Manuel Roxas | president of Philippines

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class="md-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="topic-header"> <div class="grid grid-gutter-right"> <div class=" grid-xs-auto"> <h1><span>Manuel Roxas</span></h1> <div class="md-navigator hide-on-edit"> <div class="fa fa-bars fa-fw fa-2x" data-ytrk="586"></div> <ul class="md-navigator-dropdown font-sans"> <li> <strong>Article</strong> </li> <li> <a data-ytrk="/295" href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Manuel-Roxas-y-Acuna/article-websites">External Links</a> </li> <li> <a data-ytrk="/292" href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Manuel-Roxas-y-Acuna/article-contributors" rel="nofollow">Article Contributors</a> </li> </ul> </div> <br/><span class="md-topic-title-identifier">President of Philippines</span><div class="grid flex center-vertical"> <div class="grid-xs-auto"> <div class="subheading hide-on-edit"> <div class="md-horizontal-social-toolbar2 no-text"> <span class="md-horizontal-social-toolbar2-contributor">Written by: <a 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class="bio-data row"><dt class="title">born</dt><dd class="content"><p>January 1, 1892</p><p><a href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/place/Roxas">Roxas</a><span>, </span><a href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines">Philippines</a></p></dd><dt class="title">died</dt><dd class="content"><p>April 15, 1948</p><p><a href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Clark-Air-Base">Clark Air Base</a><span>, </span><a href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines">Philippines</a></p></dd></dl></div> </div> <section id="toc511166main" class="eb-topic-section" data-level="intro"><p><b><span class="srTitle">Manuel Roxas</span></b><b>, </b> (born <span>Jan. 1, 1892</span>, Capiz, Phil.—died <span> April 15, 1948</span>, Clark Field, Pampanga) <a name="ref95999" id="ref95999"></a>political leader and first president (1946–48) of the independent Republic of the Philippines.</p><p>After studying law at the University of the Philippines, near <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/place/Manila"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/362270/Manila">Manila</span></a>, <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/place/Roxas"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/511163/Roxas">Roxas</span></a> began his political career in 1917 as a member of the municipal <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/topic/council-government"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/140138/council">council</span></a> of Capiz (renamed Roxas in 1949). He was governor of the province of Capiz in 1919–21 and was then elected to the Philippine House of Representatives, subsequently serving as Speaker of the House and a member of the Council of State. In 1923 he and <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Manuel-Quezon"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/487202/Manuel-Quezon">Manuel Quezon</span></a>, the president of the Senate, resigned in protest from the Council of State when the U.S. governor-general (Leonard Wood) began vetoing bills passed by the Philippine legislature. In 1932 Roxas and <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Sergio-Osmena"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/434010/Sergio-Osmena">Sergio Osmeña</span></a>, the Nacionalista Party leader, led the Philippine Independence Mission to Washington, D.C., where they influenced the passage of the <a name="ref96000" id="ref96000"></a>Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act. Roxas was later opposed by <a name="ref96001" id="ref96001"></a>Quezon, who held that the act compromised future Philippine independence; the Nacionalista Party was split between them on this issue. In 1934, however, Roxas was a member of the convention that drew up a constitution under the revised Philippine Independence and Commonwealth Act (<a name="ref96002" id="ref96002"></a><a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Tydings-McDuffie-Act"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/611449/Tydings-McDuffie-Act">Tydings-McDuffie Act</span></a>). Roxas also served as secretary of finance in the Commonwealth government (1938–40).</p><p>During <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/648813/World-War-II">World War II</span></a> Roxas served in the pro-Japanese government of José Laurel by acquiring supplies of rice for the Japanese army. Although a court was established after the war to try collaborators, Roxas was defended by his friend General <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Douglas-MacArthur"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/353669/Douglas-MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</span></a>. Roxas was elected president of the Commonwealth in 1946 as the nominee of the liberal wing of the Nacionalista Party (which became the Liberal Party), and, when independence was declared on July 4, he became the first president of the new republic.</p><p>Although Roxas was successful in getting rehabilitation funds from the <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/place/United-States"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/616563/United-States">United States</span></a> after independence, he was forced to concede military bases (23 of which were leased for 99 years), trade restrictions for Philippine citizens, and special privileges for U.S. property owners and investors. His administration was marred by graft and corruption; moreover, the abuses of the provincial military police contributed to the rise of the left-wing <a name="ref96003" id="ref96003"></a><a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/event/Hukbalahap-Rebellion"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/275192/Hukbalahap-Rebellion">Hukbalahap</span></a> (Huk) movement in the countryside. His heavy-handed attempts to crush the Huks led to widespread peasant disaffection. Roxas died in <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/topic/office-government"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/425680/office">office</span></a> in 1948 and was succeeded by his vice president, <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Elpidio-Quirino"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/487536/Elpidio-Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</span></a>.</p></section></article> <div class="hide-on-edit"> <div class="md-horizontal-social-toolbar2 "> <ul class="md-toolbar after-content text-labels"> <li class="share" title="Share" data-ytrk="113"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-share-alt fa-stack-2x"></i></span> <span class="label">Share</span><div class="md-share-popover ui-hidden-opacity"> <div class="md-social-toolbar-circle text-center inverted" title="Manuel Roxas"> <div class="share-label">Share:</div> <a class="fas-facebook" data-provider="facebook" target="_blank"></a> <a class="fas-twitter" data-provider="twitter" target="_blank"></a> <a class="fas-google-plus" data-provider="googleplus" target="_blank"></a> <a class="fas-linkedin" data-provider="linkedin" target="_blank"></a> </div></div> </li> <li class="t-email" title="Email" data-ytrk="112"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-envelope fa-stack-2x"></i></span> <span class="label">Email</span></li> <li class="t-print" title="Print" data-ytrk="111"> <a href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/print/article/511166" target="_blank"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-print fa-stack-2x"></i></span> <span class="label">Print</span></a> </li> <li class="t-cite" title="Cite" data-ytrk="117"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-square-o fa-stack-2x"></i><i class="fa fa-quote-right fa-stack-1x"></i></span> <span class="label">Cite</span></li> <li class="last-modified" data-ytrk="/588"> <a href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Manuel-Roxas-y-Acuna/article-history">Last Updated <time>10-7-2015</time></a> </li> </ul> </div> <a class="footer-feedback-link" href="/web/20160612215217/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Manuel-Roxas-y-Acuna/article-feedback"> <div class="md-feedback-cta grid"> <div class="feedback grid-xs-fit flex center-vertical"> <div class="title"> <i class="fa fa-pencil-square-o"></i> Feedback </div> </div> <div class="description grid-xs-auto"> <span>Corrections? 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