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Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles: A New Frontier in Targeted Drug Delivery – Cell Biology
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<main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-75" class="post-75 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-drug-delivery tag-biocompatibility tag-biomimetic-nanoparticles tag-cancer-therapy tag-cell-membrane-coated-nanoparticles tag-immune-evasion tag-immunotherapy tag-photothermal-therapy tag-targeted-drug-delivery" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="1200" height="628" src="https://cellbiology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/banner-18-min-scaled-e1730113989229.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles: A New Frontier in Targeted Drug Delivery</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-10-28T16:43:58+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">October 28, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://cellbiology.blog/archive/author/cellbiology/" title="View all posts by cellbiology" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">cellbiology</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <h4><b>Introduction</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Over the past several years, a fairly innovative area within drug delivery has been identified, namely cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CM-NPs). These nanoscale assemblies incorporate biological cell membranes’ features with the adaptability of nanoparticles, providing for prospective treatment systems, including target medications’ delivery. Through silicification of nanoparticles with cell membranes extracted from a range of cell types, researchers have provided themselves with biocompatible, immune-avoidance systems that move around the body more efficiently than simple synthetic nanoparticles. This approach goes further in increasing the effectiveness of delivery of therapeutic agents to targeted disease sites while at the same time reducing both side effects and general treatment results. In this article, a detailed description of CM-NPs is done, and the distribution mode of this unique drug delivery system is explained in great detail along with its relevance in revolutionizing the current delivery systems.</span></p> <h4><b>The Concept of Cell Membrane Coating</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The number of cell membrane coatings is a technique that has been developed to coat nanoparticles with the natural cell membrane that is harvested from various types of cells, including red blood cells, platelets, cancer cells, and immune cells. In this biomimetic strategy, the cell membranes are used, and their antigenic markers, biocompatibility, and homotypic targeting properties are involved to produce a nanoparticulate system capable of a compatible interaction with the biological milieu. The attachment of cell membranes on nanoparticle surfaces imparts these structures with a ‘cover’ that improves immune avoidance, circulation time, and targeting ability.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Moreover, the RBC membrane-coated nanoparticles, such as RBCs, benefit from their nontoxic characteristic and ability to circulate in the bloodstream for a long time without being recognized by the immune system. Thus, the incorporation of this natural asset in biomedicine translates to a longer circulation half-life, reduced clearance by the immune system, and better drug delivery efficiency in RBC-coated nanoparticles. In the same manner, cancer cell membrane-coated nanoparticles take advantage of the homotypic targeting ability that leads to high interaction of these nanoparticles with tumors with similar antigens to the source cancer cells, enhancing the specificity of therapy.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://cellbiology.blog/publication-trends/index/drug delivery" target="_blank" title="drug delivery - yearwise publication trends">drug delivery</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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The coating process maintains all exterior proteins, receptors, and functional characteristics of the original cells that significantly influence the nanoparticles’ behavior in a living organism. For instance, on the RBC membrane, a ‘do not eat me signal called CD47 that binds to the inhibitory receptor SIRP-alpha on macrophages prevents immune clearance. Similarly, in cancer cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, the surface antigens on the surface of the nanoparticles stem from the source tumor, thereby allowing the nanoparticles to selectively identify cells similar to the tumor.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Generally, the coating process involves the delamination of cell membranes around nanoparticle cores, such as polymeric, gold, or mesoporous silica nanoparticles. This membrane coating not only improves the biocompatibility of nanoparticles but also provides the opportunity to incorporate more targeting ligands, drugs, or imaging agents; thus, these nanoparticles are very suitable for therapeutic and diagnostic uses.</span></p> <h4><b>Applications in Cancer Therapy</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">From all applications of CM-NPs, cancer therapy stands out as the most effective area of improvement, as CM-NPs aid in enhancing the targeting and overall effectiveness of anticancer therapies. As many patients suffer from systemic and toxic side effects of the systemic treatment modalities, these flaws make the traditional chemotherapy agents unsatisfactory and often do not target specific areas of treatment. These issues are remedied by CM-NPs, which provide the drug in target areas and in a controlled manner that limits the release of the drug to internalized tumor cell sites or regions.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vaccines against cancer have also the potential to use cell membrane-coated nanocarriers as they achieve homotypic targeting. Such nanoparticles can bind to tumor tissue that expresses the same antigens as them, thereby promoting drug retention in the local tumor and decreasing the toxic effect on normal tissue. This technique has had excellent success, especially in the management of metastatic cancers, because the nanoparticles can successfully travel excellent distances and target very challenging cancerous tissue.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Let us know if you are interested in other topics. CM-NPs are also researched for chemotherapy; however, in our cases, they are used as conjugated systems for immunotherapy, photothermal therapy, or gene therapy. For instance, immune checkpoint molecules can be delivered into the cancerous microenvironment efficiently using cancer cell membrane-coated nanoparticles instead of systemic depletion of these molecules. Likewise, RBC membrane-coated nanoparticles containing photosensitizers are intended for photothermal therapy, where the cancer cells are unable to withstand light-activated heat generation targeting only the cancer cells.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://cellbiology.blog/recent-publications/index/drug delivery" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="drug delivery - yearwise publication list">drug delivery</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; 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var keywordsArray = ["Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles","targeted drug delivery","biomimetic nanoparticles","cancer therapy","immune evasion","photothermal therapy","immunotherapy","biocompatibility"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h4><b>Overcoming Biological Barriers</b><b><br /> </b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of the most arduous components of drug delivery is the biological factors armed against drug targets. The barriers include the immune status, which separates and destroys foreign objects, as well as the thick-walled structure of solid tumors. Natural membrane coating on CM-NPs uniquely enables them to overcome such challenges.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For instance, RBC-coated nanoparticles have been reported to escape the immune response, stay in the system for long, and target the area of disease. Nanoparticles that are encapsulated with platelet membranes can target sites of vascular tissue injury and inflammation, which is why they are suitable for therapy in malignancies and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, since the CM-NPs mimic the natural behavior of cells, these nanoparticles can get across the blood-brain barrier. This presents an effective means of treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system, which would have otherwise been impossible due to limited drug penetration.</span></p> <h4><b>Enhancing Drug Efficacy and Reducing Side Effects</b><b><br /> </b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The addition of CM-NPs is well known to improve the therapeutic action of the drugs because of enhanced bioavailability and targeting accuracy. It helps reduce the dosage needed, avoids side effects, and reduces the toxicity to the body by delivering drugs mostly to regions of the disease. The cell membrane covers have the fact of prolonging the time of blood circulation of drugs, which increases the chances of such drugs reaching their target site in the body.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For instance, CM-NPs bearing the membranes of immune cells can be employed to treat inflamed sites with anti-inflammatory drugs, avoiding adverse side effects when addressing non-inflamed areas. Likewise, nanoparticles coated with the membrane of a cancer cell can be used to intracellularly deliver chemotherapeutic agents while reducing the adverse effects that would be caused on non-target cells and tissues during chemotherapy.</span></p> <h4><b>Future Directions and Challenges</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">CM-NPs represent a new paradigm of targeted drug delivery systems; however, there are some persistent challenges in their development and clinical applications. For instance, there is a challenge with the scale-up of the membrane coating process that has to be standardized to achieve uniformity and reproducibility of results. Another important aspect that must be addressed is the containment of the membrane-coated nanoparticles during storage and transit.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In addition, not so much is yet understood about CM-NPs and the immune system. These nanoparticles may escape immune system recognition to some extent, but longitudinal biosafety and immunogenicity studies remain to be performed. Now, research is also being conducted to implement other cell types, like stem cells and immune cells, to design even more sophisticated, efficient nanoparticles.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Continuing with this evolution, through two fields of genetic engineering and synthetic biology, it may become possible to engineer cell membranes that can be made for a certain treatment. This may open doors to new generations of CM-NPs that would combine target specificity and payload functionality plus multi-functionality for the management of wide medical problems.</span></p> <h4><b>Conclusion</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Assisted drug delivery using cell membrane-encapsulated nanoparticles is a new paradigm in drug delivery that synergizes the attributes of natural biology and nanotechnology to achieve the most potent therapeutic systems possible. These nanoparticles can effectively target cells after avoiding several biological barriers, including immune clearance, due to their properties mimicking those of natural cells. With continued improvements in research, CM-NPs will be the game changers in the management of cancer, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular disorders, among other illnesses, towards a new level of truly individual targeted therapy.</span></p> <p></p> <h4><b>References</b></h4> <ol> <li>Miao, Y., Yang, Y., Guo, L., Chen, M., Zhou, X., Zhao, Y., Nie, D., Gan, Y. and Zhang, X., 2022. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsnano.2c00893">Cell membrane-camouflaged nanocarriers with biomimetic deformability of erythrocytes for ultralong circulation and enhanced cancer therapy. </a><i>ACS nano</i>, <i>16</i>(4), pp.6527-6540.</li> <li>Park, J.H., Mohapatra, A., Zhou, J., Holay, M., Krishnan, N., Gao, W., Fang, R.H. and Zhang, L., 2022. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/anie.202113671">Virus‐mimicking cell membrane‐coated nanoparticles for cytosolic delivery of mRNA. </a><i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>, <i>61</i>(2), p.e202113671.</li> <li>Ai, X., Wang, D., Honko, A., Duan, Y., Gavrish, I., Fang, R.H., Griffiths, A., Gao, W. and Zhang, L., 2021. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jacs.1c07798">Surface glycan modification of cellular nanosponges to promote SARS-CoV-2 inhibition.</a> <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, <i>143</i>(42), pp.17615-17621.</li> <li>Zhou, J., Karshalev, E., Mundaca‐Uribe, R., Esteban‐Fernández de Ávila, B., Krishnan, N., Xiao, C., Ventura, C.J., Gong, H., Zhang, Q., Gao, W. and Fang, R.H., 2021. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.202103505">Physical disruption of solid tumors by immunostimulatory microrobots enhances antitumor immunity. </a><i>Advanced Materials</i>, <i>33</i>(49), p.2103505.</li> <li>Park, J.H., Jiang, Y., Zhou, J., Gong, H., Mohapatra, A., Heo, J., Gao, W., Fang, R.H. and Zhang, L., 2021. <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.abf7820">Genetically engineered cell membrane–coated nanoparticles for targeted delivery of dexamethasone to inflamed lungs.</a> <i>Science advances</i>, <i>7</i>(25), p.eabf7820.</li> <li>Xiao, P., Wang, J., Zhao, Z., Liu, X., Sun, X., Wang, D. and Li, Y., 2021. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04783">Engineering nanoscale artificial antigen-presenting cells by metabolic dendritic cell labeling to potentiate cancer immunotherapy.</a> <i>Nano Letters</i>, <i>21</i>(5), pp.2094-2103.</li> <li>Zhang, Y., Liao, Y., Tang, Q., Lin, J. and Huang, P., 2021. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ange.202015590">Biomimetic nanoemulsion for synergistic photodynamic‐immunotherapy against hypoxic breast tumor. </a><i>Angewandte Chemie</i>, <i>133</i>(19), pp.10742-10748.</li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">drug delivery</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://cellbiology.blog/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; 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", "email": "mauro.giacca@kcl.ac.uk", "slug_tail": "m-giacca" } }; //console.log(authors_data); displayResults_author(authors_data); var keywordsArray = ["Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles","targeted drug delivery","biomimetic nanoparticles","cancer therapy","immune evasion","photothermal therapy","immunotherapy","biocompatibility"]; displayKeywordAuthors(keywordsArray); </script></p> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="gp-icon icon-categories"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M0 112c0-26.51 21.49-48 48-48h110.014a48 48 0 0143.592 27.907l12.349 26.791A16 16 0 00228.486 128H464c26.51 0 48 21.49 48 48v224c0 26.51-21.49 48-48 48H48c-26.51 0-48-21.49-48-48V112z" /></svg></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://cellbiology.blog/archive/category/drug-delivery/" rel="category tag">Drug Delivery</a></span> <span 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