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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shooting_box:_1862–1865" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shooting_box:_1862–1865"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Shooting box: 1862–1865 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shooting_box:_1862–1865-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fairy_palace:_1869–1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fairy_palace:_1869–1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Fairy palace: 1869–1900 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fairy_palace:_1869–1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armstrong's_heirs:_1900–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armstrong's_heirs:_1900–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Armstrong's heirs: 1900–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armstrong's_heirs:_1900–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Architecture and description </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture_and_description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Architecture and description subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kitchen,_service_rooms_and_Turkish_bath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kitchen,_service_rooms_and_Turkish_bath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Kitchen, service rooms and Turkish bath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kitchen,_service_rooms_and_Turkish_bath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Library_and_dining_room" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_and_dining_room"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Library and dining room </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_and_dining_room-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Owl_suite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Owl_suite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Owl suite </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Owl_suite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drawing_room" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drawing_room"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Drawing room </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drawing_room-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Billiard_room" class="vector-toc-list-item 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cragside&params=55.3136_N_1.8853_W_region:GB_type:landmark">55°18′49″N 1°53′07″W / 55.3136°N 1.8853°W / 55.3136; -1.8853</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Victorian country house near Rothbury in Northumberland, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">Cragside</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Cragside3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cragside3.jpg/290px-Cragside3.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cragside3.jpg/435px-Cragside3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cragside3.jpg/580px-Cragside3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">"Truly the palace of a modern magician" – the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> periodical <a href="/wiki/The_World_(journal)" title="The World (journal)">The World</a> describes Armstrong and his house<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirouard1979307-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">House</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rothbury" title="Rothbury">Rothbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cragside&params=55.3136_N_1.8853_W_region:GB_type:landmark">55°18′49″N 1°53′07″W / 55.3136°N 1.8853°W / 55.3136; -1.8853</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">1869–1895</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Built for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Armstrong,_Baron_Armstrong_of_Cragside" class="mw-redirect" title="William Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Cragside">William Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Cragside</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Architect</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Norman_Shaw" title="Richard Norman Shaw">Richard Norman Shaw</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Architectural style(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor Revival</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #FFC0CB; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Listed_building#England_and_Wales" title="Listed building">Listed Building</a> – Grade I</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Cragside</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">21 October 1953</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1042076</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #87CEEB; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Listed_building#England_and_Wales" title="Listed building">Listed Building</a> – Grade II*</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Iron Bridge Across the Debdon</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">25 August 1987</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1042033</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #87CEEB; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Listed_building#England_and_Wales" title="Listed building">Listed Building</a> – Grade II*</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Clock Tower 110 Metres North East of Cragside Park House</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">22 December 1981</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1354750</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #1E8C00; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Parks_and_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens">National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Cragside park and gardens</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1985</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1001046</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Grade</th><td class="infobox-data">I</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px"><a href="/wiki/File:Northumberland_UK_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cragside is located in Northumberland"><img alt="Cragside is located in Northumberland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Northumberland_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/235px-Northumberland_UK_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Northumberland_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/353px-Northumberland_UK_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Northumberland_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/470px-Northumberland_UK_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2005" data-file-height="2409" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.717%;left:64.313%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Cragside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Cragside in Northumberland</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Cragside is a <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor Revival</a> <a href="/wiki/Country_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Country house">country house</a> near the town of <a href="/wiki/Rothbury" title="Rothbury">Rothbury</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, England. It was the home of <a href="/wiki/William_Armstrong,_1st_Baron_Armstrong" title="William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong">William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth" title="Armstrong Whitworth">Armstrong Whitworth</a> armaments firm. An industrial <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">magnate</a>, scientist, philanthropist and inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_crane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic crane">hydraulic crane</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_gun" title="Armstrong gun">Armstrong gun</a>, Armstrong also displayed his inventiveness in the domestic sphere, making Cragside the first house in the world to be lit using <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> power. The estate was technologically advanced; the architect of the house, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Norman_Shaw" title="Richard Norman Shaw">Richard Norman Shaw</a>, wrote that it was equipped with "wonderful hydraulic machines that do all sorts of things".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199217-2">[2]</a> In the grounds, Armstrong built dams and lakes to power a sawmill, a water-powered laundry, early versions of a dishwasher and a <a href="/wiki/Dumb_waiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumb waiter">dumb waiter</a>, a hydraulic <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">lift</a> and a hydroelectric <a href="/wiki/Rotisserie" title="Rotisserie">rotisserie</a>. In 1887, Armstrong was raised to the <a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">peerage</a>, the first engineer or scientist to be ennobled, and became Baron Armstrong of Cragside. The original building consisted of a small shooting lodge which Armstrong built between 1862 and 1864. In 1869, he employed the architect Richard Norman Shaw to enlarge the site, and in two phases of work between 1869 and 1882, they transformed the house into a northern <a href="/wiki/Neuschwanstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuschwanstein">Neuschwanstein</a>. The result was described by the architect and writer <a href="/wiki/Harry_Stuart_Goodhart-Rendel" title="Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel">Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel</a> as "one of the most dramatic compositions in all architecture".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerriday196370-3">[3]</a> Armstrong filled the house with a significant art collection; he and his wife were patrons of many <a href="/wiki/Victorian_painting" title="Victorian painting">19th-century British artists</a>. Cragside became an integral part of Armstrong's commercial operations: honoured guests under Armstrong's roof, including the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Shah of Persia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">King of Siam</a> and two future <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Ministers of Japan</a>, were also customers for his commercial undertakings. Following Armstrong's death in 1900, his heirs struggled to maintain the house and estate. In 1910, the best of Armstrong's art collection was sold off, and by the 1970s, in an attempt to meet <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance tax</a>, plans were submitted for large-scale residential development of the estate. In 1971 the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a> asked the architectural historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_Girouard" title="Mark Girouard">Mark Girouard</a> to compile a gazetteer of the most important Victorian houses in Britain which the Trust should seek to save should they ever be sold. Girouard placed Cragside at the top of the list; in 1977, the house was acquired by the Trust with the aid of a grant from the <a href="/wiki/National_Land_Fund" title="National Land Fund">National Land Fund</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">Grade I listed building</a> since 1953, Cragside has been open to the public since 1979. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_George_Armstrong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/William_George_Armstrong.jpg/200px-William_George_Armstrong.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/William_George_Armstrong.jpg/300px-William_George_Armstrong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/William_George_Armstrong.jpg/400px-William_George_Armstrong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1069" data-file-height="1624" /></a><figcaption>Armstrong in the 1870s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_Armstrong">William Armstrong</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: William Armstrong">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/William_Armstrong,_Baron_Armstrong_of_Cragside" class="mw-redirect" title="William Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Cragside">William Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Cragside</a></div> William Armstrong was born on 26 November 1810 in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, the son of a corn merchant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint19926-4">[4]</a> Trained as a solicitor, he moved to London before he was twenty. Returning to Newcastle, in 1835 he met and married Margaret Ramshaw, the daughter of a builder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint19927-5">[5]</a> A keen amateur scientist, Armstrong began to conduct experiments in both hydraulics and electricity. In 1847, he abandoned the law for manufacturing and established <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth" title="Armstrong Whitworth">W. G. Armstrong and Company</a> at a site at <a href="/wiki/Elswick,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Elswick, Tyne and Wear">Elswick</a>, outside Newcastle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald201263-6">[6]</a> By the 1850s, with his design for the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Armstrong Gun">Armstrong Gun</a>, Armstrong laid the foundations for an armaments firm that would, before the end of the century, see <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> as its only world rival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199213-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeves2008106-8">[8]</a> He established himself as a figure of national standing: his work supplying artillery to the British Army was seen as an important response to the failures of Britain's forces during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeves2008106-8">[8]</a> In 1859, he was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> and made Engineer of Rifled Ordnance, becoming the principal supplier of armaments to both the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012150-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[a]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shooting_box:_1862–1865">Shooting box: 1862–1865</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shooting box: 1862–1865">edit</a>]</div> Armstrong had spent much of his childhood at <a href="/wiki/Rothbury" title="Rothbury">Rothbury</a>, escaping from industrial Newcastle for the benefit of his often poor health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDougan1991119-13">[12]</a> He returned to the area in 1862, not having taken a holiday for over fifteen years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012164–165-14">[13]</a> On a walk with friends, Armstrong was struck by the attractiveness of the site for a house. Returning to Newcastle, he bought a small parcel of land and decided to build a modest house on the side of a moorland crag. He intended a house of eight or ten rooms and a stable for a pair of horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012164–165-14">[13]</a> The house was completed in the mid-1860s by an unknown architect:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsnerRichmond2002244-15">[14]</a> a two-storey <a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom#Hunting_lodge" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">shooting box</a> of little architectural distinction, it was nevertheless constructed and furnished to a high standard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012168-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fairy_palace:_1869–1900">Fairy palace: 1869–1900</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fairy palace: 1869–1900">edit</a>]</div> Armstrong's architect for Cragside's expansion was the Scot <a href="/wiki/R._Norman_Shaw" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Norman Shaw">R. Norman Shaw</a>. Shaw had begun his career in the office of <a href="/wiki/William_Burn" title="William Burn">William Burn</a> and had later studied under <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Salvin" title="Anthony Salvin">Anthony Salvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Street" title="George Edmund Street">George Edmund Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodieFelsteadFranklinPinfield2001591-17">[16]</a> Salvin had taught him the mastery of internal planning which was essential for the design of the large and highly variegated houses which the Victorian wealthy craved. Salvin and Street had taught him to understand the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2009118-18">[17]</a> At only 24, he won the <a href="/wiki/RIBA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIBA">RIBA</a> Gold Medal and Travelling Studentship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnor195097-19">[18]</a> The connection between Armstrong and Shaw was made when Armstrong purchased a picture, Prince Hal taking the crown from his father's bedside by <a href="/wiki/John_Callcott_Horsley" title="John Callcott Horsley">John Callcott Horsley</a>, which proved too large to fit into his town house in <a href="/wiki/Jesmond" title="Jesmond">Jesmond</a>, Newcastle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2009117-20">[19]</a> Horsley was a friend of both, and recommended that Shaw design an extension to the banqueting hall Armstrong had previously built in the grounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirouard1979307–308-21">[20]</a> When this was completed in 1869, Shaw was asked for enlargements and improvements to the shooting lodge Armstrong had had built at Rothbury four years earlier. This was the genesis of the transformation of the house between 1869 and 1884.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint201080-22">[21]</a> Over the next thirty years, Cragside became the centre of Armstrong's world; reminiscing years later, in his old age, he remarked, "had there been no Cragside, I shouldn't be talking to you today – for it has been my very life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012165-23">[22]</a> The architectural historian <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Saint" title="Andrew Saint">Andrew Saint</a> records that Shaw sketched out the whole design for the "future fairy palace" in a single afternoon, while Armstrong and his guests were out on a shooting party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint201080-22">[21]</a> After this rapid initial design, Shaw worked on building the house for over 20 years. The long building period, and Armstrong's piecemeal, and changeable, approach to the development of the house, and his desire to retain the original shooting lodge at its core,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirouard1979310-24">[23]</a> occasionally led to tensions between client and architect, and to a building that lacks an overall unity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199218–19-25">[24]</a> Armstrong changed the purpose of several rooms as his interests developed, and the German architectural historian <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Muthesius" title="Hermann Muthesius">Hermann Muthesius</a>, writing just after Armstrong's death in 1900, noted that "the house did not find the unqualified favour with Shaw's followers that his previous works had done, nor did it entirely satisfy (Shaw)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuthesius197924-26">[25]</a> Nevertheless, Shaw's abilities, as an architect and as a manager of difficult clients, ensured that Cragside was composed "with memorable force".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2009118-18">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cragside_house_top_floor_corridor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cragside_house_top_floor_corridor.jpg/260px-Cragside_house_top_floor_corridor.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cragside_house_top_floor_corridor.jpg/390px-Cragside_house_top_floor_corridor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cragside_house_top_floor_corridor.jpg/520px-Cragside_house_top_floor_corridor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="4921" /></a><figcaption>The top-lit Gallery, formerly Armstrong's museum</figcaption></figure> As well as being Armstrong's home, Cragside acted as an enormous display case for his ever-expanding art collection. The best of his pictures were hung in the drawing room, but Shaw also converted the museum into a top-lit picture gallery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuthesius197990-27">[26]</a> Pride of place was given to <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chill_October" title="Chill October">Chill October</a>, bought by Armstrong at the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mendel" title="Samuel Mendel">Samuel Mendel</a> sale at <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> in 1875. Armstrong also bought Millais' Jephthah's Daughter at the Mendel sale. Both were sold in the 1910 sale; Chill October is now in the private collection of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> and Jephthah's Daughter is held by the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_Cardiff" title="National Museum Cardiff">National Museum Cardiff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012282-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[b]</a> Cragside was an important setting for Armstrong's commercial activities. The architectural writer <a href="/wiki/Simon_Jenkins" title="Simon Jenkins">Simon Jenkins</a> records: "Japanese, Persian, Siamese and German dignitaries paid court to the man who equipped their armies and built their navies".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2003564–565-33">[31]</a> In his 2005 book Landmarks of Britain, <a href="/wiki/Clive_Aslet" title="Clive Aslet">Clive Aslet</a> notes visits with the same purpose from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">Crown Prince of Afghanistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Shah of Persia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslet2005385–386-34">[32]</a> The Shah <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser al-Din</a> visited in July 1889, and the Afghan prince <a href="/wiki/Nasrullah_Khan_(Afghanistan)" title="Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)">Nasrullah Khan</a> in June 1895. Armstrong's biographer Henrietta Heald mentions two future Prime Ministers of Japan, <a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Takaaki" title="Katō Takaaki">Katō Takaaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Makoto" title="Saitō Makoto">Saitō Makoto</a>, among a steady stream of Japanese industrialists, naval officers, politicians and royalty who inscribed their names in the Cragside visitors' book.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012278-35">[33]</a> The Chinese diplomat <a href="/wiki/Li_Hung_Chang" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Hung Chang">Li Hung Chang</a> visited in August 1896. King <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a> of Siam was staying in August 1897, when activity at the Elswick Works was disrupted by a bitter <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> over pay and hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200533-36">[34]</a> In August 1884 the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales" title="Princess of Wales">Princess</a> of Wales (the future <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Queen Alexandra</a>) made a three-day visit to Cragside; it was the peak of Armstrong's social career. The royal arrival at the house was illuminated by ten thousand lamps and a vast array of <a href="/wiki/Paper_lantern" title="Paper lantern">Chinese lanterns</a> hung in the trees on the estate; fireworks were launched from six balloons, and a great bonfire was lit on the <a href="/wiki/Simonside_Hills" title="Simonside Hills">Simonside Hills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200535-37">[35]</a> On the second day of their visit, the Prince and Princess travelled to Newcastle, to formally open the grounds of Armstrong's old house, Jesmond Dean, which he had by then donated to the city as a public park. It is still a public park today, a ravine known as <a href="/wiki/Jesmond_Dene" title="Jesmond Dene">Jesmond Dene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200537-38">[36]</a> Three years later, at the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria">Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria</a>, Armstrong was ennobled as Baron Armstrong of Cragside, and became the first engineer and the first scientist to be granted a peerage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012294-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[c]</a> Among many other celebrations, he was awarded the freedom of the City of Newcastle. In his vote of thanks, the mayor noted that one in four of the entire population of the city was employed directly by Armstrong, or by companies over which he presided.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012296-43">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armstrong's_heirs:_1900–present">Armstrong's heirs: 1900–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Armstrong's heirs: 1900–present">edit</a>]</div> Armstrong died at Cragside on 27 December 1900, aged 90, and was buried beside his wife in the churchyard at Rothbury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200544-44">[41]</a> His gravestone carries an epitaph: His scientific attainments gained him a world wide celebrity and his great philanthropy the gratitude of the poor.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Cragside, and Armstrong's fortune, were inherited by his great-nephew, <a href="/wiki/William_Watson-Armstrong,_1st_Baron_Armstrong" title="William Watson-Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong">William Watson-Armstrong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2009121-46">[43]</a> Watson-Armstrong lacked Armstrong's commercial acumen and a series of poor financial investments led to the sale of much of the great art collection in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirouard1979314-47">[44]</a> In 1972, the death of Watson-Armstrong's heir, William John Montagu Watson-Armstrong, saw the house and estate threatened by large-scale residential development, intended to raise the money to pay a large <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance tax</a> bill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinney2007389-48">[45]</a> In 1971, when advising the National Trust on the most important Victorian houses to be preserved for the nation in the event of their sale, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Girouard" title="Mark Girouard">Mark Girouard</a> had identified Cragside as the top priority.<a href="#cite_note-buildingconservation2006-49">[46]</a> A major campaign saw the house and grounds acquired by the Trust in 1977,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2009121-46">[43]</a> with the aid of a grant from the <a href="/wiki/National_Land_Fund" title="National Land Fund">National Land Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinney2007389-48">[45]</a> In 2007, Cragside reopened after undergoing an 18-month refurbishment programme<a href="#cite_note-Restored:_the_world's_first_hydroelectric_house-50">[47]</a> that included rewiring the whole house.<a href="#cite_note-buildingconservation2006-49">[46]</a> It has become one of the most-visited sites in <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a>, with some 255,005 visitors in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-ALVA_2019_visitor_numbers-51">[48]</a> The Trust continues restoration work, allowing more of the house to be displayed: Armstrong's electrical room, in which he conducted experiments on electrical charges towards the end of his life, was re-opened in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> The experiments had led to the publication in 1897 of Armstrong's last work, Electrical Movement in Air and Water, illustrated with remarkable early photographs by his friend John Worsnop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200542-53">[50]</a> The Trust continues the reconstruction of the wider estate, with plans to redevelop Armstrong's glasshouses, including the palm house, the ferneries and the orchid house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon200748-54">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_and_description">Architecture and description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Architecture and description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cragside_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431615.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cragside_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431615.jpg/220px-Cragside_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431615.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cragside_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431615.jpg/330px-Cragside_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431615.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cragside_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431615.jpg/440px-Cragside_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431615.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>The entrance front – Shaw's "Wagnerian"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsnerRichmond2002244-15">[14]</a> overture</figcaption></figure> Cragside is an example of Shaw's <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor revival</a> style;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsnerRichmond2002244-15">[14]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pevsner_Architectural_Guides" title="Pevsner Architectural Guides">Pevsner Architectural Guide</a> for Northumberland called it "the most dramatic <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> mansion in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">North of England</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsnerRichmond2002244-15">[14]</a> The entrance front was described by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Stuart_Goodhart-Rendel" title="Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel">Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel</a> as "one of the most dramatic compositions in all architecture",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerriday196370-3">[3]</a> and the architectural historian <a href="/wiki/James_Stevens_Curl" title="James Stevens Curl">James Stevens Curl</a> regarded the house as "an extraordinarily accomplished <a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a> composition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurl1990119-55">[52]</a> Criticism focuses on the building's lack of overall coherence; in The National Trust Book of the English House, Aslet and Powers describe the house as "large and meandering",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsletPowers1985164-56">[53]</a> and the architectural critics Dixon and Muthesius write that "the plan rambles along the hillside".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonMuthesius199354-57">[54]</a> Saint is even more dismissive: for him, "the plan of Cragside is little better than a straggle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint201082-58">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">half-timbering</a> above the entrance has also been criticised as unfaithful to the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular</a> tradition of the North-East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsnerRichmond2002244-15">[14]</a> Shaw would have been unconcerned; desiring it for "romantic effect, he reached out for it like an artist reaching out for a tube of colour".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirouard1979312-59">[56]</a> The architectural historian <a href="/wiki/J._Mordaunt_Crook" title="J. Mordaunt Crook">J. Mordaunt Crook</a> considers Cragside to be one of the very few country houses built by the Victorian commercial <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">plutocracy</a> that was truly "<a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> or trend-setting".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrook199970–71-60">[57]</a> In his study, The Rise of the Nouveaux Riches, Crook contends that many new-monied owners were too domineering, and generally chose second-rate architects, as these tended to be more "pliant", allowing the clients to get their own way, rather than those of the first rank such as Shaw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrook199970–71-60">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhenish</a> flavour of the house makes a notable contrast with a country house that was almost contemporaneous with Cragside: the <a href="/wiki/Villa_H%C3%BCgel" title="Villa Hügel">Villa Hügel</a> constructed by Armstrong's greatest rival, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Krupp" title="Alfred Krupp">Alfred Krupp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDougan1991118-61">[58]</a> While Armstrong's Northumbrian fastness drew on <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Teutonic</a> inspirations, his German competitor designed and built a house that was an exercise in <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_MarleStewartWalkerWilliams2015667-62">[59]</a> The location for the house was described by Mark Girouard as "a lunatic site".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012166-63">[60]</a> Pevsner and Richmond call both the setting and the house Wagnerian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsnerRichmond2002244-15">[14]</a> The ledge on which it stands is narrow, and space for the repeated expansions could only be found by dynamiting the rock face behind, or by building upwards. Such challenges only drove Armstrong on, and overcoming the technical barriers to construction gave him great pleasure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirouard1979306-64">[61]</a> His task was made easier by the use of the workforce and the technology of the Elswick Works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012166–167-65">[62]</a> The architectural historian Jill Franklin notes that the vertiginous fall of the site is so steep that the drawing room, on a level with the first-floor landing at the front of the house, meets the rock face at the back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin1981211-66">[63]</a> Jenkins describes the plan of the house as "simpler than the exterior suggests".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2003564–565-33">[31]</a> The majority of the reception rooms are located on the ground floor, as are the accompanying service rooms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2003564–565-33">[31]</a> The exception is the large extension Shaw added to the south-east from 1882.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirouard1979308-67">[64]</a> This includes the drawing room, completed for the visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales, in August 1884.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirouard1979314-47">[44]</a> The house has been a <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">Grade I listed building</a> since 21 October 1953,<a href="#cite_note-historicengland1-68">[65]</a> the listing citing inter alia its "largely complete Victorian interior".<a href="#cite_note-historicengland1-68">[65]</a> The architectural correspondent of <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Binney" title="Marcus Binney">Marcus Binney</a>, who was closely involved in the campaign to bring Cragside to the National Trust, noted the historic importance of this "virtually untouched interior",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinney2007388–389-69">[66]</a> with its collections of furnishings, furniture (much designed especially for Cragside), and fine and decorative arts, with work by many notable designers of the period, including <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Webb" title="Philip Webb">Philip Webb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Pevsner notes that the art collection demonstrated "what was permissible to the Victorian nobleman in the way of <a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">erotica</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsnerRichmond2002246-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kitchen,_service_rooms_and_Turkish_bath">Kitchen, service rooms and Turkish bath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kitchen, service rooms and Turkish bath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cragside_Victorian_Turkish_baths_Plunge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cragside_Victorian_Turkish_baths_Plunge.jpg/310px-Cragside_Victorian_Turkish_baths_Plunge.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cragside_Victorian_Turkish_baths_Plunge.jpg/465px-Cragside_Victorian_Turkish_baths_Plunge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cragside_Victorian_Turkish_baths_Plunge.jpg/620px-Cragside_Victorian_Turkish_baths_Plunge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2510" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>The plunge pool in the Victorian Turkish bath lined with <a href="/wiki/Delftware" title="Delftware">Delftware</a> tiles</figcaption></figure> The kitchen is large by Victorian standards and forms a considerable apartment with the butler's pantry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsnerRichmond2002244-15">[14]</a> It displays Armstrong's "technical ingenuity" to the full, having a <a href="/wiki/Dumb_waiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumb waiter">dumb waiter</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Rotisserie" title="Rotisserie">spit</a> both run on hydraulic power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsnerRichmond2002244-15">[14]</a> An electric gong announced mealtimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETinniswood2016148-72">[69]</a> For the visit of Edward and Alexandra, Armstrong brought in the Royal caterers, <a href="/wiki/Gunter%27s_Tea_Shop" title="Gunter's Tea Shop">Gunters</a>, who used the kitchen to prepare an eight-course menu which included oysters, <a href="/wiki/Turtle_soup" title="Turtle soup">turtle soup</a>, stuffed <a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a>, venison, grouse, peaches in <a href="/wiki/Maraschino" title="Maraschino">maraschino</a> jelly and brown bread ice cream.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon200710–11-73">[70]</a> Off the kitchen, under the library, is a <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Turkish_baths" title="Victorian Turkish baths">Victorian Turkish bath</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifrin2015243–245-74">[71]</a> an unusual item in a Victorian private house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsnerRichmond2002244-15">[14]</a> The writer Michael Hall suggests that the bath, with its plunge pool, was intended as much to demonstrate Armstrong's copious water supply as for actual use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2009118-18">[17]</a> As was often the case, Armstrong also found practical application for his pleasures: steam generated while warming dry air for the Turkish bath supported the provision of heating for the house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012174-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library_and_dining_room">Library and dining room</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Library and dining room">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cragside_library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cragside_library.jpg/310px-Cragside_library.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cragside_library.jpg/465px-Cragside_library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cragside_library.jpg/620px-Cragside_library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="4758" /></a><figcaption>The library – "Shaw's greatest domestic interior"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint201084-76">[73]</a></figcaption></figure> Girouard describes the library as "one of the most sympathetic Victorian rooms in England".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirouard1979312-59">[56]</a> It belongs to the first phase of Shaw's construction work and was completed in 1872. It has a large <a href="/wiki/Bay_window" title="Bay window">bay window</a> which gives views out over the bridge and the glen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199252-77">[74]</a> The room is half-panelled in oak and the fireplace includes fragments of Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">onyx</a>, collected during Armstrong's visit to the country in 1872.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199253–54-78">[75]</a> The library originally contained some of Armstrong's best pictures, although most were rehung in the gallery or drawing room, following Shaw's later building campaign of the 1880s, and then sold in 1910, ten years after Armstrong's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199254-79">[76]</a> The highlight was <a href="/wiki/Albert_Joseph_Moore" title="Albert Joseph Moore">Albert Joseph Moore</a>'s Follow My Leader, dating from 1872.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirouard1979314-47">[44]</a> Andrew Saint considers the room "Shaw's greatest domestic interior".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint201084-76">[73]</a> The dining room off the library contains a "Gothic" fireplace with an <a href="/wiki/Inglenook" title="Inglenook">inglenook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2003565-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[d]</a> A portrait of Armstrong by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hetherington_Emmerson" title="Henry Hetherington Emmerson">Henry Hetherington Emmerson</a> shows him sitting in the inglenook with his dogs,<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> under a carved inscription on the mantlepiece reading East or West, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hame#Scots" class="extiw" title="wikt:hame">Hame's</a> Best.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2003565-80">[77]</a> The stained glass in the windows of the inglenook is by William Morris, and other glass from <a href="/wiki/Morris_%26_Co." title="Morris & Co.">Morris & Co.</a>, to designs by Rossetti, Burne-Jones, Webb and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Ford Madox Brown">Ford Madox Brown</a>, was installed in the library, gallery and upper stairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon200719-88">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Owl_suite">Owl suite</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Owl suite">edit</a>]</div> The Owl rooms were constructed in the first building campaign and formed a suite for important guests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeves2008106-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199263-89">[85]</a> Their name derives from the carved owls that decorate the woodwork and the bed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199263-89">[85]</a> The room is panelled in <a href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">American Black walnut</a>, the same wood from which the <a href="/wiki/Four-poster_bed" title="Four-poster bed">tester</a> bed is carved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2003565-80">[77]</a> Saint notes that Shaw was "proud of the design", displaying a further "owl-bed" in an exhibition in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint2010194-90">[86]</a> The Prince and Princess of Wales occupied the rooms during their stay at Cragside in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199263-89">[85]</a> Other bedrooms, notably the Yellow and White rooms, were hung with wallpaper by William Morris, including early versions of his Fruit and Bird and Trellis designs. The wallpapers were reprinted using the original <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">printing blocks</a> and rehung in the National Trust's renovations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon200726-91">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> The gallery originally formed Armstrong's museum room and was built by Shaw between 1872 and 1874.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsnerRichmond2002245–246-92">[88]</a> It led to the observatory in the Gilnockie Tower. Later, the room formed a processional route to the newly created drawing room, and was transformed into a gallery for pictures and sculpture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199264-93">[89]</a> Its lighting displayed further evidence of Armstrong's technical ingenuity. Provided with twelve overhead lamps, the lighting for the room could be supplemented by a further eight lamps, powered by electric current transferred from the lamps in the dining room when they were no longer required.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012288-94">[90]</a> Lighting, and his means of providing it, mattered to Armstrong, on both technical and aesthetic levels; he wrote, "in the passageways and stairs the lamps are used without shades and present a most beautiful and star-like appearance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012288-94">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drawing_room">Drawing room</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Drawing room">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cragside,_Northumberland_-_The_Drawing_Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cragside%2C_Northumberland_-_The_Drawing_Room.jpg/290px-Cragside%2C_Northumberland_-_The_Drawing_Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cragside%2C_Northumberland_-_The_Drawing_Room.jpg/435px-Cragside%2C_Northumberland_-_The_Drawing_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cragside%2C_Northumberland_-_The_Drawing_Room.jpg/580px-Cragside%2C_Northumberland_-_The_Drawing_Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The drawing room and inglenook fireplace – "sensational",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2003564–565-33">[31]</a> "spectacular"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsnerRichmond2002245-95">[91]</a> or "sickening",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnor1950101-96">[92]</a> according to taste</figcaption></figure> The drawing room was constructed in the 1880s phase of building, when Armstrong had sold his Jesmond house and was residing solely at Cragside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2009121-46">[43]</a> Aslet suggests that the inspiration for the design was the <a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">great hall</a> at <a href="/wiki/Haddon_Hall" title="Haddon Hall">Haddon Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslet2005385–386-34">[32]</a> although Saint considers Shaw's <a href="/wiki/Dawpool_(house)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawpool (house)">Dawpool Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> as the more likely source.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint2010290-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199266-97">[93]</a> Pevsner and Richmond mention <a href="/wiki/Hardwick_Hall" title="Hardwick Hall">Hardwick Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_House" title="Hatfield House">Hatfield House</a> as possible models for the "spectacular" overall design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsnerRichmond2002245-95">[91]</a> The room contains a colossal marble inglenook <a href="/wiki/Fireplace_mantel" title="Fireplace mantel">chimneypiece</a>, reputed to weigh ten tons, and designed by Shaw's assistant, <a href="/wiki/William_Lethaby" title="William Lethaby">W. R. Lethaby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199266-97">[93]</a> Muthesius describes the fireplace as a "splendid example ... with finely composed relief decoration".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuthesius1979185-98">[94]</a> Jenkins considers it "surely the world's biggest inglenook" and describes the overall impact of the room as "sensational", noting the top-lit ceiling and the elaborate <a href="/wiki/Jacobethan" title="Jacobethan">Jacobethan</a> <a href="/wiki/Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">plasterwork</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2003564–565-33">[31]</a> Others have been less complimentary; the writer Reginald Turnor, no admirer either of Shaw or of Victorian architecture and its architects more generally,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnor19506-99">[95]</a> wrote of the room's "flamboyant and rather sickening detail".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnor1950101-96">[92]</a> By the time of its construction, Shaw, increasingly working for clients of great wealth, had moved on from his "Old English" style,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012283-100">[96]</a> and the room is designed and decorated in a grander and more opulent <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance</a> taste.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2009121-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeves2008107-101">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Billiard_room">Billiard room</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Billiard room">edit</a>]</div> The billiard room extension of 1895 is by Frederick Waller.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> It replaced a laboratory, in which Armstrong conducted experiments in electric currents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199270-103">[99]</a> The billiard table and furniture were supplied by <a href="/wiki/Burroughes_and_Watts" class="mw-redirect" title="Burroughes and Watts">Burroughes and Watts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon200731-104">[100]</a> The billiard room and adjacent gun room<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin198159-105">[101]</a> formed a smoking suite, the previous absence of which is evidenced in a watercolour painted to commemorate the visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales. The Prince and Armstrong are shown smoking cigars on the terrace, as Victorian convention did not permit smoking in the principal reception rooms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirouard1979317-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton1948174-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cragside_Archimedes%27_screw_from_bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cragside_Archimedes%27_screw_from_bottom.jpg/211px-Cragside_Archimedes%27_screw_from_bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cragside_Archimedes%27_screw_from_bottom.jpg/317px-Cragside_Archimedes%27_screw_from_bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cragside_Archimedes%27_screw_from_bottom.jpg/422px-Cragside_Archimedes%27_screw_from_bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cragside's <a href="/wiki/Screw_turbine" title="Screw turbine">screw turbine</a>, installed in 2014</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Burnfoot_Power_House._Generator,_turbine,_etc,_Cragside_Estate,_Rothbury,_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Burnfoot_Power_House._Generator%2C_turbine%2C_etc%2C_Cragside_Estate%2C_Rothbury%2C_England.jpg/173px-Burnfoot_Power_House._Generator%2C_turbine%2C_etc%2C_Cragside_Estate%2C_Rothbury%2C_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Burnfoot_Power_House._Generator%2C_turbine%2C_etc%2C_Cragside_Estate%2C_Rothbury%2C_England.jpg/260px-Burnfoot_Power_House._Generator%2C_turbine%2C_etc%2C_Cragside_Estate%2C_Rothbury%2C_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Burnfoot_Power_House._Generator%2C_turbine%2C_etc%2C_Cragside_Estate%2C_Rothbury%2C_England.jpg/346px-Burnfoot_Power_House._Generator%2C_turbine%2C_etc%2C_Cragside_Estate%2C_Rothbury%2C_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3505" data-file-height="3198" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Burnfoot Power House, electricity generator</div></div></div></div></div> After his first visit in 1869, Shaw described the house in a letter to his wife, noting the "wonderful hydraulic machines that do all sorts of things you can imagine".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199217-2">[2]</a> By building dams, Armstrong created five new lakes on the estate, Debdon, Tumbleton, Blackburn, and the Upper and Lower lakes at Nelly's Moss.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199275–76-111">[106]</a> In 1868, a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> engine was installed. Inspired by a watermill on the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Cumbria" title="River Dee, Cumbria">Dee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dentdale" title="Dentdale">Dentdale</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald201222-112">[107]</a> in 1870 Armstrong installed a <a href="/wiki/Siemens_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens AG">Siemens</a> <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamo</a> in what was the world's first <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power station">hydroelectric power station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsnerRichmond2002246-71">[68]</a> The generators, which also provided power for the farm buildings on the estate, were constantly extended and improved to meet the increasing electrical demands in the house. The 2006 regeneration project included extensive rewiring.<a href="#cite_note-buildingconservation2006-49">[46]</a> A new <a href="/wiki/Screw_turbine" title="Screw turbine">screw turbine</a>, with a 17-metre (56 ft)-long <a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw" title="Archimedes' screw">Archimedes' screw</a>, was installed in 2014; it can provide 12 kW, supplying around 10 per cent of the property's electricity consumption.<a href="#cite_note-114">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> The electricity generated was used to power an <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lamp</a> installed in the picture gallery in 1878. This was replaced in 1880 by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan">Joseph Swan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent lamp">incandescent lamps</a> in what Swan considered "the first proper installation" of electric lighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslet2005386-116">[110]</a> Armstrong knew Swan well and had chaired the presentation of Swan's new lamps to the <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_Philosophical_Society_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne">Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a> describes Cragside as the "first (house) in the world to be lit by electricity derived from water power".<a href="#cite_note-historicengland1-68">[65]</a> The use of electricity to run the house's appliances and internal systems made Cragside a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">home automation</a>; one of the first private residences to have a dishwasher, a vacuum cleaner and a washing machine, the conservators Sarah Schmitz and Caroline Rawson suggest Cragside was "the place where modern living began".<a href="#cite_note-buildingconservation2006-49">[46]</a> The spit in the kitchen was also powered by hydraulics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslet2005385–386-34">[32]</a> The conservatory contained a self-watering system for the pot plants, which turned on water-powered revolving stands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2009118-18">[17]</a> Telephony was introduced, both between the rooms in the house, and between the house and other buildings on the estate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDougan1991122-117">[111]</a> A plaque at <a href="/wiki/Bamburgh_Castle" title="Bamburgh Castle">Bamburgh Castle</a>, Armstrong's other residence on the Northumbrian coast, records that his development of these new automated technologies "emancipated ... much of the world from household drudgery".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleary200667-118">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grounds_and_estate">Grounds and estate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Grounds and estate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Burn_and_footbridge,_Cragside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1191568.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_Burn_and_footbridge%2C_Cragside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1191568.jpg/170px-The_Burn_and_footbridge%2C_Cragside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1191568.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_Burn_and_footbridge%2C_Cragside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1191568.jpg/255px-The_Burn_and_footbridge%2C_Cragside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1191568.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_Burn_and_footbridge%2C_Cragside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1191568.jpg/340px-The_Burn_and_footbridge%2C_Cragside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1191568.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Armstrong's bridge over the Debdon Burn</figcaption></figure> Cragside is named after Cragend Hill above the house, and is surrounded by an extensive <a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">rock garden</a>, with a collection of <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">rhododendrons</a>, one of which is named after Lady Armstrong, who made a considerable contribution to the design and construction of the gardens,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012299-119">[113]</a> and large plantings of mostly <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">coniferous</a> trees.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> Among these is the tallest <a href="/wiki/Scots_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots pine">Scots pine</a> in Britain, at a height of 131 feet (40 m).<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> Over one hundred years after their planting, Jill Franklin wrote that, "the great, dark trees form a protective barrier to (Armstrong's) home".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin1981119-122">[116]</a> Armstrong continued to buy land after the purchase of the original site and by the 1880s the gardens and grounds comprised some 1,700 acres (690 ha),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2009118-18">[17]</a> with the wider estate, including Armstrong's agricultural holdings, extending to 15,000 acres (6,100 ha) according to Henrietta Heald's 2012 biography of Armstrong,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012169-123">[117]</a> and to over 16,000 acres (6,500 ha) according to the historian <a href="/wiki/David_Cannadine" title="David Cannadine">David Cannadine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannadine1992202-124">[118]</a> David Dougan records the traditional claim that Armstrong planted over seven million trees in the gardens and parkland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDougan1991120-125">[119]</a> The estate is a sanctuary for some of the last remaining <a href="/wiki/Red_squirrel" title="Red squirrel">red squirrel</a> colonies in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinney2007389-48">[45]</a> The glen north-west of the house is spanned by an iron bridge, crossing the Debdon Burn, constructed to Armstrong's design<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> at his <a href="/wiki/Elswick_Ordnance_Company" title="Elswick Ordnance Company">Elswick Works</a> in the 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsnerRichmond2002246-71">[68]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">Grade II* listed structure</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> and was restored by the Trust, and reopened to the public in 2008–2009.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon200736–37-128">[122]</a> The gardens themselves are listed Grade I,<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> and some of the architectural and technological structures have their own historic listings.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> The Clock Tower, which regulated life on the estate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199275-131">[125]</a> dates from the time of the construction of the shooting lodge, and might have been designed by the same architect; it is not by Shaw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199277-132">[126]</a> It is possible that Armstrong himself designed the clock.<a href="#cite_note-historicengland2-133">[127]</a> Like the bridge, the Clock Tower has a Grade II* listing.<a href="#cite_note-historicengland2-133">[127]</a> The formal gardens, where Armstrong's great greenhouses stood and which were long separated from the main estate, have now been acquired by the Trust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012338-134">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_appearances">Media appearances</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Media appearances">edit</a>]</div> Cragside has featured in an <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a> Arts Foundation Course,<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Meades" title="Jonathan Meades">Jonathan Meades</a>'s documentary series Abroad Again in Britain,<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a>'s Britain's Hidden Heritage,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_One_-_Britain's_Hidden_Heritage,_Cragside_House-137">[131]</a> Glorious Gardens from above,<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> Great Coastal Railway Journeys,<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> Hidden Treasures of the National Trust<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV's</a> series Inside the National Trust.<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> The 2017 film <a href="/wiki/The_Current_War" title="The Current War">The Current War</a> was partly filmed at the estate.<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> Cragside featured as the basis for the representation of Lockwood Manor in <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_World:_Fallen_Kingdom" title="Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom">Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Britain's military deficiencies had been exposed in the Crimean War. At the time, Britain, in common with other European powers, had a nationalised gun-making industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman201117-10">[10]</a> Armstrong's appointment in 1858 as Engineer of Rifled Ordnance saw the almost complete transfer of responsibility for production to his private <a href="/wiki/Elswick_Ordnance_Company" title="Elswick Ordnance Company">Elswick Ordnance Company</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonBuxton201357–58-11">[11]</a> and the development of the first breech-loading gun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman201117-10">[10]</a> Commercial rivalries and governmental in-fighting saw the cancellation of all of Armstrong's contracts in 1862, and in 1863 he resigned his post, merging the EOC with his other engineering concerns to form Sir W G Armstrong and Co.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonBuxton201357–58-11">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> There are conflicting views as to the price Armstrong paid for the paintings. His 2012 biographer Henrietta Heald quotes Armstrong in a letter to his wife: "I have bought Chill October and Jephthah for 900 <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(coin)" title="Guinea (coin)">guineas</a> – a big price but much less than they were expected to bring". Hugh Dixon, in the 2007 guidebook to Cragside, records that Armstrong paid 3,800 guineas for Jephthah's Daughter alone, "one of (his) most expensive purchases".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20079-30">[29]</a> The art historian Gerald Reitlinger gives the following prices in his definitive guide: Chill October, £3,255 and Jephthah's Daughter, £3,990 (that is, 3,100 guineas and 3,800 guineas respectively). Their relative values had changed substantially by 1910: Chill October realised £5,040 but Jephthah only £1,260 (4,800 and 1,200 guineas).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1961389–390-31">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Others have claimed the honour of the first scientific peerage for the physicist <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> whose barony, awarded in 1892, was granted entirely in recognition of his scientific achievements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithNorton_Wise1989801-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchobert2014154-41">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Shaw made the construction of inglenooks something of a speciality. He built his first at <a href="/wiki/Cranbrook,_Kent" title="Cranbrook, Kent">Cranbrook</a> for John Calcott Horsley, who later introduced Shaw to Armstrong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint201045-81">[78]</a> As well as those at Cragside, two notable examples were created for the now-demolished <a href="/wiki/Dawpool_(house)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawpool (house)">Dawpool Hall</a> on the Wirral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint2010290-82">[79]</a> One of these now forms the porch of The Pantheon at <a href="/wiki/Portmeirion" title="Portmeirion">Portmeirion</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> and the other went unsold on <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> Shaw's biographer, Andrew Saint writes, "inglenooks are the decorative pièce de résistance of the Shaw <a href="/wiki/English_country_house" title="English country house">country house</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint2010137-85">[82]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Attitudes towards smoking indoors changed significantly in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian period</a>. The architect <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kerr_(architect)" title="Robert Kerr (architect)">Robert Kerr</a>, more famous for his textbook on the design of Victorian houses than for his buildings, wrote in 1864, "The pitiable resources to which some gentlemen are driven, even in their own houses, in order to be able to enjoy the pestiferous luxury of a cigar, have given rise to the occasional introduction of an apartment specially dedicated to the use of Tobacco."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr2012143-108">[104]</a> The historian Jill Franklin noted that "smoking was still completely forbidden in some houses as late as the 1850s", and that only in "more tolerant houses could (gentlemen) use the servants' hall or the harness room of the stables".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin198156–57-109">[105]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Armstrong also investigated the possibilities of applying technological innovations to agricultural activities; in the mid-1890s he constructed a hydraulic <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a> plant on the estate at <a href="/wiki/Cragend_Silo" title="Cragend Silo">Cragend Farm</a>. It was not a success, due to the amount of manual labour required and the gases which the process produced.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirouard1979307-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirouard1979307_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGirouard1979">Girouard 1979</a>, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199217-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaint199217_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaint199217_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaint1992">Saint 1992</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerriday196370-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerriday196370_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerriday196370_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerriday1963">Ferriday 1963</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint19926-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaint19926_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaint1992">Saint 1992</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint19927-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaint19927_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaint1992">Saint 1992</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald201263-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeald201263_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeald2012">Heald 2012</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint199213-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaint199213_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaint1992">Saint 1992</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeves2008106-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeves2008106_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeves2008106_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeves2008106_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreeves2008">Greeves 2008</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012150-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeald2012150_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeald2012">Heald 2012</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman201117-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman201117_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman201117_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2011">Friedman 2011</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonBuxton201357–58-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonBuxton201357–58_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonBuxton201357–58_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnstonBuxton2013">Johnston & Buxton 2013</a>, pp. 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDougan1991119-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDougan1991119_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDougan1991">Dougan 1991</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2012164–165-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeald2012164–165_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeald2012164–165_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeald2012">Heald 2012</a>, 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSykes2013" class="citation news cs1">Sykes, Alan (15 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2013/mar/15/newcastle-energy">"Palace of a modern magician"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northumberland+Gazette&rft.atitle=Cragside+stars+in+new+Jurassic+World+movie&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northumberlandgazette.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcragside-stars-in-new-jurassic-world-movie-1-9225007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsletPowers1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clive_Aslet" title="Clive Aslet">Aslet, Clive</a>; Powers, Alan (1985). The National Trust Book of the English House. Harmondsworth, UK: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904188923">904188923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Trust+Book+of+the+English+House&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+UK&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F904188923&rft.aulast=Aslet&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft.au=Powers%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslet2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clive_Aslet" title="Clive Aslet">Aslet, Clive</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landmarksofbrita00cliv">Landmarks of Britain</a>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-73510-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-73510-7"><bdi>978-0-340-73510-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landmarks+of+Britain&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-340-73510-7&rft.aulast=Aslet&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flandmarksofbrita00cliv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinney2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Binney" title="Marcus Binney">Binney, Marcus</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KNlDAAAACAAJ&q=In+search+of+the+perfect+house">In Search of the Perfect House: 500 of the Best Buildings in Britain and Ireland</a>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84455-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84455-6"><bdi>978-0-297-84455-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Perfect+House%3A+500+of+the+Best+Buildings+in+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84455-6&rft.aulast=Binney&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKNlDAAAACAAJ%26q%3DIn%2Bsearch%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bperfect%2Bhouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodieFelsteadFranklinPinfield2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Brodie, Antonia; Felstead, Alison; Franklin, Jonathan; Pinfield, Leslie; Oldfield, Jane (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/1042847872">Directory of British Architects: 1834-1914</a>. Vol. 2: L-Z. New York and London: <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-4963-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-4963-8"><bdi>0-8264-4963-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directory+of+British+Architects%3A+1834-1914&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8264-4963-8&rft.aulast=Brodie&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft.au=Felstead%2C+Alison&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Pinfield%2C+Leslie&rft.au=Oldfield%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F1042847872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannadine1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cannadine" title="David Cannadine">Cannadine, David</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BR6mPwAACAAJ&q=editions:vKra0exmKZgC">The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy</a>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Pan_Books" title="Pan Books">Pan Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-32188-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-32188-4"><bdi>978-0-330-32188-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+British+Aristocracy&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-330-32188-4&rft.aulast=Cannadine&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBR6mPwAACAAJ%26q%3Deditions%3AvKra0exmKZgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleary2006" class="citation book cs1">Cleary, Bryan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fVuzAAAACAAJ&q=Bamburgh+Castle">Bamburgh Castle, Northumberland</a>. Derby, UK: Heritage House Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-78085-101419-7" title="Special:BookSources/9-78085-101419-7"><bdi>9-78085-101419-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bamburgh+Castle%2C+Northumberland&rft.place=Derby%2C+UK&rft.pub=Heritage+House+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9-78085-101419-7&rft.aulast=Cleary&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfVuzAAAACAAJ%26q%3DBamburgh%2BCastle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrook1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Mordaunt_Crook" title="J. Mordaunt Crook">Crook, J. Mordaunt</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofnouveauxri0000croo">The Rise of the Nouveaux Riches</a>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-719-56040-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-719-56040-8"><bdi>978-0-719-56040-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Nouveaux+Riches&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-719-56040-8&rft.aulast=Crook&rft.aufirst=J.+Mordaunt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofnouveauxri0000croo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurl1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Stevens_Curl" title="James Stevens Curl">Curl, James Stevens</a> (1990). Victorian Architecture. Newton Abbot, England: <a href="/wiki/David_%26_Charles" title="David & Charles">David & Charles</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-715-39144-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-715-39144-0"><bdi>978-0-715-39144-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/823781473">823781473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Architecture&rft.place=Newton+Abbot%2C+England&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F823781473&rft.isbn=978-0-715-39144-0&rft.aulast=Curl&rft.aufirst=James+Stevens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2007" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Hugh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jUF9MwEACAAJ&q=Cragside+2007+Hugh+Dixon">Cragside</a>. Swindon, UK: National Trust Enterprises. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-843-59322-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-843-59322-5"><bdi>978-1-843-59322-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cragside&rft.place=Swindon%2C+UK&rft.pub=National+Trust+Enterprises&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-843-59322-5&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjUF9MwEACAAJ%26q%3DCragside%2B2007%2BHugh%2BDixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixonMuthesius1993" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Roger; Muthesius, Stefan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yVcs9z4-rzUC">Victorian Architecture</a>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Thames_and_Hudson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames and Hudson">Thames and Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-20048-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-20048-5"><bdi>978-0-195-20048-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Architecture&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-195-20048-5&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Muthesius%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyVcs9z4-rzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougan1991" class="citation book cs1">Dougan, David (1991). The Great Gun-Maker: The Life of Lord Armstrong. Morpeth, UK: Sandhill Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946098-23-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-946098-23-1"><bdi>978-0-946098-23-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Gun-Maker%3A+The+Life+of+Lord+Armstrong&rft.place=Morpeth%2C+UK&rft.pub=Sandhill+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-946098-23-1&rft.aulast=Dougan&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Dutton,_8th_Baron_Sherborne" title="Ralph Dutton, 8th Baron Sherborne">Dutton, Ralph</a> (1948). The English Interior – 1500 to 1900. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Pavilion_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavilion Books">Batsford</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/86001091">86001091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Interior+%E2%80%93+1500+to+1900&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F86001091&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerriday1963" class="citation book cs1">Ferriday, Peter (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmNTAAAAMAAJ">Victorian Architecture</a>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/270335">270335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Architecture&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F270335&rft.aulast=Ferriday&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmNTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1981" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Jill (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gentlemanscountr00fran">The Gentleman's Country House and its Plan 1835–1914</a>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge & Kegan Paul</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-710-00622-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-710-00622-6"><bdi>978-0-710-00622-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gentleman%27s+Country+House+and+its+Plan+1835%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-710-00622-6&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgentlemanscountr00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2011" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Norman (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yh3OAwAAQBAJ&q=Naval+Weapons+of+World+War+One">Naval Weapons of World War One</a>. Barnsley, UK: <a href="/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books" title="Pen and Sword Books">Seaforth Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-848-32100-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-848-32100-7"><bdi>978-1-848-32100-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Weapons+of+World+War+One&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+UK&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-848-32100-7&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyh3OAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DNaval%2BWeapons%2Bof%2BWorld%2BWar%2BOne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirouard1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Girouard" title="Mark Girouard">Girouard, Mark</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victoriancountry0000giro">The Victorian Country House</a>. New Haven, US and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02390-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02390-9"><bdi>978-0-300-02390-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorian+Country+House&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+US+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-300-02390-9&rft.aulast=Girouard&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvictoriancountry0000giro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeves2008" class="citation book cs1">Greeves, Lydia (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LuD3gfEDiSYC&q=Houses+of+the+National+Trust">Houses of the National Trust</a>. London, UK: National Trust Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905-40066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905-40066-9"><bdi>978-1-905-40066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Houses+of+the+National+Trust&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=National+Trust+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-905-40066-9&rft.aulast=Greeves&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLuD3gfEDiSYC%26q%3DHouses%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNational%2BTrust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2009" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHJJAQAAIAAJ&q=The+Victorian+Country+House+Michael+Hall">The Victorian Country House</a>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Aurum_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurum Press">Aurum Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-457-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-457-0"><bdi>978-1-84513-457-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorian+Country+House&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84513-457-0&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpHJJAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BVictorian%2BCountry%2BHouse%2BMichael%2BHall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeald2012" class="citation book cs1">Heald, Henrietta (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opfKCEOzUY4C&q=william+armstrong+the+magician+of+the+north">William Armstrong: Magician of the North</a>. Carmarthen, UK: McNidder & Grace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-16042-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-16042-3"><bdi>978-0-857-16042-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Armstrong%3A+Magician+of+the+North&rft.place=Carmarthen%2C+UK&rft.pub=McNidder+%26+Grace&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-857-16042-3&rft.aulast=Heald&rft.aufirst=Henrietta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DopfKCEOzUY4C%26q%3Dwilliam%2Barmstrong%2Bthe%2Bmagician%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bnorth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Jenkins" title="Simon Jenkins">Jenkins, Simon</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qWnqAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:kD9NFIpkJVsC">England's Thousand Best Houses</a>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99596-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99596-1"><bdi>978-0-713-99596-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+Thousand+Best+Houses&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-713-99596-1&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqWnqAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Deditions%3AkD9NFIpkJVsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonBuxton2013" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Ian; Buxton, Ian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5rhiBwAAQBAJ&q=The+Battleship+Builders+Constructing+and+Arming+British+Capital+Ships">The Battleship Builders: Constructing and Arming British Capital Ships</a>. Barnsley, UK: <a href="/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books" title="Pen and Sword Books">Seaforth Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-473-82226-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-473-82226-9"><bdi>978-1-473-82226-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battleship+Builders%3A+Constructing+and+Arming+British+Capital+Ships&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+UK&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-473-82226-9&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Buxton%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5rhiBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BBattleship%2BBuilders%2BConstructing%2Band%2BArming%2BBritish%2BCapital%2BShips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kerr_(architect)" title="Robert Kerr (architect)">Kerr, Robert</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl_nE2LhI8oC&q=editions:nO8j6tkEuRYC">The Gentleman's House</a>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-04484-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-04484-4"><bdi>978-1-108-04484-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gentleman%27s+House&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-108-04484-4&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPl_nE2LhI8oC%26q%3Deditions%3AnO8j6tkEuRYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_MarleStewartWalkerWilliams2015" class="citation book cs1">Marle, Jeroen van; Stewart, James; Walker, Neville; Williams, Christine (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbeMtAgl_20C&q=editions:vJXSJCN634wC">The Rough Guide to Germany</a> (3rd ed.). London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides Ltd</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-409-36910-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-409-36910-3"><bdi>978-1-409-36910-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Germany&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+Ltd&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-409-36910-3&rft.aulast=Marle&rft.aufirst=Jeroen+van&rft.au=Stewart%2C+James&rft.au=Walker%2C+Neville&rft.au=Williams%2C+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbeMtAgl_20C%26q%3Deditions%3AvJXSJCN634wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuthesius1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Muthesius" title="Hermann Muthesius">Muthesius, Hermann</a> (1979) [1904]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4jRAQAACAAJ&q=editions:-7GFYV4ktzcC">The English House</a> (Single volume ed.). Frogmore, UK: Granada Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-258-97101-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-258-97101-7"><bdi>978-0-258-97101-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+House&rft.place=Frogmore%2C+UK&rft.edition=Single+volume&rft.pub=Granada+Publishing&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-258-97101-7&rft.aulast=Muthesius&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4jRAQAACAAJ%26q%3Deditions%3A-7GFYV4ktzcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPevsnerRichmond2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a>; Richmond, Ian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kClO7NOfvsIC&q=Northumberland+Pevsner+Richmond">Northumberland</a>. The Buildings Of England. New Haven, US and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09638-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09638-5"><bdi>978-0-300-09638-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northumberland&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+US+and+London&rft.series=The+Buildings+Of+England&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09638-5&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rft.au=Richmond%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkClO7NOfvsIC%26q%3DNorthumberland%2BPevsner%2BRichmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitlinger1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Reitlinger" title="Gerald Reitlinger">Reitlinger, Gerald</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SZLqAAAAMAAJ">The Economics of Taste, Vol I: The Rise and Fall of Picture Prices 1760–1960</a>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Barrie_%26_Jenkins" title="Barrie & Jenkins">Barrie & Rockliff</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185950482">185950482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Taste%2C+Vol+I%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Picture+Prices+1760%E2%80%931960&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Barrie+%26+Rockliff&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185950482&rft.aulast=Reitlinger&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSZLqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Saint" title="Andrew Saint">Saint, Andrew</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qL5bPwAACAAJ">Cragside</a>. London, UK: National Trust Enterprises. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-707-80148-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-707-80148-3"><bdi>978-0-707-80148-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cragside&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=National+Trust+Enterprises&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-707-80148-3&rft.aulast=Saint&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqL5bPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Saint" title="Andrew Saint">Saint, Andrew</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eGFIAQAAIAAJ&q=Richard+Norman+Shaw">Richard Norman Shaw</a>. New Haven, US and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15526-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15526-6"><bdi>978-0-300-15526-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Norman+Shaw&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+US+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15526-6&rft.aulast=Saint&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeGFIAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DRichard%2BNorman%2BShaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShifrin2015" class="citation book cs1">Shifrin, Malcolm (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/929684255">Victorian Turkish Baths</a>. Swindon: Historic England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-848-02230-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-848-02230-0"><bdi>978-1-848-02230-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Turkish+Baths&rft.place=Swindon&rft.pub=Historic+England&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-848-02230-0&rft.aulast=Shifrin&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F929684255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchobert2014" class="citation book cs1">Schobert, Harold (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7IXSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA154">Energy and Society - An Introduction</a>. Baton Rouge, US: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-482-21925-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-482-21925-8"><bdi>978-1-482-21925-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+and+Society+-+An+Introduction&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+US&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-482-21925-8&rft.aulast=Schobert&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7IXSBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithNorton_Wise1989" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Crosbie; Norton Wise, M. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/772888593">Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin</a>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12925-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12925-1"><bdi>978-0-521-12925-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/772888593">772888593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+and+Empire%3A+A+Biographical+Study+of+Lord+Kelvin&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F772888593&rft.isbn=978-0-521-12925-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Crosbie&rft.au=Norton+Wise%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F772888593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Ken (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhT8OAAACAAJ&q=emperor+of+industry+lord+armstrong">Emperor of Industry: Lord Armstrong of Cragside</a>. Newcastle, UK: Tyne Bridge Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-857-95127-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-857-95127-1"><bdi>978-1-857-95127-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+of+Industry%3A+Lord+Armstrong+of+Cragside&rft.place=Newcastle%2C+UK&rft.pub=Tyne+Bridge+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-857-95127-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlhT8OAAACAAJ%26q%3Demperor%2Bof%2Bindustry%2Blord%2Barmstrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinniswood2016" class="citation book cs1">Tinniswood, Adrian (2016). The Long Weekend: Life in the English Country House Between The Wars. London: <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-09945-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-09945-5"><bdi>978-0-224-09945-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Weekend%3A+Life+in+the+English+Country+House+Between+The+Wars&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-224-09945-5&rft.aulast=Tinniswood&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnor1950" class="citation book cs1">Turnor, Reginald (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xmRNAAAAMAAJ">Nineteenth Century Architecture in Britain</a>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Pavilion_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavilion Books">Batsford</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/520344">520344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth+Century+Architecture+in+Britain&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F520344&rft.aulast=Turnor&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxmRNAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACragside" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cragside&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_Energy_Centre" title="Biomass Energy Centre">Biomass Energy Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynemouth_power_station" title="Lynemouth power station">Lynemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_power_stations" title="Wilton power stations">Wilton 10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BEI-Teesside" title="BEI-Teesside">BEI-Teesside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billingham_Biomass_Power_Station" title="Billingham Biomass Power Station">Billingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Blyth_Biomass_Project" title="North Blyth Biomass Project">North Blyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tees_Renewable_Energy_Plant" title="Tees Renewable Energy Plant">Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyne_Renewable_Energy_Plant" title="Tyne Renewable Energy Plant">Tyne REP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed_Power_Station" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed Power Station">Berwick upon Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blyth_Power_Station" title="Blyth Power Station">Blyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carville_power_stations" title="Carville power stations">Carville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopwell_Colliery" title="Chopwell Colliery">Chopwell Colliery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_Power_Station" title="Close Power Station">Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consett_Power_Station" title="Consett Power Station">Consett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_Power_Station" title="Darlington Power Station">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derwenthaugh_Coke_Works" title="Derwenthaugh Coke Works">Derwenthaugh Coke Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunston_Power_Station" title="Dunston Power Station">Dunston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_Banks_Power_Station" title="Forth Banks Power Station">Forth Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horden_Colliery" title="Horden Colliery">Horden Colliery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemington_Power_Station" title="Lemington Power Station">Lemington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynemouth_power_station" title="Lynemouth power station">Lynemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainsforth_Colliery" title="Mainsforth Colliery">Mainsforth Colliery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manors_Power_Station" title="Manors Power Station">Manors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_Bank_Power_Station" title="Neptune Bank Power Station">Neptune Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburn_Steelworks" title="Newburn Steelworks">Newburn Steelworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tees_Power_Station" title="North Tees Power Station">North Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandon_Dene_Power_Station" title="Pandon Dene Power Station">Pandon Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Power_Station" title="Philadelphia Power Station">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Shore_Road_power_station" title="South Shore Road power station">South Shore Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Shields_power_station" title="South Shields power station">South Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_power_stations" title="Stella power stations">Stella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Power_Station" title="Sunderland Power Station">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whinfield_coke_works" title="Whinfield coke works">Whinfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blyth_Power_Station" title="Blyth Power Station">Blyth Clean Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eston_Grange_Power_Station" title="Eston Grange Power Station">Eston Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepier_power_station" title="Kepier power station">Kepier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_Sands_Power_Station" title="Seal Sands Power Station">Seal Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_power_stations" title="Wilton power stations">Wilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teesside_power_station" title="Teesside power station">Teesside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Cogeneration_Power_Station" title="Thor Cogeneration Power Station">Thor Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitetail_Clean_Energy" title="Whitetail Clean Energy">Whitetail Clean Energy Wilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stella_power_stations#CCGT_power_station_proposal" title="Stella power stations">Newburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derwent_Reservoir_(North_East_England)" title="Derwent Reservoir (North East England)">Derwent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielder_Water" title="Kielder Water">Kielder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cragside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_Nuclear_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartlepool Nuclear Power Station">Hartlepool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druridge_Bay" title="Druridge Bay">Druridge Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Oil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_power_stations" title="Wilton power stations">Wilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teesside_EfW_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Teesside EfW plant">Teesside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_power_stations" title="Wilton power stations">Wilton 11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottovale_coke_works" title="Ottovale coke works">Blaydon Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derwenthaugh_Coke_Works" title="Derwenthaugh Coke Works">Derwenthaugh Coke Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburn_Steelworks" title="Newburn Steelworks">Newburn Steelworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrack_Incinerator" title="Portrack Incinerator">Portrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whinfield_coke_works" title="Whinfield coke works">Whinfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teesside_EfW_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Teesside EfW plant">North Eastern Energy Recovery Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blyth_Power_Station" title="Blyth Power Station">Blyth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blyth_Harbour_Wind_Farm" title="Blyth Harbour Wind Farm">Blyth Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blyth_Offshore_Wind_Farm" title="Blyth Offshore Wind Farm">Blyth Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eppleton_Wind_Farm" title="Great Eppleton Wind Farm">Great Eppleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmside_Hall_Wind_Farm" title="Holmside Hall Wind Farm">Holmside Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley_Park_Wind_Farm" title="Langley Park Wind Farm">Langley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Steads_Wind_Farm" title="North Steads Wind Farm">North Steads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesside_Wind_Farm" title="Teesside Wind Farm">Teesside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimdon_Grange_Wind_Farm" title="Trimdon Grange Wind Farm">Trimdon Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Durham_Wind_Farm" title="West Durham Wind Farm">West Durham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kielder_Water" title="Kielder Water">Kielder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:EnglandNorthEast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/EnglandNorthEast.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="247" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations and personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CA_Parsons_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="CA Parsons & Company">CA Parsons & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hesterman_Merz" title="Charles Hesterman Merz">Charles Hesterman Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_Chapman" title="Clarke Chapman">Clarke Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Theodore_Merz" title="John Theodore Merz">John Theodore Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_J_Couves_%26_Partners" title="L J Couves & Partners">L J Couves & Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merz_%26_McLellan" title="Merz & McLellan">Merz & McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narec" title="Narec">Narec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_and_District_Electric_Lighting_Company" title="Newcastle and District Electric Lighting Company">Newcastle and District Electric Lighting Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Electric_Supply_Company" title="North Eastern Electric Supply Company">North Eastern Electric Supply Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Electric" title="Northern Electric">Northern Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Engineering_Industries" title="Northern Engineering Industries">Northern Engineering Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Powergrid" title="Northern Powergrid">Northern Powergrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-nationalisation_UK_electric_power_companies#Companies_merged_into_North_Eastern_Electricity_Board_(NEEB)" title="List of pre-nationalisation UK electric power companies">Pre-nationalisation North East electric power companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reyrolle" class="mw-redirect" title="Reyrolle">Reyrolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Power_stations_in_North_East_England" title="Category:Power stations in North East England">Category:Power stations in North East England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Portal:Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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