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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Title </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Publication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variant_English_language_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variant_English_language_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Variant English language editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variant_English_language_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Plot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Characters </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characters subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Main characters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Secondary characters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Setting </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Setting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Setting subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 History of the world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 The Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 The War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Political geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministries_of_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministries_of_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Ministries of Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministries_of_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ministry_of_Peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministry_of_Peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Ministry of Peace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministry_of_Peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministry_of_Plenty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministry_of_Plenty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Ministry of Plenty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministry_of_Plenty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministry_of_Truth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministry_of_Truth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Ministry of Truth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministry_of_Truth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministry_of_Love" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministry_of_Love"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Ministry of Love </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministry_of_Love-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Major concepts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Big_Brother" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Big_Brother"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Big Brother </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Big_Brother-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doublethink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doublethink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Doublethink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doublethink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspeak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspeak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 Newspeak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspeak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thoughtcrime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thoughtcrime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.4 Thoughtcrime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thoughtcrime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Themes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Themes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Nationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Futurology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Futurology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Futurology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Futurology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveillance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveillance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Surveillance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveillance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty_and_inequality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty_and_inequality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Poverty and inequality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty_and_inequality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thought_Monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thought_Monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Thought Monitoring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thought_Monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_for_literary_motifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_for_literary_motifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sources for literary motifs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_for_literary_motifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Critical reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations_in_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations_in_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Adaptations in other media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptations_in_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Cultural impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brave_New_World_comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brave_New_World_comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Brave New World comparisons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brave_New_World_comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electronic_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Electronic editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Film versions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nineteen Eighty-Four</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" > 94 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nineteen Eighty-Four" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(b%C5%8Dc)" title="1984 (bōc) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="1984 (bōc)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="1984 (رواية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1984 (رواية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%D5%8E%D5%A7%D5%BA)" title="1984 (Վէպ) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="1984 (Վէպ)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(novela)" title="1984 (novela) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1984 (novela)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(roman)" title="1984 (roman) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1984 (roman)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B8%DB%B4_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="۱۹۸۴ (رومان) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۹۸۴ (رومان)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0" title="নাইন্টিন এইটি-ফোর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাইন্টিন এইটি-ফোর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="1984 (раман) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1984 (раман)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="1984 (раман) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1984 (раман)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="नाइनटीन एटी फोर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नाइनटीन एटी फोर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="1984 (книга) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1984 (книга)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(Roman)" title="1984 (Roman) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1984 (Roman)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(roman)" title="1984 (roman) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1984 (roman)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nineteen Eighty-Four" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(novel%C2%B7la)" title="1984 (novel·la) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1984 (novel·la)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="1984 (роман) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1984 (роман)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(rom%C3%A1n)" title="1984 (román) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1984 (román)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nineteen Eighty-Four" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(roman)" title="1984 (roman) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1984 (roman)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="1984 (رواية) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="1984 (رواية)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(Roman)" title="1984 (Roman) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1984 (Roman)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(Orwell)" title="1984 (Orwell) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1984 (Orwell)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1)" title="1984 (μυθιστόρημα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1984 (μυθιστόρημα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(novela)" title="1984 (novela) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1984 (novela)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(romano)" title="1984 (romano) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1984 (romano)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(eleberria)" title="1984 (eleberria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1984 (eleberria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B8%DB%B4_(%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="۱۹۸۴ (رمان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۹۸۴ (رمان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(roman)" title="1984 (roman) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1984 (roman)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nineteen Eighty-Four" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(novela)" title="1984 (novela) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1984 (novela)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%EC%86%8C%EC%84%A4)" title="1984 (소설) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1984 (소설)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84)" title="1984 (գիրք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1984 (գիրք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="उन्नीस सौ चौरासी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उन्नीस सौ चौरासी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisu%C4%87u_devetsto_osamdeset_%C4%8Detvrta" title="Tisuću devetsto osamdeset četvrta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tisuću devetsto osamdeset četvrta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(Libro)" title="1984 (Libro) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1984 (Libro)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nineteen Eighty-Four" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(romance)" title="1984 (romance) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="1984 (romance)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADtj%C3%A1n_hundru%C3%B0_%C3%A1ttat%C3%ADu_og_fj%C3%B6gur" title="Nítján hundruð áttatíu og fjögur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nítján hundruð áttatíu og fjögur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(romanzo)" title="1984 (romanzo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1984 (romanzo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8)" title="1984 (ספר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1984 (ספר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nineteen Eighty-Four" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98)" title="1984 (რომანი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1984 (რომანი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="1984 (роман) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1984 (роман)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(suterot)" title="1984 (suterot) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1984 (suterot)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="1984 (роман) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="1984 (роман)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(liber)" title="1984 (liber) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1984 (liber)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(rom%C4%81ns)" title="1984 (romāns) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1984 (romāns)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984-ieji" title="1984-ieji – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1984-ieji" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(novel)" title="1984 (novel) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="1984 (novel)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(reg%C3%A9ny)" title="1984 (regény) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1984 (regény)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Илјада деветстотини осумдесет и четврта – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Илјада деветстотини осумдесет и четврта" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BD)" title="1984 (നോവൽ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="1984 (നോവൽ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="नाइंटीन एटी-फोर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नाइंटीन एटी-फोर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B8%DB%B4_(%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="۱۹۸۴ (رمان) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۹۸۴ (رمان)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nineteen Eighty-Four" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="1984 (роман) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="1984 (роман)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(boek)" title="1984 (boek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1984 (boek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E5%B9%B4_(%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AC)" title="1984年 (小説) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1984年 (小説)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(roman)" title="1984 (roman) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1984 (roman)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanen_1984" title="Romanen 1984 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romanen 1984" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(libre)" title="1984 (libre) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1984 (libre)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(roman)" title="1984 (roman) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1984 (roman)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80-%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0" title="ਨਾਈਨਟੀਨ ਏਟੀ-ਫ਼ੋਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਈਨਟੀਨ ਏਟੀ-ਫ਼ੋਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984" title="1984 – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="1984" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok_1984" title="Rok 1984 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rok 1984" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(livro)" title="1984 (livro) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1984 (livro)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(roman)" title="1984 (roman) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="1984 (roman)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_mie_nou%C4%83_sute_optzeci_%C8%99i_patru_(roman)" title="O mie nouă sute optzeci și patru (roman) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="O mie nouă sute optzeci și patru (roman)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="1984 (роман) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1984 (роман)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9_1984" title="Улахан убай 1984 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Улахан убай 1984" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(lib%C3%ABr)" title="1984 (libër) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1984 (libër)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(libbru)" title="1984 (libbru) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1984 (libbru)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nineteen Eighty-Four" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(rom%C3%A1n)" title="1984 (román) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1984 (román)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(roman)" title="1984 (roman) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1984 (roman)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A9%D9%A8%D9%A4_(%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="١٩٨٤ (ڕۆمان) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٩٨٤ (ڕۆمان)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Хиљаду деветсто осамдесет четврта – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хиљаду деветсто осамдесет четврта" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nineteen Eighty-Four" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuonna_1984" title="Vuonna 1984 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vuonna 1984" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(roman)" title="1984 (roman) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1984 (roman)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(roman)" title="1984 (roman) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1984 (roman)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2-%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%94-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="หนึ่ง-เก้า-แปด-สี่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนึ่ง-เก้า-แปด-สี่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="1984 (румон) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="1984 (румон)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_Dokuz_Y%C3%BCz_Seksen_D%C3%B6rt" title="Bin Dokuz Yüz Seksen Dört – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bin Dokuz Yüz Seksen Dört" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="1984 (роман) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1984 (роман)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88_%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="انیس سو چوراسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انیس سو چوراسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(libro)" title="1984 (libro) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1984 (libro)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(ti%E1%BB%83u_thuy%E1%BA%BFt)" title="1984 (tiểu thuyết) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1984 (tiểu thuyết)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%9B" title="一九八四 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="一九八四" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nineteen Eighty-Four" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%9B" title="一九八四 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="一九八四" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%9B" title="一九八四 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nineteen_Eighty-Four" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" hreflang="en">Wikibooks</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208460" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1949 novel by George Orwell</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1949 novel by George Orwell. For the year, see <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/1984_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="1984 (disambiguation)">1984 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Nineteen Eighty-Four <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft.author=%5B%5BGeorge+Orwell%5D%5D&rft.date=8%26nbsp%3BJune%26nbsp%3B1949%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Anone%22%3E%26%23160%3B%28%3Cspan+class%3D%22bday+dtstart+published+updated+itvstart%22%3E1949-06-08%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=%5B%5BSecker+%26+Warburg%5D%5D&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=328&rft_id=info:oclcnum/470015866"></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:1984_first_edition_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/51/1984_first_edition_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="327" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">First-edition cover</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cover artist</th><td class="infobox-data">Michael Kennard<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dystopian_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian novel">Dystopian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">political fiction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">social science fiction</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Set in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nations_of_Nineteen_Eighty-Four#Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four">Airstrip One, Oceania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Secker_%26_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker & Warburg">Secker & Warburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 June 1949 (1949-06-08)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (hardback and paperback)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">328</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/470015866">470015866</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">823.912<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">PZ3.O793 Ni2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Nineteen Eighty-Four (also published as 1984) is a <a href="/wiki/Dystopian_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian novel">dystopian novel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cautionary_tale" title="Cautionary tale">cautionary tale</a> by English writer Eric Arthur Blair, who wrote under the pen name <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>. It was published on 8 June 1949 by <a href="/wiki/Harvill_Secker#Secker_&_Warburg" title="Harvill Secker">Secker & Warburg</a> as Orwell's ninth and final book completed in his lifetime. Thematically, it centres on the consequences of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">repressive regimentation</a> of people and behaviours within society.<a href="#cite_note-BenetReader-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-aaron-4">[4]</a> Orwell, a staunch believer in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist Left">anti-Stalinist Left</a>, modelled the Britain under <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">authoritarian socialism</a> in the novel on the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in the era of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> and on the very similar practices of both <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Censorship in Nazi Germany">censorship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">propaganda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> More broadly, the novel examines the role of truth and facts within societies and the ways in which they can be manipulated. The story takes place in an imagined future. The current year is uncertain, but believed to be 1984. Much of the world is in <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">perpetual war</a>. Great Britain, now known as Airstrip One, has become a province of the totalitarian <a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">superstate</a> <a href="/wiki/Nations_of_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four">Oceania</a>, which is led by <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a>, a dictatorial leader supported by an intense <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> manufactured by the Party's <a href="/wiki/Thought_Police" title="Thought Police">Thought Police</a>. The Party engages in <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance" title="Global surveillance">omnipresent government surveillance</a> and, through the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Truth">Ministry of Truth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">historical negationism</a> and constant <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> to persecute individuality and independent thinking.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The protagonist, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Smith_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Winston Smith (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Winston Smith</a>, is a diligent mid-level worker at the Ministry of Truth who secretly hates the Party and dreams of rebellion. Smith keeps a forbidden diary. He begins a relationship with a colleague, <a href="/wiki/Julia_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Julia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Julia</a>, and they learn about a shadowy resistance group called the Brotherhood. However, their contact within the Brotherhood turns out to be a Party agent, and Smith and Julia are arrested. He is subjected to months of psychological manipulation and torture by the Ministry of Love. He ultimately betrays Julia and is released; he finally realises he loves Big Brother. Nineteen Eighty-Four has become a classic literary example of political and dystopian fiction. It also popularised the term "<a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a>" as an adjective, with many terms used in the novel entering common usage, including "Big Brother", "<a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">doublethink</a>", "Thought Police", "<a href="/wiki/Thoughtcrime" title="Thoughtcrime">thoughtcrime</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/2_%2B_2_%3D_5" title="2 + 2 = 5">2 + 2 = 5</a>". Parallels have been drawn between the novel's subject matter and <a href="/wiki/Real_life" title="Real life">real life</a> instances of totalitarianism, mass surveillance, and violations of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of expression</a>, among other themes.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Orwell described his book as a "<a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>",<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> and a display of the "perversions to which a centralised economy is liable," while also stating he believed "that something resembling it could arrive."<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> included the novel on its list of the 100 best English-language novels published from 1923 to 2005,<a href="#cite_note-time-11">[11]</a> and it was placed on the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library_100_Best_Novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Library 100 Best Novels">Modern Library's 100 Best Novels</a> list, reaching number 13 on the editors' list and number 6 on the readers' list.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 2003, it was listed at number eight on <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Read" title="The Big Read">The Big Read</a> survey by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It has been adapted across media since its publication, most notably as a film, <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_(1984_film)" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984 film)">released in 1984</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/John_Hurt" title="John Hurt">John Hurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzanna_Hamilton" title="Suzanna Hamilton">Suzanna Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_and_publication">Writing and publication</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Writing and publication">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idea">Idea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Idea">edit</a>]</div> The Orwell Archive at University College London contains undated notes about ideas that evolved into Nineteen Eighty-Four. The notebooks have been deemed "unlikely to have been completed later than January 1944", and "there is a strong suspicion that some of the material in them dates back to the early part of the war".<a href="#cite_note-:1-14">[14]</a> In one 1948 letter, Orwell claims to have "first thought of [the book] in 1943", while in another he says he thought of it in 1944 and cites 1943's <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> as inspiration: "What it is really meant to do is to discuss the implications of dividing the world up into 'Zones of Influence' (I thought of it in 1944 as a result of the Tehran Conference), and in addition to indicate by parodying them the intellectual implications of totalitarianism".<a href="#cite_note-:1-14">[14]</a> Orwell had toured Austria in May 1945 and observed manoeuvring he thought would probably lead to separate Soviet and Allied Zones of Occupation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003329-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In January 1944, literature professor <a href="/wiki/Gleb_Struve" title="Gleb Struve">Gleb Struve</a> introduced Orwell to <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Zamyatin" title="Yevgeny Zamyatin">Yevgeny Zamyatin</a>'s 1924 dystopian novel <a href="/wiki/We_(novel)" title="We (novel)">We</a>. In his response Orwell expressed an interest in the genre, and informed Struve that he had begun writing ideas for one of his own, "that may get written sooner or later."<a href="#cite_note-LYN19-C6-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003330-18">[18]</a> In 1946, Orwell wrote about the 1931 dystopian novel <a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> in his article "Freedom and Happiness" for the Tribune, and noted similarities to We.<a href="#cite_note-LYN19-C6-17">[17]</a> By this time Orwell had scored a critical and commercial hit with his 1945 political satire <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a>, which raised his profile. For a follow-up he decided to produce a dystopian work of his own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003334-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-LYN19-C7-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writing">edit</a>]</div> In a June 1944 meeting with <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Warburg" title="Fredric Warburg">Fredric Warburg</a>, co-founder of his British publisher <a href="/wiki/Harvill_Secker#Secker_&_Warburg" title="Harvill Secker">Secker & Warburg</a>, shortly before the release of Animal Farm, Orwell announced that he had written the first 12 pages of his new novel. He could only earn a living from journalism, however, and predicted the book would not see a release before 1947.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003330-18">[18]</a> Progress was slow; by the end of September 1945 Orwell had written some 50 pages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003336-21">[21]</a> Orwell became disenchanted with the restrictions and pressures involved with journalism and grew to detest city life in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003337-22">[22]</a> He suffered from <a href="/wiki/Bronchiectasis" title="Bronchiectasis">bronchiectasis</a> and a lesion in one lung; the harsh winter worsened his health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003346-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barnhill_(Cnoc_an_t-Sabhail)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_451643.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Barnhill_%28Cnoc_an_t-Sabhail%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_451643.jpg/220px-Barnhill_%28Cnoc_an_t-Sabhail%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_451643.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Barnhill_%28Cnoc_an_t-Sabhail%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_451643.jpg/330px-Barnhill_%28Cnoc_an_t-Sabhail%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_451643.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Barnhill_%28Cnoc_an_t-Sabhail%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_451643.jpg/440px-Barnhill_%28Cnoc_an_t-Sabhail%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_451643.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The novel was completed at Barnhill, Jura.</figcaption></figure> In May 1946, Orwell arrived on the Scottish island of <a href="/wiki/Jura,_Scotland" title="Jura, Scotland">Jura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LYN19-C7-20">[20]</a> He had wanted to retreat to a Hebridean island for several years; <a href="/wiki/David_Astor" title="David Astor">David Astor</a> recommended he stay at <a href="/wiki/Barnhill,_Jura" title="Barnhill, Jura">Barnhill</a>, a remote farmhouse on the island that his family owned,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003319-24">[24]</a> with no electricity or hot water. Here Orwell intermittently drafted and finished Nineteen Eighty-Four.<a href="#cite_note-LYN19-C7-20">[20]</a> His first stay lasted until October 1946, during which time he made little progress on the few already completed pages, and at one point did no work on it for three months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003353,_357-25">[25]</a> After spending the winter in London, Orwell returned to Jura; in May 1947 he reported to Warburg that despite progress being slow and difficult, he was roughly a third of the way through.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003370-26">[26]</a> He sent his "ghastly mess" of a first draft manuscript to London, where Miranda Christen volunteered to type a clean version.<a href="#cite_note-LYN19-C8-27">[27]</a> Orwell's health worsened further in September, however, and he was confined to bed with inflammation of the lungs. He lost almost two stone (28 pounds or 12.7 kg) in weight and had recurring night sweats, but he decided not to see a doctor and continued writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003373-28">[28]</a> On 7 November 1947, he completed the first draft in bed, and subsequently travelled to <a href="/wiki/East_Kilbride" title="East Kilbride">East Kilbride</a> near Glasgow for medical treatment at <a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_Hairmyres" title="University Hospital Hairmyres">Hairmyres Hospital</a>, where a specialist confirmed a chronic and infectious case of tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003374-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-LYN19-C8-27">[27]</a> Orwell was discharged in the summer of 1948, after which he returned to Jura and produced a full second draft of Nineteen Eighty-Four, which he finished in November. He asked Warburg to have someone come to Barnhill and retype the manuscript, which was so untidy that the task was only considered possible if Orwell was present, as only he could understand it. The previous volunteer had left the country and no other could be found at short notice, so an impatient Orwell retyped it himself at a rate of roughly 4,000 words a day during bouts of fever and bloody coughing fits.<a href="#cite_note-LYN19-C8-27">[27]</a> On 4 December 1948, Orwell sent the finished manuscript to Secker & Warburg and left Barnhill for good in January 1949. He recovered at a sanitarium in the <a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LYN19-C8-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title">Title</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Title">edit</a>]</div> Shortly before completion of the second draft, Orwell vacillated between two titles for the novel: The Last Man in Europe, an early title, and Nineteen Eighty-Four.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Warburg suggested the latter, which he took to be a more commercially viable choice.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> There has been a theory – doubted by Dorian Lynskey (author of a <a href="/wiki/The_Ministry_of_Truth_(Lynskey_book)" title="The Ministry of Truth (Lynskey book)">2019 book about Nineteen Eighty-Four</a>) – that 1984 was chosen simply as an inversion of the year 1948, the year in which it was being completed. Lynskey says the idea was "first suggested by Orwell's US publisher", and it was also mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> in his introduction to the 2003 edition of Animal Farm and 1984, which also notes that the date was meant to give "an immediacy and urgency to the menace of totalitarian rule".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2003ax-32">[32]</a> However, Lynskey does not believe the inversion theory: <blockquote>This idea ... seems far too cute for such a serious book. ... Scholars have raised other possibilities. [His wife] Eileen wrote a poem for her old school's centenary called 'End of the Century: 1984.' <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>'s 1904 political satire <a href="/wiki/The_Napoleon_of_Notting_Hill" title="The Napoleon of Notting Hill">The Napoleon of Notting Hill</a>, which mocks the art of prophecy, opens in 1984. The year is also a significant date in <a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Heel" title="The Iron Heel">The Iron Heel</a>. But all of these connections are exposed as no more than coincidences by the early drafts of the novel ... First he wrote 1980, then 1982, and only later 1984. The most fateful date in literature was a late amendment.<a href="#cite_note-LYN19-C9-33">[33]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publication">Publication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publication">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nineteen_Eighty-Four_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_manuscript.jpg/220px-Nineteen_Eighty-Four_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/28/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_manuscript.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>A 1947 draft manuscript of the first page of Nineteen Eighty-Four, showing the editorial development</figcaption></figure>In the run up to publication, Orwell called the novel "a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beastly" class="extiw" title="wikt:beastly">beastly</a> book" and expressed some disappointment towards it, thinking it would have been improved had he not been so ill. This was typical of Orwell, who had talked down his other books shortly before their release.<a href="#cite_note-LYN19-C9-33">[33]</a> Nevertheless, the book was enthusiastically received by Secker & Warburg, who acted quickly; before Orwell had left Jura he rejected their proposed blurb that portrayed it as "a thriller mixed up with a love story."<a href="#cite_note-LYN19-C9-33">[33]</a> He also refused a proposal from the American Book of the Month Club to release an edition without the appendix and chapter on Goldstein's book, a decision which Warburg claimed cut off about £40,000 in sales.<a href="#cite_note-LYN19-C9-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelden1991470-34">[34]</a> Nineteen Eighty-Four was published on 8 June 1949 in the UK;<a href="#cite_note-LYN19-C9-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003383,_399-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charles'_George_Orwell_Links-36">[36]</a> Orwell predicted earnings of around £500. A first print of 25,575 copies was followed by a further 5,000 copies in March and August 1950.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003399-37">[37]</a> The novel had the most immediate impact in the US, following its release there on 13 June 1949 by <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_(publisher)" title="Harcourt (publisher)">Harcourt Brace, & Co.</a> An initial print of 20,000 copies was quickly followed by another 10,000 on 1 July, and again on 7 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003401-38">[38]</a> By 1970, over 8 million copies had been sold in the US, and in 1984 it topped the country's all-time best seller list.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003411-39">[39]</a> In June 1952, Orwell's widow Sonia Bronwell sold the only surviving manuscript at a charity auction for £50.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003426-40">[40]</a> The draft remains the only surviving literary manuscript from Orwell, and is held at the <a href="/wiki/John_Hay_Library" title="John Hay Library">John Hay Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variant_English_language_editions">Variant English language editions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Variant English language editions">edit</a>]</div> In the original published UK and US editions of 1984 numerous small variations in the text exist, the US edition altering Orwell's agreed edit of the text as was typical of publishing practices of the time in regard to spelling and punctuation, as well as some small edits and phrasings. While Orwell rejected a proposed book club edition which would see substantial sections of the book removed, these minor changes passed somewhat under the radar. Other more significant revisions and variant texts also exist however. In 1984 Peter Davison edited Nineteen Eighty-Four: The Facsimile of the Extant Manuscript, published by Secker and Warburg in the UK and Harcourt-Brace-Jovanovich in the US. This reproduced page for page Sonia Bronwell's copy of the original manuscript in facsimiles, as well as a complete typeset versions of that text - complete with Orwell's holograph and typewritten pages, and handwritten amendments and corrections. The book had a preface by Daniel Segal. It has been reprinted in various international editions with translated introductions and notes, and reprinted in English in limited edition formats. In 1997, Davison produced a definitive text of Nineteen Eighty Four as part of Secker's 20 volume definitive edition of the Complete Works of George Orwell. This edition removed errors, typographic errors, and reversed editorial changes in the original editions made without Orwell's oversight, all based on detailed reference to Orwell's original manuscript and notes. This text has gone on to be reprinted in various subsequent paperback editions, including one with an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>, without obvious note that it is a revised text, and has been translated as an unexpurgated version of text. In 2021 Polygon published Nineteen Eighty Four: The Jura Edition, with an introduction by Alex Massie. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Plot">edit</a>]</div> In an uncertain year, believed to be 1984, civilisation has been ravaged by world war, civil conflict, and revolution. Airstrip One (formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>) is a province of <a href="/wiki/Nations_of_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four">Oceania</a>, one of the three <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> super-states that rule the world. It is ruled by "The Party" under the ideology of "<a href="/wiki/Ingsoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingsoc">Ingsoc</a>" (a <a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a> shortening of "English Socialism") and the mysterious leader <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a>, who has an intense <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>. The Party brutally purges out anyone who does not fully conform to their regime, using the <a href="/wiki/Thought_Police" title="Thought Police">Thought Police</a> and constant surveillance through <a href="/wiki/Telescreen" title="Telescreen">telescreens</a> (two-way televisions), <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">cameras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Covert_listening_device" title="Covert listening device">hidden microphones</a>. Those who fall out of favour with the Party become "unpersons", disappearing with <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">all evidence of their existence destroyed</a>. In <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Smith_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Winston Smith (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Winston Smith</a> is a member of the Outer Party, working at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Truth">Ministry of Truth</a>, where he <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">rewrites historical records</a> to conform to the state's ever-changing version of history. Winston revises past editions of <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, while the original documents are destroyed after being dropped into ducts known as <a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">memory holes</a>, which lead to an immense furnace. He secretly opposes the Party's rule and dreams of rebellion, despite knowing that he is already a "<a href="/wiki/Thoughtcrime" title="Thoughtcrime">thought-criminal</a>" and is likely to be caught one day. While in a <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">prole</a> neighbourhood he meets Mr. Charrington, the owner of an <a href="/wiki/Antiques_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiques shop">antiques shop</a>, and buys a diary where he writes criticisms of the Party and Big Brother. To his dismay, when he visits a prole quarter he discovers they have no political consciousness. As he works in the Ministry of Truth, he observes <a href="/wiki/Julia_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Julia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Julia</a>, a young woman maintaining the novel-writing machines at the ministry, whom Winston suspects of being a spy, and develops an intense hatred of her. He vaguely suspects that his superior, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Party">Inner Party</a> official <a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="O'Brien (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">O'Brien</a>, is part of an enigmatic underground <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a> known as the Brotherhood, formed by Big Brother's reviled political rival <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Goldstein" title="Emmanuel Goldstein">Emmanuel Goldstein</a>. One day, Julia secretly hands Winston a love note, and the two begin a secret affair. Julia explains that she also loathes the Party, but Winston observes that she is politically apathetic and uninterested in overthrowing the regime. Initially meeting in the country, they later meet in a rented room above Mr. Charrington's shop. During the affair, Winston remembers the disappearance of his family during the civil war of the 1950s and his tense relationship with his estranged wife Katharine. Weeks later, O'Brien invites Winston to his flat, where he introduces himself as a member of the Brotherhood and sends Winston a copy of <a href="/wiki/The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Oligarchical_Collectivism" title="The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism">The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism</a> by Goldstein. Meanwhile, during the nation's Hate Week, Oceania's enemy suddenly changes from <a href="/wiki/Eurasia_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Eurasia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eastasia_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastasia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Eastasia</a>, which goes mostly unnoticed. Winston is recalled to the Ministry to help make the necessary revisions to the records. Winston and Julia read parts of Goldstein's book, which explains how the Party maintains power, the true meanings of its slogans, and the concept of <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">perpetual war</a>. It argues that the Party can be overthrown if proles rise up against it. However, Winston never gets the opportunity to read the chapter that explains why the Party took power and is motivated to maintain it. Winston and Julia are captured when Mr. Charrington is revealed to be an undercover Thought Police agent, and they are separated and imprisoned at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Love" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Love">Ministry of Love</a>. O'Brien also reveals himself to be a member of the Thought Police and a member of a <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> operation which catches political dissidents of the Party. Over several months, Winston is starved and relentlessly tortured to bring his beliefs in line with the Party. O'Brien tells Winston that he will never know whether the Brotherhood actually exists and that Goldstein's book was written collaboratively by him and other Party members; furthermore, O'Brien reveals to Winston that the Party sees power not as a means but as an end, and the ultimate purpose of the Party is seeking power entirely for its own sake. For the final stage of re-education, O'Brien takes Winston to <a href="/wiki/Room_101" class="mw-redirect" title="Room 101">Room 101</a>, which contains each prisoner's worst fear. When confronted with rats, Winston denounces Julia and pledges allegiance to the Party. Winston is released into public life and continues to frequent the Chestnut Tree café. He encounters Julia, and both reveal that they have betrayed the other and are no longer in love. Back in the café, a news alert celebrates Oceania's supposed massive victory over Eurasian armies in Africa. Winston finally accepts that he loves Big Brother. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characters">Characters</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Characters">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_characters">Main characters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Main characters">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Smith_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Winston Smith (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Winston Smith</a>: the 39-year-old protagonist who is a phlegmatic <a href="/wiki/Everyman" title="Everyman">everyman</a> harbouring thoughts of rebellion and is curious about the Party's power and the past before the Revolution.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Julia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Julia</a>: Winston's lover, who publicly espouses Party doctrine as a member of the fanatical Junior Anti-Sex League. Julia enjoys her small acts of rebellion and has no interest in giving up her lifestyle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="O'Brien (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">O'Brien</a>: A mysterious character, O'Brien is a member of the Inner Party who poses as a member of The Brotherhood, the counter-revolutionary resistance, to catch Winston. He is a spy intending to deceive, trap, and capture Winston and Julia.</li> <li>Big Brother and Emmanuel Goldstein never appear but play a big part in the plot and have a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">worldbuilding</a> of 1984. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a>: the leader and figurehead of the Party that rules Oceania. A deep <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> is formed around him. It is not revealed whether he actually exists.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Goldstein" title="Emmanuel Goldstein">Emmanuel Goldstein</a>: ostensibly a former leading figure in the Party who became the counter-revolutionary leader of the Brotherhood, and author of the book <a href="/wiki/The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Oligarchical_Collectivism" title="The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism">The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism</a>. Goldstein is the symbolic <a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_state" title="Enemy of the state">enemy of the state</a>—the national <a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">nemesis</a> who ideologically unites the people of Oceania with the Party, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Two_Minutes_Hate" title="Two Minutes Hate">Two Minutes Hate</a> and other forms of fearmongering. However O'Brien claims that the book was actually written by the Party.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_characters">Secondary characters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Secondary characters">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Aaronson, Jones, and Rutherford: former members of the Inner Party whom Winston vaguely remembers as among the original leaders of the Revolution, long before he had heard of Big Brother. They confessed to treasonable conspiracies with foreign powers and were then executed in the political purges of the 1960s. In between their confessions and executions, Winston saw them drinking in the Chestnut Tree Café—with broken noses, suggesting that their confessions had been obtained by torture. Later, in the course of his editorial work, Winston sees newspaper evidence contradicting their confessions, but drops it into a <a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">memory hole</a>. Eleven years later, he is confronted with the same photograph during his interrogation.</li> <li>Ampleforth: Winston's one-time Records Department colleague who was imprisoned for leaving the word "God" in a <a href="/wiki/Kipling" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipling">Kipling</a> poem as he could not find another rhyme for "rod";<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Winston encounters him at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Love" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Love">Ministry of Love</a>. Ampleforth is a dreamer and intellectual who takes pleasure in his work, and respects poetry and language, traits which cause him disfavour with the Party.</li> <li>Charrington: an undercover officer of the <a href="/wiki/Thought_Police" title="Thought Police">Thought Police</a> masquerading as a kind and sympathetic antiques dealer amongst the proles.</li> <li>Katharine Smith: the emotionally indifferent wife whom Winston "can't get rid of". Despite disliking sexual intercourse, Katharine married Winston because it was their "duty to the Party". Although she was a "goodthinkful" ideologue, they separated because the couple could not conceive children. Divorce is not permitted, but couples who cannot have children may live separately. For much of the story Winston lives in vague hope that Katharine may die or could be "got rid of" so that he may marry Julia. He regrets not having killed her by pushing her over the edge of a quarry when he had the chance many years previously.</li> <li>The Parsons family: <ul><li>Tom Parsons: Winston's naïve neighbour, and an ideal member of the Outer Party: an uneducated, suggestible man who is utterly loyal to the Party, and fully believes in its perfect image. He is socially active and participates in the Party activities for his social class. He is friendly towards Smith, and despite his political conformity punishes his bullying son for firing a <a href="/wiki/Slingshot" title="Slingshot">catapult</a> at Winston. Later, as a prisoner, Winston sees Parsons imprisoned in the Ministry of Love, after his young daughter reported him to the Thought Police for speaking against Big Brother in his sleep. Even this does not dampen Parsons's belief in the Party—he says he could do "good work" in the hard labour camps.</li> <li>Mrs. Parsons: Parsons's wife is a wan and hapless woman who is intimidated by her own children.</li> <li>The Parsons children: a nine-year-old son and seven-year-old daughter. Both are members of the Spies, a youth organisation that focuses on indoctrinating children with Party ideals and training them to report any suspected incidents of unorthodoxy. They represent the new generation of Oceanian citizens, the model society envisioned by the Inner Party without memory of life before Big Brother, and without family ties or emotional sentiment.</li></ul></li> <li>Syme: Winston's colleague at the Ministry of Truth, a <a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">lexicographer</a> involved in compiling a new edition of the <a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a> dictionary. Although he is enthusiastic about his work and support for the Party, Winston notes, "He is too intelligent. He sees too clearly and speaks too plainly." Winston predicts, correctly, that Syme will become an unperson.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Setting">Setting</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Setting">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This section has multiple issues. 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Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_world">History of the world</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History of the world">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Revolution">The Revolution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Oligarchical_Collectivism" title="The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism">The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism</a></div> Winston Smith's memories and his reading of the proscribed book, <a href="/wiki/The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Oligarchical_Collectivism" title="The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism">The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Goldstein" title="Emmanuel Goldstein">Emmanuel Goldstein</a>, reveal that after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Third_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third World War">Third World War</a> broke out in the early 1950s in which <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> destroyed hundreds of cities in Europe, western Russia and North America (though not stated, it is implied this was a nuclear exchange between the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>). <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a> was destroyed, and London also suffered widespread aerial raids, leading Winston's family to take refuge in a <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> station. During the war, the Soviet Union invaded and absorbed all of Continental Europe, while the United States absorbed the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a> and later Latin America. This formed the basis of Eurasia and Oceania respectively. Due to the instability perpetuated by the nuclear war, these new nations fell into civil war, but who fought whom is left unclear (there is a reference to the child Winston having seen rival militias in the streets, each one having a shirt of a distinct colour for its members). Meanwhile, Eastasia, the last superstate established, emerged only after "a decade of confused fighting". It includes the Asian lands conquered by China and Japan. Although Eastasia is prevented from matching Eurasia's size, its larger populace compensates for that handicap. However, due to the fact that Winston only barely remembers these events as well as the Party's constant manipulation of historical records, the continuity and accuracy of these events are unknown, and exactly how the superstates' ruling parties managed to gain their power is also left unclear. If the official account was accurate, Smith's strengthening memories and the story of his family's dissolution suggest that the atomic bombings occurred first, followed by civil war featuring "confused street fighting in London itself" and the societal postwar reorganisation, which the Party retrospectively calls "the Revolution". It is very difficult to trace the exact chronology, but most of the global societal reorganisation occurred between 1945 and the early 1960s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_War">The War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></div> In 1984, there is a perpetual war between Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia, the superstates that emerged from the global atomic war. The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism, by Emmanuel Goldstein, explains that each state is so strong that it cannot be defeated, even with the combined forces of two superstates, despite changing alliances. To hide such contradictions, the superstates' governments rewrite history to explain that the (new) alliance always was so; the populaces are already accustomed to doublethink and accept it. The war is not fought in Oceanian, Eurasian or Eastasian territory but in the Arctic wastes and a disputed zone roughly situated in between <a href="/wiki/Tangiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangiers">Tangiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darwin_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwin (Australia)">Darwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. At the start, Oceania and Eastasia are allies fighting Eurasia in northern Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>. That alliance ends, and Oceania, allied with Eurasia, fights Eastasia, a change occurring on Hate Week, dedicated to creating patriotic fervour for the Party's perpetual war. The public are blind to the change; in mid-sentence, an orator changes the name of the enemy from "Eurasia" to "Eastasia" without pause. When the public are enraged at noticing that the wrong flags and posters are displayed, they tear them down; the Party later claims to have captured the whole of Africa. Goldstein's book explains that the purpose of the unwinnable, perpetual war is to consume human labour and commodities so that the economy of a superstate cannot support economic equality, with a high standard of life for every citizen. By using up most of the produced goods, the Party keeps the proles poor and uneducated, hoping that they will neither realise what the government is doing nor rebel. Goldstein also details an Oceanian strategy of attacking enemy cities with atomic rockets before invasion but dismisses it as unfeasible and contrary to the war's purpose; despite the atomic bombing of cities in the 1950s, the superstates stopped it for fear that it would imbalance the powers. The military technology in the novel differs little from that of World War II, but strategic <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bomber aeroplanes</a> are replaced with <a href="/wiki/V-weapons" title="V-weapons">rocket bombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_helicopter" title="Military helicopter">helicopters</a> were heavily used as weapons of war (they <a href="/wiki/Focke-Achgelis_Fa_223_Drache" title="Focke-Achgelis Fa 223 Drache">were very minor</a> in World War II) and surface combat units have been all but replaced by immense and unsinkable Floating Fortresses (island-like contraptions concentrating the firepower of a whole naval task force in a single, semi-mobile platform; in the novel, one is said to have been anchored between <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, suggesting a preference for sea lane interdiction and denial). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_geography">Political geography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Political geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_geography_of_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Political geography of Nineteen Eighty-Four">Political geography of Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1984%27s_Geopolitics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1984%27s_Geopolitics.png/440px-1984%27s_Geopolitics.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1984%27s_Geopolitics.png/660px-1984%27s_Geopolitics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1984%27s_Geopolitics.png/880px-1984%27s_Geopolitics.png 2x" data-file-width="8192" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>The three fictional superstates of the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four are Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a>), Eurasia (<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a>), and Eastasia (<a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a>). 'Disputed territories' are indicated in <a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">grey</a>.</figcaption></figure> Three perpetually warring <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> superstates control the world in the novel:<a href="#cite_note-Part_II,_Ch._9-45">[45]</a> <ul><li>Oceania (ideology: <a href="/wiki/Ingsoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingsoc">Ingsoc</a>, known in Oldspeak as English Socialism), whose core territories are "the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Islands</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern portion of Africa</a>".</li> <li>Eurasia (ideology: Neo-Bolshevism), whose core territories are "the whole of the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asiatic landmass</a> from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>".</li> <li>Eastasia (ideology: Obliteration of the Self, also known as Death-Worship), whose core territories are "<a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">the countries to the south of it</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese islands</a>, and a large but fluctuating portion of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>".</li></ul> The perpetual war is fought for control of the "disputed area" lying between the frontiers of the superstates. The majority of the disputed territories form "a rough <a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral" title="Quadrilateral">quadrilateral</a> with its corners at <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>", where ~<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle {\frac {1}{5}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>5</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\frac {1}{5}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/267009ee5eab1c29dca1416629ea5a14ddabde82" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\textstyle {\frac {1}{5}}}"> of the world's population resides. Orwell outlines the highest disputed areas as <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Africa" title="Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Fighting also takes place along the unstable Eurasian-Eastasian border, over various islands in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, around <a href="/wiki/Maunsell_Forts" title="Maunsell Forts">Floating Fortresses</a> along major "<a href="/wiki/Sea_lines_of_communication" title="Sea lines of communication">sea lines</a>", as well as around the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Part_II,_Ch._9-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ministries_of_Oceania">Ministries of Oceania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ministries of Oceania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of Nineteen Eighty-Four">Ministries of Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></div> In London, the capital city of Airstrip One, Oceania's four government ministries are in pyramids (300 m high), the façades of which display the Party's three slogans – "WAR IS PEACE", "FREEDOM IS SLAVERY", "IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH". The ministries are deliberately named after the opposite (<a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">doublethink</a>) of their true functions: "The Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war, the Ministry of Truth with lies, the Ministry of Love with torture and the Ministry of Plenty with starvation." (Part II, chapter IX "The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism" (by Emmanuel Goldstein)). While a ministry is supposedly headed by a minister, the ministers heading these four ministries are never mentioned. They seem to be completely out of the public view, Big Brother being the only, ever-present public face of the government. Also, while an army fighting a war is typically headed by generals, none are ever mentioned by name. News reports of the ongoing war assume that Big Brother personally commands Oceania's fighting forces and give him personal credit for victories and successful strategic concepts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ministry_of_Peace">Ministry of Peace</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ministry of Peace">edit</a>]</div> The Ministry of Peace maintains Oceania's perpetual war against either of the two other superstates: <blockquote>The primary aim of modern warfare (in accordance with the principles of doublethink, this aim is simultaneously recognised and not recognised by the directing brains of the Inner Party) is to use up the products of the machine without raising the general <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>. Ever since the end of the nineteenth century, the problem of what to do with the surplus of consumption goods has been latent in industrial society. At present, when few human beings even have enough to eat, this problem is obviously not urgent, and it might not have become so, even if no artificial processes of destruction had been at work.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ministry_of_Plenty">Ministry of Plenty</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ministry of Plenty">edit</a>]</div> The Ministry of Plenty rations and controls food, goods, and domestic production; every fiscal quarter, it claims to have raised the standard of living, even during times when it has, in fact, reduced rations, availability, and production. The Ministry of Truth substantiates the Ministry of Plenty's claims by <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">manipulating historical records</a> to report numbers supporting the claims of "increased rations". The Ministry of Plenty also runs the national lottery as a distraction for the proles; Party members understand it to be a sham in which all the larger prizes are "won" by imaginary people; only small amounts are actually paid out. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ministry_of_Truth">Ministry of Truth</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ministry of Truth">edit</a>]</div> The Ministry of Truth controls information: news, entertainment, education, and the arts. Winston Smith works in the Records Department, "rectifying" historical records to accord with Big Brother's current pronouncements so that everything the Party says appears to be true. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ministry_of_Love">Ministry of Love</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ministry of Love">edit</a>]</div> The Ministry of Love identifies, monitors, arrests and converts real and imagined dissidents. This is also the place where the Thought Police beat and torture dissidents, after which they are sent to Room 101 to face "the worst thing in the world"—until love for Big Brother and the Party replaces dissension. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_concepts">Major concepts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Major concepts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Special:EditPage/Nineteen Eighty-Four">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ingsoc (English Socialism) is the predominant ideology and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> of Oceania, and <a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a> is the official language of official documents. Orwell depicts the Party's ideology as an <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchical</a> world view that "rejects and vilifies every principle for which the Socialist movement originally stood, and it does so in the name of Socialism."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Big_Brother">Big Brother</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Big Brother">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a> is a fictional character and symbol in the novel. He is ostensibly the leader of Oceania, a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> state wherein the ruling party <a href="/wiki/Ingsoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingsoc">Ingsoc</a> wields total power "for its own sake". In the society that Orwell describes, every citizen (except of the proles, who are regarded as little more than animals) is under constant <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> by the authorities, mainly by <a href="/wiki/Telescreen" title="Telescreen">telescreens</a> . The people are constantly reminded of this by the widely displayed slogan "Big Brother is watching you". In modern culture, the term "Big Brother" has entered the <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> as a synonym for abuse of government power, particularly in respect to <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doublethink">Doublethink</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Doublethink">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">Doublethink</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The keyword here is blackwhite. Like so many Newspeak words, this word has two mutually contradictory meanings. Applied to an opponent, it means the habit of impudently claiming that black is white, in contradiction of the plain facts. Applied to a Party member, it means a loyal willingness to say that black is white when Party discipline demands this. But it means also the ability to believe that black is white, and more, to know that black is white, and to forget that one has ever believed the contrary. This demands a continuous alteration of the past, made possible by the system of thought which really embraces all the rest, and which is known in Newspeak as doublethink. Doublethink is basically the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Part II, chapter IX "<a href="/wiki/The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Oligarchical_Collectivism" title="The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism">The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism</a>" (by Emmanuel Goldstein)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspeak">Newspeak</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Newspeak">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Newspeak_words" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Newspeak words">List of Newspeak words</a></div> The Principles of Newspeak is an academic essay appended to the novel. It describes the development of Newspeak, an artificial, minimalistic language designed to ideologically align thought with the principles of Ingsoc by stripping down the English language in order to make "heretical" thoughts (i.e. against Ingsoc's principles) impossible as they cannot be expressed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The idea that a language's structure can be used to influence thought is known as <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">linguistic relativity</a>. Whether or not the Newspeak appendix implies a hopeful end to Nineteen Eighty-Four remains a critical debate. Many claim that it does, citing the fact that it is in standard English and is written in the <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a>: "Relative to our own, the Newspeak vocabulary was tiny, and new ways of reducing it were constantly being devised" (p. 422). Some critics (<a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Atwood</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Benstead,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Milner" title="Andrew Milner">Milner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Pynchon</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>) claim that for Orwell, Newspeak and the totalitarian governments are all in the past. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thoughtcrime">Thoughtcrime</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Thoughtcrime">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thoughtcrime" title="Thoughtcrime">Thoughtcrime</a></div> Thoughtcrime describes a person's politically unorthodox thoughts, such as unspoken beliefs and doubts that contradict the tenets of <a href="/wiki/Ingsoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingsoc">Ingsoc</a> (English Socialism), the dominant ideology of Oceania. In the official language of Newspeak, the word crimethink describes the intellectual actions of a person who entertains and holds politically unacceptable thoughts; thus the government of the Party controls the speech, the actions, and the thoughts of the citizens of Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In contemporary English usage, the word thoughtcrime describes beliefs that are contrary to accepted norms of society, and is used to describe theological concepts, such as disbelief and <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and the rejection of an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Themes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalism">Nationalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Nationalism">edit</a>]</div> Nineteen Eighty-Four expands upon the subjects summarised in Orwell's essay "<a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Nationalism" title="Notes on Nationalism">Notes on Nationalism</a>"<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> about the lack of vocabulary needed to explain the unrecognised phenomena behind certain political forces. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, the Party's artificial, minimalist language 'Newspeak' addresses the matter. <ul><li>Positive nationalism: For instance, Oceanians' perpetual love for Big Brother. Orwell argues in the essay that ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Neo-Toryism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic nationalism">Celtic nationalism</a> are defined by their obsessive sense of loyalty to some entity.</li> <li>Negative nationalism: For instance, Oceanians' perpetual hatred for Emmanuel Goldstein. Orwell argues in the essay that ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a> are defined by their obsessive hatred of some entity.</li> <li>Transferred nationalism: For instance, when Oceania's enemy changes, an orator makes a change mid-sentence, and the crowd instantly transfers its hatred to the new enemy. Orwell argues that ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a><a href="#cite_note-Decker_writes_about_Orwell's_use_of_the_ideology_of_Stalinism-56">[56]</a> and redirected feelings of racial animus and class superiority among wealthy intellectuals exemplify this. Transferred nationalism swiftly redirects emotions from one power unit to another. In the novel, it happens during Hate Week, a Party rally against the original enemy. The crowd goes wild and destroys the posters that are now against their new friend, and many say that they must be the act of an agent of their new enemy and former friend. Many of the crowd must have put up the posters before the rally but think that the state of affairs had always been the case.</li></ul> O'Brien concludes: "The object of persecution is persecution. The object of torture is torture. The object of power is power."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Futurology">Futurology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Futurology">edit</a>]</div> In the book, Inner Party member O'Brien describes the Party's vision of the future: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There will be no curiosity, no enjoyment of the process of life. All competing pleasures will be destroyed. But always—do not forget this, Winston—always there will be the intoxication of power, constantly increasing and constantly growing subtler. Always, at every moment, there will be the thrill of victory, the sensation of trampling on an enemy who is helpless. If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face—forever.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Part III, chapter III, Nineteen Eighty-Four</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Censorship">edit</a>]</div> One of the most notable themes in Nineteen Eighty-Four is <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, especially in the Ministry of Truth, where photographs and public archives are manipulated to rid them of "unpersons" (people who have been erased from history by the Party).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> On the telescreens, almost all figures of production are grossly exaggerated or simply fabricated to indicate an ever-growing economy, even during times when the reality is the opposite. One small example of the endless censorship is Winston being charged with the task of eliminating a reference to an unperson in a newspaper article. He also proceeds to write an article about Comrade Ogilvy, a made-up party member who allegedly "displayed great heroism by leaping into the sea from a helicopter so that the dispatches he was carrying would not fall into enemy hands."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveillance">Surveillance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Surveillance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Special:EditPage/Nineteen Eighty-Four">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (June 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In Oceania, the upper and middle classes have very little true privacy. All of their houses and apartments are equipped with two-way telescreens so that they may be watched or listened to at any time. Similar telescreens are found at workstations and in public places, along with hidden microphones. Written correspondence is routinely opened and read by the government before it is delivered. The Thought Police employ undercover agents, who pose as normal citizens and report any person with subversive tendencies. Children are encouraged to report suspicious persons to the government, and some denounce their parents. Citizens are controlled, and the smallest sign of rebellion, even something as small as a suspicious facial expression, can result in immediate arrest and imprisonment. Thus, citizens are compelled to obedience. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty_and_inequality">Poverty and inequality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Poverty and inequality">edit</a>]</div> According to Orwell's book, almost the entire world lives in poverty; hunger, thirst, disease, and filth are the norms. Ruined cities and towns are common: the consequence of perpetual wars and extreme economic inefficiency. Social decay and wrecked buildings surround Winston; aside from the ministries' headquarters, little of London was rebuilt. Middle class citizens and proles consume synthetic foodstuffs and poor-quality "luxuries" such as oily gin and loosely-packed cigarettes, distributed under the "Victory" brand, a parody of the low-quality Indian-made "Victory" cigarettes, which British soldiers commonly smoked during World War II. Winston describes something as simple as the repair of a broken window as requiring committee approval that can take several years and so most of those living in one of the blocks usually do the repairs themselves (Winston himself is called in by Mrs. Parsons to repair her blocked sink). All upper-class and middle-class residences include telescreens that serve both as outlets for propaganda and surveillance devices that allow the Thought Police to monitor them; they can be turned down, but the ones in middle-class residences cannot be turned off. In contrast to their subordinates, the upper class of Oceanian society reside in clean and comfortable flats in their own quarters, with pantries well-stocked with foodstuffs such as wine, real coffee, real tea, real milk, and real sugar, all denied to the general populace.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Winston is astonished that the <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">lifts</a> in O'Brien's building work, the telescreens can be completely turned off, and O'Brien has an Asian manservant, Martin. All upper class citizens are attended to by slaves captured in the "disputed zone", and "The Book" suggests that many have their own cars or even helicopters. However, despite their insulation and overt privileges, the upper class are still not exempt from the government's brutal restriction of thought and behaviour, even while lies and propaganda apparently originate from their own ranks. Instead, the Oceanian government offers the upper class their "luxuries" in exchange for maintaining their loyalty to the state; non-conformant upper-class citizens can still be condemned, tortured, and executed just like any other individual. "The Book" makes clear that the upper class' living conditions are only "relatively" comfortable, and would be regarded as "austere" by those of the pre-revolutionary élite.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The proles live in poverty and are kept sedated with pornography, a national lottery whose big prizes are reported won by non-existent people, and gin, "which the proles were not supposed to drink". At the same time, the proles are freer and less intimidated than the upper classes: they are not expected to be particularly patriotic and the levels of surveillance that they are subjected to are very low; they lack telescreens in their own homes. "The Book" indicates that because the middle class, not the lower class, traditionally starts revolutions, the model demands tight control of the middle class, with ambitious Outer-Party members neutralised via promotion to the Inner Party or "reintegration"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] by the Ministry of Love, and proles can be allowed intellectual freedom because they are deemed to lack intellect. Winston nonetheless believes that "the future belonged to the proles".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The standard of living of the populace is extremely low overall.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Consumer goods are scarce, and those available through official channels are of low quality; for instance, despite the Party regularly reporting increased boot production, more than half of the Oceanian populace goes barefoot.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The Party claims that poverty is a necessary sacrifice for the war effort, and "The Book" confirms that to be partially correct since the purpose of perpetual war is to consume surplus industrial production.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> As "The Book" explains, society is in fact designed to remain on the brink of starvation, as "In the long run, a hierarchical society was only possible on a basis of poverty and ignorance." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thought_Monitoring">Thought Monitoring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Thought Monitoring">edit</a>]</div> The Party monitors facial expressions and wants to find out the <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thoughts</a> of citizens. There was even the "<a href="/wiki/Thought_Police" title="Thought Police">Thought Police</a>" and the detection and elimination of "<a href="/wiki/Thoughtcrime" title="Thoughtcrime">thoughtcrime</a>". All this contradicts the <a href="/wiki/Legal" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal">legal</a> principle that "Thought does not commit a crime (Cogitationes poenam nemo patitur)". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It was terribly dangerous to let your thoughts wander when you were in any public place or within range of a telescreen. The smallest thing could give you away. A nervous tic, an unconscious look of anxiety, a habit of muttering to yourself—anything that carried with it the suggestion of abnormality, of having something to hide. In any case, to wear an improper expression on your face (to look incredulous when a victory was announced, for example) was itself a punishable offence. There was even a word for it in <a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a>: FACECRIME, it was called.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2003a86-66">[66]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">One is how to discover, against his will, what another human being is thinking, (...) The scientist of today is either a mixture of psychologist and inquisitor, studying with real ordinary minuteness the meaning of facial expressions, gestures, and tones of voice, and testing the truth-producing effects of drugs, shock therapy, hypnosis, and physical torture; (...)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2003a225-67">[67]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We are not interested in those stupid crimes that you have committed. The Party is not interested in the overt act: the thought is all we care about.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2003a288-68">[68]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_for_literary_motifs">Sources for literary motifs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources for literary motifs">edit</a>]</div> Nineteen Eighty-Four uses themes from life in the Soviet Union and wartime life in Great Britain as sources for many of its motifs. Some time at an unspecified date after the first American publication of the book, producer <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sheldon" title="Sidney Sheldon">Sidney Sheldon</a> wrote to Orwell interested in adapting the novel to the Broadway stage. Orwell wrote in a letter to Sheldon (to whom he would sell the US stage rights) that his basic goal with Nineteen Eighty-Four was imagining the consequences of Stalinist government ruling British society: <blockquote>[Nineteen Eighty-Four] was based chiefly on communism, because that is the dominant form of totalitarianism, but I was trying chiefly to imagine what communism would be like if it were firmly rooted in the English speaking countries, and was no longer a mere extension of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)">Russian Foreign Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></blockquote> According to Orwell biographer <a href="/wiki/D._J._Taylor_(writer)" title="D. J. Taylor (writer)">D. J. Taylor</a>, the author's <a href="/wiki/A_Clergyman%27s_Daughter" title="A Clergyman's Daughter">A Clergyman's Daughter</a> (1935) has "essentially the same plot of Nineteen Eighty-Four ... It's about somebody who is spied upon, and eavesdropped upon, and oppressed by vast exterior forces they can do nothing about. It makes an attempt at rebellion and then has to compromise".<a href="#cite_note-fivebookstaylor-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakov_Guminer_-_Arithmetic_of_a_counter-plan_poster_(1931).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Yakov_Guminer_-_Arithmetic_of_a_counter-plan_poster_%281931%29.jpg/220px-Yakov_Guminer_-_Arithmetic_of_a_counter-plan_poster_%281931%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Yakov_Guminer_-_Arithmetic_of_a_counter-plan_poster_%281931%29.jpg/330px-Yakov_Guminer_-_Arithmetic_of_a_counter-plan_poster_%281931%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Yakov_Guminer_-_Arithmetic_of_a_counter-plan_poster_%281931%29.jpg/440px-Yakov_Guminer_-_Arithmetic_of_a_counter-plan_poster_%281931%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>A 1931 poster for the <a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan" title="First five-year plan">first five-year plan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Guminer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakov Guminer (page does not exist)">Yakov Guminer</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Гуминер, Яков Моисеевич">ru</a>] reading "The arithmetic of an industrial-financial counter-plan: 2 + 2 plus the enthusiasm of the workers = 5"</figcaption></figure> The statement "<a href="/wiki/2_%2B_2_%3D_5" title="2 + 2 = 5">2 + 2 = 5</a>", used to torment Winston Smith during his interrogation, was a communist party slogan from the second <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">five-year plan</a>, which encouraged fulfilment of the five-year plan in four years. The slogan was seen in electric lights on Moscow house-fronts, billboards and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-The_Forsaken-71">[71]</a> The switch of Oceania's allegiance from Eastasia to Eurasia and the subsequent rewriting of history ("Oceania was at war with Eastasia: Oceania had always been at war with Eastasia. A large part of the political literature of five years was now completely obsolete"; ch 9) is evocative of the Soviet Union's changing relations with Nazi Germany. The two nations were open and frequently vehement critics of each other until the signing of the 1939 <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Treaty of Non-Aggression</a>. Thereafter, and continuing until the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, no criticism of Germany was allowed in the Soviet press, and all references to prior party lines stopped—including in the majority of non-Russian communist parties who tended to follow the Russian line. Orwell had criticised the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> for supporting the Treaty in his essays for <a href="/wiki/Betrayal_of_the_Left" title="Betrayal of the Left">Betrayal of the Left</a> (1941). "The Hitler-Stalin pact of August 1939 reversed the Soviet Union's stated foreign policy. It was too much for many of the <a href="/wiki/Fellow_traveler" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow traveler">fellow-travellers</a> like <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz" title="Victor Gollancz">Gollancz</a> [Orwell's sometime publisher] who had put their faith in a strategy of construction <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Front">Popular Front</a> governments and the peace bloc between Russia, Britain and France."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky,_1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph portrait of Leon Trotsky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Leon_Trotsky%2C_1930s.jpg/175px-Leon_Trotsky%2C_1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Leon_Trotsky%2C_1930s.jpg/263px-Leon_Trotsky%2C_1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Leon_Trotsky%2C_1930s.jpg/350px-Leon_Trotsky%2C_1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="3592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Trotsky</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph Joseph Stalin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg/159px-JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg/239px-JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg/318px-JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4151" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Stalin</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Descriptions of Emmanuel Goldstein and Big Brother evoke <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> respectively.</div></div></div></div> The description of Emmanuel Goldstein, with a "small, goatee beard", evokes the image of <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>. The film of Goldstein during the Two Minutes Hate is described as showing him being transformed into a bleating sheep. This image was used in a propaganda film during the <a href="/wiki/Kinoks" title="Kinoks">Kino-eye</a> period of Soviet film, which showed Trotsky transforming into a goat.<a href="#cite_note-Kino-eye-73">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Like Goldstein, Trotsky was a formerly high-ranking party official who was ostracized and then wrote a book criticizing party rule, <a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a>, published in 1936. The omnipresent images of Big Brother, a man described as having a moustache, bears resemblance to the cult of personality built up around <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. &#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynskey2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-74">[74]</a> The news in Oceania emphasised production figures, just as it did in the Soviet Union, where record-setting in factories (by "<a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour" title="Hero of Socialist Labour">Heroes of Socialist Labour</a>") was especially glorified. The best known of these was <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Stakhanov" title="Alexei Stakhanov">Alexei Stakhanov</a>, who purportedly set a record for coal mining in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-Stakhanovism-75">[75]</a> The tortures of the Ministry of Love evoke the procedures used by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> in their interrogations,<a href="#cite_note-NKVD_tortures-76">[76]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] including the use of rubber truncheons, being forbidden to put your hands in your pockets, remaining in brightly lit rooms for days, torture through the use of their greatest fear, and the victim being shown a mirror after their physical collapse.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The random bombing of Airstrip One is based on the <a href="/wiki/Area_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Area bombing">area bombing</a> of London by <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">Buzz bombs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a> in 1944–1945.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynskey2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thought_Police" title="Thought Police">Thought Police</a> is based on the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, which arrested people for random "anti-soviet" remarks.<a href="#cite_note-Everyday_Stalinism-77">[77]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The confessions of the "Thought Criminals" Rutherford, Aaronson, and Jones are based on the <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trials</a> of the 1930s, which included fabricated confessions by prominent Bolsheviks <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a> to the effect that they were being paid by the Nazi government to undermine the Soviet regime under <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>'s direction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynskey201922-78">[78]</a> The song "<a href="/wiki/Under_the_Spreading_Chestnut_Tree" title="Under the Spreading Chestnut Tree">Under the Spreading Chestnut Tree</a>" ("Under the spreading chestnut tree, I sold you, and you sold me") was based on an old English song called "Go no more a-rushing" ("Under the spreading chestnut tree, Where I knelt upon my knee, We were as happy as could be, 'Neath the spreading chestnut tree."). The song was published as early as 1891. The song was a popular camp song in the 1920s, sung with corresponding movements (like touching one's chest when singing "chest", and touching one's head when singing "nut"). <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller" title="Glenn Miller">Glenn Miller</a> recorded the song in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-go-no-more--a-rushing-79">[79]</a> The "Hates" (Two Minutes Hate and Hate Week) were inspired by the constant rallies sponsored by party organs throughout the Stalinist period. These were often short pep-talks given to workers before their shifts began (Two Minutes Hate),<a href="#cite_note-two_minutes_hate-80">[80]</a> but could also last for days, as in the annual celebrations of the anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> (Hate Week). Orwell fictionalised "newspeak", "doublethink", and "Ministry of Truth" based on both the Soviet press, and British wartime usage, such as "Miniform".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynskey201988-81">[81]</a> In particular, he adapted Soviet ideological discourse constructed to ensure that public statements could not be questioned.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> Winston Smith's job, "revising history" (and the "unperson" motif) are based on <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">censorship of images in the Soviet Union</a>, which airbrushed images of "fallen" people from group photographs and removed references to them in books and newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-commisar_vanishes-84">[84]</a> In one well-known example, the second edition of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a> had an article about <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a>. After his fall from power and execution, subscribers received a letter from the editor<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> instructing them to cut out and destroy the three-page article on Beria and paste in its place enclosed replacement pages expanding the adjacent articles on <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Bergholz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Bergholz">F. W. Bergholz</a> (an 18th-century courtier), the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Berkeley">Bishop Berkeley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beria_to_Bering-88">[88]</a> Big Brother's "Orders of the Day" were inspired by Stalin's regular wartime orders, called by the same name. A small collection of the more political of these have been published (together with his wartime speeches) in English as On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union by Joseph Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-Stalin-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Like Big Brother's Orders of the day, Stalin's frequently lauded heroic individuals,<a href="#cite_note-Stalin-89">[89]</a> like Comrade Ogilvy, the fictitious hero Winston Smith invented to "rectify" (fabricate) a Big Brother Order of the day. The Ingsoc slogan "Our new, happy life", repeated from telescreens, evokes Stalin's 1935 statement, which became a <a href="/wiki/CPSU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPSU">CPSU</a> slogan, "Life has become better, Comrades; life has become more cheerful."<a href="#cite_note-Everyday_Stalinism-77">[77]</a> In 1940, Argentine writer <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> published "<a href="/wiki/Tl%C3%B6n,_Uqbar,_Orbis_Tertius" title="Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius">Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius</a>", which describes the invention by a "benevolent secret society" of a world that would seek to remake human language and reality along human-invented lines. The story concludes with an appendix describing the success of the project. Borges' story addresses similar themes of <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, language and history to 1984.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Orwell believed that <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">British democracy</a> as it existed before 1939 would not survive the war. The question being "Would it end via Fascist coup d'état from above or via Socialist revolution from below?"<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Later, he admitted that events proved him wrong: "What really matters is that I fell into the trap of assuming that 'the war and the revolution are inseparable'."<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) and <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> (1945) share themes of the betrayed revolution, the individual's subordination to the collective, rigorously enforced class distinctions (Inner Party, Outer Party, proles), the <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thought_Police" title="Thought Police">Thought Police</a>, compulsory regimented daily exercise, and youth leagues. <a href="/wiki/Oceania_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceania (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Oceania</a> resulted from the US annexation of the British Empire to counter the Asian peril to Australia and New Zealand. It is a naval power whose militarism venerates the sailors of the floating fortresses, from which battle is given to recapturing India, the "Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire. Much of Oceanic society is based upon the USSR under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>—<a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a>. The televised <a href="/wiki/Two_Minutes_Hate" title="Two Minutes Hate">Two Minutes Hate</a> is ritual demonisation of the <a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_state" title="Enemy of the state">enemies of the State</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Goldstein" title="Emmanuel Goldstein">Emmanuel Goldstein</a> (viz <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>). Altered photographs and newspaper articles create <a href="/wiki/Unperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Unperson">unpersons</a> deleted from the national historical record, including even founding members of the regime (Jones, Aaronson, and Rutherford) in the 1960s purges (viz the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purges" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Purges">Soviet Purges</a> of the 1930s, in which <a href="/wiki/Old_Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bolshevik">leaders of the Bolshevik Revolution</a> were <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">similarly treated</a>). A similar thing also happened during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> in which many of the original leaders of the Revolution were later put to death, for example <a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> who was put to death by <a href="/wiki/Robespierre" class="mw-redirect" title="Robespierre">Robespierre</a>, and then later Robespierre himself met the same fate.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In his 1946 essay "<a href="/wiki/Why_I_Write" title="Why I Write">Why I Write</a>", Orwell explains that the serious works he wrote since the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–39) were "written, directly or indirectly, against <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-aaron-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Nineteen Eighty-Four is a <a href="/wiki/Cautionary_tale" title="Cautionary tale">cautionary tale</a> about revolution betrayed by totalitarian defenders previously proposed in <a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a> (1938) and <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> (1945), while <a href="/wiki/Coming_Up_for_Air" title="Coming Up for Air">Coming Up for Air</a> (1939) celebrates the personal and political freedoms lost in Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Biographer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shelden" title="Michael Shelden">Michael Shelden</a> notes Orwell's <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwardian period">Edwardian</a> childhood at <a href="/wiki/Henley-on-Thames" title="Henley-on-Thames">Henley-on-Thames</a> as the golden country; being bullied at <a href="/wiki/St_Cyprian%27s_School" title="St Cyprian's School">St Cyprian's School</a> as his empathy with victims; his life in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Imperial_Police" title="Indian Imperial Police">Indian Imperial Police</a> in Burma and the techniques of violence and censorship in the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> as capricious authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelden1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsorwellauthorized0000shel_k2q6page430_430–434]-95">[95]</a> Other influences include <a href="/wiki/Darkness_at_Noon" title="Darkness at Noon">Darkness at Noon</a> (1940) and <a href="/wiki/The_Yogi_and_the_Commissar" title="The Yogi and the Commissar">The Yogi and the Commissar</a> (1945) by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Heel" title="The Iron Heel">The Iron Heel</a> (1908) by <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a>; 1920: Dips into the Near Future<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_A._Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Hobson">John A. Hobson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a> (1932) by <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>; <a href="/wiki/We_(novel)" title="We (novel)">We</a> (1921) by Yevgeny Zamyatin which he reviewed in 1946;<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and The Managerial Revolution (1940) by <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a> predicting perpetual war among three totalitarian superstates. Orwell told <a href="/wiki/Jacintha_Buddicom" title="Jacintha Buddicom">Jacintha Buddicom</a> that he would write a novel stylistically like <a href="/wiki/A_Modern_Utopia" title="A Modern Utopia">A Modern Utopia</a> (1905) by <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Extrapolating from World War II, the novel's <a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">pastiche</a> parallels the politics and rhetoric at war's end—the changed alliances at the "<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>'s" (1945–91) beginning; the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Truth">Ministry of Truth</a> derives from the BBC's overseas service, controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Information</a>; <a href="/wiki/Room_101" class="mw-redirect" title="Room 101">Room 101</a> derives from a conference room at BBC <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House" title="Broadcasting House">Broadcasting House</a>;<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Senate_House_(University_of_London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate House (University of London)">Senate House</a> of the University of London, containing the Ministry of Information is the architectural inspiration for the Minitrue; the post-war decrepitude derives from the socio-political life of the UK and the US, i.e., the impoverished Britain of 1948 losing its Empire despite newspaper-reported imperial triumph; and war ally but peace-time foe, Soviet Russia became <a href="/wiki/Eurasia_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Eurasia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The term "English Socialism" has precedents in Orwell's wartime writings; in the essay "<a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn:_Socialism_and_the_English_Genius" title="The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius">The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius</a>" (1941), he said that "the war and the revolution are inseparable... the fact that we are at war has turned Socialism from a textbook word into a realisable policy"—because Britain's superannuated social class system hindered the war effort and only a socialist economy would defeat <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. Given the middle class's grasping this, they too would abide socialist revolution and that only reactionary Britons would oppose it, thus limiting the force revolutionaries would need to take power. An English Socialism would come about which "will never lose touch with the tradition of compromise and the belief in a law that is above the State. It will shoot traitors, but it will give them a solemn trial beforehand and occasionally it will acquit them. It will crush any open revolt promptly and cruelly, but it will interfere very little with the spoken and written word."<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In the world of Nineteen Eighty-Four, "English Socialism" (or "<a href="/wiki/Ingsoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingsoc">Ingsoc</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> ideology unlike the English revolution he foresaw. Comparison of the wartime essay "The Lion and the Unicorn" with Nineteen Eighty-Four shows that he perceived a Big Brother regime as a perversion of his cherished socialist ideals and English Socialism. Thus Oceania is a corruption of the British Empire he believed would evolve "into a federation of Socialist states, like a looser and freer version of the Union of Soviet Republics".<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Critical reception">edit</a>]</div> When it was first published, Nineteen Eighty-Four received critical acclaim. <a href="/wiki/V._S._Pritchett" title="V. S. Pritchett">V. S. Pritchett</a>, reviewing the novel for the <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a> stated: "I do not think I have ever read a novel more frightening and depressing; and yet, such are the originality, the suspense, the speed of writing and withering indignation that it is impossible to put the book down."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/P._H._Newby" title="P. H. Newby">P. H. Newby</a>, reviewing Nineteen Eighty-Four for <a href="/wiki/The_Listener_(magazine)" title="The Listener (magazine)">The Listener</a> magazine, described it as "the most arresting political novel written by an Englishman since <a href="/wiki/Rex_Warner" title="Rex Warner">Rex Warner</a>'s The Aerodrome."<a href="#cite_note-nf-103">[103]</a> Nineteen Eighty-Four was also praised by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Harold Nicolson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nf-103">[103]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Shanks" title="Edward Shanks">Edward Shanks</a>, reviewing Nineteen Eighty-Four for <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>, was dismissive; Shanks claimed Nineteen Eighty-Four "breaks all records for gloomy vaticination".<a href="#cite_note-nf-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> was also critical of the novel, claiming that the relationship of Julia and Winston, and especially the Party's view on sex, lacked credibility, and that the setting was "odious rather than tragic".<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a> was far more critical of Orwell from a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> perspective and characterised him as a “simple minded <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a>”. Deutscher argued that Orwell had struggled to comprehend the dialectical philosophy of Marxism, demonstrated personal ambivalence towards <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist Left">other strands of socialism</a> and his work,1984, had been appropriated for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> On its publication, many American reviewers interpreted the book as a statement on British <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee's</a> socialist policies, or the policies of Joseph Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-:3-107">[107]</a> Serving as prime minister from 1945 to 1951, Attlee implemented wide-ranging social reforms and changes in the British economy following World War II. American trade union leader Francis A. Hanson wanted to recommend the book to his members but was concerned with some of the reviews it had received, so Orwell wrote a letter to him.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-107">[107]</a> In his letter, Orwell described his book as a satire, and said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I do not believe that the kind of society I describe will necessarily arrive, but I believe (allowing, of course, for the fact that the book is a satire) that something resembling it could arrive...[it is] a show...[of the] perversions to which a centralised economy is liable and which have already been partly realisable in communism and fascism.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>George Orwell, Letter to Francis A. Hanson</cite></div></blockquote> Throughout its publication history, Nineteen Eighty-Four has been either banned or legally <a href="/wiki/Challenge_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Challenge (literature)">challenged</a> as subversive or ideologically corrupting, like the dystopian novels <a href="/wiki/We_(novel)" title="We (novel)">We</a> (1924) by <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Zamyatin" title="Yevgeny Zamyatin">Yevgeny Zamyatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a> (1932) by <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darkness_at_Noon" title="Darkness at Noon">Darkness at Noon</a> (1940) by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kallocain" title="Kallocain">Kallocain</a> (1940) by <a href="/wiki/Karin_Boye" title="Karin Boye">Karin Boye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451" title="Fahrenheit 451">Fahrenheit 451</a> (1953) by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> On 5 November 2019, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> named Nineteen Eighty-Four on its list of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_list_of_100_%27most_inspiring%27_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC list of 100 'most inspiring' novels">100 most influential novels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bbc2019-11-05-110">[110]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defector</a> from <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist Poland">Stalinist Poland</a>, the book also made an impression behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>. Writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Captive_Mind" title="The Captive Mind">The Captive Mind</a>, he stated "[a] few have become acquainted with Orwell's 1984; because it is both difficult to obtain and dangerous to possess, it is known only to certain members of the Inner Party. Orwell fascinates them through his insight into details they know well ... Even those who know Orwell only by hearsay are amazed that a writer who never lived in Russia should have so keen a perception into its life."<a href="#cite_note-Hitchens-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Writer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> has called this "one of the greatest compliments that one writer has ever bestowed upon another ... Only one or two years after Orwell's death, in other words, his book about a secret book circulated only within the Inner Party was itself a secret book circulated only within the Inner Party."<a href="#cite_note-Hitchens-111">[111]</a>: 54–55  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations_in_other_media">Adaptations in other media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Adaptations in other media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Adaptations of Nineteen Eighty-Four">Adaptations of Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></div> In the same year as the novel's publishing, a one-hour radio adaptation was aired on the United States' <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> radio network as part of the <a href="/wiki/NBC_University_Theatre" title="NBC University Theatre">NBC University Theatre</a> series. The <a href="/wiki/1984_(Westinghouse_Studio_One)" title="1984 (Westinghouse Studio One)">first television adaptation</a> appeared as part of <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Studio_One_(American_TV_series)" title="Studio One (American TV series)">Studio One</a> series in September 1953.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC Television</a> broadcast <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_(British_TV_programme)" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four (British TV programme)">an adaptation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Kneale" title="Nigel Kneale">Nigel Kneale</a> in December 1954. The first feature film adaptation, <a href="/wiki/1984_(1956_film)" title="1984 (1956 film)">1984</a>, was released in 1956. A second feature-length adaptation, <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_(1984_film)" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984 film)">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a>, followed in 1984, a reasonably faithful adaptation of the novel. The story has been adapted several other times to radio, television, and film; other media adaptations include theater (a musical<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/1984_(play)" title="1984 (play)">play</a>), <a href="/wiki/1984_(opera)" title="1984 (opera)">opera</a>, and ballet.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> An audio dramatization of the novel was released in 2024 to critical acclaim, starring <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Garfield" title="Andrew Garfield">Andrew Garfield</a> as Winston. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Translations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nineteen_Eighty-Four_cover_Soviet_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_cover_Soviet_1984.jpg/220px-Nineteen_Eighty-Four_cover_Soviet_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_cover_Soviet_1984.jpg/330px-Nineteen_Eighty-Four_cover_Soviet_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_cover_Soviet_1984.jpg/440px-Nineteen_Eighty-Four_cover_Soviet_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>Nineteen Eighty-Four Russian version published in the Soviet Union in 1984. A limited edition, only for members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.</figcaption></figure> The novel was banned in the Soviet Union until 1988, when the first publicly available Russian version in the country, translated by Vyacheslav Nedoshivin, was published in Kodry, a literary journal of Soviet Moldavia. In 1989, another Russian version, translated by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Golyshev" title="Viktor Golyshev">Viktor Golyshev</a>, was also published. Outside the Soviet Union, the first Russian version was serialised in the emigre magazine Grani in the mid-1950s, then published as a book in 1957 in Frankfurt. Another Russian version, translated by Sergei Tolstoy from French version, was published in Rome in 1966. These translations were smuggled into the Soviet Union, which became quite popular among dissidents.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Some underground published translations also appeared in the Soviet Union, for example, Soviet philosopher <a href="/wiki/Evald_Ilyenkov" title="Evald Ilyenkov">Evald Ilyenkov</a> translated the novel from German version into a Russian version.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> For Soviet elite, as early as 1959, according to the order of the Ideological Department of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party, the Foreign Literature Publishers secretly issued a Russian version of the novel, for the senior officers of the Communist Party.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In the People's Republic of China, the first <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified Chinese">Simplified Chinese</a> version, translated by <a href="/wiki/Dong_Leshan" title="Dong Leshan">Dong Leshan</a>, was serialised in the periodical Selected Translations from Foreign Literature in 1979, for senior officials and intellectuals deemed politically reliable enough. In 1985, the Chinese version was published by Huacheng Publishing House, as a restricted publication. It was first available to the general public in 1988, by the same publisher.<a href="#cite_note-Rank-119">[119]</a> Amy Hawkins and Jeffrey Wasserstrom of <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> stated in 2019 that the book is widely available in mainland China for several reasons: the general public by and large no longer reads books; because the elites who do read books feel connected to the ruling party anyway; and because the Communist Party sees being too aggressive in blocking cultural products as a liability. The authors stated "It was—and remains—as easy to buy 1984 and Animal Farm in <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> as it is in London or Los Angeles."<a href="#cite_note-HawkinsWasserstrom-120">[120]</a> They also stated that "The assumption is not that Chinese people can't figure out the meaning of 1984, but that the small number of people who will bother to read it won't pose much of a threat."<a href="#cite_note-HawkinsWasserstrom-120">[120]</a> British journalist Michael Rank argued that it is only because the novel is set in London and written by a foreigner that the Chinese authorities believe it has nothing to do with China.<a href="#cite_note-Rank-119">[119]</a> By 1989, Nineteen Eighty-Four had been translated into 65 languages, more than any other novel in English at that time.<a href="#cite_note-translations-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cultural impact">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feliz_1984.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Feliz_1984.JPG/170px-Feliz_1984.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Feliz_1984.JPG/255px-Feliz_1984.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Feliz_1984.JPG/340px-Feliz_1984.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>"Happy 1984" (in Spanish or Portuguese) stencil graffito on a standing piece of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, 2005</figcaption></figure> The effect of Nineteen Eighty-Four on the English language is extensive; the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)#Response_to_Big_Brother_today" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a>, <a href="/wiki/Room_101" class="mw-redirect" title="Room 101">Room 101</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thought_Police" title="Thought Police">Thought Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thoughtcrime" title="Thoughtcrime">thoughtcrime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Unperson">unperson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">memory hole</a> (oblivion), <a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">doublethink</a> (simultaneously holding and believing contradictory beliefs) and <a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a> (ideological language) have become common phrases for denoting totalitarian authority. <a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">groupthink</a> are both deliberate elaborations of doublethink, and the adjective "Orwellian" means similar to Orwell's writings, especially Nineteen Eighty-Four. The practice of ending words with "-speak" (such as mediaspeak) is drawn from the novel.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Orwell is perpetually associated with 1984; in July 1984, <a href="/wiki/11020_Orwell" title="11020 Orwell">an asteroid</a> was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Mrkos" title="Antonín Mrkos">Antonín Mrkos</a> and named after Orwell. References to the themes, concepts and plot of Nineteen Eighty-Four have appeared frequently in other works, especially in popular music and video entertainment. An example is the worldwide hit reality television show <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Brother (TV series)">Big Brother</a>, in which a group of people live together in a large house, isolated from the outside world but continuously watched by television cameras. In November 2012, the <a href="/wiki/US_government" class="mw-redirect" title="US government">United States government</a> argued before the <a href="/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a> that it could continue to <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jones_(2012)" title="United States v. Jones (2012)">utilize GPS tracking of individuals</a> without first seeking a warrant. In response, Justice <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> questioned what that means for a democratic society by referencing Nineteen Eighty-Four, stating "If you win this case, then there is nothing to prevent the police or the government from monitoring 24 hours a day the public movement of every citizen of the United States. So if you win, you suddenly produce what sounds like Nineteen Eighty-Four... "<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The book touches on the invasion of privacy and ubiquitous surveillance. From mid-2013 it was publicised that the <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a> has been secretly monitoring and storing global internet traffic, including the bulk data collection of email and phone call data. Sales of Nineteen Eighty-Four increased by up to seven times within the first week of the <a href="/wiki/2013_mass_surveillance_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 mass surveillance scandal">2013 mass surveillance leaks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The book again topped the Amazon.com sales charts in 2017 after a controversy involving <a href="/wiki/Kellyanne_Conway" title="Kellyanne Conway">Kellyanne Conway</a> using the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">alternative facts</a>" to explain discrepancies with the media.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170126-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170125-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAT-20170127-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-conway-130">[130]</a> Nineteen Eighty-Four was number three on the list of "Top Check Outs Of All Time" by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Nineteen Eighty-Four entered <a href="/wiki/2021_in_public_domain" title="2021 in public domain">the public domain on 1 January 2021</a>, 70 years after Orwell's death, in most of the world. It is still under copyright in the US until 95 years after publication, or 2044.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brave_New_World_comparisons">Brave New World comparisons</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Brave New World comparisons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World#Comparisons_with_George_Orwell's_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Brave New World">Brave New World § Comparisons with George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></div> In October 1949, after reading Nineteen Eighty-Four, Huxley sent a letter to Orwell in which he argued that it would be more efficient for rulers to stay in power by the softer touch by allowing citizens to seek pleasure to control them rather than use brute force. He wrote: <blockquote>Whether in actual fact the policy of the boot-on-the-face can go on indefinitely seems doubtful. My own belief is that the ruling oligarchy will find less arduous and wasteful ways of governing and of satisfying its lust for power, and these ways will resemble those which I described in Brave New World. ... Within the next generation I believe that the world's rulers will discover that infant conditioning and narco-hypnosis are more efficient, as instruments of government, than clubs and prisons, and that the lust for power can be just as completely satisfied by suggesting people into loving their servitude as by flogging and kicking them into obedience.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></blockquote> In the decades since the publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four, there have been numerous comparisons to Huxley's <a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a>, which had been published 17 years earlier, in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> They are both predictions of societies dominated by a central government and are both based on extensions of the trends of their times. However, members of the ruling class of Nineteen Eighty-Four use brutal force, torture and harsh <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">mind control</a> to keep individuals in line, while rulers in Brave New World keep the citizens in line by drugs, hypnosis, genetic conditioning and pleasurable distractions. Regarding censorship, in Nineteen Eighty-Four the government tightly controls information to keep the population in line, but in Huxley's world, so much information is published that readers are easily distracted and overlook the information that is relevant.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Elements of both novels can be seen in modern-day societies, with Huxley's vision being more dominant in the West and Orwell's vision more prevalent with dictatorships, including those in communist countries (such as in modern-day <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>), as is pointed out in essays that compare the two novels, including Huxley's own Brave New World Revisited.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-conway-130">[130]</a> Comparisons with later dystopian novels like <a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Light" title="Virtual Light">Virtual Light</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Private_Eye" title="The Private Eye">The Private Eye</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Men" title="The Children of Men">The Children of Men</a> have also been drawn.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_in_popular_media" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four in popular media">Nineteen Eighty-Four in popular media</a></div> <ul><li>In 1955, an episode of BBC's <a href="/wiki/The_Goon_Show" title="The Goon Show">The Goon Show</a>, 1985, was broadcast, written by <a href="/wiki/Spike_Milligan" title="Spike Milligan">Spike Milligan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Sykes" title="Eric Sykes">Eric Sykes</a> and based on <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Kneale" title="Nigel Kneale">Nigel Kneale</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_(UK_TV_programme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four (UK TV programme)">television adaptation</a>. It was re-recorded about a month later with the same script but a slightly different cast.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> 1985 parodies many of the main scenes in Orwell's novel.</li> <li>In 1970, the American rock group <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(band)" title="Spirit (band)">Spirit</a> released the song "1984" based on Orwell's novel.</li> <li>In 1973, ex-<a href="/wiki/Soft_Machine" title="Soft Machine">Soft Machine</a> bassist <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hopper" title="Hugh Hopper">Hugh Hopper</a> released an album called 1984 on the Columbia label (UK), consisting of instrumentals with Orwellian titles such as "Miniluv", "Minipax", "Minitrue", and so forth.</li> <li>In 1974, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> released the album <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Dogs" title="Diamond Dogs">Diamond Dogs</a>, which is thought to be loosely based on the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. It includes the tracks "<a href="/wiki/We_Are_the_Dead_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="We Are the Dead (song)">We Are The Dead</a>", "1984" and "Big Brother". Before the album was made, Bowie's management (MainMan) had planned for Bowie and Tony Ingrassia (MainMan's creative consultant) to co-write and direct a musical production of Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, but Orwell's widow refused to give MainMan the rights.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li>In 1977, the British rock band <a href="/wiki/The_Jam" title="The Jam">The Jam</a> released the album <a href="/wiki/This_Is_the_Modern_World" title="This Is the Modern World">This Is the Modern World</a>, which includes the track "Standards" by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Weller" title="Paul Weller">Paul Weller</a>. This track concludes with the lyrics "...and ignorance is strength, we have God on our side, look, you know what happened to Winston."<a href="#cite_note-1984_songs-148">[148]</a></li> <li>In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a> directed a television commercial, "<a href="/wiki/1984_(advertisement)" title="1984 (advertisement)">1984</a>", to launch <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Macintosh</a> computer.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The advert stated, "1984 won't be like 1984", suggesting that the Apple Mac would be freedom from Big Brother, i.e., the IBM PC.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li> <li>Rage Against The Machine's 2000 single, "<a href="/wiki/Testify_(Rage_Against_the_Machine_song)" title="Testify (Rage Against the Machine song)">Testify</a>", from their album <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Los_Angeles_(album)" title="The Battle of Los Angeles (album)">The Battle of Los Angeles</a>, features the use of "The Party" slogan, "Who controls the past(now), controls the future. Who controls the present(now), controls the past."<a href="#cite_note-1984_songs-148">[148]</a></li> <li>An episode of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a>, called "<a href="/wiki/The_God_Complex" title="The God Complex">The God Complex</a>", depicts an alien ship disguised as a hotel containing Room 101-like spaces, and also, like the novel, quotes the nursery rhyme "<a href="/wiki/Oranges_and_Lemons#In_popular_culture" title="Oranges and Lemons">Oranges and Lemons</a>".<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li> <li>The two part episode <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_Command_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)" title="Chain of Command (Star Trek: The Next Generation)">Chain of Command</a> on <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a> bears some resemblances to the novel.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a>'s 2003 single "<a href="/wiki/2_%2B_2_%3D_5_(song)" title="2 + 2 = 5 (song)">2 + 2 = 5</a>", from their album <a href="/wiki/Hail_to_the_Thief" title="Hail to the Thief">Hail to the Thief</a>, is Orwellian by title and content. <a href="/wiki/Thom_Yorke" title="Thom Yorke">Thom Yorke</a> states, "I was listening to a lot of political programs on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>. I found myself writing down little nonsense phrases, those Orwellian euphemisms that [the British and American governments] are so fond of. They became the background of the record."<a href="#cite_note-1984_songs-148">[148]</a></li> <li>In September 2009, the English progressive rock band <a href="/wiki/Muse_(band)" title="Muse (band)">Muse</a> released <a href="/wiki/The_Resistance_(album)" title="The Resistance (album)">The Resistance</a>, which included songs influenced by Nineteen Eighty-Four.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson" title="Marilyn Manson">Marilyn Manson</a>'s autobiography The Long Hard Road Out of Hell, he states: "I was thoroughly terrified by the idea of the end of the world and the Antichrist. So I became obsessed with it... reading prophetic books like... 1984 by George Orwell..."<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li>English band <a href="/wiki/Bastille_(band)" title="Bastille (band)">Bastille</a> references the novel in their song "Back to the Future", the fifth track on their 2022 album <a href="/wiki/Give_Me_the_Future" title="Give Me the Future">Give Me the Future</a>, in the opening lyrics: "Feels like we danced into a nightmare/We're living 1984/If doublethink's no longer fiction/We'll dream of Huxley's Island shores."<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li>Released in 2004, KAKU P-Model/<a href="/wiki/Susumu_Hirasawa" title="Susumu Hirasawa">Susumu Hirasawa</a>'s song Big Brother directly references 1984, and the album itself is about a fictional dystopia in a distant future.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Used" title="The Used">The Used</a> released a song by the same name, "1984", on their 2020 album <a href="/wiki/Heartwork_(The_Used_album)" title="Heartwork (The Used album)">Heartwork</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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dystopian fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_for_Vendetta" title="V for Vendetta">V for Vendetta</a>, a similar graphic novel and <a href="/wiki/V_for_Vendetta_(film)" title="V for Vendetta (film)">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_(novel)" title="We (novel)">We</a>, a similar novel</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowthyshelf.com/?book=nineteen-eighty-four">"Nineteen Eighty-Four"</a>. knowthyshelf.com. 13 August 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=knowthyshelf.com&rft.atitle=Nineteen+Eighty-Four&rft.date=2015-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowthyshelf.com%2F%3Fbook%3Dnineteen-eighty-four&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202041845/http://classify.oclc.org/classify2/ClassifyDemo?owi=1908975549">"Classify"</a>. OCLC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classify.oclc.org/classify2/ClassifyDemo?owi=1908975549">the original</a> on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classify&rft.pub=OCLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassify.oclc.org%2Fclassify2%2FClassifyDemo%3Fowi%3D1908975549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenetReader-3"><a href="#cite_ref-BenetReader_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1996" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Bruce (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bentsreadersen00murp">Benét's reader's encyclopedia</a>. New York: Harper Collins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bentsreadersen00murp/page/734">734</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-181088-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-181088-6"><bdi>978-0-06-181088-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35572906">35572906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ben%C3%A9t%27s+reader%27s+encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=734&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35572906&rft.isbn=978-0-06-181088-6&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbentsreadersen00murp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaron-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aaron_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aaron_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaronovitch2013" class="citation news cs1">Aaronovitch, David (8 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21337504">"1984: George Orwell's road to dystopia"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124202714/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21337504">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1984%3A+George+Orwell%27s+road+to+dystopia&rft.date=2013-02-08&rft.aulast=Aaronovitch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-21337504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Lynskey, Dorian (10 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFvuzu8vtY8">"George Orwell's 1984: Why it still matters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012041811/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFvuzu8vtY8">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=George+Orwell%27s+1984%3A+Why+it+still+matters&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft.aulast=Lynskey&rft.aufirst=Dorian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DeFvuzu8vtY8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernowVallasi1993" class="citation book cs1">Chernow, Barbara; Vallasi, George (1993). The Columbia Encyclopedia (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 2030. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/334011745">334011745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=2030&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F334011745&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Vallasi%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Crouch, Ian (11 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/so-are-we-living-in-1984">"So Are We Living in 1984?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230910111742/https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/so-are-we-living-in-1984">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=So+Are+We+Living+in+1984%3F&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fbooks%2Fpage-turner%2Fso-are-we-living-in-1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaton" class="citation web cs1">Seaton, Jean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20180507-why-orwells-1984-could-be-about-now">"Why Orwell's 1984 could be about now"</a>. 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The Independent. 7 June 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-savage-satire-of-1984-still-speaks-to-us-today-1098810.html">the original</a> on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023. <q>Orwell said that his book was a satire – a warning certainly, but in the form of satire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+savage+satire+of+%271984%27+still+speaks+to+us+today&rft.date=1999-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fthe-savage-satire-of-1984-still-speaks-to-us-today-1098810.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-11"><a href="#cite_ref-time_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Grossman, Lev (8 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/all-time-100-novels/slide/1984-1948-by-george-orwell/">"Is 1984 one of the All-TIME 100 Best Novels?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820052014/http://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/all-time-100-novels/slide/1984-1948-by-george-orwell/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2017. 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Netcharles.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/books/1984.htm">the original</a> on 18 July 2011. 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Retrieved 24 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brown+University+Library+News&rft.atitle=Announcement+%7C+70th+Anniversary+of+Orwell%27s+Nineteen+Eighty-Four&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft.aulast=Braga&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.brown.edu%2Flibnews%2F1984-70th%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartyris2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Martyris, Nina (18 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/george-orwell-weighs-scottish-independence/#!">"George Orwell Weighs in on Scottish Independence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LA_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="LA Review of Books">LA Review of Books</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028043018/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/george-orwell-weighs-scottish-independence/#!">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LA+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=George+Orwell+Weighs+in+on+Scottish+Independence&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft.aulast=Martyris&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flareviewofbooks.org%2Farticle%2Fgeorge-orwell-weighs-scottish-independence%2F%23%21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> This may be a reference to "<a href="/wiki/McAndrew%27s_Hymn" title="McAndrew's Hymn">McAndrew's Hymn</a>", which includes the lines "From coupler-flange to spindle-guide I see Thy Hand, O God— / Predestination in the stride o' yon connectin'-rod".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Part_II,_Ch._9-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Part_II,_Ch._9_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Part_II,_Ch._9_45-1">b</a> Part II, Ch. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">University of Toronto Quarterly, Volume 26. University of Toronto Press. 1957. p. 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=University+of+Toronto+Quarterly%2C+Volume+26&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/big+brother">"Definition of BIG BROTHER"</a>. www.merriam-webster.com. 11 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430162058/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/big+brother">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+BIG+BROTHER&rft.date=2023-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbig%2Bbrother&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwood2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Atwood, Margaret</a> (16 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/jun/16/georgeorwell.artsfeatures">"Orwell and me"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229072050/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/jun/16/georgeorwell.artsfeatures">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Orwell+and+me&rft.date=2003-06-16&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2003%2Fjun%2F16%2Fgeorgeorwell.artsfeatures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Benstead, James (26 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/articles/col-hopebegins.htm">"Hope Begins in the Dark: Re-reading Nineteen Eighty-Four"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051024063421/http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/articles/col-hopebegins.htm">Archived</a> 24 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Milner2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Milner" title="Andrew Milner">Andrew Milner</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/Locating_Science_Fiction" title="Locating Science Fiction">Locating Science Fiction</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 120–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846318429" title="Special:BookSources/9781846318429"><bdi>9781846318429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Locating+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=120-135&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781846318429&rft.au=Andrew+Milner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrwell2003b">Orwell 2003b</a>, pp. vii–xxvi <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>'s foreword in shortened form published also as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_essays_1984.html">"The Road to 1984"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515064917/http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_essays_1984.html">Archived</a> 15 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Kipen2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kipen" title="David Kipen">David Kipen</a> (3 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/books/article/pynchon-brings-added-currency-to-nineteen-2650734.php">"Pynchon brings added currency to Nineteen Eighty-Four"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SFGATE" class="mw-redirect" title="SFGATE">SFGATE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002146/https://www.sfgate.com/books/article/pynchon-brings-added-currency-to-nineteen-2650734.php">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SFGATE&rft.atitle=Pynchon+brings+added+currency+to+Nineteen+Eighty-Four&rft.date=2003-05-03&rft.au=David+Kipen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fbooks%2Farticle%2Fpynchon-brings-added-currency-to-nineteen-2650734.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwellRovere1984" class="citation cs2">Orwell, George; Rovere, Richard Halworth (1984) [1956], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orwellreader00geor_0/page/409">The Orwell Reader: Fiction, Essays, and Reportage</a>, San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orwellreader00geor_0/page/409">409</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-670176-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-670176-1"><bdi>978-0-15-670176-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orwell+Reader%3A+Fiction%2C+Essays%2C+and+Reportage&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-15-670176-1&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Rovere%2C+Richard+Halworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forwellreader00geor_0%2Fpage%2F409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Lewis, David. Papers in Ethics and Social Philosophy (2000), Volume 3, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Glasby, John. Evidence, Policy and Practice: Critical Perspectives in Health and Social Care (2011), p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resort.com/~prime8/Orwell/nationalism.html">"George Orwell: "Notes on Nationalism""</a>. Resort.com. May 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427082505/http://www.resort.com/~prime8/Orwell/nationalism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+%22Notes+on+Nationalism%22&rft.pub=Resort.com&rft.date=1945-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resort.com%2F~prime8%2FOrwell%2Fnationalism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decker_writes_about_Orwell's_use_of_the_ideology_of_Stalinism-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Decker_writes_about_Orwell's_use_of_the_ideology_of_Stalinism_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecker2004" class="citation book cs1">Decker, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideology00deck/page/146">"George Orwell's 1984 and Political Ideology"</a>. Ideology. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideology00deck/page/146">146</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-230-62914-1_7">10.1007/978-0-230-62914-1_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-77538-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-77538-7"><bdi>978-0-333-77538-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+Orwell%27s+1984+and+Political+Ideology&rft.btitle=Ideology&rft.pages=146&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-230-62914-1_7&rft.isbn=978-0-333-77538-7&rft.aulast=Decker&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fideology00deck%2Fpage%2F146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.george-orwell.org/1984/19.html">"George Orwell, 1984, part 3, chapter 3"</a>. www.george-orwell.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101134530/http://www.george-orwell.org/1984/19.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.george-orwell.org&rft.atitle=George+Orwell%2C+1984%2C+part+3%2C+chapter+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.george-orwell.org%2F1984%2F19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinDepartment_of_Philosophy,_Florida_State_University1984" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Mike W.; Department of Philosophy, Florida State University (1984). "Demystifying Doublethink: Self-Deception, Truth, and Freedom in 1984". <a href="/wiki/Social_Theory_and_Practice" title="Social Theory and Practice">Social Theory and Practice</a>. 10 (3): 319–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fsoctheorpract198410314">10.5840/soctheorpract198410314</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-802X">0037-802X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Theory+and+Practice&rft.atitle=Demystifying+Doublethink%3A+Self-Deception%2C+Truth%2C+and+Freedom+in+1984&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319-331&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fsoctheorpract198410314&rft.issn=0037-802X&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Mike+W.&rft.au=Department+of+Philosophy%2C+Florida+State+University&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell" class="citation book cs1">Orwell. 1984. pp. part 1, chapter 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1984&rft.pages=part+1%2C+chapter+4&rft.au=Orwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1985" class="citation web cs1">Reed, Kit (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/barrons/198423.asp">"Barron's Booknotes – 1984 by George Orwell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barron%27s_Educational_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Barron's Educational Series">Barron's Educational Series</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120906085000/http://www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/barrons/198423.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barron%27s+Booknotes+%E2%80%93+1984+by+George+Orwell&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Series&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Kit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinkmonkey.com%2Fbooknotes%2Fbarrons%2F198423.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.george-orwell.org/1984/16.html">"1984, part 2, chapter 9"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211213184020/https://george-orwell.org/1984/16.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1984%2C+part+2%2C+chapter+9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.george-orwell.org%2F1984%2F16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Lines 29–35, p. 229, part II, chapter X, of the Penguin paperback edition of 1984: "The proles were immortal, you could not doubt it when you looked at that valiant figure in the yard. In the end their awakening would come. And until that happened, though it might be a thousand years, they would stay alive against all the odds, like birds, passing on from body to body the vitality which the Party did not share and could not kill". </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBossche1984" class="citation news cs1">Bossche, Edmond van Den (1 January 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/01/nyregion/the-message-for-today-in-orwell-s-1984.html">"The Message for Today in Orwell's 1984"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101094331/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/01/nyregion/the-message-for-today-in-orwell-s-1984.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Message+for+Today+in+Orwell%27s+1984&rft.date=1984-01-01&rft.aulast=Bossche&rft.aufirst=Edmond+van+Den&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F01%2F01%2Fnyregion%2Fthe-message-for-today-in-orwell-s-1984.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.george-orwell.org/1984/3.html">"George Orwell, 1984, part 1, chapter 4"</a>. www.george-orwell.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101080024/http://www.george-orwell.org/1984/3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.george-orwell.org&rft.atitle=George+Orwell%2C+1984%2C+part+1%2C+chapter+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.george-orwell.org%2F1984%2F3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.talkingpeople.net/tp/literature/orwell/orwell_WarIsPeace.htm">"Talking People: Your Stuff! – G. Orwell"</a>. www.talkingpeople.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920201511/https://www.talkingpeople.net/tp/literature/orwell/orwell_WarIsPeace.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.talkingpeople.net&rft.atitle=Talking+People%3A+Your+Stuff%21+%E2%80%93+G.+Orwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkingpeople.net%2Ftp%2Fliterature%2Forwell%2Forwell_WarIsPeace.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2003a86-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrwell2003a86_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrwell2003a">Orwell 2003a</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2003a225-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrwell2003a225_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrwell2003a">Orwell 2003a</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2003a288-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrwell2003a288_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrwell2003a">Orwell 2003a</a>, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Sheldon, Sidney (2006) The Other Side of Me, Grand Central Publishing, p. 213 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-fivebookstaylor-70"><a href="#cite_ref-fivebookstaylor_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation interview cs1">Taylor, D. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fivebooks.com/best-books/george-orwell-d-j-taylor/">"The Best George Orwell Books"</a>. Five Books (Interview). Interviewed by Stephanie Kelley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030003608/https://fivebooks.com/best-books/george-orwell-d-j-taylor/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Five+Books&rft.atitle=The+Best+George+Orwell+Books&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffivebooks.com%2Fbest-books%2Fgeorge-orwell-d-j-taylor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Forsaken-71"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Forsaken_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTzouliadis2008" class="citation book cs1">Tzouliadis, Tim (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forsakenamerican00tzou/page/48">The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin's Russia</a>. New York: Penguin Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forsakenamerican00tzou/page/48">48–49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-168-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-168-4"><bdi>978-1-59420-168-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forsaken%3A+An+American+Tragedy+in+Stalin%27s+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-168-4&rft.aulast=Tzouliadis&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforsakenamerican00tzou%2Fpage%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/261">"Left Book Club Anthology | Reviews in History"</a>. reviews.history.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229072053/https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/261">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reviews.history.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Left+Book+Club+Anthology+%26%23124%3B+Reviews+in+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freviews.history.ac.uk%2Freview%2F261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kino-eye-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Kino-eye_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVertov1985" class="citation book cs1">Vertov, Dziga (1985). Kino-Eye: The Writings of Dziga Vertov. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05630-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05630-5"><bdi>978-0-520-05630-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kino-Eye%3A+The+Writings+of+Dziga+Vertov&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05630-5&rft.aulast=Vertov&rft.aufirst=Dziga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynskey2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynskey2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynskey2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynskey2019">Lynskey 2019</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stakhanovism-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Stakhanovism_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegelbaum2000" class="citation book cs1">Siegelbaum, Lewis (2000). Stalinism as a Way of Life. Yale University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3"><bdi>0-300-08480-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalinism+as+a+Way+of+Life&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-300-08480-3&rft.aulast=Siegelbaum&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NKVD_tortures-76"><a href="#cite_ref-NKVD_tortures_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenyonovna1967" class="citation book cs1">Senyonovna, Eugenia (1967). Journey into the Whirlwind. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+into+the+Whirlwind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+World%2C+Inc&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Senyonovna&rft.aufirst=Eugenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Everyday_Stalinism-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Everyday_Stalinism_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Everyday_Stalinism_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick1999" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick, Sheila (1999). Everyday Stalinism. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505001-1"><bdi>978-0-19-505001-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Stalinism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505001-1&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynskey201922-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynskey201922_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynskey2019">Lynskey 2019</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-go-no-more--a-rushing-79"><a href="#cite_ref-go-no-more--a-rushing_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sniff.numachi.com/pages/tiGONORUSH;ttGONORUSH.html">"Go No More a-Rushing (Riddle Song)"</a>. Sniff.numachi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518023335/http://sniff.numachi.com/pages/tiGONORUSH;ttGONORUSH.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Go+No+More+a-Rushing+%28Riddle+Song%29&rft.pub=Sniff.numachi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsniff.numachi.com%2Fpages%2FtiGONORUSH%3BttGONORUSH.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-two_minutes_hate-80"><a href="#cite_ref-two_minutes_hate_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerth2017" class="citation book cs1">Werth, Alexander (2017). Russia at War, 1941–1945: A History. Skyhorse Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1510716254" title="Special:BookSources/978-1510716254"><bdi>978-1510716254</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+A+History.&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1510716254&rft.aulast=Werth&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynskey201988-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynskey201988_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynskey2019">Lynskey 2019</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCauley2014" class="citation book cs1">McCauley, Martin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uqWsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA298">The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union</a>. Taylor and Francis. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86783-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86783-8"><bdi>978-1-317-86783-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/869093605">869093605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F869093605&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86783-8&rft.aulast=McCauley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuqWsAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611034558/http://www.newseum.org/berlinwall/commissar_vanishes/vanishes.htm">"Newseum: The Commissar Vanishes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newseum.org/berlinwall/commissar_vanishes/vanishes.htm">the original</a> on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newseum%3A+The+Commissar+Vanishes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newseum.org%2Fberlinwall%2Fcommissar_vanishes%2Fvanishes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-commisar_vanishes-84"><a href="#cite_ref-commisar_vanishes_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1997" class="citation book cs1">King, David (1997). The Commissar Vanishes: The Falsification of Photographs and Art in Stalin's Russia. Metropolitan / Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5294-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5294-7"><bdi>978-0-8050-5294-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commissar+Vanishes%3A+The+Falsification+of+Photographs+and+Art+in+Stalin%27s+Russia&rft.pub=Metropolitan+%2F+Holt&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-5294-7&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Lambroschini, Sophie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://truthnews.com/world/2003090026.htm">"Russia: Putin-Decreed ‘Great Russian’ Encyclopedia Debuts At Moscow Book Fair".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205081257/http://truthnews.com/world/2003090026.htm">Archived</a> 2007-12-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Burnette Jr., O. Lawrence and William Converse Haygood (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6048534">A Soviet View of the American past: An Annotated Translation of the Section on American History in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Chicago: Scott, Foresman, 1964, p. 7.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604140310/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6048534">Archived</a> 2011-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19531202&id=pLkdAAAAIBAJ&pg=1280,7146113">"Soviet Encyclopedia Omits Beria's Name"</a>. The Times-News. 2 December 1953. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220824005708/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19531202&id=pLkdAAAAIBAJ&pg=1280,7146113">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2017 – via Google News Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times-News&rft.atitle=Soviet+Encyclopedia+Omits+Beria%27s+Name&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1953-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1665%26dat%3D19531202%26id%3DpLkdAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1280%2C7146113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beria_to_Bering-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Beria_to_Bering_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacterScarry2001" class="citation book cs1">Schacter, Daniel L.; Scarry, Elaine, eds. (2001). Memory, brain, and belief. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00719-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00719-2"><bdi>978-0-674-00719-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/803952174">803952174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory%2C+brain%2C+and+belief&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F803952174&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00719-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stalin-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stalin_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stalin_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStalin1944" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin, Joseph</a> (1944). On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. Moscow: Foreign Languages Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Great+Patriotic+War+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Stalin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1942/05/01.htm">"Order of the Day, No. 130, May 1st, 1942"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813074529/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1942/05/01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+of+the+Day%2C+No.+130%2C+May+1st%2C+1942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fstalin%2Fworks%2F1942%2F05%2F01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterAltamiranda1997" class="citation book cs1">Foster, David William; Altamiranda, Daniel (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHnFubqgiyoC&pg=PA206">Twentieth-century Spanish American Literature to 1960</a>. Garland Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2680-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2680-9"><bdi>978-0-8153-2680-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120193316/https://books.google.com/books?id=fHnFubqgiyoC&pg=PA206">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth-century+Spanish+American+Literature+to+1960&rft.pub=Garland+Pub.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-2680-9&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=David+William&rft.au=Altamiranda%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfHnFubqgiyoC%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2016" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VO8nDwAAQBAJ&q=Would+it+end+via+Fascist+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat+from+above+or+via+Socialist+revolution+from+below%3F%22&pg=PA359">1984</a>. Enrich Spot Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-12356-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-12356-0-2"><bdi>978-988-12356-0-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120193317/https://books.google.com/books?id=VO8nDwAAQBAJ&q=Would+it+end+via+Fascist+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat+from+above+or+via+Socialist+revolution+from+below%3F%22&pg=PA359">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1984&rft.pub=Enrich+Spot+Limited&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-988-12356-0-2&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVO8nDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DWould%2Bit%2Bend%2Bvia%2BFascist%2Bcoup%2Bd%2527%25C3%25A9tat%2Bfrom%2Babove%2Bor%2Bvia%2BSocialist%2Brevolution%2Bfrom%2Bbelow%253F%2522%26pg%3DPA359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> "London Letter to Partisan Review, December 1944, quoted from vol. 3 of the Penguin edition of the Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resort.com/~prime8/Orwell/whywrite.html">"George Orwell: Why I Write"</a>. Resort.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709052855/http://www.resort.com/~prime8/Orwell/whywrite.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+Why+I+Write&rft.pub=Resort.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resort.com%2F~prime8%2FOrwell%2Fwhywrite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelden1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsorwellauthorized0000shel_k2q6page430_430–434]-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelden1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsorwellauthorized0000shel_k2q6page430_430–434]_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShelden1991">Shelden 1991</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orwellauthorized0000shel_k2q6/page/430">430–434</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ariwatch.com/VS/1920.htm">"1920: Dips into the Near Future"</a>. ariwatch.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20160221004434/http://ariwatch.com/VS/1920.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ariwatch.com&rft.atitle=1920%3A+Dips+into+the+Near+Future&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fariwatch.com%2FVS%2F1920.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orwelltoday.com/weorwellreview.shtml">"We, Orwell Review"</a>. www.orwelltoday.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323014649/https://www.orwelltoday.com/weorwellreview.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orwelltoday.com&rft.atitle=We%2C+Orwell+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orwelltoday.com%2Fweorwellreview.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/george-orwell-and-religion/ch1-educating-eric-blair-and-burmese-days">"Bloomsbury Collections – George Orwell and Religion"</a>. www.bloomsburycollections.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414093320/https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/george-orwell-and-religion/ch1-educating-eric-blair-and-burmese-days">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bloomsburycollections.com&rft.atitle=Bloomsbury+Collections+%E2%80%93+George+Orwell+and+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsburycollections.com%2Fbook%2Fgeorge-orwell-and-religion%2Fch1-educating-eric-blair-and-burmese-days&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070105132434/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/room-101.shtml">"The real room 101"</a>. BBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/room-101.shtml">the original</a> on 5 January 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+real+room+101&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbbcfour%2Fdocumentaries%2Ffeatures%2Froom-101.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> <a href="#CITEREFMeyers2000">Meyers 2000</a>, p. 214 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Orwell, Sonia and Angus, Ian (eds). The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, Volume 2: "My Country Right or Left" (1940–43; Penguin)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell, George</a> (2000). Orwell, Sonia; Angus, Ian (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mEgxAJr1REUC&pg=PA91">George Orwell: the Collected Essays, Journalism & Letters</a> (1st Nonpareil ed.). Boston: Nonpareil Books. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56792-134-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56792-134-2"><bdi>978-1-56792-134-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120193430/https://books.google.com/books?id=mEgxAJr1REUC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2021. <q>The third was to develop a positive imperial policy, and aim at transforming the Empire into a federation of Socialist states, like a looser and freer version of the Union of Soviet Republics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+the+Collected+Essays%2C+Journalism+%26+Letters&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=91&rft.edition=1st+Nonpareil&rft.pub=Nonpareil+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56792-134-2&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmEgxAJr1REUC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Irving_Howe" title="Irving Howe">Howe, Irving</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orwells1984">Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four: Text, Sources, Criticism</a>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-565811-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-565811-0">978-0-15-565811-0</a> pp. 290–293. </li> <li id="cite_note-nf-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nf_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nf_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nf_103-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Fountain" title="Nigel Fountain">Fountain, Nigel</a> (14 June 1994). "First Bites: Nineteen Eighty-Four. The Guardian. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis, C. S.</a> (1966). "George Orwell". On Stories: And Other Essays on Literature. Harcourt. p. 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+Orwell&rft.btitle=On+Stories%3A+And+Other+Essays+on+Literature&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/deutscher/1955/1984.htm">"1984 - The Mysticism of Cruelty, by Isaac Deutscher 1955"</a>. www.marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=1984+-+The+Mysticism+of+Cruelty%2C+by+Isaac+Deutscher+1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fdeutscher%2F1955%2F1984.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsinger1999" class="citation book cs1">Newsinger, J. (17 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rURaCwAAQBAJ&dq=deutscher+orwell&pg=PA123">Orwell's Politics</a>. Springer. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-98360-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-98360-7"><bdi>978-0-333-98360-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell%27s+Politics&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999-01-17&rft.isbn=978-0-333-98360-7&rft.aulast=Newsinger&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrURaCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddeutscher%2Borwell%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-savage-satire-of-1984-still-speaks-to-us-today-1098810.html">"The savage satire of '1984' still speaks to us today"</a>. The Independent. 7 June 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230107224509/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-savage-satire-of-1984-still-speaks-to-us-today-1098810.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+savage+satire+of+%271984%27+still+speaks+to+us+today&rft.date=1999-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fthe-savage-satire-of-1984-still-speaks-to-us-today-1098810.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford2020" class="citation book cs1">Bradford, Richard (23 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=whXCDwAAQBAJ&q=%22I+do+not+believe+that+the+kind+of+society+I+describe+will+necessarily+arrive%22">Orwell: A Man Of Our Time</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4482-1770-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4482-1770-0"><bdi>978-1-4482-1770-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404094902/https://books.google.com/books?id=whXCDwAAQBAJ&q=%22I+do+not+believe+that+the+kind+of+society+I+describe+will+necessarily+arrive%22">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell%3A+A+Man+Of+Our+Time&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020-01-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4482-1770-0&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwhXCDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522I%2Bdo%2Bnot%2Bbelieve%2Bthat%2Bthe%2Bkind%2Bof%2Bsociety%2BI%2Bdescribe%2Bwill%2Bnecessarily%2Barrive%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcusNicholls2005" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Laura; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Nicholls, Peter</a> (2005). The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century English Literature. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82077-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82077-6"><bdi>978-0-521-82077-6</bdi></a>. <q>Brave New World [is] traditionally bracketed with Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four as a dystopia ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Twentieth-Century+English+Literature&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82077-6&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Nicholls%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bbc2019-11-05-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Bbc2019-11-05_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50302788">"100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 5 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103164736/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50302788">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2019. <q>The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=100+%27most+inspiring%27+novels+revealed+by+BBC+Arts&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-50302788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitchens-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitchens_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitchens_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Hitchens, Christopher</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/Why_Orwell_Matters" title="Why Orwell Matters">Why Orwell Matters</a>. New York: Basic Books. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03050-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03050-7"><bdi>978-0-465-03050-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Orwell+Matters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-465-03050-7&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushmanRodden2015" class="citation book cs1">Cushman, Thomas; Rodden, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSfvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82">George Orwell: Into the Twenty-first Century</a>. Routledge. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317259237" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317259237"><bdi>978-1317259237</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120193317/https://books.google.com/books?id=DSfvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+Into+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317259237&rft.aulast=Cushman&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Rodden%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSfvCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0712166/">1984 (TV episode 1953)</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4581514#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newtheatre.org.au/1984-the-musical/">"1984! 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Retrieved 10 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1984%21+The+Musical%21+%7C+New+Theatre&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewtheatre.org.au%2F1984-the-musical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://northernballet.com/1984">"1984 | Northern Ballet"</a>. northernballet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910130604/https://northernballet.com/1984">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2021. 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Retrieved 29 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=I+Just+Translated+%271984%27+Into+Russian.+I%27m+Gasping+for+Air&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2019%2F11%2F26%2Fi-just-translated-1984-into-russian-im-gasping-for-air-a68319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2020/01/01/evald-ilyenkov-and-soviet-philosophy/">"Evald Ilyenkov and Soviet Philosophy"</a>. 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The Asian Pacific Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701052446/https://apjjf.org/2014/11/23/Michael-Rank/4127/article.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Asian+Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=Orwell+in+China%3A+Big+Brother+in+every+bookshop&rft.date=2013-06-09&rft.aulast=Rank&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F2014%2F11%2F23%2FMichael-Rank%2F4127%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HawkinsWasserstrom-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HawkinsWasserstrom_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HawkinsWasserstrom_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkinsWasserstrom2019" class="citation web cs1">Hawkins, Amy; Wasserstrom, Jeffrey (13 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/01/why-1984-and-animal-farm-arent-banned-china/580156/">"Why 1984 Isn't Banned in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510051621/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/01/why-1984-and-animal-farm-arent-banned-china/580156/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Why+1984+Isn%27t+Banned+in+China&rft.date=2019-01-13&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft.au=Wasserstrom%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2019%2F01%2Fwhy-1984-and-animal-farm-arent-banned-china%2F580156%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-translations-121"><a href="#cite_ref-translations_121-0">^</a> Rodden, John. The Politics of Literary Reputation: The Making and Claiming of "St. George" Orwell. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyes2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Keyes_(author)" title="Ralph Keyes (author)">Keyes, Ralph</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iloveitwhenyouta00keye">I Love It When You Talk Retro</a>. St Martins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iloveitwhenyouta00keye/page/222">222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-34005-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-34005-6"><bdi>978-0-312-34005-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Love+It+When+You+Talk+Retro&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=St+Martins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-312-34005-6&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Filoveitwhenyouta00keye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/178094-justice-breyer-warns-of-orwellian-government/">"Justice Breyer warns of Orwellian government"</a>. The Hill. 8 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111110093413/http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/192445-justice-breyer-warns-of-orwellian-government">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Justice+Breyer+warns+of+Orwellian+government&rft.date=2011-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fblog-briefing-room%2Fnews%2F178094-justice-breyer-warns-of-orwellian-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jOAd-NuDmmE_yftnuljYBx5k0wIw?docId=CNG.17664a09cc7362136060bb3f7731dc65.141">'1984' sales skyrocket in wake of US spy scandal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328061247/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jOAd-NuDmmE_yftnuljYBx5k0wIw?docId=CNG.17664a09cc7362136060bb3f7731dc65.141">Archived</a> 28 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>, 11 June 2013. 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Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Sales+of+Orwell%27s+%271984%27+Increase+as+Details+of+NSA+Scandal+Emerge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fblogs%2Fheadlines%2F2013%2F06%2Fsales-of-orwells-1984-increase-as-details-of-nsa-scandal-emerge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/orwell-1984-sales_n_3423185">"Sales Of '1984' Skyrocket In Wake Of NSA Scandal"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Kellyanne+Conway%27s+%22Alternative+Facts%22+Claim+Sends+%271984%27+Book+Sales+Soaring&rft.date=2017-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fkellyanne-conways-alternative-facts-claim-sends-1984-sales-soaring-968247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/nypl-most-checked-out-books-ever">"These Are The NYPL's Top Check Outs OF ALL TIME"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gothamist&rft.atitle=These+Are+The+NYPL%27s+Top+Check+Outs+OF+ALL+TIME&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgothamist.com%2Farts-entertainment%2Fnypl-most-checked-out-books-ever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404130626/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/publication-george-orwell%E2%80%99s-nineteen-eighty-four">"Publication of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four | History Today"</a>. www.historytoday.com. 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Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historytoday.com&rft.atitle=Publication+of+George+Orwell%27s+Nineteen+Eighty-Four+%26%23124%3B+History+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fmonths-past%2Fpublication-george-orwell%2525E2%252580%252599s-nineteen-eighty-four&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2021/jan/01/george-orwell-is-out-of-copyright-what-happens-now">"George Orwell is out of copyright. What happens now?"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=George+Orwell+is+out+of+copyright.+What+happens+now%3F&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2021%2Fjan%2F01%2Fgeorge-orwell-is-out-of-copyright-what-happens-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200208011627/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2012/03/1984-v-brave-new-world.html">"1984 v. Brave New World"</a>. Letters of Note. 8 February 2020. 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Why I love a little dystopia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. 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Retrieved 6 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Study.com&rft.atitle=1984+vs.+Brave+New+World%3A+Comparison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2F1984-vs-brave-new-world-comparison.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BraveNewWorld-and-BraveNewWorldRevisited/Brave-New-World-Revisited_-_Aldous-Huxley/page/n45/mode/2up?view=theater">"Brave New World Revisited (1958) by Aldous Huxley, pg. 36"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.huxley.net&rft.atitle=Brave+New+World+Revisited+%281958%29+by+Aldous+Huxley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huxley.net%2Fbnw-revisited%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/13/books/review/which-dystopian-novel-got-it-right-orwells-1984-or-huxleys-brave-new-world.html">"Which Dystopian Novel Got It Right: Orwell's 1984 or Huxley's Brave New World?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 13 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615131540/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/13/books/review/which-dystopian-novel-got-it-right-orwells-1984-or-huxleys-brave-new-world.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2017. 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These five dystopias better reflect Trump's US"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701122329/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jan/26/1984-dystopias-reflect-trumps-us-orwell">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017. 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Retrieved 17 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rebel+Princess+Reader&rft.atitle=Dystopian+Novels+for+Modern+Times&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frebelprincessreader.com%2F2017%2F02%2F03%2Fdystopian-novels-for-modern-times%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmutGrafton1976" class="citation book cs1">Wilmut, Roger; Grafton, Jimmy (1976). The Goon Show Companion: A History and Goonography. Robson Books. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goon+Show+Companion%3A+A+History+and+Goonography&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Robson+Books&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Wilmut&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Grafton%2C+Jimmy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Stardust: The David Bowie Story, Henry Edwards and Tony Zanetta, 1986, McGraw-Hill Book Company, p. 220 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimm2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Grimm, Beca (23 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/david-bowies-failed-george-orwell-1984-adaptation-w489470">"Flashback: David Bowie's Failed Attempt to Adapt George Orwell's '1984'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407115851/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/david-bowies-failed-george-orwell-1984-adaptation-w489470">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Flashback%3A+David+Bowie%27s+Failed+Attempt+to+Adapt+George+Orwell%27s+%271984%27&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft.aulast=Grimm&rft.aufirst=Beca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fculture%2Fdavid-bowies-failed-george-orwell-1984-adaptation-w489470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1984_songs-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1984_songs_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1984_songs_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1984_songs_148-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/1984/10-songs-inspired-by-george-orwells-1984/">"10 Songs Inspired by George Orwell's 1984"</a>. Paste magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606223049/https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/1984/10-songs-inspired-by-george-orwells-1984/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paste+magazine&rft.atitle=10+Songs+Inspired+by+George+Orwell%27s+1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastemagazine.com%2Fmusic%2F1984%2F10-songs-inspired-by-george-orwells-1984%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2005" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Ted (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tedfriedman.com/electric-dreams/chapter-5-apples-1984/">"Chapter 5: 1984"</a>. Electric Dreams: Computers in American Culture. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2740-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2740-9"><bdi>978-0-8147-2740-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109061041/https://tedfriedman.com/electric-dreams/chapter-5-apples-1984/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+1984&rft.btitle=Electric+Dreams%3A+Computers+in+American+Culture&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2740-9&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftedfriedman.com%2Felectric-dreams%2Fchapter-5-apples-1984%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jan/23/apple-macintosh-25">"Apple's Macintosh, 25 years on"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606222327/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jan/23/apple-macintosh-25">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Apple%27s+Macintosh%2C+25+years+on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2009%2Fjan%2F23%2Fapple-macintosh-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulkern2011" class="citation web cs1">Mulkern, Patrick (18 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/doctor-who-guide/doctor-who-the-god-complex/">"Doctor Who: The God Complex"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Times" title="Radio Times">Radio Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002146/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/doctor-who-guide/doctor-who-the-god-complex/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Times&rft.atitle=Doctor+Who%3A+The+God+Complex&rft.date=2011-09-18&rft.aulast=Mulkern&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiotimes.com%2Ftv%2Fsci-fi%2Fdoctor-who-guide%2Fdoctor-who-the-god-complex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/articles/star-trek-picard-11-essential-treks-to-take-before-the-show">Star Trek: Picard Viewing Guide – The Essential Treks to Take Before the Show – IGN</a>, 18 January 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033913/https://www.ign.com/articles/star-trek-picard-11-essential-treks-to-take-before-the-show">archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020, retrieved 29 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star+Trek%3A+Picard+Viewing+Guide+%E2%80%93+The+Essential+Treks+to+Take+Before+the+Show+%E2%80%93+IGN&rft.date=2020-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2Fstar-trek-picard-11-essential-treks-to-take-before-the-show&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1622093/muse-discuss-resistance-their-very-personal-new-album.jhtml">"Muse Discuss The Resistance, Their 'Very Personal' New Album"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120705023440/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1622093/muse-discuss-resistance-their-very-personal-new-album.jhtml">Archived</a> 5 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. MTV. Retrieved 19 October 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManson2012" class="citation book cs1">Manson, Marilyn (2012). The Long Hard Road Out of Hell. Harper Collins. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Hard+Road+Out+of+Hell&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Manson&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/Bastille-back-to-the-future-lyrics">Bastille – Back to the Future</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220206215740/https://genius.com/Bastille-back-to-the-future-lyrics">archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2022, retrieved 6 February 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bastille+%E2%80%93+Back+to+the+Future&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FBastille-back-to-the-future-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJMr-ibK7kM">"The Used - 1984 (Infinite jest)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 23 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=The+Used+-+1984+%28Infinite+jest%29&rft.date=2020-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DTJMr-ibK7kM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_references">Cited references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Cited references">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowker2003" class="citation book cs1">Bowker, Gordon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312238414">Inside George Orwell: A Biography</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23841-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23841-4"><bdi>978-0-312-23841-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+George+Orwell%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-312-23841-4&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780312238414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynskey2019" class="citation book cs1">Lynskey, Dorian (2019). <a href="/wiki/The_Ministry_of_Truth_(Lynskey_book)" title="The Ministry of Truth (Lynskey book)">The Ministry of Truth: The Biography of George Orwell's 1984</a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-54406-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-54406-1"><bdi>978-0-385-54406-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ministry+of+Truth%3A+The+Biography+of+George+Orwell%27s+1984&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-385-54406-1&rft.aulast=Lynskey&rft.aufirst=Dorian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers2000" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Jeffery (2000). Orwell: Wintry Conscience of a Generation. W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32263-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32263-7"><bdi>978-0-393-32263-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell%3A+Wintry+Conscience+of+a+Generation&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32263-7&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Jeffery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2003a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell, George</a> (2003a). Animal Farm and 1984. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> (foreword) (1st ed.). HMH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-101026-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-101026-4"><bdi>978-0-15-101026-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Farm+and+1984&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HMH&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-15-101026-4&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2003b" class="citation book cs1">— (2003b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineteeneightyfo00orwe_1">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a> (foreword); <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a> (afterword). Plume. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28423-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28423-4"><bdi>978-0-452-28423-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteen+Eighty-Four&rft.pub=Plume&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-452-28423-4&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnineteeneightyfo00orwe_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelden1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shelden" title="Michael Shelden">Shelden, Michael</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orwellauthorised0000shel">Orwell: The Authorised Biography</a>. London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-434-69517-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-434-69517-1"><bdi>978-0-434-69517-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell%3A+The+Authorised+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-434-69517-1&rft.aulast=Shelden&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forwellauthorised0000shel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Aubrey, Crispin; Chilton, Paul, eds. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineteeneightfou0000unse">Nineteen Eighty-four in 1984: Autonomy, Control, and Communication</a> (repr. ed.). London: Comedia Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906890-42-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906890-42-4"><bdi>978-0-906890-42-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteen+Eighty-four+in+1984%3A+Autonomy%2C+Control%2C+and+Communication&rft.place=London&rft.edition=repr.&rft.pub=Comedia+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-906890-42-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnineteeneightfou0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom, Harold</a>, George Orwell's 1984 (2009), Facts on File, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1468-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1468-2">978-1-4381-1468-2</a></li> <li>Di Nucci, Ezio and Storrie, Stefan (editors), 1984 and Philosophy: Is Resistance Futile? (2018), <a href="/wiki/Open_Court_Publishing_Company" title="Open Court Publishing Company">Open Court Publishing Company</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9985-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9985-2">978-0-8126-9985-2</a></li> <li>Goldsmith, Jack and <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum, Martha</a>, On Nineteen Eighty-Four: Orwell and Our Future (2010), <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2664-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2664-3">978-1-4008-2664-3</a></li> <li>Hillegas, Mark R. (1967). The Future as Nightmare: H. G. Wells and the Anti-Utopians. Southern Illinois University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-0676-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-0676-3">978-0-8093-0676-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Howe" title="Irving Howe">Howe, Irving</a>, ed. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1984revisitedtot00howe">1984 Revisited: Totalitarianism in Our Century</a>. New York: Harper Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-080660-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-080660-6"><bdi>978-0-06-080660-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1984+Revisited%3A+Totalitarianism+in+Our+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Row&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-06-080660-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1984revisitedtot00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell, George</a> (1949). Nineteen Eighty-Four. A novel. London: Secker & Warburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteen+Eighty-Four.+A+novel&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell, George</a> (1984). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Davison_(literary_scholar)" title="Peter Davison (literary scholar)">Davison, Peter</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineteeneightyfo00orwe">Nineteen Eighty-Four: The Facsimile Manuscript</a>. London, United Kingdom: Secker & Warburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-436-35022-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-436-35022-1"><bdi>978-0-436-35022-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteen+Eighty-Four%3A+The+Facsimile+Manuscript&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-436-35022-1&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnineteeneightyfo00orwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell, George</a> (1977). 1984. <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a> (foreword) (reissue ed.). Signet Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-52493-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-52493-5"><bdi>978-0-451-52493-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1984&rft.edition=reissue&rft.pub=Signet+Classics&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-451-52493-5&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Orwell, George. 1984 (Vietnamese edition), translation by Đặng Phương-Nghi, French preface by Bertrand Latour <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9774224-5-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9774224-5-6">978-0-9774224-5-6</a>.</li> <li>Plank, Robert, George Orwell's Guide Through Hell: A Psychological Study of 1984 (1994), Borgo Pres. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89370-413-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89370-413-1">978-0-89370-413-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Smith, David; Mosher, Michael (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orwellforbeginne00smit">Orwell for Beginners</a> (1st ed.). [London], England: Writers and Readers Pub. Cooperative. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86316-066-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86316-066-0"><bdi>978-0-86316-066-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell+for+Beginners&rft.place=%5BLondon%5D%2C+England&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Writers+and+Readers+Pub.+Cooperative&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-86316-066-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Mosher%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forwellforbeginne00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Steinhoff, William R. (1975). George Orwell and the Origins of 1984. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-87400-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-87400-2"><bdi>978-0-472-87400-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell+and+the+Origins+of+1984&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-472-87400-2&rft.aulast=Steinhoff&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Taylor, D. J. On Nineteen Eighty-Four: A Biography (2019), Abrams. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68335-684-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68335-684-4">978-1-68335-684-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Tuccille" title="Jerome Tuccille">Tuccille, Jerome</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whosafraidof198400tucc">Who's Afraid of 1984? The case for optimism in looking ahead to the 1980s</a>. New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87000-308-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87000-308-0"><bdi>978-0-87000-308-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Afraid+of+1984%3F+The+case+for+optimism+in+looking+ahead+to+the+1980s&rft.place=New+Rochelle%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Arlington+House+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-87000-308-0&rft.aulast=Tuccille&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhosafraidof198400tucc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Waddell, Nathan (editor), The Cambridge Companion to Nineteen Eighty-Four (2020), <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84109-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84109-2">978-1-108-84109-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">West, W. J. (1992). The Larger Evils—Nineteen Eighty-Four: The Truth Behind the Satire. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86241-382-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86241-382-8"><bdi>978-0-86241-382-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Larger+Evils%E2%80%94Nineteen+Eighty-Four%3A+The+Truth+Behind+the+Satire&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Canongate+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-86241-382-8&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220508210033/http://www.bl.uk/works/nineteen-eighty-four">Archived</a> 8 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) at the British Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1168091W/Nineteen_Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?15862">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> title listing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/TheaterGuildontheAir/Tgoa_53-04-26_ep150-1984.mp3">1953 Theatre Guild on the Air radio adaptation</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.londonfictions.com/george-orwell-nineteen-eighty-four.html">Historian Sarah Wise on the London of Nineteen Eighty-Four on the London Fictions website</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Asimov, Isaac</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newworker.org/ncptrory/1984.htm">"Review of 1984"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Review+of+1984&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newworker.org%2Fncptrory%2F1984.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteen+Eighty-Four" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_editions">Electronic editions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Electronic editions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20120511">1984 (Nineteen Eighty-Four)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orwell.ru/library/novels/1984/english/">George Orwell—Eric Arthur Blair</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100021.txt">Project Gutenberg Australia (e-text)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207061037/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/o/orwell/george/o79n/complete.html">HTML and EPUB editions from The University of Adelaide Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samizdat.qc.ca/arts/lit/PDFs/1984_GO.pdf">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> (Canadian public domain Ebook – PDF)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_versions">Film versions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Film versions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDblb6mos24">1984 (50 minutes)</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, adapted by <a href="/wiki/William_Templeton_(screenwriter)" title="William Templeton (screenwriter)">William Templeton</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nickell" title="Paul Nickell">Paul Nickell</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Albert" title="Eddie Albert">Eddie Albert</a> as Winston, <a href="/wiki/Norma_Crane" title="Norma Crane">Norma Crane</a> as Julia, and <a href="/wiki/Lorne_Greene" title="Lorne Greene">Lorne Greene</a> as O'Brien; <a href="/wiki/Studio_One_(American_TV_series)" title="Studio One (American TV series)">Westinghouse Studio One</a>, CBS (1953)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Orwell&#039;s_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Template:Nineteen Eighty-Four"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Template talk:Nineteen Eighty-Four"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nineteen Eighty-Four"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Orwell&#039;s_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Smith_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Winston Smith (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Winston Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Julia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="O'Brien (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Goldstein" title="Emmanuel Goldstein">Emmanuel Goldstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_geography_of_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Political geography of Nineteen Eighty-Four">Political geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_in_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Ministries in Nineteen Eighty-Four">Ministries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thought_Police" title="Thought Police">Thought Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">Doublethink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_%2B_2_%3D_5" title="2 + 2 = 5">2 + 2 = 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoughtcrime" title="Thoughtcrime">Thoughtcrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescreen" title="Telescreen">Telescreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">Memory hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Oligarchical_Collectivism" title="The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism">The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism (Goldstein's book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Minutes_Hate" title="Two Minutes Hate">Two Minutes Hate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_Week" title="Hate Week">Hate Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Adaptations of Nineteen Eighty-Four">Adaptations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_(1956_film)" title="1984 (1956 film)">1956 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_(1984_film)" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984 film)">1984 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_(2023_film)" title="1984 (2023 film)">2023 film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_(Westinghouse_Studio_One)" title="1984 (Westinghouse Studio One)">US program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_(British_TV_programme)" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four (British TV programme)">UK programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_(opera)" title="1984 (opera)">2005 opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_(play)" title="1984 (play)">2013 play</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_in_popular_media" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four in popular media">In popular media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ministry_of_Truth_(Lynskey_book)" title="The Ministry of Truth (Lynskey book)">The Ministry of Truth (Lynskey book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell_on_Screen:_Adaptations,_Documentaries_and_Docudramas_on_Film_and_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="George Orwell on Screen: Adaptations, Documentaries and Docudramas on Film and Television">George Orwell on Screen (Ryan book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_(advertisement)" title="1984 (advertisement)">"1984" (advertisement)</a></li> <li>Room 101 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Room_101_(radio_series)" title="Room 101 (radio series)">radio series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_101_(British_TV_series)" title="Room 101 (British TV series)">British TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_101_(Australian_TV_series)" title="Room 101 (Australian TV series)">Australian TV series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Category:Nineteen Eighty-Four">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Orwell" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_Orwell" title="Template:George Orwell"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_Orwell" title="Template talk:George Orwell"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Orwell" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George Orwell"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Orwell" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell_bibliography" title="George Orwell bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Days" title="Burmese Days">Burmese Days</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Clergyman%27s_Daughter" title="A Clergyman's Daughter">A Clergyman's Daughter</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_the_Aspidistra_Flying" title="Keep the Aspidistra Flying">Keep the Aspidistra Flying</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_Up_for_Air" title="Coming Up for Air">Coming Up for Air</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> (1945)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London" title="Down and Out in Paris and London">Down and Out in Paris and London</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a> (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Hanging" title="A Hanging">A Hanging</a>" (1931)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Spike_(essay)" title="The Spike (essay)">The Spike</a>" (1931)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bookshop_Memories" title="Bookshop Memories">Bookshop Memories</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Shooting_an_Elephant" title="Shooting an Elephant">Shooting an Elephant</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Spilling_the_Spanish_Beans" title="Spilling the Spanish Beans">Spilling the Spanish Beans</a>" (1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Boys%27_Weeklies" title="Boys' Weeklies">Boys' Weeklies</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Whale" title="Inside the Whale">Inside the Whale</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Country_Right_or_Left" title="My Country Right or Left">My Country Right or Left</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Donald_McGill" title="The Art of Donald McGill">The Art of Donald McGill</a>" (1941)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/England_Your_England" title="England Your England">England Your England</a>" (1941)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn:_Socialism_and_the_English_Genius" title="The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius">The Lion and the Unicorn</a>" (1941)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Poetry_and_the_Microphone" title="Poetry and the Microphone">Poetry and the Microphone</a>" (1943)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Raffles_and_Miss_Blandish" title="Raffles and Miss Blandish">Raffles and Miss Blandish</a>" (1944)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Good_Bad_Books" title="Good Bad Books">Good Bad Books</a>" (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Nationalism" title="Notes on Nationalism">Notes on Nationalism</a>" (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sporting_Spirit" title="The Sporting Spirit">The Sporting Spirit</a>" (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lear,_Tolstoy_and_the_Fool" title="Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool">Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool</a>" (1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_English_People_(essay)" title="The English People (essay)">The English People</a>" (1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Toward_European_Unity" title="Toward European Unity">Toward European Unity</a>" (1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Gandhi" title="Reflections on Gandhi">Reflections on Gandhi</a>" (1949)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1946" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1946</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Books_v._Cigarettes" title="Books v. Cigarettes">Books v. Cigarettes</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Book_Reviewer" title="Confessions of a Book Reviewer">Confessions of a Book Reviewer</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_English_Murder" title="Decline of the English Murder">Decline of the English Murder</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Good_Word_for_the_Vicar_of_Bray" title="A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray">A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/How_the_Poor_Die" title="How the Poor Die">How the Poor Die</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Under_Water" title="The Moon Under Water">The Moon Under Water</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Nice_Cup_of_Tea" title="A Nice Cup of Tea">A Nice Cup of Tea</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pleasure_Spots" title="Pleasure Spots">Pleasure Spots</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Politics_and_the_English_Language" title="Politics and the English Language">Politics and the English Language</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Starvation" title="The Politics of Starvation">The Politics of Starvation</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Politics_vs._Literature:_An_Examination_of_Gulliver%27s_Travels" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels">Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Prevention_of_Literature" title="The Prevention of Literature">The Prevention of Literature</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Riding_Down_from_Bangor_(essay)" title="Riding Down from Bangor (essay)">Riding Down from Bangor</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Thoughts_on_James_Burnham" title="Second Thoughts on James Burnham">Second Thoughts on James Burnham</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Some_Thoughts_on_the_Common_Toad" title="Some Thoughts on the Common Toad">Some Thoughts on the Common Toad</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Why_I_Write" title="Why I Write">Why I Write</a>" (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Such,_Such_Were_the_Joys" title="Such, Such Were the Joys">Such, Such Were the Joys</a>" (1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/As_I_Please" title="As I Please">As I Please</a>" (1943–1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/London_Letters" title="London Letters">London Letters</a>" (1941–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betrayal_of_the_Left" title="Betrayal of the Left">Betrayal of the Left</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Whale_and_Other_Essays" title="Inside the Whale and Other Essays">Inside the Whale and Other Essays</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a> (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight_Books" title="Searchlight Books">Searchlight Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secker_and_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker and Warburg">Secker and Warburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Victor Gollancz Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_O%27Shaughnessy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eileen O'Shaughnessy">Eileen O'Shaughnessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Orwell" title="Sonia Orwell">Sonia Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell%27s_list" title="Orwell's list">Orwell's list</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_%26_Us" title="Eric & Us">Eric & Us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Orwell_Matters" title="Why Orwell Matters">Why Orwell Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Award" title="Orwell Award">Orwell Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Prize" title="Orwell Prize">Orwell Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orwell_Foundation" title="The Orwell Foundation">The Orwell Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Orwell" title="Statue of George Orwell">Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Portal</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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