create permanent, stable seating became more common. They were called the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">prohedria</i></span> and reserved for priests and a few of the most respected citizens. The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">diazoma</i></span> separated the upper and lower seating areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skené"><span id="Sken.C3.A9"></span><span title="Niwer Mil-language romanization"><i lang="hrc-Latn">Skené</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Skené"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 465 BC, playwrights began using a backdrop or scenic wall, called the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Skene_(theatre)" title="Skene (theatre)">skené</a></i></span> (from which the word <i><a href="/wiki/Scene_(drama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scene (drama)">scene</a></i> derives), that hung or stood behind the orchestra and also served as an area where actors could change their costumes. After 425 BC a stone scene wall, called a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">paraskenia</i></span>, became a common supplement to <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">skené</i></span>. The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">paraskenia</i></span> was a long wall with projecting sides, which may have had doorways for entrances and exits. Just behind the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">paraskenia</i></span> was the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">proskenion</i></span> ("in front of the scene"), which is similar to the modern day <a href="/wiki/Proscenium" title="Proscenium">proscenium</a>. The upper story was called the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">episkenion</i></span>. Some theatres also had a raised speaking place on the orchestra called the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">logeion</i></span>. By the end of the 5th century BC, around the time of the Peloponnesian War, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">skené</i></span> was two stories high. </p><p>The death of a character was always heard behind the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">skené</i></span>, for it was considered inappropriate to show a killing in view of the audience.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Conversely, there are scholarly arguments that death in Greek tragedy was portrayed off stage primarily because of dramatic considerations, and not prudishness or sensitivity of the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A temple nearby, especially on the right side of the scene, is almost always part of the Greek theatre complex. This could justify, as a transposition, the recurrence of the <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a> with the later solidified stone scene.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchestra">Orchestra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Orchestra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delphi_Composite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Delphi_Composite.jpg/220px-Delphi_Composite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Delphi_Composite.jpg/330px-Delphi_Composite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Delphi_Composite.jpg/440px-Delphi_Composite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>The Ancient Theatre of <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The orchestra was a circular piece of ground at the bottom of the theatron where the <a href="/wiki/Greek_chorus" title="Greek chorus">chorus</a> and actors performed; the word means "dancing space", as the chorus also danced in early periods.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally unraised, Greek theatre would later incorporate a raised stage for easier viewing. This practice would become common after the advent of "New Comedy," which incorporated dramatic portrayal of individual characters. The <i><a href="/wiki/Coryphaeus" title="Coryphaeus">coryphaeus</a></i> was the head chorus member, who could enter the story as a character able to interact with the characters of a play. Plays often began in the morning and lasted into the evening. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acoustics">Acoustics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Acoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theatres were built on a large scale to accommodate a large number of performers on stage and in the audience—up to fourteen thousand<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2019)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>. Physics and mathematics played a significant role in the construction of these theatres, as their designers had to be able to create <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a> in them such that the actors' voices could be heard throughout the theatre, including the very top row of seats. The Greek's understanding of acoustics compares very favorably with the current state of the art<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Theatre_of_ancient_Greece#Dubious" title="Talk:Theatre of ancient Greece">discuss</a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scenic_elements">Scenic elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Scenic elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were several scenic elements commonly used in Greek theatre: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mechane" title="Mechane">mechane</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">crane</a> that gave the impression of a flying actor (thus, <i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">deus ex machina</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekkyklema" title="Ekkyklema">ekkyklêma</a></i>, a wheeled platform often used to bring dead characters into view for the audience</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinax" title="Pinax">pinakes</a></i>, pictures hung to create scenery</li> <li><i>thyromata</i>, more complex pictures built into the second-level scene (3rd level from the ground)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Masks">Masks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Masks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masks_2">Masks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Masks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg/220px-Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg/330px-Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg/440px-Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Tragic Comic Masks <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a> mosaic</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ancient Greek term for a <a href="/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">mask</a> is <i>prosopon</i> (lit., "face"),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a significant element in the worship of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> likely used in ceremonial rites and celebrations. Many masks worshipped the higher power, the gods, making masks also very important for religion. Most of the evidence comes from only a few vase paintings of the 5th century BC, such as one showing a mask of the god suspended from a tree with decorated robe hanging below it and dancing and the <i>Pronomos</i> vase,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which depicts actors preparing for a <a href="/wiki/Satyr_play" title="Satyr play">satyr play</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vervain_2004._p.255_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vervain_2004._p.255-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No physical evidence remains available to us, as the masks were made of organic materials and not considered permanent objects, ultimately being dedicated at the altar of Dionysus after performances. Nevertheless, the mask is known to have been used since the time of <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> and considered to be one of the iconic conventions of classical Greek theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Masks were also made for members of the chorus, who play some part in the action and provide a commentary on the events in which they are caught up. Although there are twelve or fifteen members of the tragic chorus, they all wear the same mask because they are considered to be representing one character. </p><p>Stylized <a href="/wiki/Comedy_and_tragedy_masks" title="Comedy and tragedy masks">comedy and tragedy masks</a> said to originate in ancient Greek theatre have come to widely symbolize the performing arts generally.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Almeida_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Almeida-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mask_details">Mask details</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mask details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3304_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Theatre_mask_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_9_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/3304_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Theatre_mask_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/170px-3304_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Theatre_mask_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/3304_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Theatre_mask_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/255px-3304_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Theatre_mask_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/3304_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Theatre_mask_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/340px-3304_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Theatre_mask_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2249" /></a><figcaption>Mask dating from the 4th/3rd century BC, <a href="/wiki/Stoa_of_Attalos" title="Stoa of Attalos">Stoa of Attalos</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Illustrations of theatrical masks from 5th century display helmet-like masks, covering the entire face and head, with holes for the eyes and a small aperture for the mouth and an integrated wig. These paintings never show actual masks on the actors in performance. They are most often shown being handled by the actors before or after a performance. This demonstrates the way in which the mask was to 'melt' into the face and allow the actor to vanish into the role.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effectively, the mask transformed the actor as much as memorization of the text. Therefore, performance in ancient Greece did not distinguish the masked actor from the theatrical character. </p><p>The mask-makers were called <i>skeuopoios</i> or "maker of the props", thus suggesting that their role encompassed multiple duties and tasks. The masks were most likely made out of light weight, organic materials like stiffened linen, leather, wood, or cork, with the wig consisting of human or animal hair.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the visual restrictions imposed by these masks, it was imperative that the actors hear in order to orient and balance themselves. Thus, it is believed that the ears were covered by substantial amounts of hair and not the helmet-mask itself. The mouth opening was relatively small, preventing the mouth being seen during performances. Vervain and Wiles posit that this small size discourages the idea that the mask functioned as a megaphone, as originally presented in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Vervain_2004._p.255_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vervain_2004._p.255-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek mask-maker Thanos Vovolis suggests that the mask serves as a resonator for the head, thus enhancing vocal acoustics and altering its quality. This leads to increased energy and presence, allowing for the more complete metamorphosis of the actor into his character.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovolis_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovolis-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mask_functions">Mask functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mask functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a large open-air theatre, like the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, the classical masks were able to create a sense of dread in the audience creating large scale panic, especially since they had intensely exaggerated facial features and expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovolis_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovolis-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They enabled an actor to appear and reappear in several different roles, thus preventing the audience from identifying the actor to one specific character. Their variations help the audience to distinguish sex, age, and social status, in addition to revealing a change in a particular character's appearance, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, after blinding himself.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unique masks were also created for specific characters and events in a play, such as the <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Furies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Oresteia" title="Oresteia">Eumenides</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Pentheus" title="Pentheus">Pentheus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">The Bacchae</a></i>. Worn by the chorus, the masks created a sense of unity and uniformity, while representing a multi-voiced persona or single organism and simultaneously encouraged interdependency and a heightened sensitivity between each individual of the group. Only 2 to 3 actors were allowed on the stage at one time, and masks permitted quick transitions from one character to another. There were only male actors, but masks allowed them to play female characters. </p><p>The modern method to interpret a role by switching between a few simple characters goes back to changing masks in the theatre of ancient Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_costume_details">Other costume details</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other costume details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soccus_-_comic_actor_in_slip-on_shoes_-_Image_from_page_1067_of_%22A_dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_antiquities..%22_(1849)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Soccus_-_comic_actor_in_slip-on_shoes_-_Image_from_page_1067_of_%22A_dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_antiquities..%22_%281849%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Soccus_-_comic_actor_in_slip-on_shoes_-_Image_from_page_1067_of_%22A_dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_antiquities..%22_%281849%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Soccus_-_comic_actor_in_slip-on_shoes_-_Image_from_page_1067_of_%22A_dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_antiquities..%22_%281849%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Soccus_-_comic_actor_in_slip-on_shoes_-_Image_from_page_1067_of_%22A_dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_antiquities..%22_%281849%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Soccus_-_comic_actor_in_slip-on_shoes_-_Image_from_page_1067_of_%22A_dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_antiquities..%22_%281849%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Soccus_-_comic_actor_in_slip-on_shoes_-_Image_from_page_1067_of_%22A_dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_antiquities..%22_%281849%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The <i>soccus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The actors in these plays that had tragic roles wore boots called <i>cothurnus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Buskin" title="Buskin">buskin</a>), that elevated them above the other actors. The actors with comedic roles only wore a thin-soled shoe called a <i><a href="/wiki/Soccus" title="Soccus">soccus</a></i> or sock. For this reason, dramatic art is sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Sock_and_buskin" title="Sock and buskin">sock and buskin</a>." </p><p>Male actors playing female roles would wear a wooden structure on their chests (<i>posterneda</i>) to imitate the look of breasts and another structure on their stomachs (<i>progastreda</i>) to make them appear softer and more lady like. They would also wear white body stockings under their costumes to make their skin appear fairer. </p><p>Most costuming detail comes from pottery paintings from that time as costumes and masks were fabricated out of disposable material, so there are little to no remains of any costume from that time. The biggest source of information is the Pronomos Vase where actors are painted at a show's after party. </p><p>Costuming would give off a sense of character, as in gender, age, social status, and class. For example, characters of higher class would be dressed in nicer clothing, although everyone was dressed fairly nicely. Contrary to popular belief, they did not dress in only rags and sandals, as they wanted to impress. Some examples of Greek theatre costuming include long robes called <a href="/wiki/Chiton_(garment)" title="Chiton (garment)">chiton</a> that reached the floor for actors playing gods, heroes, and old men. Actors playing goddesses and women characters that held a lot of power wore purple and gold. Actors playing queens and princesses wore long cloaks that dragged on the ground and were decorated with gold stars and other jewels, and warriors were dressed in a variety of armor and wore helmets adorned with plumes. Costumes were supposed to be colourful and obvious to be easily seen by every seat in the audience.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre" title="History of theatre">History of theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre of ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">List of ancient Greek playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_ancient_Greek_and_Roman_plays" title="List of extant ancient Greek and Roman plays">List of extant ancient Greek and Roman plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">List of ancient Greek theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_women_in_Athenian_tragedy" title="Representation of women in Athenian tragedy">Representation of women in Athenian tragedy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agon" title="Agon">Agôn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antistrophe" title="Antistrophe">Antistrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">Archon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choregos" title="Choregos">Chorêgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_chorus" title="Greek chorus">Chorus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorus_of_the_elderly_in_classical_Greek_drama" title="Chorus of the elderly in classical Greek drama">Chorus of the elderly in classical Greek drama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didascaliae" title="Didascaliae">Didascaliae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_director" title="Theatre director">Didaskalos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eisodos" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisodos">Eisodos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekkyklema" title="Ekkyklema">Ekkyklêma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episode" title="Episode">Episode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epode" title="Epode">Epode</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kommos_(theatre)" title="Kommos (theatre)">Kommós</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mechane" title="Mechane">Mêchanê</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">Monody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epinikion" title="Epinikion">Epinikion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomasti_komodein" title="Onomasti komodein">Onomastì komodèin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parabasis" title="Parabasis">Parabasis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlyax_play" title="Phlyax play">Phlyax play</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sparagmos" title="Sparagmos">Sparagmos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stasimon" title="Stasimon">Stásimon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stichomythia" title="Stichomythia">Stichomythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strophe" title="Strophe">Strophê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Muse)" title="Thalia (Muse)">Thalia (Muse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorica" title="Theorica">Theoric fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Roman theatre (structure)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_Greek_drama" title="List of films based on Greek drama">List of films based on Greek drama</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-w.com/dictionary/tragedy">"Merriam-Webster definition of tragedy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070122034307/http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/tragedy">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+definition+of+tragedy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm-w.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftragedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redgeway-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Redgeway_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidgeway1910">Ridgeway (1910)</a>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahnBahn1970" class="citation book cs1">Bahn, Eugene & Bahn, Margaret L. (1970). <i>A History of Oral Interpretation</i>. Minneapolis, MN: Burgess Publishing Company. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Oral+Interpretation&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Burgess+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Bahn&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Bahn%2C+Margaret+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, '<a href="/wiki/Poetics" title="Poetics">Poetics</a>'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockett-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brockett_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockett1999">Brockett (1999)</a>, pp. 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+6.21&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126">"Herodotus, <i>Histories</i>, 6.21 trans. A.D. Godley"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129081114/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+6.21&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herodotus%2C+Histories%2C+6.21+trans.+A.D.+Godley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DHdt.%2B6.21%26fromdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockett1999">Brockett (1999)</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuritz1988">Kuritz (1988)</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuritz1988">Kuritz (1988)</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrenceTomlinson1996" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, A. W.; Tomlinson, R. A. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekarchitectur00lawr"><i>Greek Architecture</i></a></span> (5th ed.). Yale University Press Pelican History of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06491-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06491-8"><bdi>0-300-06491-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Architecture&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press+Pelican+History+of+Art&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-300-06491-8&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft.au=Tomlinson%2C+R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekarchitectur00lawr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJansen2000">Jansen (2000)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPathmanathan1965">Pathmanathan (1965)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrnić2019" class="citation book cs1">Brnić, Ivica (2019). <i>Nahe Ferne: Sakrale Aspekte im Prisma der Profanbauten von Tadao Ando, Louis I. Kahn und Peter Zumthor</i>. Zurich: Park Books. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03860-121-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03860-121-0"><bdi>978-3-03860-121-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nahe+Ferne%3A+Sakrale+Aspekte+im+Prisma+der+Profanbauten+von+Tadao+Ando%2C+Louis+I.+Kahn+und+Peter+Zumthor&rft.place=Zurich&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Park+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-03860-121-0&rft.aulast=Brni%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ivica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, 280-281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529154258/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.62:2:190.LSJ">"Liddell & Scott via Perseus @ UChicago"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.62:2:190.LSJ">the original</a> on 29 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liddell+%26+Scott+via+Perseus+%40+UChicago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperseus.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fphilologic%2Fgetobject.pl%3Fc.62%3A2%3A190.LSJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/image?img=1993.01.0669">"Tufts.edu"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221210132326/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/image?img=1993.01.0669">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fimage%3Fimg%3D1993.01.0669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vervain_2004._p.255-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vervain_2004._p.255_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vervain_2004._p.255_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVervainWiles2004">Vervain & Wiles (2004)</a>, p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarakis2004">Varakis (2004)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D'Almeida-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D'Almeida_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Almeida2020" class="citation web cs1">D'Almeida, Cristina (21 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onstageblog.com/editorials/comedy-and-tragedy-masks-of-theatre">"The Origins of the Comedy and Tragedy Masks of Theatre"</a>. <i>OnStage Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OnStage+Blog&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Comedy+and+Tragedy+Masks+of+Theatre&rft.date=2020-06-21&rft.aulast=D%27Almeida&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onstageblog.com%2Feditorials%2Fcomedy-and-tragedy-masks-of-theatre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVervainWiles2004">Vervain & Wiles (2004)</a>, p. 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooke1962">Brooke (1962)</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vovolis-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vovolis_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovolis_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVovolisZamboulakis2007">Vovolis & Zamboulakis (2007)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockettBall2000">Brockett & Ball (2000)</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangian1997" class="citation journal cs1">Tangian, Andranik (1997). "Performance interpretation by segmentation and its notation". <i>Contemporary Theatre Review</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 79–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10486809708568438">10.1080/10486809708568438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Theatre+Review&rft.atitle=Performance+interpretation+by+segmentation+and+its+notation&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=79-97&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10486809708568438&rft.aulast=Tangian&rft.aufirst=Andranik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockett1999" class="citation book cs1">Brockett, Oscar G. (1999). <i>History of the Theatre</i> (8th ed.). Allyn and Bacon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780205290260" title="Special:BookSources/9780205290260"><bdi>9780205290260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Theatre&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780205290260&rft.aulast=Brockett&rft.aufirst=Oscar+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockettBall2000" class="citation book cs1">Brockett, Oscar G.; Ball, Robert (2000). <i>The Essential Theatre</i> (7th ed.). Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Theatre&rft.place=Orlando%2C+FL&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Brockett&rft.aufirst=Oscar+G.&rft.au=Ball%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke1962" class="citation book cs1">Brooke, Iris (1962). <i>Costume in Greek Classical Drama</i>. London: Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Costume+in+Greek+Classical+Drama&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=Iris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jansen, Jan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121045726/http://content.grin.com/data/7/27040.pdf"><i>Lebensqualität im Theater des demokratischen Athen: Kult, Politik und Alte Komödie</i></a> [<i>Quality of life in the theatre of Democratic Athens: cults, politics and ancient comedy</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Munich, Germany: GRIN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783638291873" title="Special:BookSources/9783638291873"><bdi>9783638291873</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.grin.com/data/7/27040.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebensqualit%C3%A4t+im+Theater+des+demokratischen+Athen%3A+Kult%2C+Politik+und+Alte+Kom%C3%B6die&rft.place=Munich%2C+Germany&rft.pub=GRIN&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9783638291873&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.grin.com%2Fdata%2F7%2F27040.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuritz1988" class="citation book cs1">Kuritz, Paul (1988). <i>The Making of Theatre History</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780135478615" title="Special:BookSources/9780135478615"><bdi>9780135478615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Theatre+History&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780135478615&rft.aulast=Kuritz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._W._Lawrence" title="A. W. Lawrence">Lawrence, A. W.</a>, <i>Greek Architecture</i>, 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPathmanathan1965" class="citation journal cs1">Pathmanathan, R. Sri (1965). "Death in Greek tragedy". <i><a href="/wiki/Greece_and_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Greece and Rome">Greece and Rome</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1): 2–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383500014704">10.1017/S0017383500014704</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/642398">642398</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162902790">162902790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+and+Rome&rft.atitle=Death+in+Greek+tragedy&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-14&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162902790%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F642398%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017383500014704&rft.aulast=Pathmanathan&rft.aufirst=R.+Sri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidgeway1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ridgeway" title="William Ridgeway">Ridgeway, William</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OriginOfTragedy"><i>Origin of Tragedy with Special Reference to the Greek Tragedians</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Tragedy+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Greek+Tragedians&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Ridgeway&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FOriginOfTragedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarakis2004" class="citation journal cs1">Varakis, Angie (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.didaskalia.net/issues/vol6no1/varakis.html">"Research on the Ancient Mask"</a>. <i>Didaskalia</i>. <b>6</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Didaskalia&rft.atitle=Research+on+the+Ancient+Mask&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Varakis&rft.aufirst=Angie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.didaskalia.net%2Fissues%2Fvol6no1%2Fvarakis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVervainWiles2004" class="citation book cs1">Vervain, Chris; Wiles, David (2004). <i>The Masks of Greek Tragedy as Point of Departure for Modern Performance</i>. New Theatre Quarterly. Vol. 67. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Masks+of+Greek+Tragedy+as+Point+of+Departure+for+Modern+Performance&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=New+Theatre+Quarterly&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Vervain&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Wiles%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVovolisZamboulakis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Vovolis, Thanos; Zamboulakis, Giorgos (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.didaskalia.net/issues/vol7no1/vovolis_zamboulakis.html">"The acoustical mask of Greek tragedy"</a>. <i>Didaskalia</i>. <b>7</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Didaskalia&rft.atitle=The+acoustical+mask+of+Greek+tragedy&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Vovolis&rft.aufirst=Thanos&rft.au=Zamboulakis%2C+Giorgos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.didaskalia.net%2Fissues%2Fvol7no1%2Fvovolis_zamboulakis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bosher, Kathryn G. 2021. <i>Greek Theater in Ancient Sicily</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Buckham, Philip Wentworth, <a href="//archive.org/details/bub_gb_IjAZAAAAYAAJ" class="extiw" title="iarchive:bub gb IjAZAAAAYAAJ"> <i>Theatre of the Greeks</i></a>, London 1827.</li> <li>Davidson, J.A., <i>Literature and Literacy in Ancient Greece, Part 1</i>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(classics_journal)" title="Phoenix (classics journal)">Phoenix</a>, 16, 1962, pp. 141–56.</li> <li>Davidson, J.A., <i>Peisistratus and Homer</i>, <i>TAPA</i>, 86, 1955, pp. 1–21.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEasterling1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P._E._Easterling" title="P. E. Easterling">Easterling, P.E.</a>, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fy4iSjY2VTYC"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy</i></a>. Cambridge, U.K.: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-41245-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-41245-5"><bdi>0-521-41245-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Greek+Tragedy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-41245-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFy4iSjY2VTYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Easterling, Patricia Elizabeth; <a href="/wiki/Edith_Hall" title="Edith Hall">Hall, Edith</a> (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521651409"><i>Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profession</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65140-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65140-9">0-521-65140-9</a></li> <li>Else, Gerald F. <ul><li><i>Aristotle's Poetics: The Argument</i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1967.</li> <li><i>The Origins and Early Forms of Greek Tragedy</i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1965.</li> <li><i>The Origins of ΤΡΑΓΩΙΔΙΑ</i>, Hermes 85, 1957, pp. 17–46.</li></ul></li> <li>Flickinger, Roy Caston, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greektheaterand03flicgoog"><i>The Greek theater and its drama</i></a>, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1918</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helene_P._Foley" title="Helene P. Foley">Foley, Helene</a>, <i>Female Acts in Greek Tragedy</i>, Princeton: Princeton University Press 2001.</li> <li>Freund, Philip, <i>The Birth of Theatre</i>, London: Peter Owen, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7206-1170-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7206-1170-9">0-7206-1170-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Elam_Haigh" title="Arthur Elam Haigh">Haigh, A. E.</a>, <i>The Attic Theatre</i>, 1907.</li> <li>Harsh, Philip Whaley, <i>A handbook of Classical Drama</i>, Stanford University, California, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>; London, H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1944.</li> <li>Lesky, A. <i>Greek Tragedy</i>, trans. H.A., Frankfurt, London and New York 1965.</li> <li>Ley, Graham. <i>A Short Introduction to the Ancient Greek Theatre.</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, Chicago: 2006</li> <li>Ley, Graham. <i>Acting Greek Tragedy.</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter_Press" title="University of Exeter Press">University of Exeter Press</a>, Exeter: 2015</li> <li>Loscalzo, Donato, <i>Il pubblico a teatro nella Grecia antica</i>, Roma 2008</li> <li>McDonald, Marianne, Walton, J. Michael (editors), <i>The Cambridge companion to Greek and Roman theatre</i>, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83456-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83456-2">0-521-83456-2</a></li> <li>McClure, Laura. <i>Spoken Like a Woman: Speech and Gender in Athenian Drama</i>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Green_Moulton" title="Richard Green Moulton">Moulton, Richard Green</a>, <i>The ancient classical drama; a study in literary evolution intended for readers in English and in the original</i>, Oxford, <a href="/wiki/The_Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Clarendon Press">The Clarendon Press</a>, 1890.</li> <li>Padilla, Mark William (editor), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-0JVScga2oYC&q=rites+of+passage+in+ancient+greece">"Rites of Passage in Ancient Greece: Literature, Religion, Society"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucknell_University" title="Bucknell University">Bucknell University</a> Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8387-5418-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8387-5418-X">0-8387-5418-X</a></li> <li>Pickard-Cambridge, Sir Arthur Wallace <ul><li><i>Dithyramb, Tragedy, and Comedy </i>, Oxford 1927.</li> <li><i>The Theatre of Dionysus in Athens</i>, Oxford 1946.</li> <li><i>The Dramatic Festivals of Athens</i>, Oxford 1953.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitz,_Nancy_Sorkin2008" class="citation book cs1">Rabinowitz, Nancy Sorkin (2008). <i>Greek Tragedy</i>. Malden, MA: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishers">Blackwell Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2160-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2160-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-2160-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Tragedy&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-2160-6&rft.au=Rabinowitz%2C+Nancy+Sorkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Riu, Xavier, <i>Dionysism and Comedy</i>, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-06-13.html">review</a></li> <li>Ross, Stewart. <i>Greek Theatre.</i> Wayland Press, Hove: 1996</li> <li>Rozik, Eli, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aGG40fhg6usC"><i>The roots of theatre: rethinking ritual and other theories of origin</i></a>, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87745-817-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87745-817-0">0-87745-817-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Schlegel" class="mw-redirect" title="August Wilhelm von Schlegel">Schlegel, August Wilhelm</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7148" class="extiw" title="gutenberg:7148"><i>Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature</i></a>, Geneva 1809.</li> <li>Sommerstein, Alan H., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GDtcVHeBO_4C&q=greek+drama+and+dramatists"><i>Greek Drama and Dramatists</i></a>, Routledge, 2002.</li> <li>Sourvinou-Inwood, Christiane, <i>Tragedy and Athenian Religion</i>, Oxford:University Press 2003.</li> <li>Tsitsiridis, Stavros, "Greek Mime in the Roman Empire (P.Oxy. 413: <i>Charition</i> and <i>Moicheutria</i>", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413213858/http://www.logeion.upatras.gr/index.php/component/content/article?id=83"><i>Logeion</i> 1 (2011) 184-232</a>.</li> <li>Wiles, David. <i>Greek Theatre Performance: An Introduction.</i> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2000</li> <li>Wiles, David. <i>The Masks of Menander: Sign and Meaning in Greek and Roman Performance</i>, Cambridge, 1991.</li> <li>Wiles, David. <i>Mask and Performance in Greek Tragedy: from ancient festival to modern experimentation</i>, Cambridge, 1997.</li> <li>Wise, Jennifer, <i>Dionysus Writes: The Invention of Theatre in Ancient Greece</i>, Ithaca 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020515125809/http://www.utpjournals.com/product/utq/691/writers34.html">review</a></li> <li>Zimmerman, B., <i>Greek Tragedy: An Introduction</i>, trans. T. Marier, Baltimore 1991.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greek_drama" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Ancient Greek drama">Theatre of ancient Greece</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Hines, Department of Theatre, <a href="/wiki/Whitman_College" title="Whitman College">Whitman College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitman.edu/theatre/theatretour/glossary/glossary.htm">Greek and Roman theatre glossary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.hsc.edu/drjclassics/lectures/theater/ancient_greek_theater.shtm">Illustrated Greek Theater</a> – Dr. Janice Siegel, Department of Classics, <a href="/wiki/Hampden%E2%80%93Sydney_College" title="Hampden–Sydney College">Hampden–Sydney College</a>, Virginia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110401172120/http://www.actorama.com/monologues/ancient-greek-plays.html">Searchable database of monologues for actors from Ancient Greek Theatre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logeion.upatras.gr">Logeion: A Journal of Ancient Theatre with free access which publishes original scholarly articles including its reception in modern theatre, literature, cinema and the other art forms and media, as well as its relation to the theatre of other periods and geographical regions.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Western_theatre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_theatre" title="Template:History of theatre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_theatre" title="Template talk:History of theatre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_theatre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of theatre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Western_theatre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Western theatre">History of Western theatre</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Medieval</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age#Lope_de_Vega_and_Spanish_drama" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_drama" title="Augustan drama">Augustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth-century_theatre" title="Nineteenth-century theatre">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(theatre)" title="Realism (theatre)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(theatre)" title="Naturalism (theatre)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theatre" title="Postmodern theatre">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth-century_theatre" title="Twentieth-century theatre">20th century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_twentieth-century_theatre" title="Timeline of twentieth-century theatre">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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