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Lingua árabe - Wikipedia, a enciclopedia libre

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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contidos</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">agochar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inicio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Historia&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Árabe_antigo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Árabe_antigo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Árabe antigo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Árabe_antigo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hejazi_antigo_e_árabe_clásico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hejazi_antigo_e_árabe_clásico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hejazi antigo e árabe clásico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hejazi_antigo_e_árabe_clásico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estandarización" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estandarización"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Estandarización</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estandarización-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difusión" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difusión"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Difusión</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difusión-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desenvolvemento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desenvolvemento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Desenvolvemento</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desenvolvemento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-árabe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-árabe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Neo-árabe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-árabe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Nahda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Nahda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Al-Nahda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Nahda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Árabe_clásico,_estándar_moderno_e_falado" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Árabe_clásico,_estándar_moderno_e_falado"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Árabe clásico, estándar moderno e falado</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Árabe_clásico,_estándar_moderno_e_falado-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Situación_e_uso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situación_e_uso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Situación e uso</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Situación_e_uso-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Situación e uso&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Situación_e_uso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diglosia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diglosia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Diglosia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diglosia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Situación_no_mundo_árabe_con_respecto_a_outras_linguas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situación_no_mundo_árabe_con_respecto_a_outras_linguas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Situación no mundo árabe con respecto a outras linguas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situación_no_mundo_árabe_con_respecto_a_outras_linguas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Como_lingua_estranxeira" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Como_lingua_estranxeira"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Como lingua estranxeira</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Como_lingua_estranxeira-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vocabulario</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulario-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Vocabulario&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lexicografía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicografía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lexicografía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicografía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lexicografía_árabe_premoderna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicografía_árabe_premoderna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Lexicografía árabe premoderna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicografía_árabe_premoderna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicografía_occidental_do_árabe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicografía_occidental_do_árabe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Lexicografía occidental do árabe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicografía_occidental_do_árabe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialectos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialectos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dialectos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialectos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gramática" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gramática"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gramática</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gramática-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Gramática&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gramática-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fonoloxía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonoloxía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fonoloxía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonoloxía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alfabeto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alfabeto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Alfabeto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alfabeto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Día_Mundial_da_Lingua_Árabe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Día_Mundial_da_Lingua_Árabe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Día Mundial da Lingua Árabe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Día_Mundial_da_Lingua_Árabe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Véxase_tamén" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Véxase_tamén"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Véxase tamén</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Véxase tamén&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outros_artigos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outros_artigos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Outros artigos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outros_artigos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliografía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligazóns_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligazóns_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Ligazóns externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligazóns_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contidos" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lingua árabe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artigo noutra lingua. Dispoñible en 248 linguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-248" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">248 linguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Араб бызшәа – abkhazo" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Араб бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhazo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arab" title="Basa Arab – achinés" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Basa Arab" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="achinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Арапыбзэ – adigueo" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Арапыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adigueo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabies" title="Arabies – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arabies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Sprache" title="Arabische Sprache – alemán suízo" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arabische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemán suízo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%93%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%9B" title="ዓረብኛ – amhárico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዓረብኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhárico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_arabe" title="Idioma arabe – aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma arabe" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Arabisc sprǣc – inglês antigo" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Arabisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="inglês antigo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="अरबी – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अरबी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة العربية – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة العربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A5%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ – arameo" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لعربية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لعربية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89" title="لغه عربى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه عربى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আৰবী ভাষা – assamés" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আৰবী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe" title="Árabe – asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Árabe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="ГӀараб мацӀ – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀараб мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी भाषा – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अरबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr%C9%99b_dili" title="Ərəb dili – acerbaixano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərəb dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="acerbaixano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="عرب دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عرب دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bo"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ғәрәп теле – baxkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғәрәп теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arab" title="Basa Arab – balinés" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Arab" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Sproch" title="Arabische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Arabische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabu_kalba" title="Arabu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Arabu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Arabe" title="Tataramon na Arabe – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Arabe" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Арабская мова – belaruso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арабская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belaruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Арабская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арабская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arab" title="Basa Arab – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Arab" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Арабски език – búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арабски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अरबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arab" title="Basa Arab – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Arab" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আরবি ভাষা – bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরবি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨ་རབ་སྐད། – tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨ་རབ་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabeg" title="Arabeg – bretón" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arabeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_jezik" title="Arapski jezik – bosníaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arapski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosníaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Arab" title="Saro Arab – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Arab" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Араб хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Араб хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rab" title="Àrab – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àrab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80-l%C3%A1-b%C3%A1ik-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Ā-lá-báik-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ā-lá-báik-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Ӏаьрбийн мотт – checheno" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьрбийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="checheno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inarabigo" title="Inarabigo – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inarabigo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%88%E1%8F%AF_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᎸᎠᎳᏈᏯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎸᎠᎳᏈᏯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%C3%A9v%C8%A7hevetan%C3%A9v%C8%AFhk%C4%97ha%27etanetse" title="Heévȧhevetanévȯhkėha&#039;etanetse – cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Heévȧhevetanévȯhkėha&#039;etanetse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="زمانی عەرەبی – kurdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی عەرەبی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_%C3%A0raba" title="Lingua àraba – corso" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua àraba" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_tili" title="Arap tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Arap tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C5%A1tina" title="Arabština – checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arabština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Аравьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – eslavo eclesiástico" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Аравьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="eslavo eclesiástico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Арап чĕлхи – chuvaxo" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Арап чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvaxo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabeg" title="Arabeg – galés" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arabeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisk_(sprog)" title="Arabisk (sprog) – dinamarqués" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arabisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarqués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Sprache" title="Arabische Sprache – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arabische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebki" title="Erebki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Erebki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabska_r%C4%9Bc" title="Arabska rěc – baixo sorbio" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Arabska rěc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="baixo sorbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%A2%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%A8" title="ޢަރަބި – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޢަރަބި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Αραβική γλώσσα – grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αραβική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areb" title="Areb – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Areb" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Arabic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba_lingvo" title="Araba lingvo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Araba lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_%C3%A1rabe" title="Idioma árabe – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma árabe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabia_keel" title="Araabia keel – estoniano" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Araabia keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiera" title="Arabiera – éuscaro" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="éuscaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Arabi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="زبان عربی – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان عربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_kieli" title="Arabian kieli – finés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arabian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabia_kiil" title="Araabia kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Araabia kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Arabiskt mál – feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Arabiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe" title="Arabe – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabo" title="Arabo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Arabo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabisk_spriak" title="Araabisk spriak – frisón setentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Araabisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisón setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabysk" title="Arabysk – frisón occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Arabysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisón occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Araibis" title="An Araibis – irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Araibis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_dili" title="Arab dili – gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Arab dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="阿拉伯語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="阿拉伯語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" title="Arab – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Arab" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabais" title="Arabais – gaélico escocés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Arabais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arave%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Araveñe&#039;ẽ – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Araveñe&#039;ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahasa Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="અરબી ભાષા – guxarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અરબી ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guxarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alijunaiki_Tutko" title="Alijunaiki Tutko – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Alijunaiki Tutko" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabish" title="Arabish – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Arabish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larabci" title="Larabci – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Larabci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82-l%C3%A2-pak-ng%C3%AE" title="Â-lâ-pak-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Â-lâ-pak-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_%CA%BBAlapia" title="ʻŌlelo ʻAlapia – hawaiano" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo ʻAlapia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ערבית – hebreo" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी भाषा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbii_bhasa" title="Arbii bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Arbii bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_jezik" title="Arapski jezik – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arapski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Arabšćina – alto sorbio" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Arabšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="alto sorbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" title="Arab – crioulo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Arab" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioulo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_nyelv" title="Arab nyelv – húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arab nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Արաբերեն – armenio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արաբերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Արաբերէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արաբերէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_arabe" title="Lingua arabe – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua arabe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Arab" title="Jaku Arab – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Arab" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab – indonesio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Arabic" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Arabiko" title="Pagsasao nga Arabiko – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Arabiko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Ӏарбий мотт – inguxo" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ӏарбий мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguxo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiana_linguo" title="Arabiana linguo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arabiana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C3%ADska" title="Arabíska – islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arabíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_araba" title="Lingua araba – italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua araba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%95%8B%E1%95%95" title="ᐊᕋᕕ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᕋᕕ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="アラビア語 – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラビア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabik_languij" title="Arabik languij – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Arabik languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rabybau" title="rabybau – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rabybau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arab" title="Basa Arab – xavanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Arab" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="xavanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="არაბული ენა – xeorxiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაბული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="xeorxiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_tili" title="Arab tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Arab tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_ta%C9%9Brabt" title="Tutlayt taɛrabt – cabila" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt taɛrabt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Хьэрыпыбзэ – cabardiano" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хьэрыпыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="cabardiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C9%A9%C9%A9_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%CC%B1ra%CC%B1ba_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="La̱ra̱ba (a̱lyem) – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="La̱ra̱ba (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilabu" title="Kilabu – kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kilabu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Arab" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Араб тілі – kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Араб тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8B" title="ភាសាអារ៉ាប់ – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាអារ៉ាប់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಅರಬ್ಬೀ ಭಾಷೆ – kannará" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅರಬ್ಬೀ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannará" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D%EC%96%B4" title="아랍어 – coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아랍어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Араб кыв – komi permio" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Араб кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi permio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Араб тил – carachaio-bálcara" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Араб тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="carachaio-bálcara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8E%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عَربی زَبان – caxemirés" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عَربی زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="caxemirés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Sprooch" title="Arabische Sprooch – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Arabische Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_ereb%C3%AE" title="Zimanê erebî – kurdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê erebî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Араб кыв – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Араб кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabek" title="Arabek – córnico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Arabek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Arabica" title="Lingua Arabica – latín" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Arabica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ar%C3%A1biga" title="Lingua arábiga – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua arábiga" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesch" title="Arabesch – luxemburgués" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Arabesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Аьраб маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Аьраб маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Араб чӀал – lezguio" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Араб чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezguio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi_(lingua)" title="Arabi (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arabi (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisch" title="Arabisch – limburgués" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Arabisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_%C3%A0raba" title="Lengua àraba – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua àraba" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_arab" title="Lingaz arab – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz arab" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_araba" title="Lengua araba – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua araba" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liarabi" title="Liarabi – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Liarabi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%9A" title="ພາສາອາຣັບ – laosiano" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາອາຣັບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C5%B3_kalba" title="Arabų kalba – lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arabų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%81bu_valoda" title="Arābu valoda – letón" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arābu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A2sa_Arab" title="Bhâsa Arab – madurés" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhâsa Arab" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी भाषा – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अरबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arab" title="Basa Arab – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Arab" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Арабонь кяль – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Арабонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_arabo" title="Fiteny arabo – malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny arabo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_%C4%80rapi" title="Reo Ārapi – maorí" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Ārapi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maorí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Arab" title="Bahaso Arab – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Arab" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Арапски јазик – macedonio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арапски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="അറബി ഭാഷ – malabar" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറബി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Араб хэл – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Араб хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯔꯥꯕꯤꯛ ꯂꯣꯟ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯔꯥꯕꯤꯛ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी भाषा – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अरबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab – malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_G%C4%A7arbija" title="Lingwa Għarbija – maltés" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Għarbija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အာရပ်ဘာသာစကား – birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာရပ်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Арабонь кель – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Арабонь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="عربی – mazandaraní" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عربی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabsche_Spraak" title="Araabsche Spraak – baixo alemán" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Araabsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabies" title="Arabies – baixo saxón" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Arabies" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baixo saxón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी भाषा – nepalí" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अरबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी भाषा – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अरबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisch" title="Arabisch – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk – noruegués nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arabisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruegués nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk – noruegués bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arabisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegués bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabum" title="Arabum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Arabum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe" title="Arabe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Arabe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searabia" title="Searabia – sesotho do norte" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Searabia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sesotho do norte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81s%C3%A1%C3%AD_Bizaad" title="Ásáí Bizaad – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ásáí Bizaad" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiarabu" title="Chiarabu – chewa" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Chiarabu" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="chewa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi – occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arabi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruabien_kieli" title="Aruabien kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Aruabien kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afaan_Arabaa" title="Afaan Arabaa – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Afaan Arabaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Араббаг æвзаг – ossetio" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Араббаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਰਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – panxabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panxabí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe" title="Árabe – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Árabe" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe" title="Arabe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Arabe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erabek" title="Erabek – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Erabek" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_arabski" title="Język arabski – polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język arabski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ar%C3%A0bica" title="Lenga aràbica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga aràbica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="عربی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عربی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="عربي ژبه – paxto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عربي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_%C3%A1rabe" title="Língua árabe – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua árabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawiya_simi" title="Arawiya simi – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Arawiya simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_arab%C4%83" title="Limba arabă – romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba arabă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Арабский язык – ruso" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арабский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Арабскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Арабскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyarabu" title="Icyarabu – kiñaruanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyarabu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kiñaruanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबीभाषा – sánscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अरबीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sánscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Арааб тыла – iacuto" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Арааб тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacuto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_%C3%A0raba" title="Limba àraba – sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba àraba" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_%C3%A0rabba" title="Lingua àrabba – siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua àrabba" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic – escocés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Arabic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="عربي ٻولي – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عربي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1bagiella" title="Arábagiella – saami setentrional" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Arábagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="saami setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_jezik" title="Arapski jezik – serbocroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arapski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Ta%C9%9B%E1%B9%9Babt" title="Tutlayt Taɛṛabt – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Taɛṛabt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BD%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%A2%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="ၽႃႇသႃႇဢႃႇရပ်ႉ – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၽႃႇသႃႇဢႃႇရပ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="අරාබි භාෂාව – cingalés" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අරාබි භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arabic language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C4%8Dina" title="Arabčina – eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arabčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عربی زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="عربی زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Arabščina – esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arabščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiakiel%C3%A2" title="Arabiakielâ – saami de Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Arabiakielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="saami de Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiarabhu" title="Chiarabhu – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chiarabhu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabi" title="Carabi – somalí" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Carabi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_arabe" title="Gjuha arabe – albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha arabe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Арапски језик – serbio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арапски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arab" title="Basa Arab – sundanés" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Arab" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiska" title="Arabiska – sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arabiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiarabu" title="Kiarabu – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiarabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C5%8F_godka" title="Arabskŏ godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Arabskŏ godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/u_kamu_nu_Alapo" title="u kamu nu Alapo – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="u kamu nu Alapo" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="அரபு மொழி – támil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரபு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="támil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಅರಬ್ಬಿ ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅರಬ್ಬಿ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="అరబ్బీ భాష – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అరబ్బీ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Забони арабӣ – taxico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони арабӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="taxico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ภาษาอาหรับ – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอาหรับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_dili" title="Arap dili – turkmeno" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Arap dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Arabe" title="Wikang Arabe – tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Arabe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr%C9%99bi_zyvon" title="Ərəbi zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ərəbi zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap%C3%A7a" title="Arapça – turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arapça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Гарәп теле – tártaro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гарәп теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tártaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Араб дыл – tuvaniano" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Араб дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvaniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Араб кыл – udmurto" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Араб кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئەرەب تىلى – uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەرەب تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Арабська мова – ucraíno" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арабська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraíno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عربی زبان – urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عربی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_tili" title="Arab tili – uzbeko" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arab tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_araba" title="Łéngua araba – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua araba" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araban_kel%27" title="Araban kel&#039; – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Araban kel&#039;" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp" title="Tiếng Ả Rập – vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Ả Rập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroabiesche_toale" title="Aroabiesche toale – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Aroabiesche toale" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larab" title="Larab – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Larab" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe_(lingaedje)" title="Arabe (lingaedje) – valón" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Arabe (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inarabo" title="Inarabo – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inarabo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语 – chinés wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿拉伯语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chinés wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Арабмудин келн – calmuco" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Арабмудин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmuco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="არაბული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არაბული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9" title="אראביש – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אראביש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_L%C3%A1r%C3%BAb%C3%A1w%C3%A1" title="Èdè Lárúbáwá – ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Lárúbáwá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahahlahboh" title="Vahahlahboh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahahlahboh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araobisch" title="Araobisch – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Araobisch" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%84%E2%B5%95%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ – tamazight marroquí estándar" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight marroquí estándar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语 – chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉伯语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="阿拉伯語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿拉伯語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-la-pek-g%C3%AD" title="A-la-pek-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-la-pek-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%87" title="阿拉伯文 – cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿拉伯文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13955#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar as ligazóns interlingüísticas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar as ligazóns</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espazos de nomes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lingua_%C3%A1rabe" title="Ver o contido da páxina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-03-1000" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Lista_de_artigos_que_toda_Wikipedia_deber%C3%ADa_ter" title="Este é un dos 1000 artigos que toda Wikipedia debería ter"><img alt="Este é un dos 1000 artigos que toda Wikipedia debería ter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AD_%2B30.svg/22px-AD_%2B30.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AD_%2B30.svg/33px-AD_%2B30.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AD_%2B30.svg/44px-AD_%2B30.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="10" data-file-height="10" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Na Galipedia, a Wikipedia en galego.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="gl" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em" cellpadding="2" align="right" width="269px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="font-size:120%; text-align: center; color: black; background-color: #faecc8">Árabe<br /><i>العربية</i></th></tr><tr><td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Pronuncia:</td><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">/alˌʕa.raˈbij.ja/</span></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Falado&#160;en: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Países da <a href="/wiki/Liga_%C3%81rabe" title="Liga Árabe">Liga Árabe</a> e minorías en países veciños: <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%AD" title="Malí">Malí</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADxer" title="Níxer">Níxer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n_do_Sur" title="Sudán do Sur">Sudán do Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etiop%C3%ADa" title="Etiopía">Etiopía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán">Irán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía">Turquía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> etc.</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Total de&#160;falantes: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">290 millóns (<a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, 2010)</td></tr><tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Lista_de_linguas_por_n%C3%BAmero_de_falantes" title="Lista de linguas por número de falantes">Posición</a>: </td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;" colspan="2"> 5 (2013) </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Familia_de_linguas" title="Familia de linguas">Familia</a>: </td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguas_sem%C3%ADticas" title="Linguas semíticas">Semítica</a><br />&#160;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguas_sem%C3%ADticas_centrais&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Linguas semíticas centrais (a páxina aínda non existe)">Semítica central</a><br />&#160;&#160;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguas_ar%C3%A1bigas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Linguas arábigas (a páxina aínda non existe)">Arábiga</a><br />&#160;&#160;&#160;<b>Árabe</b></td></tr><tr><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Escrita" title="Escrita">Escrita</a>:</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe" title="Alfabeto árabe">alfabeto árabe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_sir%C3%ADaco" title="Alfabeto siríaco">alfabeto siríaco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garxuni" title="Garxuni">Garxuni</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_hebreo" title="Alfabeto hebreo">alfabeto hebreo</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguas_xudeo%C3%A1rabes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Linguas xudeoárabes (a páxina aínda non existe)">linguas xudeoárabes</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_grego" title="Alfabeto grego">alfabeto grego</a> (árabe chipriota)<br /><a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_latino" title="Alfabeto latino">alfabeto latino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lingua_maltesa" title="Lingua maltesa">maltés</a>)</td></tr><tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 0.5em; color: black; background-color: #faecc8">Status oficial</th> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> Lingua oficial de: </td><td colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> O <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81rabe_est%C3%A1ndar_moderno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Árabe estándar moderno (a páxina aínda non existe)">árabe estándar moderno</a> é a lingua oficial de 28 estados <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Lista</div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Alxeria" title="Alxeria"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alxeria" title="Alxeria">Alxeria</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comores"><img alt="Comores" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Comores" title="Comores">Comores</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chad"><img alt="Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/20px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/30px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Djibuti"><img alt="Djibuti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/20px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/30px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/40px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Djibuti" title="Djibuti">Djibuti</a><br /><span 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title="Gambia">Gambia</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/20px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/20px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/40px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Xordania" title="Xordania">Xordania</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuwait"><img alt="Kuwait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Líbano"><img alt="Líbano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADbano" title="Líbano">Líbano</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Libya.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Libia"><img alt="Libia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/20px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/30px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Libia" title="Libia">Libia</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Mauritania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mauritania"><img alt="Mauritania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Morocco.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marrocos"><img alt="Marrocos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/20px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/30px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/40px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Marrocos" title="Marrocos">Marrocos</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/20px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/30px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/40px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Om%C3%A1n" title="Omán">Omán</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Autoridade_Nacional_Palestina" title="Autoridade Nacional Palestina"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/20px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/40px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Autoridade_Nacional_Palestina" title="Autoridade Nacional Palestina">Palestina</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/20px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/30px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/40px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sáhara Occidental"><img alt="Sáhara Occidental" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1hara_Occidental" title="Sáhara Occidental">Sáhara Occidental</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Somalia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Somalilandia"><img alt="Somalilandia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Somalilandia" title="Somalilandia">Somalilandia</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Sudan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sudán"><img alt="Sudán" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n" title="Sudán">Sudán</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emiratos_%C3%81rabes_Unidos" title="Emiratos Árabes Unidos">Emiratos Árabes Unidos</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/20px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/30px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iemen" title="Iemen">Iemen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Africana" title="Unión Africana">Unión Africana</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liga Árabe"><img alt="Liga Árabe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Liga_%C3%81rabe" title="Liga Árabe">Liga Árabe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_para_a_Cooperaci%C3%B3n_Isl%C3%A1mica" title="Organización para a Cooperación Islámica">Organización para a Cooperación Islámica</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ONU"><img alt="ONU" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/ONU" class="mw-redirect" title="ONU">ONU</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr><tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> Regulado por: </td><td colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Lista</div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alxeria"><img alt="Alxeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>: Consello Supremo da Lingua Árabe en Alxeria<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Egypt.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exipto"><img alt="Exipto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/20px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/40px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_da_Lingua_%C3%81rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia da Lingua Árabe (a páxina aínda non existe)">Academia da Lingua Árabe</a><br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/20px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>: Academia iraquí das Ciencias<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Jordan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>: Academia árabe de Xordania<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Libya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/20px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/30px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a></span>: Academia da Lingua Árabe en Jamahiriya<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Morocco.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/20px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/30px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/40px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>: Academia da Lingua Árabe en Rabat<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>: Academia da Lingua Árabe en Riyadh<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Somalia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>: Academia da Lingua Árabe en Mogadixo<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Sudan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>: Academia da Lingua Árabe en Khartún<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931971).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>: Academia Árabe de Damasco (a máis antiga)<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span>: Fundación Beit Al-Hikma<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/20px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/40px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span>: Academia da Lingua Árabe en Israel</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 0.5em; color: black; background-color: #faecc8">Códigos de lingua </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>-1: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><code>ar</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">ISO 639-2: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><code>ara</code></td></tr><tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> ISO 639-3: </td><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ara">ara</a></code> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue#Código_SIL" title="Ethnologue">SIL</a>: </td><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><code>ABV</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 0.5em; color: black; background-color: #faecc8">Mapa </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"></td></tr><tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Arabic_speaking_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arabic_speaking_world.svg/250px-Arabic_speaking_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arabic_speaking_world.svg/375px-Arabic_speaking_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arabic_speaking_world.svg/500px-Arabic_speaking_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 0.5em; color: black; background-color: #faecc8">Status </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"></td></tr><tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Lang_Status_99-NE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lang_Status_99-NE.svg/250px-Lang_Status_99-NE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lang_Status_99-NE.svg/375px-Lang_Status_99-NE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lang_Status_99-NE.svg/500px-Lang_Status_99-NE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><br /><center><span style="font-size:80%;">O árabe está clasificado como "en estado seguro" polo <a href="/wiki/Libro_Vermello_das_Linguas_Ameazadas" title="Libro Vermello das Linguas Ameazadas">Libro Vermello das Linguas Ameazadas</a> da <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></span></center> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small noprint selfref" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit;width: 22em;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg/40px-Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg/60px-Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg/80px-Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="151" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;">Este artigo amosa <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe" title="Alfabeto árabe">letras árabes</a>. Sen o <a href="/wiki/Axuda:Caracteres_especiais" title="Axuda:Caracteres especiais">soporte axeitado</a>, o texto pode mostrar símbolos sen sentido, coma caixas, marcas e outros.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>O <b>árabe</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> (العربية <b>al-'arabiyyah</b>, ou menos formalmente <b> 'arabi</b>), tamén chamado <i><b>arábigo</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> ou <i><b>arábico</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup>, é a lingua máis falada dentro da rama <a href="/wiki/Linguas_sem%C3%ADticas" title="Linguas semíticas">semítica</a> das <a href="/wiki/Linguas_afroasi%C3%A1ticas" title="Linguas afroasiáticas">linguas afroasiáticas</a>, e está intimamente relacionada co <a href="/wiki/Lingua_hebrea" title="Lingua hebrea">hebreo</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_aramea" title="Lingua aramea">arameo</a>. Fálase ó longo do <a href="/wiki/Mundo_%C3%A1rabe" title="Mundo árabe">mundo árabe</a> e é moi coñecida e estudada dentro do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundo_isl%C3%A1mico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundo islámico (a páxina aínda non existe)">mundo islámico</a>. O árabe leva sendo unha lingua literaria dende, polo menos, o <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_VI" title="Século VI">sexto século</a>, e é a lingua litúrxica do <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a>. </p><p>O termo "árabe" pode referirse tanto ó árabe literario, que non é falado como lingua materna por ningún árabe, como ó árabe moderno estándar, ou ás diferentes variedades do árabe, xeralmente chamadas "árabe coloquial". Os árabes consideran o árabe literario a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_est%C3%A1ndar" title="Lingua estándar">lingua estándar</a>, e adoitan ver o resto como simples dialectos. </p><p>O árabe literario refírese tanto á lingua utilizada polos medios de comunicación do <a href="/wiki/Magreb" title="Magreb">Magreb</a> e os do <a href="/wiki/Oriente_Medio" title="Oriente Medio">Oriente Medio</a>, como á lingua, máis arcarca, do <a href="/wiki/Cor%C3%A1n" title="Corán">Corán</a>. O árabe coloquial, pola súa banda, refírese ós diferentes dialectos falados polos habitantes das zonas arriba referidas de forma habitual. En moitas ocasións, son diferentes entre os distintos lugares de tal forma que o falante dun concreto dialecto do árabe pode non comprender outro dialecto. Xeralmente, estes dialectos non son linguas literarias, pero nalgúns hai algunhas pequenas mostras de literatura. </p><p>A situación sociolingüística actual do árabe é un claro exemplo de <a href="/wiki/Diglosia" title="Diglosia">diglosia</a> (o uso normal de dúas diferentes variedades da mesma lingua, dependendo da situación na que a persoa se atope). Todo árabe culto adoita falar tanto o seu dialecto local como o árabe estándar, que aprendeu na escola. Este último adoita ser utilizado en situacións de comunicación con falantes doutros dialectos arábigos (por exemplo, un marroquí a falar cun sirio). </p><p>Xa que o árabe escrito de hoxe en día é substancialmente diferente do árabe dos tempos do <a href="/wiki/Cor%C3%A1n" title="Corán">Corán</a>, é normal (nos países occidentais) referirse a esta última coma árabe clásico e á lingua actual dos medios de comunicación como árabe moderno estándar. Os árabes, pola contra, utilizan o termo <b>Fuṣḥa</b> para referirse a ámbalas dúas, poñendo énfase no seu grande parecido. </p><p>Ás veces, é difícil traducir conceptos islámicos, e outros relacionados coa cultura árabe, sen utilizar a terminoloxía árabe. o <a href="/wiki/Cor%C3%A1n" title="Corán">Corán</a> está expresado en árabe e, tradicionalmente, os musulmáns sosteñen que é imposible traducilo a ninguna lingua dunha forma que todo o seu significado se manteña. De feito, ata hai pouco tempo, moitas escolas de pensamento afirmaron que non se debería traducir de ningunha forma. </p><p>O galego posúe gran cantidade de palabras derivadas do árabe: azucre, laranxa, limón, álxebra, alcol, cénit etc. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar a sección: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Historia"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Árabe_antigo"><span id=".C3.81rabe_antigo"></span>Árabe antigo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar a sección: «Árabe antigo»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Árabe antigo"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Safaitic_script_with_a_figure_of_a_camel_on_a_red_sandstone_fragment,_from_es-Safa,_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Safaitic_script_with_a_figure_of_a_camel_on_a_red_sandstone_fragment%2C_from_es-Safa%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/170px-Safaitic_script_with_a_figure_of_a_camel_on_a_red_sandstone_fragment%2C_from_es-Safa%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Safaitic_script_with_a_figure_of_a_camel_on_a_red_sandstone_fragment%2C_from_es-Safa%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/255px-Safaitic_script_with_a_figure_of_a_camel_on_a_red_sandstone_fragment%2C_from_es-Safa%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Safaitic_script_with_a_figure_of_a_camel_on_a_red_sandstone_fragment%2C_from_es-Safa%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/340px-Safaitic_script_with_a_figure_of_a_camel_on_a_red_sandstone_fragment%2C_from_es-Safa%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5219" data-file-height="3692" /></a><figcaption>Rexistro safaitico</figcaption></figure> <p>Arabia posuía unha gran variedade de <a href="/wiki/Linguas_sem%C3%ADticas" title="Linguas semíticas">linguas semíticas</a> na antigüidade. No suroeste falábanse varias <a href="/wiki/Linguas_sem%C3%ADticas#Linguas_semíticas_meridionais_(ou_sudoccidentais)" title="Linguas semíticas">linguas semíticas</a> tanto dentro como fóra da familia do <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81rabe_do_sur_antigo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Árabe do sur antigo (a páxina aínda non existe)">árabe do sur antigo</a> (ASA) (por exemplo, o tamúdico do sur). Tamén se cre que os antepasados ​​das <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguas_modernas_do_sur_de_Arabia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Linguas modernas do sur de Arabia (a páxina aínda non existe)">linguas modernas do sur de Arabia</a> (linguas centrais non semíticas) tamén o falaban, nesa época, no sur de Arabia. Ao norte, nos <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> do norte do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejaz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hejaz (a páxina aínda non existe)">Hejaz</a>, o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadan%C3%ADtico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadanítico (a páxina aínda non existe)">dadanítico</a> e o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tayman%C3%ADtico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Taymanítico (a páxina aínda non existe)">taymanítico</a> gozaban de certo prestixio como linguas inscriptivas. En <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> e partes do oeste de Arabia, atópase testemuñada unha lingua coñecida polos estudosos como Thamudic C. No leste de Arabia, as inscricións nunha escritura derivada do ASA testemuñan unha lingua coñecida como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialecto_has%C3%A1itico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialecto hasáitico (a páxina aínda non existe)">hasaítico</a>. Por último, na fronteira noroeste de Arabia, están testemuñadas varias linguas coñecidas polos estudosos como Thamudic B, Thamudic D, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Escritura_safaitica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Escritura safaitica (a páxina aínda non existe)">safaitico</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Escritura_hismaica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Escritura hismaica (a páxina aínda non existe)">hismaico</a>. As dúas últimas comparten <a href="/wiki/Isoglosa" title="Isoglosa">isoglosas</a> importantes con formas posteriores do árabe, o que leva aos estudosos a teorizar que o safaitico e o hismaico son de feito as primeiras formas do árabe e que deberían considerarse como <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81rabe_antigo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Árabe antigo (a páxina aínda non existe)">árabe antigo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os lingüistas en xeral cren que o "árabe antigo" (unha colección de dialectos relacionados que constitúen o precursor do árabe) xurdiu por primeira vez ao redor do século I d.C. Anteriormente, pensábase que o primeiro testemuño do árabe antigo era unha única inscrición do século I d. C. en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_sabea" title="Lingua sabea">escritura sabea</a> atopada no <a href="/wiki/Sitio_arqueol%C3%B3xico" title="Sitio arqueolóxico">sitio arqueolóxico</a> de <a href="/wiki/Qaryat_al-Faw" title="Qaryat al-Faw">Qaryat al-Faw</a>, no sur da actual <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a>. Non obstante, esta inscrición non participa en varias das principais innovacións do grupo da lingua árabe, como a conversión semítica da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimaci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimación (a páxina aínda non existe)">mimación</a> e a singular <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nunacion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nunacion (a páxina aínda non existe)">nunacion</a>. A mellor maneira de revalorizalo é como unha lingua central separada continuamente dos dialectos semíticos.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamén se pensaba que o árabe antigo coexistiu <a href="/wiki/Epigraf%C3%ADa" title="Epigrafía">epigraficamente</a> -e logo desprazouno gradualmente- xunto ou <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81rabe_antigo_do_norte&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Árabe antigo do norte (a páxina aínda non existe)">árabe antigo do norte</a> (ANA), que se consideraba que fora a lingua rexional durante moitos séculos. A ANA, a pesar do seu nome, era considerada unha lingua moi distinta, do "árabe", e mutuamente inintelixibles. Os estudosos nomearon as súas variantes dialectais segundo as cidades onde se descubriron as inscricións (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadan%C3%ADtico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadanítico (a páxina aínda non existe)">dadanítico</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiman%C3%ADtico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Taimanítico (a páxina aínda non existe)">taimanítico</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hismaico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hismaico (a páxina aínda non existe)">hismaico</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Safa%C3%ADtico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Safaítico (a páxina aínda non existe)">safaítico</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Stefan_Weninger_2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefan_Weninger_2011-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Xurdido no século I, leva o nome do <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rabes" title="Árabes">pobo árabe</a>; o termo "árabe" usouse inicialmente para describir aos que vivían na <a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_de_Arabia" title="Península de Arabia">Península Arábiga</a>, tal como o percibian os xeógrafos da <a href="/wiki/Grecia_antiga" title="Grecia antiga">antiga Grecia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Con todo, a maioría dos argumentos a favor dunha única lingua ou familia lingüística ANA baseábanse na forma do <a href="/wiki/Artigo_(gram%C3%A1tica)#Os_determinantes_actualizadores" title="Artigo (gramática)">artigo definido</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Prefixo" title="Prefixo">prefixo</a> h-. Argumentouse que o h- é un <a href="/wiki/Arca%C3%ADsmo" title="Arcaísmo">arcaísmo</a> e non unha innovación compartida, e polo tanto inadecuada para a clasificación das linguas, facendo insostible a hipótese dunha familia lingüística ANA.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> O safaitico e o hismaico, antes considerados ANA, deberán considerarse <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81rabe_antigo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Árabe antigo (a páxina aínda non existe)">árabe antigo</a> debido ao feito de que participan das innovacións comúns a todas as formas do árabe.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Epitaph_Imru-l-Qays_Louvre_AO4083.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Epitaph_Imru-l-Qays_Louvre_AO4083.jpg/170px-Epitaph_Imru-l-Qays_Louvre_AO4083.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Epitaph_Imru-l-Qays_Louvre_AO4083.jpg/255px-Epitaph_Imru-l-Qays_Louvre_AO4083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Epitaph_Imru-l-Qays_Louvre_AO4083.jpg/340px-Epitaph_Imru-l-Qays_Louvre_AO4083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscrici%C3%B3n_de_Namara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscrición de Namara (a páxina aínda non existe)">inscrición de Namara</a>, unha mostra da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeto_nabateo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabeto nabateo (a páxina aínda non existe)">escritura nabatea</a>, considerado un precursor directo da escritura árabe.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>O testemuño máis antigo de texto árabe continuo nun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeto_nabateo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabeto nabateo (a páxina aínda non existe)">antepasado da escritura árabe moderna</a> son ​​tres liñas de poesía dun home chamado Garm(')allāhe atopadas en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avdat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Avdat (a páxina aínda non existe)">Avdat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, e datado arredor do 125 d.C.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Séguelle a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscrici%C3%B3n_de_Namara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscrición de Namara (a páxina aínda non existe)">inscrición de Namara</a>, un epitafio do rei dos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lacmidas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lacmidas (a páxina aínda non existe)">lacmidas</a>, Imru' ao-Qays bar 'Amro, que data do ano 328 da era cristiá, atopado en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscrici%C3%B3n_de_Namara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscrición de Namara (a páxina aínda non existe)">Namaraa</a>, Siria. Entre os séculos IV e VI, o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeto_nabateo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabeto nabateo (a páxina aínda non existe)">escritura nabatea</a> evoluciona cara á escritura árabe recoñecible desde principios da era islámica.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Existen inscricións nunha escritura árabe de 17 letras, sen puntos, que datan do século VI da nosa era e que se atoparon en catro lugares de Siria (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zabad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zabad (a páxina aínda non existe)">Zabad</a>, Jabal 'Usays, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harran,_as-Suwayda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Harran, as-Suwayda (a páxina aínda non existe)">Harran</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umm_el-Jimal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Umm el-Jimal (a páxina aínda non existe)">Umm al-Jimaal</a>). O papiro máis antigo que se conserva en árabe data do ano 643 d.C. e utiliza puntos para producir o alfabeto árabe moderno de 28 letras. A lingua dese papiro e do Corán son referidas polos lingüistas como "<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81rabe_cl%C3%A1sico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Árabe clásico (a páxina aínda non existe)">árabe coránico</a>", a diferenza da súa codificación pouco despois en "<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81rabe_cl%C3%A1sico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Árabe clásico (a páxina aínda non existe)">árabe clásico</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Stefan_Weninger_2011_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefan_Weninger_2011-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hejazi_antigo_e_árabe_clásico"><span id="Hejazi_antigo_e_.C3.A1rabe_cl.C3.A1sico"></span>Hejazi antigo e árabe clásico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar a sección: «Hejazi antigo e árabe clásico»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Hejazi antigo e árabe clásico"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg/170px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg/255px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg/340px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Corán escrito no antigo dialecto árabe hijazi (escritura hijazi, século VII d.C)</figcaption></figure> <p>A finais da época preislámica xurdiu na rexión do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejaz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hejaz (a páxina aínda non existe)">Hejaz</a> unha variedade transdialectal e transcomunal do árabe, que continuou un camiño paralelo o árabe literario despois de que este fora estandarizado institucionalmente nos séculos II e III da <a href="/wiki/Calendario_musulm%C3%A1n" title="Calendario musulmán">Héxira</a>, mantendo vivos antigos trazos eliminados da tradición "culta" (árabe clásico) con máis forza nos textos xudeocristiáns,.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Esta variedade e as súas iteracións clasicistas e "laicas" foron denominadas no pasado como árabe medio, pero crese que continúan un rexistro <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegazi_antigo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hegazi antigo (a páxina aínda non existe)">hegazi antigo</a>. Está claro que a ortografía do <a href="/wiki/Cor%C3%A1n" title="Corán">Corán</a> non foi desenvolvida para a forma estandarizada do árabe clásico; máis ben, amosa o intento por parte dos escritores de rexistrar unha forma arcaica do higazi antigo. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Folio_Blue_Quran_Met_2004.88.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Folio_Blue_Quran_Met_2004.88.jpg/170px-Folio_Blue_Quran_Met_2004.88.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Folio_Blue_Quran_Met_2004.88.jpg/255px-Folio_Blue_Quran_Met_2004.88.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Folio_Blue_Quran_Met_2004.88.jpg/340px-Folio_Blue_Quran_Met_2004.88.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3791" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>O Corán serviu e segue a servir como referencia fundamental para o árabe. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cor%C3%A1n_azul&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Corán azul (a páxina aínda non existe)">Corán azul</a> do séculos IX-X en escritura <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caligraf%C3%ADa_c%C3%BAfica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Caligrafía cúfica (a páxina aínda non existe)">cúfica</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Escritura_magreb%C3%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Escritura magrebí (a páxina aínda non existe)">magrebí</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A finais do século VI d.C., desenvolveuse unha "<a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9" title="Koiné">koiné</a> poética" intertribal relativamente uniforme, distinta da <a href="/wiki/Lingua_vern%C3%A1cula" title="Lingua vernácula">lingua vernácula</a> falada, baseada nos dialectos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bedu%C3%ADno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Beduíno (a páxina aínda non existe)">beduínos</a> de <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>, probablemente en relación coa corte de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hirah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hirah (a páxina aínda non existe)">al-Ḥīra</a>. Durante o primeiro século islámico, a maioría dos poetas e escritores árabes falaban o árabe como lingua materna. Os seus textos, aínda que se conservan principalmente en manuscritos moi posteriores, conteñen rastros de elementos, non estandarizados na morfoloxía e a sintaxe do árabe clásico. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estandarización"><span id="Estandarizaci.C3.B3n"></span>Estandarización</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar a sección: «Estandarización»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Estandarización"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Arabic_script_evolution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arabic_script_evolution.svg/170px-Arabic_script_evolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arabic_script_evolution.svg/255px-Arabic_script_evolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arabic_script_evolution.svg/340px-Arabic_script_evolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>Evolución temperá na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Escritura_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Escritura árabe (a páxina aínda non existe)">escritura árabe</a> (século IX–XI), coa <i><a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">basmala</a></i> dos <a href="/wiki/Manuscrito" title="Manuscrito">manuscritos</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caligraf%C3%ADa_c%C3%BAfica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Caligrafía cúfica (a páxina aínda non existe)">cúficos</a> do <i><a href="/wiki/Cor%C3%A1n" title="Corán"><span lang="ar-Latn" title="ar ALA transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Corán</span> como exemplo.</a></i>: (1) Principios do século IX, escritura sen puntos nin signos diacríticos; (2) e (3) séculos IX-X baixo a dinastía abasí, estableceuse o sistema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Aswad_al-Du%27ali&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Aswad al-Du&#39;ali (a páxina aínda non existe)">Abu al-Aswad</a> puntos vermellos con cada disposición ou posición que indican unha vogal curta diferente; máis tarde, utilizouse un segundo sistema de puntos negros para diferenciar letras como <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="ar ALA transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">fā’</span></i> e <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="ar ALA transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">qāf</span></i>; (4) Século XI, no sistema de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Khalil_ibn_Ahmad_al-Farahidi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi (a páxina aínda non existe)">al-Farāhidi</a> (sistema usado hoxe en día) os puntos foron cambiados en formas semellantes ás letras para transcribir as vogais longas correspondentes.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Aswad_al-Du%27ali&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Aswad al-Du&#39;ali (a páxina aínda non existe)">Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;603</span>–689) atribúeselle a estandarización da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gram%C3%A1tica_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gramática árabe (a páxina aínda non existe)">gramática árabe</a>, ou <i>an-naḥw</i> (<span lang="ar"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-family:Harmattan,Scheherazade,Lateef,Alkalami,Amiri,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,FreeSerif,&#39;Noto Naskh Arabic&#39;,&#39;Droid Arabic Naskh&#39;,&#39;Arabic Typesetting&#39;,&#39;Sakkal Majalla&#39;,&#39;Traditional Arabic&#39;,&#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;,&#39;Caribri&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Microsoft Sans Serif&#39;,Arial,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif,sans-serif; font-size: 125%; font-weight:normal;">النَّحو&#8206;</span></span> "o camiño"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup>), e foi pioneiro nun sistema de <a href="/wiki/Diacr%C3%ADticos_do_alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe" title="Diacríticos do alfabeto árabe">diacríticos</a> para diferenciar <a href="/wiki/Consoante" title="Consoante">consoantes</a> (<span lang="ar"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-family:Harmattan,Scheherazade,Lateef,Alkalami,Amiri,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,FreeSerif,&#39;Noto Naskh Arabic&#39;,&#39;Droid Arabic Naskh&#39;,&#39;Arabic Typesetting&#39;,&#39;Sakkal Majalla&#39;,&#39;Traditional Arabic&#39;,&#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;,&#39;Caribri&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Microsoft Sans Serif&#39;,Arial,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif,sans-serif; font-size: 125%; font-weight:normal;">نقط الإعجام&#8206;</span></span> <i>nuqat l-i'jām</i> "sinalización dos non árabes") e indicou a <a href="/wiki/Diacr%C3%ADticos_do_alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe#Diacríticos_que_serven_para_facilitar_a_lectura" title="Diacríticos do alfabeto árabe">vocalización</a> (<span lang="ar"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-family:Harmattan,Scheherazade,Lateef,Alkalami,Amiri,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,FreeSerif,&#39;Noto Naskh Arabic&#39;,&#39;Droid Arabic Naskh&#39;,&#39;Arabic Typesetting&#39;,&#39;Sakkal Majalla&#39;,&#39;Traditional Arabic&#39;,&#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;,&#39;Caribri&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Microsoft Sans Serif&#39;,Arial,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif,sans-serif; font-size: 125%; font-weight:normal;">التشكيل&#8206;</span></span> <i>at-tashkil</i> "formación").<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Khalil_ibn_Ahmad_al-Farahidi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi (a páxina aínda non existe)">Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi</a> (718 – 786) elaborou o primeiro dicionario árabe, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitab_al-%27Ayn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitab al-&#39;Ayn (a páxina aínda non existe)"><i>Kitāb al-'Ayn</i></a> (<span lang="ar"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-family:Harmattan,Scheherazade,Lateef,Alkalami,Amiri,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,FreeSerif,&#39;Noto Naskh Arabic&#39;,&#39;Droid Arabic Naskh&#39;,&#39;Arabic Typesetting&#39;,&#39;Sakkal Majalla&#39;,&#39;Traditional Arabic&#39;,&#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;,&#39;Caribri&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Microsoft Sans Serif&#39;,Arial,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif,sans-serif; font-size: 125%; font-weight:normal;">كتاب العين&#8206;</span></span> "O libro da carta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayin (a páxina aínda non existe)">ع</a>"), e atribúeselle o establecemento das regras da <a href="/wiki/Prosodia" title="Prosodia">prosodia árabe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a> (776-868) propuxo a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Akhfash_al-Akbar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Akhfash al-Akbar (a páxina aínda non existe)">Al-Akhfash al-Akbar</a> unha revisión da gramática do árabe, pero non se levaría a cabo ata despois de dous séculos.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> A estandarización do árabe chegou a completarse ao redor de finais do século VIII. A primeira descrición exhaustiva do <i>ʿarabiyya</i> "árabe" fixoa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibawayh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibawayh (a páxina aínda non existe)">Sibawayh</a> <i>al</i>-<i>Kitāb</i>, que se baseou en primeiro lugar nun corpus de textos poéticos, ademais do uso do Corán e de informantes beduínos aos que consideraba falantes fiables do <i>ʿarabiyya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-referenceworks.brillonline.com_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-referenceworks.brillonline.com-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difusión"><span id="Difusi.C3.B3n"></span>Difusión</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar a sección: «Difusión»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Difusión"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O árabe espallouse coa difusión do <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a>. Tras as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Expansi%C3%B3n_musulm%C3%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Expansión musulmá (a páxina aínda non existe)">primeiras conquistas musulmás</a>, o árabe gañou vocabulario do <a href="/wiki/Lingua_persa_media" title="Lingua persa media">persa medio</a> e do <a href="/wiki/Lingua_turca" title="Lingua turca">turco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> A principios do <a href="/wiki/Califato_Abb%C3%A1sida" title="Califato Abbásida">período abbásida</a>, moitos termos do <a href="/wiki/Lingua_grega_antiga" title="Lingua grega antiga">grego clásico</a> entraron en árabe a través das traducións realizadas na <a href="/wiki/Casa_da_Sabedor%C3%ADa" title="Casa da Sabedoría">Casa da Sabedoría</a> de <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No século VIII, o coñecemento do árabe clásico converteuse nun requisito previo esencial para ascender ás clases superiores en todo o mundo islámico, tanto para musulmáns como para non musulmáns. Por exemplo, o filósofo xudeu <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">andalusí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maim%C3%B3nides" title="Maimónides">Maimónides</a>, foi autor de obras en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialectos_xudeo-%C3%A1rabes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialectos xudeo-árabes (a páxina aínda non existe)">xudeo-árabe</a>—árabe escrito en <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_hebreo" title="Alfabeto hebreo">alfabeto hebreo</a> -incluído o seu famoso <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu%C3%ADa_dos_perplexos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Guía dos perplexos (a páxina aínda non existe)">Guía dos perplexos</a></i> (דלאלת אלחאירין (<small>en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_hebrea" title="Lingua hebrea">hebreo</a>: </small><span style="font-size:115%; font-family: Alef, &#39;SBL Hebrew&#39;, David, Narkisim, &#39;Microsoft Sans Serif&#39;, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; line-height: inherit">עברית</span>), <span lang="ar"><span class="Unicode">دلالة الحائرين</span></span> <i>Dalālat al-ḥāʾirīn</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desenvolvemento">Desenvolvemento</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar a sección: «Desenvolvemento»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Desenvolvemento"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jinni&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Jinni (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ibn Jinni</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosul&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosul (a páxina aínda non existe)">Mosul</a>, pioneiro na <a href="/wiki/Fonolox%C3%ADa" title="Fonoloxía">fonoloxía</a>, escribiu prolíficamente no século X sobre a <a href="/wiki/Morfolox%C3%ADa_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" title="Morfoloxía (lingüística)">morfoloxía</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Fonolox%C3%ADa" title="Fonoloxía">fonoloxía</a> árabe en obras como <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kit%C4%81b_Al-Mun%E1%B9%A3if&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitāb Al-Munṣif (a páxina aínda non existe)">Kitāb Al-Munṣif</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kit%C4%81b_Al-Mu%E1%B8%A5tasab&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitāb Al-Muḥtasab (a páxina aínda non existe)">Kitāb Al-Muḥtasab</a>, e</i> Kitāb Al-Khaṣāʾiṣ <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B5_(%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8)" class="extiw" title="ar:الخصائص (كتاب)">[ar]</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Mada%27&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Mada&#39; (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ibn Mada'</a> de <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Córdoba, España">Córdoba</a> (1116–1196) realizou a revisión da gramática árabe proposta, 200 anos antes, por primeira vez por <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O lexicógrafo magrebí <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Manzur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Manzur (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ibn Manzur</a> recompilou, en 1290, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lis%C4%81n_al-%CA%BFArab&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisān al-ʿArab (a páxina aínda non existe)">Lisān al-ʿArab</a> (<span class="Unicode"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-family:Harmattan,Scheherazade,Lateef,Alkalami,Amiri,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,FreeSerif,&#39;Noto Naskh Arabic&#39;,&#39;Droid Arabic Naskh&#39;,&#39;Arabic Typesetting&#39;,&#39;Sakkal Majalla&#39;,&#39;Traditional Arabic&#39;,&#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;,&#39;Caribri&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Microsoft Sans Serif&#39;,Arial,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif,sans-serif; font-size: 125%; font-weight:normal;">لسان العرب&#8206;</span></span>, "Lingua dos árabes"), un <a href="/wiki/Dicionario" title="Dicionario">dicionario</a> de referencia do árabe.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-árabe"><span id="Neo-.C3.A1rabe"></span>Neo-árabe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar a sección: «Neo-árabe»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Neo-árabe"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A teoría da <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9" title="Koiné">koiné</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Ferguson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Ferguson (a páxina aínda non existe)">Charles Ferguson</a> afirma que os dialectos árabes modernos descenden colectivamente dunha soa koiné militar que xurdiu durante as conquistas islámicas; esta visión foi cuestionada nos últimos tempos. Ahmad al-Jallad propón que había polo menos dous tipos de árabe considerablemente distintos na véspera das conquistas: o do norte e o central (Al-Jallad 2009). Os dialectos modernos xurdiron dunha nova situación de contacto producida a raíz das conquistas. En lugar da aparición dunha ou varias koines, os dialectos conteñen varias capas sedimentarias de características prestadas e reais, que absorberon en diferentes momentos das súas historias lingüísticas..<sup id="cite_ref-referenceworks.brillonline.com_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-referenceworks.brillonline.com-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> Segundo Veersteegh e Bickerton, os dialectos árabes coloquiais xurdiron do <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> árabe formado a partir do contacto entre os árabes e os pobos conquistados.. A pidginización e a posterior <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crioulizaci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Crioulización (a páxina aínda non existe)">crioulización</a> entre árabes e pobos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabizaci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabización (a páxina aínda non existe)">arabizados</a> poderían explicar a relativa sinxeleza morfolóxica e fonolóxica do árabe vernáculo en comparación co árabe clásico e co árabe estándar moderno.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2014299_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2014299-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ao redor dos séculos XI e XII en <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>, as formas de poesía <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zajal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zajal (a páxina aínda non existe)">zajal</a></i> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muwashshah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Muwashshah (a páxina aínda non existe)"><i>muwashah</i></a> desenvolvéronse no <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81rabe_andaluz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Árabe andaluz (a páxina aínda non existe)">árabe dialéctico de Córdoba</a> e do <a href="/wiki/Magreb" title="Magreb">Magreb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Nahda">Al-Nahda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar a sección: «Al-Nahda»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Al-Nahda"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border:1px solid black" bgcolor="black" cellspacing="0" align="left"> <tbody><tr><td style="padding:1px 0px 0px 1px"> <table style="border:0px" bgcolor="black" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0px 1px 1px 0px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_02.jpg/56px-%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="56" height="85" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_03.jpg/56px-%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="56" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_03.jpg/84px-%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_03.jpg/112px-%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td> <td style="padding:0px 1px 1px 0px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_01.jpg/112px-%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr><td class="thumbcaption" style="background-color:#F8F8FF;" width="170"><small>O primeiro libro coñecido impreso en árabe: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kit%C4%81bu_%E1%B9%A3al%C4%81ti_s-saw%C4%81%27%C4%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitābu ṣalāti s-sawā&#39;ī (a páxina aínda non existe)">Kitābu ṣalāti s-sawā'ī</a></i> (<span lang="ar">كتاب صلاة السواعي</span>), un <a href="/wiki/Libro_de_horas" title="Libro de horas">libro de horas</a> impreso con tipos móbiles en 1514.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_(%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9)_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%28%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9%29_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87.png/170px-%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%28%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9%29_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%28%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9%29_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87.png/255px-%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%28%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9%29_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%28%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9%29_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87.png/340px-%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%28%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9%29_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87.png 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1378" /></a><figcaption>Comisión da Real Academia Lingüística en <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ahram&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Ahram (a páxina aínda non existe)">Al-Ahram</a></i> en 1934 da inauguración da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_da_Lingua_%C3%81rabe_no_Cairo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia da Lingua Árabe no Cairo (a páxina aínda non existe)">Academia da Lingua Árabe no Cairo</a>, unha organización de grande importancia para a modernización do árabe.</figcaption></figure> <p>O <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Nahda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Nahda (a páxina aínda non existe)">Al-Nahda</a></i> foi un renacemento cultural e sobre todo literario do século XIX no que os escritores procuraron "fusionar as formas de expresión árabe e europea".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> Segundo <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Gelvin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James L. Gelvin (a páxina aínda non existe)">James L. Gelvin</a>, "os escritores do <i>Al-Nahda</i> intentaron simplificar a lingua e a escritura árabe para que fora accesible a un público máis amplo".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Nasser_and_Taha_Hussein,_Nov_19_1959.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Nasser_and_Taha_Hussein%2C_Nov_19_1959.JPG/170px-Nasser_and_Taha_Hussein%2C_Nov_19_1959.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Nasser_and_Taha_Hussein%2C_Nov_19_1959.JPG/255px-Nasser_and_Taha_Hussein%2C_Nov_19_1959.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Nasser_and_Taha_Hussein%2C_Nov_19_1959.JPG/340px-Nasser_and_Taha_Hussein%2C_Nov_19_1959.JPG 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taha_Hussein&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Taha Hussein (a páxina aínda non existe)">Taha Hussein</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> ambos foron firmes defensores do árabe estándar.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> A raíz da <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Industrial" title="Revolución Industrial">revolución industrial</a> e da <a href="/wiki/Hexemon%C3%ADa" title="Hexemonía">hexemonía</a> do <a href="/wiki/Colonialismo" title="Colonialismo">colonialismo</a> europeo, os pioneiros da <a href="/wiki/Peri%C3%B3dico" title="Periódico">prensa escrita</a> árabe , como a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prensa_Amiri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prensa Amiri (a páxina aínda non existe)">prensa Amiri</a> creada por <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al%C3%AD_de_Exipto" title="Muhammad Alí de Exipto">Muhammad Alí</a> (1819), cambiou drasticamente a difusión e o consumo da <a href="/wiki/Literatura_%C3%A1rabe" title="Literatura árabe">literatura árabe</a> e das publicacións.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> O intelectual exipcio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rifa%27a_Al-Tahtawi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rifa&#39;a Al-Tahtawi (a páxina aínda non existe)">Rifa'a Al-Tahtawi</a> propuxo,en 1836, a creación da escola de idiomas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasat_al-Alsun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Madrasat al-Alsun (a páxina aínda non existe)">Madrasat al-Alsun</a> (árabe مدرسة الألسن) e dirixiu unha campaña de tradución que puxo de manifesto a necesidade dunha inxección léxica en árabe, para adaptarse a conceptos da era industrial e posindustrial.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> Como resposta, estableceuse unha serie de academias árabes inspiradas na <i><a href="/wiki/Academia_Francesa" title="Academia Francesa">Académie française</a></i> co obxectivo de desenvolver adicións estandarizadas ao léxico árabe para adaptarse a estas transformacións,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> primeiro en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_%C3%81rabe_de_Damasco&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Árabe de Damasco (a páxina aínda non existe)">Damasco</a> (1919), despois no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_da_Lingua_%C3%81rabe_no_Cairo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia da Lingua Árabe no Cairo (a páxina aínda non existe)">Cairo</a> (1932), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_Iraqu%C3%AD_das_Ciencias&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Iraquí das Ciencias (a páxina aínda non existe)">Baghdad</a> (1948), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Instituto_de_Estudos_e_Investigaci%C3%B3ns_sobre_a_Arabizaci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Instituto de Estudos e Investigacións sobre a Arabización (a páxina aínda non existe)">Rabat</a> (1960), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_de_%C3%81rabe_de_Xordan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia de Árabe de Xordan (a páxina aínda non existe)">Amman</a> (1977), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_da_Lingua_%C3%81rabe_en_Khartum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia da Lingua Árabe en Khartum (a páxina aínda non existe)">Khartum</a> (árabe مجمع اللغة العربية بالخرطوم)(1993), e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_Tunecina_de_Ciencias,_Letras_e_Artes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Tunecina de Ciencias, Letras e Artes (a páxina aínda non existe)">Tunisia</a> (1993).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> <span class="cómpre-referencia" style="display:inline">Estas academias revisan o desenvolvemento da linguaxe, supervisan e aproban a inclusión de novas palabras na publicación dos seus dicionarios estándar. Tamén publican manuscritos árabes antigos e históricos.</span><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:C%C3%B3mpre_referencia" title="Wikipedia:Cómpre referencia">Cómpre referencia</a></i>]</sup> En 1997, engadiuse unha oficina de estandarización da arabización á <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organizaci%C3%B3n_Educativa,_Cultural_e_Cient%C3%ADfica_da_Liga_%C3%81rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Organización Educativa, Cultural e Científica da Liga Árabe (a páxina aínda non existe)">Organización Educativa, Cultural e Científica</a> da <a href="/wiki/Liga_%C3%81rabe" title="Liga Árabe">Liga Árabe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> Estas academias e organizacións traballaron para a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabizaci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabización (a páxina aínda non existe)">arabización</a> das ciencias, ou <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoloxismo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Neoloxismo (a páxina aínda non existe)">creando termos</a> en árabe para describir novos conceptos, para a estandarización destes novos termos en todo o mundo de fala árabe e para o desenvolvemento. do árabe como <a href="/wiki/Lingua_mundial" title="Lingua mundial">lingua mundial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> Isto deu lugar ao que os estudosos occidentais chaman árabe estándar moderno. A partir da década de 1950, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabizaci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabización (a páxina aínda non existe)">arabización</a> converteuse nunha política nacionalista poscolonial en países como Tunisia, Alxeria, Marrocos,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> e Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm/220px--Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="24411" data-mwtitle="Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Ficheiro:Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm/Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm/Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm/Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm/Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm/Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm/Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm/Arabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AArabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm&amp;lang=en&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AArabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm&amp;lang=es&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AArabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm&amp;lang=fr&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AArabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm&amp;lang=id&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AArabic_Swadesh_list_1-100.webm&amp;lang=ru&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption> Lista de 100 palabras árabes na <a href="/wiki/Lista_Swadesh" title="Lista Swadesh">lista Swadesh</a> (1-100).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Árabe_clásico,_estándar_moderno_e_falado"><span id=".C3.81rabe_cl.C3.A1sico.2C_est.C3.A1ndar_moderno_e_falado"></span>Árabe clásico, estándar moderno e falado</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar a sección: «Árabe clásico, estándar moderno e falado»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Árabe clásico, estándar moderno e falado"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/170px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/255px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/340px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Bandeira da <a href="/wiki/Liga_%C3%81rabe" title="Liga Árabe">Liga Árabe</a>, usada nalgúns casos para a lingua árabe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg/170px-Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg/255px-Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg/340px-Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Bandeira usada nalgúns casos para a lingua árabe (Bandeira do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reino_de_Hejaz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reino de Hejaz (a páxina aínda non existe)">Reino de Hejaz</a> 1916–1925). A bandeira contén as catro <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cores_pan%C3%A1rabes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cores panárabes (a páxina aínda non existe)">cores panárabes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Negro_(cor)" title="Negro (cor)">negro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branco" title="Branco">branco</a> , <a href="/wiki/Verde" title="Verde">verde</a> e <a href="/wiki/Vermello" title="Vermello">vermello</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>O <i>árabe</i> refírese xeralmente ao árabe estándar, que os lingüistas occidentais dividen en <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81rabe_cl%C3%A1sico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Árabe clásico (a páxina aínda non existe)">árabe clásico</a> e árabe estándar moderno.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamusella_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamusella-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> Tamén pode referirse a calquera dunha variedade de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Variedades_de_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Variedades de árabe (a páxina aínda non existe)">dialectos árabes</a> rexionais, que non necesariamente son mutuamente intelixibles entre si. </p><p>O árabe clásico é a lingua que se atopa no <a href="/wiki/Cor%C3%A1n" title="Corán">Corán</a>, usada dende o período da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabia_preisl%C3%A1mica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabia preislámica (a páxina aínda non existe)">arabia preislámica</a> ata o do <a href="/wiki/Califato_Abb%C3%A1sida" title="Califato Abbásida">Califato Abbásida</a>. O árabe clásico é prescritivo, segundo as normas <a href="/wiki/Sintaxe" title="Sintaxe">sintácticas</a> e gramaticais establecidas polos gramáticos clásicos (como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibawayh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibawayh (a páxina aínda non existe)">Sibawayh</a>) e o vocabulario definido nos dicionarios clásicos, como o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Manzur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Manzur (a páxina aínda non existe)"><i>Lisān al-ʻArab</i></a> (lit. 'A lingua dos árabes').<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O árabe estándar moderno (MSA) segue en gran parte os estándares gramaticais do árabe clásico e usa gran parte do mesmo vocabulario. Con todo, descartou algunhas construcións gramaticais e vocabulario que xa non tiñan contrapartida nas variedades faladas e adoptou certas construcións e vocabulario novos destas. Gran parte do novo vocabulario utilízase para denotar conceptos que xurdiron durante a <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_industrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolución industrial">revolución industrial</a> e na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociedade_posindustrial&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociedade posindustrial (a páxina aínda non existe)">época posindustrial</a>, especialmente nos tempos modernos. Debido á súa orixe no árabe clásico, o árabe estándar moderno afástase máis dun milenio do fala cotiá, que se interpreta como unha multitude de dialectos desta lingua. Algúns expertos afirman que estes dialectos e o árabe moderno estándar non se comprenden mutuamente. Os primeiros adoitan adquirirse na familia, mentres que os segundos ensínanse en centros de educación formal. Con todo, realizáronse estudos que informan de certo grao de comprensión de contos contados na variedade estándar entre nenos en idade preescolar.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> A relación entre o árabe moderno estándar e estes dialectos compárase ás veces coa do <a href="/wiki/Lingua_latina" title="Lingua latina">latín clásico</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Lat%C3%ADn_vulgar" title="Latín vulgar">latín vulgar</a> vernáculos (que se converteron en <a href="/wiki/Linguas_rom%C3%A1nicas" title="Linguas románicas">linguas romances</a>) na Europa medieval e moderna temperá.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamusella_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamusella-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O MSA é a variedade utilizada na maioría das publicacións árabes impresas actuais, falada por algúns dos medios de comunicación árabes do norte de África e Oriente Próximo, e comprendida pola maioría dos arabófonos cultos. "Árabe literario" e "Árabe estándar" (<span lang="ar">فُصْحَى</span> <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="Transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">fuṣḥá</span></i>) son termos menos estritamente definidos que poden referirse ao árabe estándar moderno ou ao árabe clásico. </p><p><span class="cómpre-referencia" style="display:inline">Algunhas das diferenzas entre o árabe clásico (AC) e o árabe estándar moderno (AEM) son as seguintes:</span><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:C%C3%B3mpre_referencia" title="Wikipedia:Cómpre referencia">Cómpre referencia</a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="cómpre-referencia" style="display:inline">Certas construcións gramaticais do AC que non teñen contrapartida en ningún dialecto vernáculo moderno (por exemplo, o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_de_%C3%A1nimo_real&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Estado de ánimo real (a páxina aínda non existe)">estado de ánimo real</a>) case nunca se usan no árabe estándar moderno.</span><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:C%C3%B3mpre_referencia" title="Wikipedia:Cómpre referencia">Cómpre referencia</a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="cómpre-referencia" style="display:inline">Os <a href="/wiki/Caso_gramatical" title="Caso gramatical">casos gramaticais</a> son moi raros nas linguas vernáculas árabes. Por iso, o AEM componse xeralmente sen distinción de maiúsculas e minúsculas, e as maiúsculas e minúsculas engádense a posteriori, cando é necesario. Dado que a maioría das terminacións en maiúsculas e minúsculas anótanse mediante vogais finais curtas, que normalmente non se escriben na escritura árabe, non é necesario determinar o caso correcto da maioría das palabras. O resultado práctico disto é que o AEM, do mesmo xeito que o inglés e o <a href="/wiki/Mandar%C3%ADn_est%C3%A1ndar" title="Mandarín estándar">chinés estándar</a>, escríbese nunha orde de palabras fortemente determinada e son raras as ordes alternativas que se utilizaban no AC para dar énfases. Ademais, debido á falta de marcación de maiúsculas e minúsculas nas variedades faladas, a maioría dos falantes non poden utilizar sistematicamente as terminacións correctas na fala extemporánea. Como resultado, o AEM falado tende a omitir ou regularizar as terminacións, excepto cando se le dun texto preparado.</span><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:C%C3%B3mpre_referencia" title="Wikipedia:Cómpre referencia">Cómpre referencia</a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="cómpre-referencia" style="display:inline">O sistema numérico no AC é complexo e está moi ligado ao sistema de casos. Este sistema nunca se usa en AEM, mesmo nas circunstancias máis formais; en cambio, utilízase un sistema significativamente simplificado, que se aproxima ao sistema das variedades faladas conservadoras.</span><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:C%C3%B3mpre_referencia" title="Wikipedia:Cómpre referencia">Cómpre referencia</a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>O MSA usa moito vocabulario clásico (por exemplo <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="ar ALA transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">dhahaba</span></i> 'ir') que non está presente nas variedades faladas, pero elimina as palabras clásicas que soan obsoletas en MSA. Ademais, o MSA tomou prestados ou acuñou moitos termos para conceptos que non existían nos tempos do Corán, e o MSA segue evolucionando.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> <span class="cómpre-referencia" style="display:inline">Algunhas palabras foron tomadas prestadas doutros idiomas - nótese que a transliteración indica principalmente a ortografía e non a pronuncia real (por exemplo , <span lang="ar">فِلْم</span>. <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="ar ALA transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">filme</span></i> 'película' ou <span lang="ar">ديمقراطية</span> <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="ar ALA transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">dīmuqrāṭiyyah</span></i> 'democracia').</span><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:C%C3%B3mpre_referencia" title="Wikipedia:Cómpre referencia">Cómpre referencia</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Con todo, actualmente prefírese evitar os préstamos directos e recorrer á <a href="/wiki/Calco_l%C3%A9xico" title="Calco léxico">tradución de préstamos</a> (p.ex., <span lang="ar">فرع</span> <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="ar ALA transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">farʻ</span></i> 'sucursal', tamén usado para a rama dunha empresa ou organización; <span lang="ar">جناح</span> <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="ar ALA transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">janāḥ</span></i> 'á', tamén se usa para a á dun avión, edificio, forza aérea, etc.), ou para acuñar novas palabras usando formas dentro das <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%ADz_sem%C3%ADtica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Raíz semítica (a páxina aínda non existe)">raíces existentes</a> (<span lang="ar">استماتة</span> <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="Transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">istimātah</span></i> '<a href="/wiki/Apoptose" title="Apoptose">apoptose</a>', usando a raíz <span lang="ar">موت</span> <i>m/w/t</i> 'morte' posto na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbos_%C3%A1rabes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Verbos árabes (a páxina aínda non existe)">forma Xª </a>, ou <span lang="ar">جامعة</span> <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="ar ALA transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">jāmiʻah</span></i> 'universidade', baseada en <span lang="ar">جمع</span> <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="ar ALA transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">jamaʻa</span></i> 'reunir, unir'; <span lang="ar">جمهورية</span> <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="ar ALA transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">jumhūriyyah</span></i> 'república', baseado en <span lang="ar">جمهور</span> <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="Transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">jumhūr</span></i> 'multitude'). Unha tendencia anterior era redefinir unha palabra máis antiga aínda que esta caeu en desuso (por exemplo, <span lang="ar">هاتف</span> <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="Transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">hātif</span></i> 'teléfono' &lt; 'chamante invisible (en sufismo)'; <span lang="ar">جريدة</span> <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="Transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">jarīdah</span></i> 'xornal' &lt; 'tallo de folla de palmeira').<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:C%C3%B3mpre_referencia" title="Wikipedia:Cómpre referencia">Cómpre referencia</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>O árabe <i>coloquial</i> ou <i>dialectal</i> refírese ás numerosas variedades nacionais ou rexionais que constitúen a lingua falada cotiá. O árabe coloquial ten moitas variantes rexionais; as variedades xeograficamente distantes adoitan diferir o suficiente como para ser <a href="/wiki/Intelixibilidade_mutua" title="Intelixibilidade mutua">mutuamente inintelixibles</a>, e algúns lingüistas considéranas linguas distintas.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> Porén, a investigación indica un alto grao de intelixibilidade mutua entre variantes árabes moi relacionadas para falantes nativos que escoitan palabras, frases e textos; e entre dialectos máis afastados en situacións de interacción.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As variedades adoitan estar sen escribir. Utilízanse a miúdo en medios informais falados, como <a href="/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">telenovelas</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Programa_de_entrevistas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Programa de entrevistas (a páxina aínda non existe)">programas de entrevistas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> así como ocasionalmente en determinadas formas de medios escritos como a poesía e a publicidade impresa. </p><p>O <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81rabe_hassaniya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Árabe hassaniya (a páxina aínda non existe)">árabe hassaniya</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_maltesa" title="Lingua maltesa">maltés</a> son as únicas variedades do árabe moderno que adquiriron carácter oficial.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> O goberno <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">senegalés</a> adoptou a escritura latina para escribir en hassaniya<sup id="cite_ref-HassaniyaAlphabet_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HassaniyaAlphabet-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> O maltés fálase en <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (predominantemente <a href="/wiki/Igrexa_cat%C3%B3lica" title="Igrexa católica">católica</a>) e escríbese co <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeto_malt%C3%A9s&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabeto maltés (a páxina aínda non existe)">escritura latina</a>. Os lingüistas coinciden en que se trata dunha variedade do árabe falado, descendente do <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%ADculo-%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sículo-árabe (a páxina aínda non existe)">sículo-árabe</a>, aínda que experimentou grandes cambios como resultado do contacto sostido e intenso con variedades italo-romances, e máis recentemente tamén co inglés. Debido a "unha mestura de factores sociais, culturais, históricos, políticos e, de feito, lingüísticos", moitos malteses consideran hoxe a súa lingua semítica pero non un tipo de árabe.<sup id="cite_ref-Čéplö_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Čéplö-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mesmo durante a vida de Mahoma, existían dialectos do árabe falado. Mahoma falaba no dialecto da <a href="/wiki/A_Meca" title="A Meca">Meca</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_de_Arabia" title="Península de Arabia">península arábiga</a> occidental, e foi neste dialecto no que se escribiu o Corán. Con todo, os dialectos do leste da península arábiga considerábanse os máis prestixiosos da época, polo que a lingua do Corán acabou converténdose para seguir a <a href="/wiki/Fonolox%C3%ADa" title="Fonoloxía">fonoloxía</a> oriental. Nesta fonoloxía baséase a pronuncia moderna do árabe clásico. As diferenzas fonolóxicas entre estes dous dialectos explican algunhas das complexidades da escritura árabe, sobre todo a escritura da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oclusiva_glotal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oclusiva glotal (a páxina aínda non existe)">oclusión glótica</a> ou <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamzah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamzah (a páxina aínda non existe)">hamzah</a></i> (que se conservou nos dialectos orientais pero perdeuse na fala occidental) e o uso de <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="ar Á transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">alif maqṣūrah</span></i> (que representa un son conservado nos dialectos occidentais pero fusionado con <i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="Transliteración" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ā</span></i> no fala oriental). <sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:C%C3%B3mpre_referencia" title="Wikipedia:Cómpre referencia">Cómpre referencia</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Situación_e_uso"><span id="Situaci.C3.B3n_e_uso"></span>Situación e uso</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar a sección: «Situación e uso»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Situación e uso"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diglosia">Diglosia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar a sección: «Diglosia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Diglosia"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A situación sociolingüística do árabe na época moderna ofrece un exemplo excelente do fenómeno lingüístico da <a href="/wiki/Diglosia" title="Diglosia">diglosia</a>, que é o uso normal de dúas variedades separadas da mesma lingua, normalmente en situacións sociais diferentes. O <i>tawleed</i> é o proceso de dar un novo matiz de significado a unha palabra clásica antiga. Por exemplo, <i>al-hatif</i> lexicogrficamente, significa aquel cuxo son se oe pero cuxa persoa permanece invisible. Agora o termo <i>al-hatif</i> utilízase para un teléfono. Polo tanto, o proceso de <i>tawleed</i> pode expresar as necesidades da civilización moderna dunha maneira que parecería orixinalmente árabe. <sup id="cite_ref-GUP_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUP-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> No caso do árabe, cabe supoñer que os árabes cultos de calquera nacionalidade falan tanto o árabe estándar que se lles ensina na escola como os seus dialectos nativos, que dependendo da rexión poden ser mutuamente inintelixibles.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> Pódese considerar que algúns destes dialectos constitúen linguas separadas que poden ter "subdialectos" propios.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> Cando os árabes cultos de diferentes dialectos entablan conversacións (por exemplo, un marroquí que fala cun libanés), moitos falantes cambian de código entre as variedades dialectais e estándar da lingua, ás veces mesmo dentro da mesma frase. Os falantes de árabe adoitan mellorar a súa familiaridade con outros dialectos mediante a música ou o cine.<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:C%C3%B3mpre_referencia" title="Wikipedia:Cómpre referencia">Cómpre referencia</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A cuestión de se o árabe é unha lingua ou moitas linguas ten unha carga política, do mesmo xeito que ocorre coas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Variedades_do_chin%C3%A9s&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Variedades do chinés (a páxina aínda non existe)">variedades do chinés</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_hindi" title="Lingua hindi">hindi</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_urd%C3%BA" title="Lingua urdú">urdú</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_serbia" title="Lingua serbia">serbio</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_croata" title="Lingua croata">croata</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_escocesa" title="Lingua escocesa">escocés</a> e o inglés, etc. A diferenza dos falantes de hindi e urdú, que afirman que non poden entenderse mesmo cando si poden, os falantes das variedades do árabe afirmarán que todos poden entenderse mesmo cando non poden.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> Aínda que existe un nivel mínimo de comprensión entre todos os dialectos árabes, este nivel pode aumentar ou diminuír en función da proximidade xeográfica: por exemplo, os falantes do Levante e do Golfo enténdense moito mellor que os do Magreb. A cuestión da <a href="/wiki/Diglosia" title="Diglosia">diglosia</a> entre a lingua falada e a escrita é un factor de complicación importante: Unha única forma escrita, significativamente diferente de calquera das variedades faladas aprendidas de forma nativa, une unha serie de formas faladas ás veces diverxentes. Por razóns políticas, a maioría dos árabes afirman que falan unha soa lingua, a pesar dos importantes problemas de incomprensibilidade mutua entre as distintas versións faladas..<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Desde un punto de vista lingüístico, adóitase dicir que as distintas variedades faladas do árabe difiren entre si colectivamente tanto como as <a href="/wiki/Linguas_rom%C3%A1nicas" title="Linguas románicas">linguas romances</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> Trátase dunha comparación acertada en varios sentidos. O período de diverxencia a partir dunha única forma falada é similar: uns 1.500 anos no caso do árabe e 2.000 no das linguas romances. Ademais, aínda que é comprensible para os habitantes do <a href="/wiki/Magreb" title="Magreb">Magreb</a>, unha variedade lingüisticamente innovadora como o <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rabe_marroqu%C3%AD" title="Árabe marroquí">árabe marroquí</a> é esencialmente incomprensible para os árabes do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashriq&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mashriq (a páxina aínda non existe)">Mashriq</a>, do mesmo xeito que o francés é incomprensible para os hispanofalantes ou os italianos, pero estes apréndeno con relativa facilidade. Isto suxire que as variedades faladas poden considerarse lingüisticamente linguas separadas.<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:C%C3%B3mpre_referencia" title="Wikipedia:Cómpre referencia">Cómpre referencia</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situación_no_mundo_árabe_con_respecto_a_outras_linguas"><span id="Situaci.C3.B3n_no_mundo_.C3.A1rabe_con_respecto_a_outras_linguas"></span>Situación no mundo árabe con respecto a outras linguas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar a sección: «Situación no mundo árabe con respecto a outras linguas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Situación no mundo árabe con respecto a outras linguas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Co único exemplo do lingüista medieval <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hayyan_al-Gharnati&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati (a páxina aínda non existe)">Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati</a> -que, aínda que estudoso da lingua árabe, non era etnicamente árabe-, os estudosos medievais da lingua árabe non se esforzaron en estudar a lingüística comparada, pois consideraban inferiores a todas as demais linguas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2014107_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2014107-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nos tempos modernos, as clases altas cultas do mundo árabe adoptaron unha postura case oposta. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yasir_Suleiman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yasir Suleiman (a páxina aínda non existe)">Yasir Suleiman</a> escribiu en 2011 que "estudar e saber inglés ou francés na maior parte de Oriente Medio e o Norte de África converteuse nun distintivo de sofisticación e modernidade e... finxir, ou afirmar, debilidade ou falta de facilidade en árabe ás veces exhíbese como un signo de status, clase e, perversamente, mesmo educación a través dunha mezcolanza de prácticas de cambio de código".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Como_lingua_estranxeira">Como lingua estranxeira</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar a sección: «Como lingua estranxeira»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Como lingua estranxeira"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O árabe ensinase en todo o mundo en moitas escolas <a href="/wiki/Escola_primaria" title="Escola primaria">elementais</a> e <a href="/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3n_secundaria" title="Educación secundaria">secundarias</a>, especialmente en escolas musulmás. As universidades de todo o mundo imparten clases de árabe como parte dos seus cursos de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_estranxeira&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingua estranxeira (a páxina aínda non existe)">linguas estranxeiras</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estudos_de_Oriente_Pr%C3%B3ximo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Estudos de Oriente Próximo (a páxina aínda non existe)">estudos de Oriente Próximo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ciencias_da_relixi%C3%B3n" title="Ciencias da relixión">estudos relixiosos</a>. Existen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Escolas_de_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Escolas de árabe (a páxina aínda non existe)">escolas de árabes</a> para axudar aos estudantes a aprender árabe fóra do mundo académico. Hai moitas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Escolas_de_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Escolas de árabe (a páxina aínda non existe)">escolas de árabe</a> no mundo árabe e noutros países musulmáns. Dado que o Corán está escrito en árabe e que todos os <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glosario_do_Islam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Glosario do Islam (a páxina aínda non existe)">termos islámicos</a> están en árabe, millóns<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> de musulmáns (tanto árabes como non árabes) estudan a lingua árabe. </p><p>Os programas informáticos e os libros con cintas son unha parte importante da aprendizaxe do árabe, xa que moitos dos estudantes de árabe poden vivir en lugares onde non se imparten clases académicas ou en escolas de árabe. Algunhas emisoras de radio tamén ofrecen series radiofónicas de clases de árabe.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> Varios sitios web en <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> ofrecen clases en liña para todos os niveis como medio de educación a distancia; a maioría ensina árabe moderno estándar, pero algúns ensinan variedades rexionais de numerosos países.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulario">Vocabulario</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Editar a sección: «Vocabulario»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Vocabulario"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexicografía"><span id="Lexicograf.C3.ADa"></span>Lexicografía</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Editar a sección: «Lexicografía»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Lexicografía"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lexicografía_árabe_premoderna"><span id="Lexicograf.C3.ADa_.C3.A1rabe_premoderna"></span>Lexicografía árabe premoderna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Editar a sección: «Lexicografía árabe premoderna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Lexicografía árabe premoderna"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tradición da <a href="/wiki/Lexicograf%C3%ADa" title="Lexicografía">lexicografía</a> árabe estendeuse durante aproximadamente un milenio antes da <a href="/wiki/Idade_Moderna" title="Idade Moderna">Idade Moderna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> Os primeiros lexicógrafos (<span lang="ar">لُغَوِيُّون</span> <i>lughawiyyūn</i>) trataban de explicar as palabras do <a href="/wiki/Cor%C3%A1n" title="Corán">Corán</a> que non lles eran familiares ou tiñan un significado contextual particular, e de identificar as palabras de orixe non árabe que aparecen no Corán.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> Recolleron <i>shawāhid</i> (<span lang="ar">شَوَاهِد</span> 'casos de uso testemuñado') da <a href="/wiki/Poes%C3%ADa_%C3%A1rabe" title="Poesía árabe">poesía</a> e da fala dos árabes, en particular dos beduínos ʾaʿrāb [ ar ] (<span lang="ar">أَعْراب</span>) que eran percibidos como os que falaban a «máis pura, «a forma máis elocuente do árabe, iniciando un proceso de “”jamʿu‿l-luɣah“” (<span lang="ar">جمع اللغة</span> “compilación da lingua”) que tivo lugar durante o século VIII e principios do IX.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg/170px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg/255px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg/340px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Árabe do Corán no antigo dialecto hiyazí (escritura hiyazí, século VII d.C.)</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitab_al-%27Ayn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitab al-&#39;Ayn (a páxina aínda non existe)"><i>Kitāb a-'Ayn</i></a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;século VIII</span>), atribuído a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jalil_ibn_Ahmad_al-Farahidi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi (a páxina aínda non existe)">Al-Jalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi</a>, considérase o primeiro <a href="/wiki/Dicionario" title="Dicionario">lexicón</a> que incluíu todas as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%ADces_sem%C3%ADticas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Raíces semíticas (a páxina aínda non existe)">raíces árabes</a>; pretendía esgotar todas as <a href="/wiki/Permutaci%C3%B3n" title="Permutación">permutacións</a> posibles das raíces -chamadas posteriormente <i>taqālīb</i> (<span lang="ar">تقاليب</span>)<i>-</i>chamando <i>mustaʿmal</i> (<span lang="ar">مستعمَل</span>) ás que se usan realmente e <i>muhmal</i> ás que non se usan. (<span lang="ar">مُهمَل</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisan_al-Arab&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisan al-Arab (a páxina aínda non existe)"><i>Lisān al-ʿArab</i></a> (1290) de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Manzur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Manzur (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ibn Manzur</a> dá 9.273 raíces, mentres que <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taj_al-%CA%BFArus_Min_Jawahir_al-Qamus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Taj al-ʿArus Min Jawahir al-Qamus (a páxina aínda non existe)"><i>Tāj al-ʿArūs</i></a> (1774) de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murtada_al-Zabidi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Murtada al-Zabidi (a páxina aínda non existe)">Murtada az-Zabidi</a> dá 11.978 raíces.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Esta tradición lexicográfica era tradicionalista e correctiva por natureza, pois consideraba que a corrección lingüística e a elocuencia derivaban do uso coránico, da poesía preislámica, e da fala beduína, situándose en contra de <i>laḥnu‿l-ʿāmmah</i> (<span lang="ar">لَحْن العامة</span>), o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solecismo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Solecismo (a páxina aínda non existe)">solecismo</a> que consideraba defectuoso.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020_64-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lexicografía_occidental_do_árabe"><span id="Lexicograf.C3.ADa_occidental_do_.C3.A1rabe"></span>Lexicografía occidental do árabe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Editar a sección: «Lexicografía occidental do árabe»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Lexicografía occidental do árabe"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na segunda metade do século XIX, o arabista británico <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_William_Lane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward William Lane (a páxina aínda non existe)">Edward William Lane</a>, traballando co estudoso exipcio <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:إبراهيم عبد الغفار الدسوقي">Ibrāhīm Abd al-Ghaffār ad-Dasūqī</a> [ árabe:إبراهيم عبد الغفار الدسوقي ] ,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> compilou o <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9xico_%C3%A1rabe-ingl%C3%A9s&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Léxico árabe-inglés (a páxina aínda non existe)">Léxico árabe-inglés</a> traducindo material do léxico árabe anterior ao idioma árabe. inglés.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> O arabista alemán <a href="/wiki/Hans_Wehr" title="Hans Wehr">Hans Wehr</a>, con contribucións de <a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Klein" title="Hedwig Klein">Hedwig Klein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> compilou o <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch_f%C3%BCr_die_Schriftsprache_der_Gegenwart&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart (a páxina aínda non existe)">Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart</a></i> (1952), traducido posteriormente ao inglés como <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Dictionary_of_Modern_Written_Arabic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (a páxina aínda non existe)">A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic</a></i> (1961), baseado nun uso establecido, especialmente na literatura.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialectos">Dialectos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Editar a sección: «Dialectos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Dialectos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A principal división dialectal está entre os dialectos do <a href="/wiki/Magreb" title="Magreb">Magreb</a> (Marrocos, Alxeria, Libia, Tunisia e Exipto) e os do <a href="/wiki/Oriente_Medio" title="Oriente Medio">Oriente Medio</a>, ademais dos dialectos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bedu%C3%ADnos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Beduínos (a páxina aínda non existe)">beduínos</a>, moito máis conservadores. Xeralmente, os dialectos do Oriente Medio son mutuamente intelixibles, pero estes falantes adoitan ter problemas para entender as variantes do <a href="/wiki/Magreb" title="Magreb">Magreb</a>. </p><p>Os principais dialectos, entón, son: </p> <ul><li>Árabe de <a href="/wiki/Exipto" title="Exipto">Exipto</a>. Considérase o dialecto máis estendido e comprendido ó longo do mundo árabe.</li> <li>Árabe do <a href="/wiki/Magreb" title="Magreb">Magreb</a>. De <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alxeria" title="Alxeria">Alxeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marrocos" title="Marrocos">Marrocos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Libia" title="Libia">Libia</a> occidental.</li> <li>Árabe do levante. <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADbano" title="Líbano">Líbano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestina" class="mw-disambig" title="Palestina">Palestina</a> e <a href="/wiki/Xordania" title="Xordania">Xordania</a> occidental.</li> <li>Árabe do golfo. <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, costa do golfo dende Iraq ata Omán, incluíndo gran parte de Arabia Saudita.</li></ul> <p>Menos estendidos son: </p> <ul><li>Árabe hassaniya. <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> e <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1hara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sáhara">Sáhara</a> occidental.</li> <li>Árabe de <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>.</li> <li>Árabe <a href="/wiki/Lingua_maltesa" title="Lingua maltesa">maltés</a>.</li> <li>Árabe do <a href="/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n" title="Sudán">Sudán</a>.</li> <li>Árabe Hijazi. Inclúe a costa occidental de <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a>.</li> <li>Árabe Najdi. Zona central de Arabia Saudita.</li> <li>Árabe do Iemen.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gramática"><span id="Gram.C3.A1tica"></span>Gramática</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Editar a sección: «Gramática»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Gramática"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fonoloxía"><span id="Fonolox.C3.ADa"></span>Fonoloxía</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Editar a sección: «Fonoloxía»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Fonoloxía"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Os fonemas consonánticos indicados abaixo reflicten a pronunciación do árabe estándar, que soamente ten tres vogais, que poden ser longas ou curtas, /i, a, u/ e /ii, aa, uu/. Naturalmente, hai moitos casos de alofonía. </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <caption><b>Fonemas consonánticos do árabe</b></caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2">&#160;</td> <td>Bilabial</td> <td>Interdental </td> <td>Dental</td> <td>Enfático-<br />dental </td> <td>(Alveo)<br />palatal</td> <td>Velar</td> <td>Uvular </td> <td>Farinxeal</td> <td>Glotal </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Oclusivas</td> <td>Xordas</td> <td>&#160; </td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>t</td> <td><span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">t̴</span></td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>k</td> <td>q </td> <td>&#160;</td> <td><span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">ʔ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sonoras</td> <td>b</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>d</td> <td><span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">d̴</span></td> <td><span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">ʤ</span>¹</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160; </td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Fricativas</td> <td>Xordas</td> <td>f </td> <td><span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">θ</span></td> <td>s</td> <td><span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">s̴</span></td> <td><span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">ʃ</span></td> <td>x</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td><span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">ħ</span></td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sonoras</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>ð</td> <td>z</td> <td><span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">ð̴</span></td> <td>&#160;</td> <td><span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">ɣ</span></td> <td>&#160; </td> <td><span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">ʕ</span></td> <td>&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Nasais</td> <td>m</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>n</td> <td>&#160; </td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Laterais</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160; </td> <td>l²</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160; </td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Róticas</td> <td>&#160; </td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>r</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160; </td> <td>&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Semivogais</td> <td>w</td> <td>&#160; </td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>j</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160; </td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160; </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li><span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">[ʤ]</span> é unha <span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">[ɡ]</span> (dura) para algúns falantes, isto é, unha oclusiva. Isto é especialmente característico dos dialectos exipcios e iemenís. En moitas partes do norte de África e no levante, pronúnciase</li></ol> <p><span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">[ʒ]</span> (isto é, unha fricativa, como a /j/ do francés, non unha africada). </p> <ol><li>[l] convértese (de forma alofónica) <span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">[l̴]</span> só en <span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">/ʔal̴ :aːh/</span>, o nome de Deus, é dicir, <a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A1" title="Alá">Alá</a>.</li></ol> <p>Consoantes enfáticas: <span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">[ ̴]</span> úsase aquí para indicar velarización e farinxealización. Nalgúns sistemas de trasncripción, a énfase indícase poñendo a letra en maíuscula, por exemplo, [<span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">d̴</span>] escríbese [D]; noutros casos sublíñase a letra [d] ou pónselle un punto debaixo. </p><p>Consoantes longas. Tanto as vogais como as consoantes poden ser, fonoloxicamente, longas ou curtas. As consoantes longas escríbense dobradas na transliteración no noso alfabeto, marcando a presenza da marca diacrítica arábiga denominada <i>shaddah</i>. Estas consoantes pronúnciase durante o dobre de tempo que unha consoante normal. Exemplos: <i>qabala</i> (recibiu) e <i>qabbala</i> (bicou). </p><p>Forma das sílabas: o árabe ten dous tipos de sílaba: sílabas abertas (CV) ou (CVV) e sílabas pechadas (CVC), (CVVC) ou (CVCC). Toda sílaba comeza cunha consoante (se non, únese coa última consoante da sílaba anterior. ) </p><p>Acento: non cambia o significado en árabe, pero leva consigo unha gran relación respecto á lonxitude das vogais e á forma da sílaba. Pronunciar correctamente o acento axuda a ser comprendido mellor. En xeral, as sílabas "pesadas" atraen o acento (isto é, sílabas pechadas ou cunha vogal longa). </p> <ul><li>Nunha palabra cunha sílaba que ten unha vogal longa, esta vogal atrae o acento (exemplos: <i>ki-´taab</i> e <i> ´kaa-tib</i>).</li> <li>Nunha palabra con dúas vogais longas, a segunda é tónica (ex: <i>ma-kaa-´tiib</i>).</li> <li>Nunha palabra cunha sílaba "pesada" (que teña ou ben dúas consoantes xuntas ou unha consoante dobre), ela (se hai varias, a última) é a tónica. (é dicir: <i>ya-ma-´niyy</i>, <i>ka-´tabt</i>, <i>ka-´tab-na</i>, <i>ma-´jal-lah</i>, <i>´mad-ra-sah</i>, <i>yur-´sil-na</i>) Esta última regra supera ás dúas primeiras.</li> <li>Se non hai ningún destes casos, o acento vai na primeira sílaba</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alfabeto">Alfabeto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Editar a sección: «Alfabeto»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Alfabeto"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Ver <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe" title="Alfabeto árabe">Alfabeto árabe</a> para máis detalles) </p><p>O alfabeto árabe derívase do <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_arameo" title="Alfabeto arameo">alfabeto arameo</a>, co que mantén unha certa semellanza. Escríbese de dereita a esquerda. Tradicionalmente, houbo diferenzas entre o alfabeto do oeste (do <a href="/wiki/Magreb" title="Magreb">Magreb</a>) e o do Leste. O alfabeto occidental distinguíase polas seguintes características: </p> <ul><li>A <i>fa</i> tiña un punto debaixo e a <i>qaf</i> un enriba.</li> <li>A orde das letras era diferente.</li></ul> <p>Porén, o alfabeto occidental deixou de ser usado excepto para propósitos caligráficos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Día_Mundial_da_Lingua_Árabe"><span id="D.C3.ADa_Mundial_da_Lingua_.C3.81rabe"></span>Día Mundial da Lingua Árabe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Editar a sección: «Día Mundial da Lingua Árabe»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Día Mundial da Lingua Árabe"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O 18 de decembro de <a href="/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_das_Naci%C3%B3ns_Unidas" title="Organización das Nacións Unidas">Asemblea Xeral da ONU</a> acordou declarar o idioma árabe como unha das linguas oficiais da ONU. En <a href="/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a> declarou ese mesmo día 18 de decembro como <i>Día Mundial da Lingua Árabe</i>, co obxectivo de recoñecer a contribución desta lingua á cultura universal.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Editar a sección: «Notas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Notas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Moseley, Christopher e Nicolas, Alexandre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026">"Atlas of the world's languages in danger"</a>. <i>unesdoc.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 11 de xullo de 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Atlas+of+the+world%27s+languages+in+danger&amp;rft.au=Moseley%2C+Christopher+e+Nicolas%2C+Alexandre&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=unesdoc.unesco.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000187026&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Definicións no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academia.gal/dicionario/-/termo/%C3%A1rabe"><i>Dicionario da Real Academia Galega</i></a> e no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portaldaspalabras.gal/dicionario/procura/%C3%A1rabe">Portal das Palabras</a> para <i>árabe</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernal.cirp.gal/ords/f?p=121:8:::NO::P8_IDT:211919">"árabe"</a>. <i>TERGAL</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 22/03/2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=TERGAL&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernal.cirp.gal%2Fords%2Ff%3Fp%3D121%3A8%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP8_IDT%3A211919&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernal.cirp.gal/ords/f?p=121:8:::NO::P8_IDT:211919">"arábigo"</a>. <i>TERGAL</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 22/03/2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=ar%C3%A1bigo&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=TERGAL&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernal.cirp.gal%2Fords%2Ff%3Fp%3D121%3A8%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP8_IDT%3A211919&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernal.cirp.gal/ords/f?p=121:8:::NO::P8_IDT:211919">"arábico"</a>. <i>TERGAL</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 22/03/2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=ar%C3%A1bico&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=TERGAL&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernal.cirp.gal%2Fords%2Ff%3Fp%3D121%3A8%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP8_IDT%3A211919&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1">6,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Al-Jallad, Ahmad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171023221343/http://www.academia.edu/18470301/Al-Jallad._The_earliest_stages_of_Arabic_and_its_linguistic_classification_Routledge_Handbook_of_Arabic_Linguistics_forthcoming_">"Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification"</a>. <i>Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9781315147062" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9781315147062">9781315147062</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/18470301">o orixinal</a> o 23 de outubro de 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 9 de novembro do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Al-Jallad.+The+earliest+stages+of+Arabic+and+its+linguistic+classification&amp;rft.aufirst=Ahmad&amp;rft.aulast=Al-Jallad&amp;rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Arabic+Linguistics%2C+forthcoming&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9781315147062&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F18470301&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Al-Jallad, Ahmad (xaneiro de 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8770005">"Al-Jallad. 2014. On the genetic background of the Rbbl bn Hfʿm grave inscription at Qaryat al-Fāw"</a>. <i>BSOAS</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span> <b>77</b> (3). pp.&#160;445–465. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X14000524">10.1017/S0041977X14000524</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 9 de novembro do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Al-Jallad.+2014.+On+the+genetic+background+of+the+Rbbl+bn+Hf%CA%BFm+grave+inscription+at+Qaryat+al-F%C4%81w&amp;rft.aufirst=Ahmad&amp;rft.aulast=Al-Jallad&amp;rft.chron=xaneiro+de+2014&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=BSOAS&amp;rft.pages=445-465&amp;rft.volume=77&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8770005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X14000524&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stefan_Weninger_2011-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stefan_Weninger_2011_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stefan_Weninger_2011_8-1">8,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Semitic languages: an international handbook / editado por Stefan Weninger; en colaboración con Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter de Gruyter GmbH &amp; Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Macdonald, Michael C. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4593009">"Arabians, Arabias, and the Greeks_Contact and Perceptions"</a>. <i>Literacy and Identity in Pre-Islamic Arabia</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. pp.&#160;16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9781003278818" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9781003278818">9781003278818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Arabians%2C+Arabias%2C+and+the+Greeks_Contact+and+Perceptions&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+C.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Macdonald&amp;rft.btitle=Literacy+and+Identity+in+Pre-Islamic+Arabia&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9781003278818&amp;rft.pages=16-17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4593009&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ligaz%C3%B3ns_mortas" title="Wikipedia:Ligazóns mortas">Ligazón morta</a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Al-Jallad, Ahmad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38721216">"Al-Jallad (Draft) Remarks on the classification of the languages of North Arabia in the 2nd edition of The Semitic Languages (eds. J. Huehnergard and N. Pat-El)"</a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Ahmad&amp;rft.aulast=Al-Jallad&amp;rft.btitle=Al-Jallad+%28Draft%29+Remarks+on+the+classification+of+the+languages+of+North+Arabia+in+the+2nd+edition+of+The+Semitic+Languages+%28eds.+J.+Huehnergard+and+N.+Pat-El%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38721216&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ligaz%C3%B3ns_mortas" title="Wikipedia:Ligazóns mortas">Ligazón morta</a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-0">11,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-1">11,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-2">11,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420022852/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/examining-the-origins-of-arabic-ahead-of-arabic-language-day-1.199916">"Examining the origins of Arabic ahead of Arabic Language Day"</a>. <i>The National</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. 2016-12-15. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/examining-the-origins-of-arabic-ahead-of-arabic-language-day-1.199916">o orixinal</a> o 20 de abril de 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 9 e novembro do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Examining+the+origins+of+Arabic+ahead+of+Arabic+Language+Day&amp;rft.date=2016-12-15&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+National&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Farts-culture%2Fexamining-the-origins-of-arabic-ahead-of-arabic-language-day-1.199916&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420022907/https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010123278">"linteau de porte"</a>. <i>Musée du Louvre</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. 328. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010123278">o orixinal</a> o 20 de abril de 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 9 e novembro do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=linteau+de+porte&amp;rft.date=328&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.louvre.fr%2Fen%2Fark%3A%2F53355%2Fcl010123278&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Al-Jallad, Ahmad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33017695">"One wāw to rule them all: the origins and fate of wawation in Arabic and its orthography"</a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Ahmad&amp;rft.aulast=Al-Jallad&amp;rft.btitle=One+w%C4%81w+to+rule+them+all%3A+the+origins+and+fate+of+wawation+in+Arabic+and+its+orthography&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33017695&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Nehmé, Laila (xaneiro de 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2106858">"&quot;A glimpse of the development of the Nabataean script into Arabic based on old and new epigraphic material&quot;, in M.C.A. Macdonald (ed), The development of Arabic as a written language (Supplement to the Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 40). Oxford: 47-88."</a>. <i>Supplement to the Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=%26quot%3BA+glimpse+of+the+development+of+the+Nabataean+script+into+Arabic+based+on+old+and+new+epigraphic+material%26quot%3B%2C+in+M.C.A.+Macdonald+%28ed%29%2C+The+development+of+Arabic+as+a+written+language+%28Supplement+to+the+Proceedings+of+the+Seminar+for+Arabian+Studies%2C+40%29.+Oxford%3A+47-88.&amp;rft.aufirst=Laila&amp;rft.aulast=Nehm%C3%A9&amp;rft.chron=xaneiro+de+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Supplement+to+the+Proceedings+of+the+Seminar+for+Arabian+Studies&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2106858&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Lentin, Jérôme (2011-05-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815171843/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/middle-arabic-EALL_COM_vol3_0213?s.num=0&amp;s.rows=20&amp;s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&amp;s.q=middle+arabic">"Middle Arabic"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics</i> (Brill Reference). Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/middle-arabic-EALL_COM_vol3_0213?s.num=0&amp;s.rows=20&amp;s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&amp;s.q=middle+arabic">o orixinal</a> o 15 de agosto de 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10de novembro do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Middle+Arabic&amp;rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&amp;rft.aulast=Lentin&amp;rft.date=2011-05-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics%2Fmiddle-arabic-EALL_COM_vol3_0213%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.rows%3D20%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics%26s.q%3Dmiddle%2Barabic&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Team, Almaany. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-en/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88/">"ترجمة و معنى نحو بالإنجليزي في قاموس المعاني. قاموس عربي انجليزي مصطلحات صفحة 1"</a>. <i>www.almaany.com</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10 de novembro do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9+%D9%88+%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%89+%D9%86%D8%D9%88+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.+%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%D8%A9+1&amp;rft.aufirst=Almaany&amp;rft.aulast=Team&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.almaany.com&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almaany.com%2Far%2Fdict%2Far-en%2F%25D9%2586%25D8%25AD%25D9%2588%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Leaman, Oliver (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&amp;pg=PA131"><i>The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Taylor &amp; Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-415-32639-1" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-415-32639-1">978-0-415-32639-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Oliver&amp;rft.aulast=Leaman&amp;rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+An+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-32639-1&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DisDgI0-0Ip4C%26pg%3DPA131&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Khalil-ibn-Ahmad">"Al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad | Arab philologist"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10 de novembro do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Al-Khal%C4%ABl+ibn+A%E1%B8%A5mad+%7C+Arab+philologist&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2Fal-Khalil-ibn-Ahmad&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-0">19,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-1">19,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Landmarks in linguistic thought III, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203444153_chapter_11"><i>Ibn Maḍâ' and the refutation of the grammarians</i></a>. Abingdon, UK: Taylor &amp; Francis. pp.&#160;140–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-203-27565-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-203-27565-8">978-0-203-27565-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203444153_chapter_11">10.4324/9780203444153_chapter_11</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10 de novembro do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.btitle=Ibn+Ma%E1%B8%C3%A2%27+and+the+refutation+of+the+grammarians&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-203-27565-8&amp;rft.pages=140-152&amp;rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9780203444153_chapter_11&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203444153_chapter_11&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-referenceworks.brillonline.com-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-referenceworks.brillonline.com_20-0">20,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-referenceworks.brillonline.com_20-1">20,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2011-05-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234348/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&amp;s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&amp;s.q=neo-arabic">"Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics</i> (Brill Reference). Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&amp;s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&amp;s.q=neo-arabic">o orixinal</a> o 15 de agosto de 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">2016-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Polygenesis+in+the+Arabic+Dialects&amp;rft.aufirst=Ahmad&amp;rft.aulast=Al-Jallad&amp;rft.date=2011-05-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics%2Fpolygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030%3Fs.num%3D1%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics%26s.q%3Dneo-arabic&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stern, Josef; Robinson, James T.; Shemesh, Yonatan (2019-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YR2jDwAAQBAJ"><i>Maimonides' "Guide of the Perplexed" in Translation: A History from the Thirteenth Century to the Twentieth</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-226-45763-5" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-226-45763-5">978-0-226-45763-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.au=Robinson%2C+James+T.&amp;rft.au=Shemesh%2C+Yonatan&amp;rft.aufirst=Josef&amp;rft.aulast=Stern&amp;rft.btitle=Maimonides%27+%22Guide+of+the+Perplexed%22+in+Translation%3A+A+History+from+the+Thirteenth+Century+to+the+Twentieth&amp;rft.date=2019-08-15&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-45763-5&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYR2jDwAAQBAJ&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Bernards, Monique (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/search?s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&amp;search-go=&amp;s.q=Ibn+Jinn%C4%AB">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Ibn Jinnī<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. En Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-90-04-43596-4" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-90-04-43596-4">978-90-04-43596-4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10 de novembro do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=%22Ibn+Jinn%C4%AB%22&amp;rft.au=Bernards%2C+Monique&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-43596-4&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fsearch%3Fs.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2%26search-go%3D%26s.q%3DIbn%2BJinn%25C4%25AB&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Baalbaki, Ramzi (2014-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cme7AwAAQBAJ&amp;q=lisan+al+arab+ibn+manzur+1290&amp;pg=PA385"><i>The Arabic Lexicographical Tradition: From the 2nd/8th to the 12th/18th Century</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-90-04-27401-3" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-90-04-27401-3">978-90-04-27401-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Ramzi&amp;rft.aulast=Baalbaki&amp;rft.btitle=The+Arabic+Lexicographical+Tradition%3A+From+the+2nd%2F8th+to+the+12th%2F18th+Century&amp;rft.date=2014-05-28&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-27401-3&amp;rft.pub=BRILL&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcme7AwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlisan%2Bal%2Barab%2Bibn%2Bmanzur%2B1290%26pg%3DPA385&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2014299-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2014299_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVersteegh2014">Versteegh 2014</a>, p.&#160;299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Retsö, Jan (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004104045/https://books.google.com/books?id=VM6M1351GWsC&amp;pg=PA198"><i>Diathesis in the Semitic Languages: A Comparative Morphological Study</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-90-04-08818-4" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-90-04-08818-4">978-90-04-08818-4</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VM6M1351GWsC&amp;pg=PA198">o orixinal</a> o 4 de outubro de 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10 de novembro do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan&amp;rft.aulast=Rets%C3%B6&amp;rft.btitle=Diathesis+in+the+Semitic+Languages%3A+A+Comparative+Morphological+Study&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-08818-4&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVM6M1351GWsC%26pg%3DPA198&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ibn Khaldūn (27 de abril de 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muqaddimahintrod0000ibnk_z1k1"><i>The Muqaddimah&#160;: an introduction to history</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-691-16628-5" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-691-16628-5">978-0-691-16628-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/913459792">913459792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.au=Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn&amp;rft.btitle=The+Muqaddimah+%3A+an+introduction+to+history&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-16628-5&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuqaddimahintrod0000ibnk_z1k1&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F913459792&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lincoln.ox.ac.uk/blog/recently-catalogued-an-enigma-in-the-senior-library">"Recently catalogued: an enigma in the Senior Library | Lincoln College Oxford"</a>. <i>lincoln.ox.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 12 de novembro do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Recently+catalogued%3A+an+enigma+in+the+Senior+Library+%7C+Lincoln+College+Oxford&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=lincoln.ox.ac.uk&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flincoln.ox.ac.uk%2Fblog%2Frecently-catalogued-an-enigma-in-the-senior-library&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_28-0">28,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_28-1">28,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gelvin, James L. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1122689432"><i>The modern Middle East&#160;: a history</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Nova York. p.&#160;112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-19-007406-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-19-007406-7">978-0-19-007406-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1122689432">1122689432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=James+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Gelvin&amp;rft.btitle=The+modern+Middle+East+%3A+a+history&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.edition=Fifth&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-007406-7&amp;rft.pages=112&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1122689432&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1122689432&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220040516/https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2019/08/28/1270102.html"><bdi lang="ar">قصة أول خطاب باللغة العربية في الأمم المتحدة ألقاه جمال عبد الناصر</bdi></a>. <i>ar:دنيا الوطن</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a class="mw-selflink selflink">árabe</a>)</span>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2019/08/28/1270102.html">o orixinal</a> o 20 de febreiro de 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 12 de novembro do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87+%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ar%3A%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alwatanvoice.com%2Farabic%2Fnews%2F2019%2F08%2F28%2F1270102.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220040513/https://www.msn.com/ar-eg/entertainment/topnews/%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D8%25B7%25D9%2587-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9-%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585-%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC%25D9%2588%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A8/vi-BBOzJn3"><bdi lang="ar">لقاء طه حسين مع ليلى رستم ونجوم الأدب</bdi></a>. <i>www.msn.com</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/ar-eg/entertainment/topnews/%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8/vi-BBOzJn3">o orixinal</a> o 20 de febreiro de 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">2020-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%B7%D9%87+%D8%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%B9+%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85+%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.msn.com&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Far-eg%2Fentertainment%2Ftopnews%2F%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D8%25B7%25D9%2587-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9-%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585-%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC%25D9%2588%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A8%2Fvi-BBOzJn3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Okerson, Ann (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218151558/http://www.library.yale.edu/neareast/exhibitions/earlyprinting1.html">"Early Arabic Printing: Movable Type &amp; Lithography"</a>. <i>Yale University Library</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.library.yale.edu/neareast/exhibitions/earlyprinting1.html">o orixinal</a> o 18 de febreiro de 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 13 de novembro do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Early+Arabic+Printing%3A+Movable+Type+%26+Lithography&amp;rft.aufirst=Ann&amp;rft.aulast=Okerson&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Yale+University+Library&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.yale.edu%2Fneareast%2Fexhibitions%2Fearlyprinting1.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hamzaoui, Rached (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/academie-de-langue-arabe-du-caire-histoire-et-uvre/oclc/462880236"><i>L'Academie de Langue Arabe du Caire</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_francesa" title="Lingua francesa">francés</a>)</span>. Publications de l'Université de Tunis. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/462880236">462880236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Rached&amp;rft.aulast=Hamzaoui&amp;rft.btitle=L%27Academie+de+Langue+Arabe+du+Caire&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Publications+de+l%27Universit%C3%A9+de+Tunis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Facademie-de-langue-arabe-du-caire-histoire-et-uvre%2Foclc%2F462880236&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F462880236&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">الشيال, جمال الدين. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1041872985"><i>رفاعة الطهطاوي&#160;: زعيم النهضة الفكرية في عصر محمد علي</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1041872985">1041872985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86&amp;rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84&amp;rft.btitle=%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A+%3A+%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1041872985&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1041872985&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sawaie, Mohammed (2011-05-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227053137/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/language-academies-EALL_COM_vol2_0082#d10645177e183">"Language Academies"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/language-academies-EALL_COM_vol2_0082#d10645177e183">o orixinal</a> o 27 de febreiro de 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 13 de novembro do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Language+Academies&amp;rft.aufirst=Mohammed&amp;rft.aulast=Sawaie&amp;rft.date=2011-05-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics%2Flanguage-academies-EALL_COM_vol2_0082%23d10645177e183&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_35-0">35,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_35-1">35,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_35-2">35,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">UNESCO (2019-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210405055054/https://books.google.com/books?id=PhnLDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19#v=onepage"><i>بناء مجتمعات المعرفة في المنطقة العربية</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a class="mw-selflink selflink">árabe</a>)</span>. UNESCO Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-92-3-600090-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-92-3-600090-9">978-92-3-600090-9</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PhnLDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19">o orixinal</a> o 5 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 13 de novembro do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.au=UNESCO&amp;rft.btitle=%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9&amp;rft.date=2019-12-31&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-92-3-600090-9&amp;rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhnLDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tilmatine, Mohand (2015). Language Empires in Comparative Perspective, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110408362.1"><i>Arabization and linguistic domination: Berber and Arabic in the North of Africa</i></a>. Berlin, München, Boston: DE GRUYTER. p.&#160;1–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-3-11-040836-2" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-3-11-040836-2">978-3-11-040836-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110408362.1">10.1515/9783110408362.1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 13 de novembro do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Mohand&amp;rft.aulast=Tilmatine&amp;rft.btitle=Arabization+and+linguistic+domination%3A+Berber+and+Arabic+in+the+North+of+Africa&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-11-040836-2&amp;rft.pages=1-16&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+M%C3%BCnchen%2C+Boston&amp;rft.pub=DE+GRUYTER&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110408362.1&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110408362.1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Seri-Hersch, Iris (2020-12-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.32202">"Arabization and Islamization in the Making of the Sudanese "Postcolonial" State (1946-1964)"</a>. <i>Cahiers d'études africaines</i> (240). pp.&#160;779–804. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-0055">0008-0055</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4000%2Fetudesafricaines.32202">10.4000/etudesafricaines.32202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Arabization+and+Islamization+in+the+Making+of+the+Sudanese+%22Postcolonial%22+State+%281946-1964%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Iris&amp;rft.aulast=Seri-Hersch&amp;rft.date=2020-12-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0008-0055&amp;rft.issue=240&amp;rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%A9tudes+africaines&amp;rft.pages=779-804&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4000%2Fetudesafricaines.32202&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fetudesafricaines.32202&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamusella-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella_38-0">38,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella_38-1">38,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kamusella, Tomasz Dominik (2017). "The Arabic Language: A Latin of Modernity?". <i>Journal of Nationalism, Memory and Language Politics</i> <b>11</b> (2) (De Gruyter). p.&#160;117. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2570-5857">2570-5857</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515%2Fjnmlp-2017-0006">10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10023%2F12443">10023/12443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=The+Arabic+Language%3A+A+Latin+of+Modernity%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Tomasz+Dominik&amp;rft.aulast=Kamusella&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=2570-5857&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nationalism%2C+Memory+and+Language+Politics&amp;rft.pages=117&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fjnmlp-2017-0006&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F12443&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2011-05-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/*-EALL_SIM_000030">"Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects"</a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Polygenesis+in+the+Arabic+Dialects&amp;rft.aufirst=Ahmad&amp;rft.aulast=Al-Jallad&amp;rft.date=2011-05-30&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics%2F%2A-EALL_SIM_000030&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hussein, Basim Salih; Majeed, Ali Jadullah (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/190223">"Grammatical Orientation of Quranic Readings according to Sibawayh in Al Kitaab and Its Explanations"</a>. <i>Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span> <b>27</b> (8).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Grammatical+Orientation+of+Quranic+Readings+according+to+Sibawayh+in+Al+Kitaab+and+Its+Explanations&amp;rft.au=Majeed%2C+Ali+Jadullah&amp;rft.aufirst=Basim+Salih&amp;rft.aulast=Hussein&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Tikrit+University+for+Humanities&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iasj.net%2Fiasj%2Farticle%2F190223&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdulkafi Albirini. 2016. <i>Modern Arabic Sociolinguistics</i> (pp. 34-35).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaye1991">Kaye 1991</a>, p.&#160;?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Arabic Language." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trentman, E. and Shiri, S., 2020. The Mutual Intelligibility of Arabic Dialects. Critical Multilingualism Studies, 8(1), pp.104-134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jenkins, Orville Boyd (18 de marzo de 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318105008/http://strategyleader.org/articles/arabicpercent.html"><i>Population Analysis of the Arabic Languages</i></a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strategyleader.org/articles/arabicpercent.html">o orixinal</a> o 18 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14 de marzo do 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Orville+Boyd&amp;rft.aulast=Jenkins&amp;rft.btitle=Population+Analysis+of+the+Arabic+Languages&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrategyleader.org%2Farticles%2Farabicpercent.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011?lang=en">"Morocco 2011 Constitution - Constitute"</a>. <i>www.constituteproject.org</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 22 de marzo do 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Morocco+2011+Constitution+-+Constitute&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.constituteproject.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FMorocco_2011%3Flang%3Den&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HassaniyaAlphabet-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HassaniyaAlphabet_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092122/http://www.jo.gouv.sn/spip.php?article4790">"Decret n° 2005-980 du 21 octobre 2005"</a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_francesa" title="Lingua francesa">francés</a>)</span>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jo.gouv.sn/spip.php?article4790">o orixinal</a> o 18 de maio de 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10 de decembro de 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.btitle=Decret+n%B0+2005-980+du+21+octobre+2005&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jo.gouv.sn%2Fspip.php%3Farticle4790&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Čéplö-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Čéplö_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Čéplö, Slavomír (2020-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43201849">"Chapter 13 Maltese"</a>. <i>Arabic and Contact-induced Change</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+13+Maltese&amp;rft.aufirst=Slavom%C3r&amp;rft.aulast=%C4%8C%C3%A9pl%C3%B6&amp;rft.date=2020-01-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Arabic+and+Contact-induced+Change&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43201849&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUP-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GUP_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabiclanguageli0000unse"><i>Arabic Language and Linguistics</i></a>. Georgetown University Press. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9781589018853" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9781589018853">9781589018853</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2tt3zh">j.ctt2tt3zh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.btitle=Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781589018853&amp;rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt2tt3zh&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabiclanguageli0000unse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet C.E. Watson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4RDIoDAF1e8C&amp;pg=PR19">The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414064146/https://books.google.com/books?id=4RDIoDAF1e8C&amp;pg=PR19">Arquivado</a> 14 April 2016 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Introduction, p. xix. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-19-160775-2" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-19-160775-2">978-0-19-160775-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oj5jAMspUfAC&amp;pg=PA10462">Proceedings and Debates of the</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414102344/https://books.google.com/books?id=oj5jAMspUfAC&amp;pg=PA10462">Arquivado</a> 14 April 2016 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=107th_United_States_Congress&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="107th United States Congress (a páxina aínda non existe)">107th United States Congress</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Congressional_Record&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Congressional Record (a páxina aínda non existe)">Congressional Record</a>, p. 10,462. Washington, DC: <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Government_Printing_Office&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Government Printing Office (a páxina aínda non existe)">United States Government Printing Office</a>, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shalom Staub, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPsCHy3nsA8C&amp;pg=PA124">Yemenis in New York City: The Folklore of Ethnicity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414035902/https://books.google.com/books?id=HPsCHy3nsA8C&amp;pg=PA124">Arquivado</a> 14 April 2016 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., p. 124. Philadelphia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balch_Institute_for_Ethnic_Studies&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies (a páxina aínda non existe)">Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies</a>, 1989. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-944190-05-0" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-944190-05-0">978-0-944190-05-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Newman_(academic)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Newman (academic) (a páxina aínda non existe)">Daniel Newman</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DEdXz4OVvqMC&amp;pg=PA1">Arabic-English Thematic Lexicon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413231019/https://books.google.com/books?id=DEdXz4OVvqMC&amp;pg=PA1">Arquivado</a> 13 April 2016 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., p. 1. London: Routledge, 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-1-134-10392-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-1-134-10392-8">978-1-134-10392-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rebecca L. Torstrick and Elizabeth Faier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jwp6D51NB34C&amp;pg=PA41">Culture and Customs of the Arab Gulf States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414064244/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jwp6D51NB34C&amp;pg=PA41">Arquivado</a> 14 April 2016 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., p. 41. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-313-33659-1" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-313-33659-1">978-0-313-33659-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_J._Ong&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter J. Ong (a páxina aínda non existe)">Walter J. Ong</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JXC217u47tEC&amp;pg=PA32">Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414064010/https://books.google.com/books?id=JXC217u47tEC&amp;pg=PA32">Arquivado</a> 14 April 2016 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., p. 32. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-8014-6630-4" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-8014-6630-4">978-0-8014-6630-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clive Holes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8E0Rr1xY4TQC&amp;pg=PA2">Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102102905/https://books.google.com/books?id=8E0Rr1xY4TQC&amp;pg=PA2">Arquivado</a> 2022-11-02 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., p. 3. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-1-58901-022-2" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-1-58901-022-2">978-1-58901-022-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nizar Y. Habash,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRIHCnC74BoC&amp;pg=PA1"><i>Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102102906/https://books.google.com/books?id=kRIHCnC74BoC&amp;pg=PA1">Arquivado</a> 2 de novembro de 2022 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., pp. 1–2. <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Rafael,_California&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="San Rafael, California (a páxina aínda non existe)">San Rafael, CA</a>: Morgan &amp; Claypool, 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-1-59829-795-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-1-59829-795-9">978-1-59829-795-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Bate, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8uP7LHS3cDMC&amp;pg=PT38">Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102102907/https://books.google.com/books?id=8uP7LHS3cDMC&amp;pg=PT38">Arquivado</a> 2 November 2022 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., pp. 14–15. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-231-51940-3" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-231-51940-3">978-0-231-51940-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2014107-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2014107_59-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVersteegh2014">Versteegh 2014</a>, p.&#160;107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Suleiman, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQAiPgBRUkoC&amp;pg=PA93">93</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414032933/https://books.google.com/books?id=FQAiPgBRUkoC&amp;pg=PA93">Arquivado</a> 2016-04-14 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">M. Ed., Loyola University-Maryland; B. S., Child Development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240127225036/https://www.learnreligions.com/arabic-language-in-islam-2004035">"The Importance of the Arabic Language in Islam"</a>. <i>Learn Religions</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Archived from the original on 27 de xaneiro de 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 6 de marzo do 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+the+Arabic+Language+in+Islam&amp;rft.au=B.+S.%2C+Child+Development&amp;rft.aufirst=Loyola+University-Maryland&amp;rft.aulast=M.+Ed.&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Learn+Religions&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnreligions.com%2Farabic-language-in-islam-2004035&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Quesada, Thomas C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927072656/http://www.arc-news.com/read.php?lang=en&amp;id_articol=1059"><i>Arabic Keyboard</i></a> (Atlanta ed.). Madisonville: Peter Jones. p.&#160;49. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arabic-keyboard.online">o orixinal</a> o 27 de setembro de 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 15 de marzo do 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Quesada&amp;rft.btitle=Arabic+Keyboard&amp;rft.edition=Atlanta&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=49&amp;rft.place=Madisonville&amp;rft.pub=Peter+Jones&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farabic-keyboard.online&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://Lang1234.com">"Reviews of Language Courses"</a>. Lang1234<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 15 de marzo do 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.btitle=Reviews+of+Language+Courses&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Lang1234&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2FLang1234.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020_64-0">64,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020_64-1">64,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020_64-2">64,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020_64-3">64,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020_64-4">64,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,_THREE-2020_64-5">64,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_35848">"Lexicography, Arabic"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span> (Brill). 2020. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_com_35848">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_35848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Lexicography%2C+Arabic&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+THREE&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2F%2A-COM_35848&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_com_35848&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Richards, D. S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25183625">"Edward Lane's Surviving Arabic Correspondence"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i> <b>9</b> (1). pp.&#160;1–25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863">1356-1863</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/25183625">25183625</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS135618630001590X">10.1017/S135618630001590X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Edward+Lane%27s+Surviving+Arabic+Correspondence&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Richards&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1356-1863&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&amp;rft.pages=1-25&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25183625&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25183625&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS135618630001590X&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_35793">"Lane, Edward William"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam (a páxina aínda non existe)">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span> (Brill). 2020. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_com_35793">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_35793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Lane%2C+Edward+William&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2F%2A-COM_35793&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_com_35793&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.qantara.de/content/hedwig-klein-and-mein-kampf-the-unknown-arabist">"Hedwig Klein and "Mein Kampf": The unknown Arabist - Qantara.de"</a>. <i>Qantara.de – Dialogue with the Islamic World</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. 7 de abril de 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 18 de novembro do 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Hedwig+Klein+and+%22Mein+Kampf%22%3A+The+unknown+Arabist+-+Qantara.de&amp;rft.chron=7+de+abril+de+2018&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Qantara.de+%93+Dialogue+with+the+Islamic+World&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.qantara.de%2Fcontent%2Fhedwig-klein-and-mein-kampf-the-unknown-arabist&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Abu-Haidar, J. A. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/615409">"Review of A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (Arabic-English)"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i> <b>46</b> (2). pp.&#160;351–353. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X">0041-977X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/615409">615409</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00079040">10.1017/S0041977X00079040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Review+of+A+Dictionary+of+Modern+Written+Arabic+%28Arabic-English%29&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Abu-Haidar&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0041-977X&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&amp;rft.pages=351-353&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F615409&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F615409&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00079040&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diainternacionalde.com/ficha/dia-mundial-lengua-arabe">Día Internacional da Lingua Árabe</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Véxase_tamén"><span id="V.C3.A9xase_tam.C3.A9n"></span>Véxase tamén</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Editar a sección: «Véxase tamén»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Véxase tamén"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portada_galega" class="extiw" title="commons:Portada galega">Wikimedia Commons</a> ten máis contidos multimedia na categoría:&#8201;&#8201;<i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arabic_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arabic language">Lingua árabe</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955" title="Modificar a ligazón no Wikidata"><img alt="Modificar a ligazón no Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/18px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/24px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Existe unha versión da <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> en&#8201;&#8201;<i><b><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ar:">Lingua árabe</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Vexa no <a href="https://gl.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Galizionario</a> as palabras en&#8201;&#8201;<i><b><a href="https://gl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:%C3%81rabe" class="extiw" title="wikt:Categoría:Árabe">Árabe</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">A <a href="https://gl.wikisource.org/wiki/Portada" class="extiw" title="s:Portada">Galifontes</a> posúe textos orixinais acerca de:&#8201;&#8201;<i><b><a href="https://gl.wikisource.org/wiki/Transliteraci%C3%B3n_e_adaptaci%C3%B3n_do_%C3%A1rabe:_aplicaci%C3%B3n_terminol%C3%B3xica" class="extiw" title="s:Transliteración e adaptación do árabe: aplicación terminolóxica">Lingua árabe</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">O <a href="https://gl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="b:Main Page">Galilibros</a> ten un manual sobre:&#8201;&#8201;<i><b><a href="https://gl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Inmersi%C3%B3n_na_lingua_galega/%C3%81rabe" class="extiw" title="b:Inmersión na lingua galega/Árabe">Inmersión na lingua galega desde o árabe</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outros_artigos">Outros artigos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Editar a sección: «Outros artigos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Outros artigos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_en_%C3%A1rabe" title="Wikipedia en árabe">Wikipedia en árabe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografía"><span id="Bibliograf.C3.ADa"></span>Bibliografía</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Editar a sección: «Bibliografía»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Bibliografía"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="refbegin references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2020a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221205432/https://www.academia.edu/38100372/Al-Jallad._A_Manual_of_the_Historical_Grammar_of_Arabic"><i>A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic</i></a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38100372">o orixinal</a> o 21 de decembro de 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 21 de febreiro do 2023</span> &#8211; vía Academia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Ahmad&amp;rft.aulast=Al-Jallad&amp;rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+the+Historical+Grammar+of+Arabic&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38100372&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425225639/https://fr.scribd.com/doc/14436546/Languages-Spoken-by-More-Than-10-Million-People"><i>As-Sabil</i></a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.scribd.com/doc/14436546/Languages-Spoken-by-More-Than-10-Million-People">o orixinal</a> o 25 de abril de 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 21 de febreiro do 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.btitle=As-Sabil&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F14436546%2FLanguages-Spoken-by-More-Than-10-Million-People&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Bateson, Mary Catherine (2003). <i>Arabic Language Handbook</i>. Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-87840-386-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-87840-386-8">978-0-87840-386-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary+Catherine&amp;rft.aulast=Bateson&amp;rft.btitle=Arabic+Language+Handbook&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87840-386-8&amp;rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Birnstiel, Daniel (2019). "Chapter 15: Classical Arabic". En <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Huehnergard&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Huehnergard (a páxina aínda non existe)">Huehnergard, John</a>; Pat-El, Na'ama. <i>The Semitic Languages</i> (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp.&#160;367–402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-415-73195-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-415-73195-9">978-0-415-73195-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1103311755">1103311755</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429025563">10.4324/9780429025563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+15%3A+Classical+Arabic&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.aulast=Birnstiel&amp;rft.btitle=The+Semitic+Languages&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-73195-9&amp;rft.pages=367-402&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429025563&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1103311755&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Durand, Olivier; Langone, Angela D.; Mion, Giuliano (2010). <i>Corso di Arabo Contemporaneo. Lingua Standard</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_italiana" title="Lingua italiana">italiano</a>)</span>. Milan: Hoepli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-88-203-4552-5" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-88-203-4552-5">978-88-203-4552-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.au=Langone%2C+Angela+D.&amp;rft.au=Mion%2C+Giuliano&amp;rft.aufirst=Olivier&amp;rft.aulast=Durand&amp;rft.btitle=Corso+di+Arabo+Contemporaneo.+Lingua+Standard&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-88-203-4552-5&amp;rft.place=Milan&amp;rft.pub=Hoepli&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Gregersen, Edgar A. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languageinafrica0000greg"><i>Language in Africa</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-677-04380-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-677-04380-7">978-0-677-04380-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Edgar+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Gregersen&amp;rft.btitle=Language+in+Africa&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-677-04380-7&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguageinafrica0000greg&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Grigore&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George Grigore (a páxina aínda non existe)">Grigore, George</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927072656/http://www.arc-news.com/read.php?lang=en&amp;id_articol=1059"><i>L'arabe parlé à Mardin. Monographie d'un parler arabe périphérique</i></a>. Bucharest: Editura Universitatii din Bucuresti. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-973-737-249-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-973-737-249-9">978-973-737-249-9</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shamlnews.com/read.php?article=1022">o orixinal</a> o 27 de setembro de 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft.aulast=Grigore&amp;rft.btitle=L%27arabe+parl%C3%A9+%C3%A0+Mardin.+Monographie+d%27un+parler+arabe+p%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rique&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-973-737-249-9&amp;rft.place=Bucharest&amp;rft.pub=Editura+Universitatii+din+Bucuresti&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshamlnews.com%2Fread.php%3Farticle%3D1022&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hanna, Sami A.; Greis, Naguib (1972). <i>Writing Arabic: A Linguistic Approach, from Sounds to Script</i>. Brill Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-90-04-03589-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-90-04-03589-8">978-90-04-03589-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.au=Greis%2C+Naguib&amp;rft.aufirst=Sami+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Hanna&amp;rft.btitle=Writing+Arabic%3A+A+Linguistic+Approach%2C+from+Sounds+to+Script&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-03589-8&amp;rft.pub=Brill+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Haywood; Nahmad (1965). <i>A new Arabic grammar</i>. London: Lund Humphries. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-85331-585-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-85331-585-8">978-0-85331-585-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.au=Haywood&amp;rft.au=Nahmad&amp;rft.btitle=A+new+Arabic+grammar&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-85331-585-8&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Lund+Humphries&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hetzron, Robert (1997). <i>The Semitic languages</i> (Illustrated ed.). Taylor &amp; Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-415-05767-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-415-05767-7">978-0-415-05767-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Hetzron&amp;rft.btitle=The+Semitic+languages&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.edition=Illustrated&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-05767-7&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Irwin, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forlustofknowing0000irwi"><i>For Lust of Knowing</i></a>. London: Allen Lane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Irwin&amp;rft.btitle=For+Lust+of+Knowing&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Allen+Lane&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforlustofknowing0000irwi&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kaplan, Robert B.; Baldauf, Richard B. (2007). <i>Language Planning and Policy in Africa</i>. Multilingual Matters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-1-85359-726-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-1-85359-726-8">978-1-85359-726-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.au=Baldauf%2C+Richard+B.&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Kaplan&amp;rft.btitle=Language+Planning+and+Policy+in+Africa&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-85359-726-8&amp;rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kaye, Alan S. (1991). <i>The Hamzat al-Waṣl in Contemporary Modern Standard Arabic</i>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i> <b>111</b>. pp.&#160;572–574. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/604273">604273</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F604273">10.2307/604273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Kaye&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hamzat+al-Wa%E1%B9%A3l+in+Contemporary+Modern+Standard+Arabic&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=572-574&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F604273&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F604273&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Lane, Edward William (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210194335/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/LLhome.htm"><i>Arabic–English Lexicon</i></a> (2003 reprint ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-81-206-0107-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-81-206-0107-9">978-81-206-0107-9</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studyquran.co.uk/LLhome.htm">o orixinal</a> o 10 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+William&amp;rft.aulast=Lane&amp;rft.btitle=Arabic%93English+Lexicon&amp;rft.date=1893&amp;rft.edition=2003+reprint&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-206-0107-9&amp;rft.place=New+Delhi&amp;rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studyquran.co.uk%2FLLhome.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Lipinski, Edward (1997). <i>Semitic Languages</i>. Leuven: Peeters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward&amp;rft.aulast=Lipinski&amp;rft.btitle=Semitic+Languages&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Leuven&amp;rft.pub=Peeters&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Mion, Giuliano (2007). <i>La Lingua Araba</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_italiana" title="Lingua italiana">italiano</a>)</span>. Rome: Carocci. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-88-430-4394-1" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-88-430-4394-1">978-88-430-4394-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Giuliano&amp;rft.aulast=Mion&amp;rft.btitle=La+Lingua+Araba&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-88-430-4394-1&amp;rft.place=Rome&amp;rft.pub=Carocci&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Mumisa, Michael (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introducingarabi0000mumi"><i>Introducing Arabic</i></a>. Goodword Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-81-7898-211-3" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-81-7898-211-3">978-81-7898-211-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Mumisa&amp;rft.btitle=Introducing+Arabic&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-7898-211-3&amp;rft.pub=Goodword+Books&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroducingarabi0000mumi&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Procházka, S. (2006). "<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Arabic<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>". <i>Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics</i> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=%22Arabic%22&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.aulast=Proch%C3%A1zka&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Joseph_Steingass&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Joseph Steingass (a páxina aínda non existe)">Steingass, Francis Joseph</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403155331/http://books.google.com/books?id=3JXQh09i2JwC"><i>Arabic–English Dictionary</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-81-206-0855-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-81-206-0855-9">978-81-206-0855-9</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JXQh09i2JwC">o orixinal</a> o 3 de abril de 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 21 de febreiro do 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Francis+Joseph&amp;rft.aulast=Steingass&amp;rft.btitle=Arabic%93English+Dictionary&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-206-0855-9&amp;rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3JXQh09i2JwC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li>Suileman, Yasir. <i>Arabic, Self and Identity: A Study in Conflict and Displacement</i>. Oxford University Press, 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-19-974701-6" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-19-974701-6">0-19-974701-6</a>.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Thelwall, Robin (2003). "Arabic". <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association a guide to the use of the international phonetic alphabet</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-521-63751-0" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-521-63751-0">978-0-521-63751-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.atitle=Arabic&amp;rft.aufirst=Robin&amp;rft.aulast=Thelwall&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association+a+guide+to+the+use+of+the+international+phonetic+alphabet&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-63751-0&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Traini, R. (1961). <i>Vocabolario di arabo</i> &#91;<i>Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic</i>&#93; <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_italiana" title="Lingua italiana">italiano</a>)</span>. Rome: I.P.O. Harassowitz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.aulast=Traini&amp;rft.btitle=Vocabolario+di+arabo&amp;rft.date=1961&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Rome&amp;rft.pub=I.P.O.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Vaglieri, Laura Veccia. <i>Grammatica teorico-pratica della lingua araba</i>. Rome: I.P.O.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Laura+Veccia&amp;rft.aulast=Vaglieri&amp;rft.btitle=Grammatica+teorico-pratica+della+lingua+araba&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Rome&amp;rft.pub=I.P.O.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kees_Versteegh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kees Versteegh (a páxina aínda non existe)">Versteegh, C. H. M.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabiclanguage0000vers"><i>The Arabic Language</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-7486-4528-2" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-7486-4528-2">978-0-7486-4528-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/872980196">872980196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+H.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Versteegh&amp;rft.btitle=The+Arabic+Language&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7486-4528-2&amp;rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabiclanguage0000vers&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F872980196&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Watson, Janet (2002). <i>The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-19-824137-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-19-824137-9">978-0-19-824137-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Janet&amp;rft.aulast=Watson&amp;rft.btitle=The+Phonology+and+Morphology+of+Arabic&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-824137-9&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wehr, Hans (1952). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch_f%C3%BCr_die_Schriftsprache_der_Gegenwart&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart (a páxina aínda non existe)">Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart: Arabisch-Deutsch</a></i> (1985 reprint (English) ed.). Harassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-3-447-01998-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-3-447-01998-9">978-3-447-01998-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans&amp;rft.aulast=Wehr&amp;rft.btitle=Arabisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+f%C3%BCr+die+Schriftsprache+der+Gegenwart%3A+Arabisch-Deutsch&amp;rft.date=1952&amp;rft.edition=1985+reprint+%28English%29&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-447-01998-9&amp;rft.pub=Harassowitz&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wright, John W. (2001). <i>The New York Times Almanac 2002</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-1-57958-348-4" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-1-57958-348-4">978-1-57958-348-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+%C3%A1rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=John+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Wright&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Almanac+2002&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-57958-348-4&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligazóns_externas"><span id="Ligaz.C3.B3ns_externas"></span>Ligazóns externas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_%C3%A1rabe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Editar a sección: «Ligazóns externas»" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822074625/http://www.arabismo.com/lengua.html">Arquivado</a> 22 de agosto de 2009 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>..</li></ul> <table style="text-align: center;clear:both;" align="center" class="toccolours" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Linguas_sem%C3%ADticas" title="Linguas semíticas">Linguas semíticas</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ugar%C3%ADtica" title="Lingua ugarítica">Ugarítico †</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lingua_fenicia" title="Lingua fenicia">Fenicio †</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lingua_p%C3%BAnica" title="Lingua púnica">Púnico †</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lingua_hebrea" title="Lingua hebrea">Hebreo</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_amonita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingua amonita (a páxina aínda non existe)">Amonita †</a> |<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_moabita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingua moabita (a páxina aínda non existe)">Moabita †</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_edomita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingua edomita (a páxina aínda non existe)">Edomita †</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lingua_aramea" title="Lingua aramea">Arameo</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lingua_acadia" title="Lingua acadia">Acadio †</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lingua_babilonia" title="Lingua babilonia">Babilonio †</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lingua_asiria" title="Lingua asiria">Asirio †</a> | <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Árabe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_sudar%C3%A1biga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingua sudarábiga (a páxina aínda non existe)">Sudarábiga</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_eti%C3%B3pica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingua etiópica (a páxina aínda non existe)">Etiópico</a> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/arab1395">arab1395</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4241223-7">4241223-7</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/1112-3575">1112-3575</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85006306">sh85006306</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Linguasphere: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&amp;tr=lsr&amp;nid=12-AAC">12-AAC</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MAG: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/96455323">96455323</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Dieta" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Dieta">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560295">00560295</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Checa" title="Biblioteca Nacional da República Checa">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph118564">ph118564</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_t%C3%A9cnica_nacional_de_Praga" title="Biblioteca técnica nacional de Praga">PSH</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psh.techlib.cz/skos/PSH6780">6780</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027219623">027219623</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by 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Rendering was triggered because: diff-page --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Traído desde «<a dir="ltr" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lingua_árabe&amp;oldid=6890969">https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lingua_árabe&amp;oldid=6890969</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categor%C3%ADas" title="Especial:Categorías">Categorías</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categor%C3%ADa:Artigos_con_ligaz%C3%B3ns_externas_rotas_desde_novembro_de_2024&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoría:Artigos con ligazóns externas rotas desde novembro de 2024 (a páxina aínda non existe)">Artigos con ligazóns externas rotas desde novembro de 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Lingua_%C3%A1rabe" title="Categoría:Lingua árabe">Lingua árabe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Alxeria" title="Categoría:Linguas de Alxeria">Linguas de Alxeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Arabia_Saudita" title="Categoría:Linguas de Arabia Saudita">Linguas de Arabia Saudita</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Bahrain" title="Categoría:Linguas de Bahrain">Linguas de Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_do_Chad" title="Categoría:Linguas do Chad">Linguas do Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_das_Comores" title="Categoría:Linguas das Comores">Linguas das Comores</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Djibuti" title="Categoría:Linguas de Djibuti">Linguas de Djibuti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_dos_Emiratos_%C3%81rabes_Unidos" title="Categoría:Linguas dos Emiratos Árabes Unidos">Linguas dos Emiratos Árabes Unidos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Eritrea" title="Categoría:Linguas de Eritrea">Linguas de Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_do_Iemen" title="Categoría:Linguas do Iemen">Linguas do Iemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Ir%C3%A1n" title="Categoría:Linguas de Irán">Linguas de Irán</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Iraq" title="Categoría:Linguas de Iraq">Linguas de Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Kuwait" title="Categoría:Linguas de Kuwait">Linguas de Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_do_L%C3%ADbano" title="Categoría:Linguas do Líbano">Linguas do Líbano</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Libia" title="Categoría:Linguas de Libia">Linguas de Libia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Mauritania" title="Categoría:Linguas de Mauritania">Linguas de Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Marrocos" title="Categoría:Linguas de Marrocos">Linguas de Marrocos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Om%C3%A1n" title="Categoría:Linguas de Omán">Linguas de Omán</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Qatar" title="Categoría:Linguas de Qatar">Linguas de Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Siria" title="Categoría:Linguas de Siria">Linguas de Siria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Somalia" title="Categoría:Linguas de Somalia">Linguas de Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_do_Sud%C3%A1n" title="Categoría:Linguas do Sudán">Linguas do Sudán</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Tunisia" title="Categoría:Linguas de Tunisia">Linguas de Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Linguas_de_Xordania" title="Categoría:Linguas de Xordania">Linguas de Xordania</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorías agochadas: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Todos_os_artigos_con_ligaz%C3%B3ns_externas_rotas" title="Categoría:Todos os artigos con ligazóns externas rotas">Todos os artigos con ligazóns externas rotas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Artigos_con_ligaz%C3%B3ns_externas_rotas_desde_decembro_de_2022" title="Categoría:Artigos con ligazóns externas rotas desde decembro de 2022">Artigos con ligazóns externas rotas desde decembro de 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Artigos_que_toda_Wikipedia_deber%C3%ADa_ter_(m%C3%A1is_de_30_kB)" title="Categoría:Artigos que toda Wikipedia debería ter (máis de 30 kB)">Artigos que toda Wikipedia debería ter (máis de 30 kB)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:Todos_os_artigos_que_requiren_referencias" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Todos os artigos que requiren referencias">Wikipedia:Todos os artigos que requiren referencias</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:Artigos_que_requiren_referencias_desde_unha_data_desco%C3%B1ecida" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Artigos que requiren referencias desde unha data descoñecida">Wikipedia:Artigos que requiren referencias desde unha data descoñecida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Artigos_que_toda_Wikipedia_deber%C3%ADa_ter_(Lingua_e_literatura)" title="Categoría:Artigos que toda Wikipedia debería ter (Lingua e literatura)">Artigos que toda Wikipedia debería ter (Lingua e literatura)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> A última edición desta páxina foi o 18 de novembro de 2024 ás 18:51.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Todo o texto está dispoñible baixo a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">licenza Creative Commons recoñecemento compartir igual 4.0</a>; pódense 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