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id="toc-Pre-colonial_era:_itinerant_Native_American_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonial_era:_itinerant_Native_American_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-colonial era: itinerant Native American tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonial_era:_itinerant_Native_American_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_and_English_colonial_eras:_fur_trade_and_exploration_based_at_the_Straits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_and_English_colonial_eras:_fur_trade_and_exploration_based_at_the_Straits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>French and English colonial eras: fur trade and exploration based at the Straits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_and_English_colonial_eras:_fur_trade_and_exploration_based_at_the_Straits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_colonial_influence_on_Natives:_French_exploration_and_Beaver_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_colonial_influence_on_Natives:_French_exploration_and_Beaver_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Initial colonial influence on Natives: French exploration and Beaver Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_colonial_influence_on_Natives:_French_exploration_and_Beaver_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesuit_Mission_at_St._Ignace_(1671–1696)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesuit_Mission_at_St._Ignace_(1671–1696)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Jesuit Mission at St. Ignace (1671–1696)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesuit_Mission_at_St._Ignace_(1671–1696)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1680s:_Fortification_(Fort_de_Buade)_at_St._Ignace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1680s:_Fortification_(Fort_de_Buade)_at_St._Ignace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>1680s: Fortification (Fort de Buade) at St. Ignace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1680s:_Fortification_(Fort_de_Buade)_at_St._Ignace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1690s:_Cadillac_at_Fort_de_Buade;_St._Ignace_Fort_and_Mission_later_abandoned" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1690s:_Cadillac_at_Fort_de_Buade;_St._Ignace_Fort_and_Mission_later_abandoned"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>1690s: Cadillac at Fort de Buade; St. Ignace Fort and Mission later abandoned</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1690s:_Cadillac_at_Fort_de_Buade;_St._Ignace_Fort_and_Mission_later_abandoned-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_1700s:_Fort_Michilimackinac_established_as_a_New_France_outpost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_1700s:_Fort_Michilimackinac_established_as_a_New_France_outpost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Early 1700s: Fort Michilimackinac established as a New France outpost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_1700s:_Fort_Michilimackinac_established_as_a_New_France_outpost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1760s:_Beginning_of_the_British_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1760s:_Beginning_of_the_British_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>1760s: Beginning of the British era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1760s:_Beginning_of_the_British_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1780s_to_1830s:_United_States_territorial_acquisition,_continued_fur_trade,_and_territorial_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1780s_to_1830s:_United_States_territorial_acquisition,_continued_fur_trade,_and_territorial_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1780s to 1830s: United States territorial acquisition, continued fur trade, and territorial disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1780s_to_1830s:_United_States_territorial_acquisition,_continued_fur_trade,_and_territorial_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_coastal_settlements_in_the_1830s_through_1850s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_coastal_settlements_in_the_1830s_through_1850s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early coastal settlements in the 1830s through 1850s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_coastal_settlements_in_the_1830s_through_1850s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decline_of_Mackinaw_and_fur_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_Mackinaw_and_fur_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Decline of Mackinaw and fur trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_Mackinaw_and_fur_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increased_ship_traffic_along_Northern_Michigan_coasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increased_ship_traffic_along_Northern_Michigan_coasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Increased ship traffic along Northern Michigan coasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increased_ship_traffic_along_Northern_Michigan_coasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Indian missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Fishing settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lighthouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighthouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.5</span> <span>Lighthouses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lighthouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tension_between_White_settlement_and_Native_American_land_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tension_between_White_settlement_and_Native_American_land_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.6</span> <span>Tension between White settlement and Native American land claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tension_between_White_settlement_and_Native_American_land_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1860s_to_1890s:_Homestead_Act_settlements_and_industrial_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1860s_to_1890s:_Homestead_Act_settlements_and_industrial_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1860s to 1890s: Homestead Act settlements and industrial developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1860s_to_1890s:_Homestead_Act_settlements_and_industrial_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Increased_settlement_and_establishment_of_port_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increased_settlement_and_establishment_of_port_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Increased settlement and establishment of port cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increased_settlement_and_establishment_of_port_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1870s:_Arrival_of_rail_infrastructure,_rampant_lumbering_and_fishing,_and_economic_slowdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1870s:_Arrival_of_rail_infrastructure,_rampant_lumbering_and_fishing,_and_economic_slowdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>1870s: Arrival of rail infrastructure, rampant lumbering and fishing, and economic slowdown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1870s:_Arrival_of_rail_infrastructure,_rampant_lumbering_and_fishing,_and_economic_slowdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1880s:_Emergence_of_resort_and_vacation_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1880s:_Emergence_of_resort_and_vacation_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>1880s: Emergence of resort and vacation industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1880s:_Emergence_of_resort_and_vacation_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Sport fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_growth_and_diversification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_growth_and_diversification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.5</span> <span>Industrial growth and diversification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_growth_and_diversification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century:_resort_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century:_resort_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>20th century: resort era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century:_resort_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_resorts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_resorts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Early resorts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_resorts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>State parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ski_resorts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ski_resorts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3</span> <span>Ski resorts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ski_resorts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.4</span> <span>Decline of rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boundary_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundary_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Boundary description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundary_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_excludes_the_Upper_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_excludes_the_Upper_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Definition excludes the Upper Peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_excludes_the_Upper_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_definitions_of_Northern_Michigan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_definitions_of_Northern_Michigan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other definitions of Northern Michigan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_definitions_of_Northern_Michigan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography,_climate_and_soil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography,_climate_and_soil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Topography, climate and soil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography,_climate_and_soil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Weather</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Counties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities,_villages,_and_unincorporated_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities,_villages,_and_unincorporated_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cities, villages, and unincorporated communities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cities,_villages,_and_unincorporated_communities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cities, villages, and unincorporated communities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cities,_villages,_and_unincorporated_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_reservations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_reservations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Indian reservations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_reservations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flora and fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Common plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Common mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Common birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Common insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Common reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_Forests_and_conservation_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Forests_and_conservation_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>State Forests and conservation areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Forests_and_conservation_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summer_destinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summer_destinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Summer destinations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summer_destinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-summer_destinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-summer_destinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Non-summer destinations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-summer_destinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_tourist_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_tourist_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other tourist attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_tourist_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vacation_and_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vacation_and_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Vacation and tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vacation_and_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Heavy industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quarrying_and_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quarrying_and_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Quarrying and mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quarrying_and_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_(oil_and_natural_gas)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_(oil_and_natural_gas)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Energy (oil and natural gas)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_(oil_and_natural_gas)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Maritime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magazines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magazines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Magazines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magazines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.1</span> <span>FM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.2</span> <span>AM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcast_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Broadcast television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation_by_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation_by_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Transportation by air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation_by_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation_by_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation_by_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Transportation by water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation_by_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation_by_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation_by_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Transportation by land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation_by_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>Transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automobile_roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automobile_roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.2</span> <span>Automobile roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automobile_roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_railroads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_railroads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.3</span> <span>Past railroads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_railroads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_railroads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_railroads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.4</span> <span>Present railroads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_railroads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Northern_Michigan&params=44_45_N_84_45_W_region:US-MI_scale:1000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">84°45′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.750°N 84.750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.750; -84.750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Northern region of Michigan's lower peninsula</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the region of Michigan's Lower Peninsula. For the northernmost peninsula of Michigan, see <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula of Michigan</a>. For the university in the Upper Peninsula, see <a href="/wiki/Northern_Michigan_University" title="Northern Michigan University">Northern Michigan University</a>. For the university's athletic program, see <a href="/wiki/Northern_Michigan_Wildcats" title="Northern Michigan Wildcats">Northern Michigan Wildcats</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lower Peninsula of Michigan in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Northern Michigan</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Northern Lower Michigan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Lower Peninsula of Michigan">Lower Peninsula of Michigan</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michigan_Regions.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern Michigan is highlighted in light green."><img alt="Northern Michigan is highlighted in light green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Michigan_Regions.png/250px-Michigan_Regions.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Michigan_Regions.png/375px-Michigan_Regions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Michigan_Regions.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="466" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Northern Michigan is highlighted in light green.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span>United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Traverse City</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">506,658</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern: UTC −5/−4</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Northern Michigan</b>, also known as <b>Northern Lower Michigan</b> (known colloquially to residents of more southerly parts of the state and summer residents from cities such as <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> as <b>"Up North"</b>), is a region of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>. A popular tourist destination, it is home to several small- to medium-sized cities, extensive state and national forests, lakes and rivers, and a large portion of <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> shoreline. The region has a significant seasonal population much like other regions that depend on tourism as their main industry. Northern Lower Michigan is distinct from the more northerly <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isle_Royale" title="Isle Royale">Isle Royale</a>, which are also located in "northern" Michigan. In the northernmost 21 counties in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Lower Peninsula of Michigan">Lower Peninsula of Michigan</a>, the total population of the region is 506,658 people.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Michigan_history" title="Timeline of Michigan history">Timeline of Michigan history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michigan#History" title="Michigan">Michigan § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial_era:_itinerant_Native_American_tribes">Pre-colonial era: itinerant Native American tribes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial era: itinerant Native American tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 277px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 275px; height: 180px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -50px; left: -100px; width: 600px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaver_wars_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing the approximate location of major tribes and settlements around 1648[1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Beaver_wars_map.jpg/600px-Beaver_wars_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="507" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Beaver_wars_map.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="736" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaver_wars_map.jpg" title="File:Beaver wars map.jpg"> </a></div>Map showing the approximate location of major tribes and settlements around 1648<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 282px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 280px; height: 180px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -66px; width: 400px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5NationsExpansion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Iroquois expansion during Beaver Wars 1638–1711. Through the lucrative fur trade, the Iroquois gained European weapons, giving them an advantage against tribes in the Great Lakes region, whose lands they took over." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/5NationsExpansion.jpg/400px-5NationsExpansion.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/5NationsExpansion.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:5NationsExpansion.jpg" title="File:5NationsExpansion.jpg"> </a></div>Map of <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> expansion during <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> 1638–1711. Through the lucrative fur trade, the Iroquois gained European weapons, giving them an advantage against tribes in the Great Lakes region, whose lands they took over. </div> </div> </div> <p>For thousands of years before the French and English set up colonies in the region, Northern Michigan was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> cultures and succeeding tribes. Northern Michigan was the southern extent of the area scholars believed occupied by prehistoric inhabitants known as the <a href="/wiki/Laurel_complex" title="Laurel complex">Laurel complex</a>. They were part of the Hopewell Indian exchange system, which is named after a prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">tribe</a> that existed in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a> tradition, this tribe's original homeland was farther north, near present-day Sault Ste. Marie and Michilimackinac. At some period before European contact (probably around 1600), they were forced southwest to the <a href="/wiki/Menominee_River" title="Menominee River">Menominee River</a> by arrival of the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi from the east.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a> history written by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Blackbird" title="Andrew Blackbird">Andrew Blackbird</a> records that <a href="/wiki/Emmet_County,_Michigan" title="Emmet County, Michigan">Emmet County</a> was thickly populated by a race of Indians that they called the <a href="/wiki/Mascouten" title="Mascouten">Mush-co-desh</a>, which means "the prairie tribe". The Mush-co-desh had an agrarian society and were said to have "shaped the land by making the woodland into prairie as they abandoned their old worn out gardens which formed grassy plains". Ottawa tradition claims that they slaughtered from forty to fifty thousand Mush-co-desh and drove the rest from the land after the Mush-co-desh insulted an Ottawa war party. At this same time, the areas surrounding the Straits of Mackinac, was home to the Michinemackinawgo.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were a race of natives of small stature that were nearly wiped out by the Iroquois in the 1640s during the Beaver Wars. The remnants of this race were taken in by the Ojibwe and still exist today amongst the <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Bands_of_Chippewa_and_Ottawa_Indians" title="Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians">Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the historic period, the <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a>-speaking peoples known as the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, formed a loose confederation which they called the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Three_Fires" title="Council of Three Fires">Council of Three Fires</a>. They inhabited areas surrounding the Straits of Mackinac, the upper and lower peninsulas of Michigan, and the northern islands and shoreline of Canada along Lake Huron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_and_English_colonial_eras:_fur_trade_and_exploration_based_at_the_Straits">French and English colonial eras: fur trade and exploration based at the Straits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: French and English colonial eras: fur trade and exploration based at the Straits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">North American fur trade</a></div> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 442px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 440px; height: 305px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -400px; left: -525px; width: 1600px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insel_Kalifornien_1650.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Much of New France's "Pays d'en Haut" (Upper Country) remained unexplored in the mid-1600s; Nicolas Sanson d'Abbeville's 1650 map was the first to show all five Great Lakes.[6]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Insel_Kalifornien_1650.jpg/1600px-Insel_Kalifornien_1650.jpg" decoding="async" width="1600" height="1147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Insel_Kalifornien_1650.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Insel_Kalifornien_1650.jpg" title="File:Insel Kalifornien 1650.jpg"> </a></div>Much of New France's "<a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a>" (Upper Country) remained unexplored in the mid-1600s; <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sanson_d%27Abbeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Sanson d'Abbeville">Nicolas Sanson d'Abbeville</a>'s 1650 map was the first to show all five Great Lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-cmich.edu_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmich.edu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_colonial_influence_on_Natives:_French_exploration_and_Beaver_Wars">Initial colonial influence on Natives: French exploration and Beaver Wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Initial colonial influence on Natives: French exploration and Beaver Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1608, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> established <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>. He sent <a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">coureur des bois</a> such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9" title="Étienne Brûlé">Étienne Brûlé</a> into the woods to establish relations with the Indians. Around 1615 or 1616, Champlain traveled to <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Bay" title="Georgian Bay">Georgian Bay</a> via the <a href="/wiki/French_River_(Ontario)" title="French River (Ontario)">French River</a> and met Ottawa and Huron Indians on the south end near <a href="/wiki/Penetanguishene" title="Penetanguishene">Penetanguishene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saarinen2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saarinen2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French established the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">North American fur trade</a> with Indian tribes. In the decades that followed, French explorers and missionaries continued to explore the <a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">"Upper Country"</a> of New France that included the Upper <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. In 1634, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicolet" title="Jean Nicolet">Jean Nicolet</a> passed through the straits of Mackinac on the way to Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While France colonized the interior lands along the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a>, the Dutch and English began colonizing the East Coast of North America, setting up fur trade and arming the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> along the east and southeast of the Great Lakes. Competition for trade and pelts resulted in the brutal <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a>. The Iroquois pushed west into the Great Lakes territory, displacing the tribes who had settled there before. As a result of an Iroquois attack and dispersal of the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a> from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a> in 1649, the Huron sought refuge with the Ojibwe at <a href="/wiki/Michilimackinac" title="Michilimackinac">Michilimackinac</a> where eventually a Jesuit mission was established for their care.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jesuit_Mission_at_St._Ignace_(1671–1696)"><span id="Jesuit_Mission_at_St._Ignace_.281671.E2.80.931696.29"></span>Jesuit Mission at St. Ignace (1671–1696)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jesuit Mission at St. Ignace (1671–1696)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huronie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Huronie.JPG/220px-Huronie.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Huronie.JPG/330px-Huronie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Huronie.JPG/440px-Huronie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption> After taking refuge at Michilimackinac during the Beaver Wars, many <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a> (Huron) migrated to the areas of Detroit, Windsor, and northern Ohio in the early 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Marquette" title="Jacques Marquette">Father Marquette</a> set up a <a href="/wiki/St._Ignace_Mission" title="St. Ignace Mission">mission in St. Ignace</a> in 1671. While the Beaver Wars raged on, Marquette evangelized the Indians. From May 17, 1673, until Marquette's death near <a href="/wiki/Ludington,_MI" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludington, MI">Ludington</a> on May 18, 1675, Father Marquette and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolliet" title="Louis Jolliet">Louis Jolliet</a> explored and mapped Lake Michigan and the northern portion of the Mississippi River. In 1679, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hennepin" title="Louis Hennepin">Father Louis Hennepin</a> set out on <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Griffon" title="Le Griffon">Le Griffon</a></i> to find the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>; it was the first known sailing ship to sail in Northern Michigan. They sailed across <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> through uncharted waters, which previously only men in <a href="/wiki/Canoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Canoes">canoes</a> had explored. After Marquette's death, the mission was taken over by Father Phillip Pierson, and then <a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouvel" title="Henri Nouvel">Father Nouvel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-histn_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Father Henri Nouvel was "Superior of the Otawa missions",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nouvel served in this position from 1672 to 1680 (with a two-year break in 1678–1679), and again from 1688 to 1695.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Nouvel, a new chapel was built in approximately 1674. By 1683 the mission was so successful and prosperous that three priests, Fathers Nicholas Potier, Enjalran, and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bailloquet" title="Pierre Bailloquet">Pierre Bailloquet</a>, were assigned there.<sup id="cite_ref-histn_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of a French garrison at St. Ignace in 1679 disrupted relations between the French and the local population, as the soldiers were less educated and amiable than the missionaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1680s:_Fortification_(Fort_de_Buade)_at_St._Ignace"><span id="1680s:_Fortification_.28Fort_de_Buade.29_at_St._Ignace"></span>1680s: Fortification (Fort de Buade) at St. Ignace</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1680s: Fortification (Fort de Buade) at St. Ignace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1683, Governor <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Antoine_de_La_Barre" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph-Antoine de La Barre">Joseph-Antoine de La Barre</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Greysolon,_Sieur_du_Lhut" title="Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut">Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Morel_de_La_Durantaye" title="Olivier Morel de La Durantaye">Olivier Morel de La Durantaye</a> to establish a strategic presence on the north shore of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Mackinac" title="Straits of Mackinac">Straits of Mackinac</a>, which connected <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a> of the Great Lakes. They fortified the Jesuit mission at St. Ignace and <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Morel_de_La_Durantaye" title="Olivier Morel de La Durantaye">La Durantaye</a> settled in as overall commander of the French forts in the northwest: <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Louis_des_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Saint Louis des Illinois">Fort Saint Louis des Illinois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Utica,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Utica, Illinois">Utica, Illinois</a>); <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kaministigoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Kaministigoya">Fort Kaministigoya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunder Bay, Ontario">Thunder Bay, Ontario</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Fort_la_Tourette" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort la Tourette">Fort la Tourette</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Nipigon,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Nipigon, Ontario">Lake Nipigon, Ontario</a>). He was also responsible for the region around Green Bay in present-day Wisconsin. In the spring of 1684, La Durantaye led a relief expedition from Saint Ignace to Fort Saint Louis des Illinois, which had been besieged by the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a> (part of the Iroquois Confederacy) as part of the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a>; they sought to gain more hunting grounds in order to control the lucrative fur trade. That summer and again in 1687, La Durantaye led <a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">coureurs de bois</a> and Indians from the Straits against the Seneca homeland in the territory of western upper New York state. During these years, English traders from New York penetrated the Great Lakes and also traded at <a href="/wiki/Michilimackinac" title="Michilimackinac">Michilimackinac</a>. This, and the <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">outbreak of war between England and France in 1689</a>, led to the new commandant <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_La_Porte_de_Louvigny" title="Louis de La Porte de Louvigny">Louis de La Porte de Louvigny</a> directing construction of Fort de Buade in 1690. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1690s:_Cadillac_at_Fort_de_Buade;_St._Ignace_Fort_and_Mission_later_abandoned"><span id="1690s:_Cadillac_at_Fort_de_Buade.3B_St._Ignace_Fort_and_Mission_later_abandoned"></span>1690s: Cadillac at Fort de Buade; St. Ignace Fort and Mission later abandoned</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1690s: Cadillac at Fort de Buade; St. Ignace Fort and Mission later abandoned"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1690s, commander <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_la_Mothe_Cadillac" title="Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac">Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac</a> used <a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Buade" title="Fort de Buade">Fort de Buade</a> as a base of operations to explore and map the Great Lakes. Cadillac left St. Ignace in 1697 and the Jesuits vacated their residence and church by 1705.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Beaver Wars ended when the <a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a> was signed in 1701 in Montreal by the French and 39 Indian chiefs including <a href="/wiki/Kondiaronk" title="Kondiaronk">Kondiaronk</a> (the chief of the Mackinaw-area <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a>). When <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laumet_de_La_Mothe,_sieur_de_Cadillac" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac">Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac</a> left the area in 1701 to found <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, taking many of the St. Ignace residents with him, the importance of the mission declined dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-histn_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_1700s:_Fort_Michilimackinac_established_as_a_New_France_outpost">Early 1700s: Fort Michilimackinac established as a New France outpost</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early 1700s: Fort Michilimackinac established as a New France outpost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 502px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 500px; height: 275px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 600px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of French and British North American possessions in the early 18th century. After ceding Hudson's Bay to the British in the Treaty of Utrecht, France built forts such as Fort Michilimackinac to protect the New France fur trade from the British Hudson's Bay Company." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/600px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="427" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/900px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/1200px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1090" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg" title="File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg"> </a></div>Map of French and British North American possessions in the early 18th century. After ceding Hudson's Bay to the British in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a>, France built forts such as <a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a> to protect the New France <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur trade</a> from the British <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>. </div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 300px; height: 260px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -575px; left: -600px; width: 1800px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1755_Bellin_Map_of_the_Great_Lakes_-_Geographicus_-_GreatLakes-bellin-1755.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Northern Michigan as shown on a 1755 Map of New France showing various islands, land features, rivers, and settlements. (In French, "I. du Castor" means Beaver Island, "L'ours qui dort" means The Bear That Sleeps, and "Ance au tonnerre" means Thunder Bay). The map also shows several rivers that retained some similar names: Rue Aux Buscies, and Rue d'Oulamanittie, Rue du Pierre Marquet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1755_Bellin_Map_of_the_Great_Lakes_-_Geographicus_-_GreatLakes-bellin-1755.jpg/1800px-1755_Bellin_Map_of_the_Great_Lakes_-_Geographicus_-_GreatLakes-bellin-1755.jpg" decoding="async" width="1800" height="1447" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1755_Bellin_Map_of_the_Great_Lakes_-_Geographicus_-_GreatLakes-bellin-1755.jpg/2700px-1755_Bellin_Map_of_the_Great_Lakes_-_Geographicus_-_GreatLakes-bellin-1755.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1755_Bellin_Map_of_the_Great_Lakes_-_Geographicus_-_GreatLakes-bellin-1755.jpg/3600px-1755_Bellin_Map_of_the_Great_Lakes_-_Geographicus_-_GreatLakes-bellin-1755.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3215" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:1755_Bellin_Map_of_the_Great_Lakes_-_Geographicus_-_GreatLakes-bellin-1755.jpg" title="File:1755 Bellin Map of the Great Lakes - Geographicus - GreatLakes-bellin-1755.jpg"> </a></div>Northern Michigan as shown on a 1755 Map of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> showing various islands, land features, rivers, and settlements. (In French, "I. du <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">Castor</a>" means <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Island,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaver Island, Michigan">Beaver Island</a>, "L'ours qui dort" means <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Bear_Dunes_National_Lakeshore" title="Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore">The Bear That Sleeps</a>, and "Ance au tonnerre" means <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_(Michigan)" title="Thunder Bay (Michigan)">Thunder Bay</a>). The map also shows several rivers that retained some similar names: <a href="/wiki/Betsie_River" title="Betsie River">Rue Aux Buscies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manistee_River" title="Manistee River">Rue d'Oulamanittie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pere_Marquette_River" title="Pere Marquette River">Rue du Pierre Marquet</a>. </div> </div> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/St._Ignace_Mission" title="St. Ignace Mission">St. Ignace Mission</a> remained open until 1705, when it was abandoned and burned by Father <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Carheil" title="Étienne de Carheil">Étienne de Carheil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhpinv2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhpinv2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reopened in 1712, and operated on the north shore of the Straits until 1741, when it was relocated to the south shore.<sup id="cite_ref-state_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the relocation of the mission, the exact location of Marquette's chapel was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhpinv2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhpinv2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1712, at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Fox_Wars" title="Fox Wars">a 25-year war</a> between the French and the <a href="/wiki/Fox_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox (tribe)">Fox</a> tribe, Canadian Governor <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Rigaud_Vaudreuil" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil">Philippe de Rigaud de Vaudreuil</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Constant_le_Marchand_de_Lignery" title="Constant le Marchand de Lignery">Constant le Marchand de Lignery</a> to reoccupy the former post of Michilimackinac, which had been abandoned in 1696 by royal orders. </p><p>Around 1715 (during the <a href="/wiki/Fox_Wars" title="Fox Wars">First Fox War</a>), the French re-established a Northern Michigan military outpost at a new site on the northern tip of the lower peninsula and called it <a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a>. This location became the new locus for fur and other trade, and mission work with the natives. </p><p>Lignery returned to the command of Michilimackinac in 1722 after an absence of about three years fighting the Fox in Illinois. He carried out the orders of acting Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_le_Moyne_de_Longueuil_et_de_Ch%C3%A2teauguay" title="Charles le Moyne de Longueuil et de Châteauguay">Charles Le Moyne de Longueuil</a> and (starting in 1726) New France governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_la_Boische,_Marquis_de_Beauharnois" title="Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois">Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois</a>. </p><p>From 1720 to 1722, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Xavier_de_Charlevoix" title="Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix">Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix</a> stopped at <a href="/wiki/Michilimackinac" title="Michilimackinac">Michilimackinac</a> and other points in Northern Michigan while seeking a Pacific Ocean passage. In 1728, fur trader <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Langlade" title="Augustin Langlade">Augustin Langlade</a> obtained a fur trading license at <a href="/wiki/Michilimackinac" title="Michilimackinac">Michilimackinac</a>. He and his half-Ottawa son <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel_de_Langlade" title="Charles Michel de Langlade">Charles Michel de Langlade</a> (born at the fort in 1729) would later strongly influence the Northern Michigan fur trade as well as French relations with Great Lakes tribes during the 1712 to 1733 <a href="/wiki/Fox_Wars" title="Fox Wars">Fox Wars</a> and the 1754–1763 <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>. </p><p>By 1745, the Odawa had created settlements down the coast of Lake Michigan into the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Bay" title="Grand Traverse Bay">Grand Traverse Bay</a> area, with an approximate population between 1,550 and 3,000. This population varied with the seasons, as the tradition was to migrate inland to different camps (sometimes as far as to Illinois) depending upon the season.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Ojibwe bands also shared the Grand Traverse Bay region with the Odawa.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1751, a Jesuit Mission to the Odawa was established in Manistee.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1760s:_Beginning_of_the_British_era">1760s: Beginning of the British era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1760s: Beginning of the British era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1760s after defeating the French in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (and in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> in Europe), the British took control of the Straits of Mackinac and other French territory east of the Mississippi River. They encountered resistance from the Natives, who rose up in what was called <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–1766). On June 2, 1763 <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> warriors killed the majority of white residents at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Henry_the_elder" title="Alexander Henry the elder">Alexander Henry the elder</a>, one of the survivors, was taken captive and transported to Beaver Island but was rescued by the <a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Wawatam" title="Wawatam">Wawatam</a></i>. The British built the more substantial <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mackinac" title="Fort Mackinac">Fort Mackinac</a> at the site in 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-High_Cliffs_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Cliffs-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-.orgHistory_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-.orgHistory-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of rebels in the American Revolutionary War led to another change in parties in the region. Great Britain formally ceded <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mackinac" title="Fort Mackinac">Fort Mackinac</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island" title="Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a> to the newly independent <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1783, but the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> refused to evacuate the posts on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> until 1796. At that time, they transferred the forts at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Detroit</a>, Mackinac, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Niagara" title="Fort Niagara">Niagara</a> to the Americans. British and American forces contested the area again throughout the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. The boundary was not settled until 1828, when Fort Drummond, a British post on nearby <a href="/wiki/Drummond_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Drummond Island">Drummond Island</a>, was evacuated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1780s_to_1830s:_United_States_territorial_acquisition,_continued_fur_trade,_and_territorial_disputes"><span id="1780s_to_1830s:_United_States_territorial_acquisition.2C_continued_fur_trade.2C_and_territorial_disputes"></span>1780s to 1830s: United States territorial acquisition, continued fur trade, and territorial disputes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1780s to 1830s: United States territorial acquisition, continued fur trade, and territorial disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The entire Straits area was officially acquired by the United States from the British through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1783 and settlement permitted by the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> of 1787. However, much of the British forces did not leave the Great Lakes area until after 1794, when <a href="/wiki/Jay%27s_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay's Treaty">Jay's Treaty</a> established U.S. sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> with Northern Michigan part of <a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Knox County, Indiana">"Knox County"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1795 and 1815 a system of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (United States)">Métis</a> (descendants of indigenous women who married French (and later Scottish) fur trappers and traders) settlements and trading posts was established throughout Michigan, Wisconsin, and to a lesser extent in Illinois and Indiana. As late as 1829 the Métis were dominant in the economy of Wisconsin and influential in Northern Michigan<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in part because they were able to work as intermediaries between natives and white fur traders. US settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a> (established in 1805) was punctuated by misunderstandings with Native Americans over land ownership. Meanwhile, in 1804, Mackinac Island was the center of the American fur trade.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gurdon_Saltonstall_Hubbard" title="Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard">Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard</a> was one of many of <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a>'s trappers and <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyageurs</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who plied the waters of the Great Lakes in <a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_boat" title="Mackinaw boat">Mackinaw boats</a> and collected pelts to be sold in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As US Congress passed <a href="/wiki/Nonintercourse_Act" title="Nonintercourse Act">trade and intercourse acts</a> to regulate trade with the natives, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Indian_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Indian Trade">Office of Indian Trade</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">US Trading Post "factory"</a> at Mackinaw that was in place until the War of 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first engagements of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac" title="Siege of Fort Mackinac">Siege of Fort Mackinac</a> was conducted by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a>. They captured the island soon after the outbreak of war between Britain and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Encouraged by the easy British victory, more Native Americans subsequently rallied to their support. Native American cooperation was an important factor in several British victories during the remainder of the war. For the rest of 1812 and 1813, the British hold on Mackinac was secure since they also held <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Capitol" title="Michigan State Capitol">Detroit, the territorial capital</a>, which the Americans would have to recapture before attacking Mackinac. After the September 1813 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Battle of Lake Erie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Procter_(British_Army_officer)" title="Henry Procter (British Army officer)">British abandoned Detroit</a> leaving an opportunity for the Americans try to retake the waters of Northern Michigan. In July 1814, as Commander of Fort Mackinaw <a href="/wiki/Robert_McDouall" title="Robert McDouall">Robert McDouall</a> was struggling to supply war efforts <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prairie_du_Chien" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Prairie du Chien">Siege of Prairie du Chien</a>, Americans attacked Mackinaw in July 1814 during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island_(1814)" title="Battle of Mackinac Island (1814)">Battle of Mackinac Island</a>. The Americans failed to take over the post, and the British held Mackinac Island until the peace in 1815, after which it was re-occupied by the US.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mackinac Island continued to be a locus of trade for the <a href="/wiki/American_Fur_Company" title="American Fur Company">American Fur Company</a> and was the site where Army doctor <a href="/wiki/William_Beaumont" title="William Beaumont">William Beaumont</a> became Post surgeon<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1820<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and began conducting his famous digestion experiments on 19-year-old <a href="/wiki/Alexis_St._Martin" title="Alexis St. Martin">Alexis St. Martin</a> between 1822 and 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mackinac Island was also the site where <a href="/wiki/Henry_Schoolcraft" title="Henry Schoolcraft">Henry Schoolcraft</a> located his <a href="/wiki/Indian_Dormitory_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Dormitory Art Museum">US Indian Agent headquarters</a> starting in 1833. Following the 1830 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a>, Schoolcraft negotiated the 1836 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1836)" title="Treaty of Washington (1836)">Treaty of Washington</a> which opened up the land north of Grand Rapids for unequivocal legal ownership and settlement of lands in Northern Michigan, with provision that land sales would provide some monetary means to fund skills training for the Natives to assimilate to "civilized" life. </p><p>Despite the presence of fur trade, US military and Indian offices, and various tradesmen, the settled population of Michilimackinac (defined as all the settlements from Saginaw to Green Bay) was between 800 and 1000 for the time period between 1820 and 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_coastal_settlements_in_the_1830s_through_1850s">Early coastal settlements in the 1830s through 1850s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early coastal settlements in the 1830s through 1850s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_(Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell,_1835).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg/245px-Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg/368px-Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg/490px-Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5380" data-file-height="6384" /></a><figcaption>The 1835 Tourist's Pocket Map of Michigan by <a href="/wiki/S._Augustus_Mitchell" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Augustus Mitchell">S. Augustus Mitchell</a> shows the relatively undeveloped Northern Michigan even as a steamboat route operated between Detroit and Chicago via Michilimackinac.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_0208_Tourist_Pocket_Map_inset1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/2016_0208_Tourist_Pocket_Map_inset1.JPG/250px-2016_0208_Tourist_Pocket_Map_inset1.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="592" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/2016_0208_Tourist_Pocket_Map_inset1.JPG/375px-2016_0208_Tourist_Pocket_Map_inset1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/2016_0208_Tourist_Pocket_Map_inset1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption>This inset image from the 1835 Tourist's Pocket Map of Michigan lists the stops taken along the 980-mile steamboat route between Detroit and Chicago via Michilimackinac. Northern Michigan stops (between miles 197 and 519) included <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_Island" title="Thunder Bay Island">Thunder Bay Isles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Island_Light" title="Middle Island Light">Sandy Bay Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presque_Isle_Township,_Michigan" title="Presque Isle Township, Michigan">Presqu' Isle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bois_Blanc_Island_(Michigan)" title="Bois Blanc Island (Michigan)">Bois Blanc Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island" title="Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Island,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaver Island, Michigan">Beaver Island</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 658px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 656px; height: 475px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -344px; left: -606px; width: 1500px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_(Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell,_1835).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Northern Michigan islands, rivers, and shore landmarks featured prominently on this 1835 Tourist's Pocket Map Of Michigan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg/1500px-Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1500" height="1780" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg/2250px-Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg/3000px-Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5380" data-file-height="6384" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_(Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell,_1835).jpg" title="File:Tourist's Pocket Map Of Michigan (Samuel Augustus Mitchell, 1835).jpg"> </a></div>Northern Michigan islands, rivers, and shore landmarks featured prominently on this 1835 Tourist's Pocket Map Of Michigan. </div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 277px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 275px; height: 375px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -175px; left: -225px; width: 600px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royce-areas-michigan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In the 1836 Treaty of Washington, Michigan tribes ceded claims to lands in the yellow (Royce No. 205) area above – covering eastern Upper Peninsula and the northwestern Lower Peninsula of Michigan to the United States – and opened it to settlement." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royce-areas-michigan.jpg/600px-Royce-areas-michigan.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="698" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royce-areas-michigan.jpg/900px-Royce-areas-michigan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royce-areas-michigan.jpg/1200px-Royce-areas-michigan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1740" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Royce-areas-michigan.jpg" title="File:Royce-areas-michigan.jpg"> </a></div>In the 1836 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1836)" title="Treaty of Washington (1836)">Treaty of Washington</a>, Michigan tribes ceded claims to lands in the yellow (Royce No. 205) area above – covering eastern Upper Peninsula and the northwestern Lower Peninsula of Michigan to the United States – and opened it to settlement. </div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 652px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 650px; height: 488px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -325px; left: -380px; width: 1300px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1853_Mitchell_Map_of_Michigan_-_Geographicus_-_Michigan-mitchell-1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="As settlers arrived between 1840 and 1853, the state broke up the single Michilimackinac County and established platted counties across Northern Michigan. This 1853 map by S. A. Mitchell shows an improved understanding of the contours and inland lakes and streams of Northern Michigan based on recent land surveys." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1853_Mitchell_Map_of_Michigan_-_Geographicus_-_Michigan-mitchell-1850.jpg/1300px-1853_Mitchell_Map_of_Michigan_-_Geographicus_-_Michigan-mitchell-1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="1300" height="1603" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1853_Mitchell_Map_of_Michigan_-_Geographicus_-_Michigan-mitchell-1850.jpg/1950px-1853_Mitchell_Map_of_Michigan_-_Geographicus_-_Michigan-mitchell-1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1853_Mitchell_Map_of_Michigan_-_Geographicus_-_Michigan-mitchell-1850.jpg/2600px-1853_Mitchell_Map_of_Michigan_-_Geographicus_-_Michigan-mitchell-1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:1853_Mitchell_Map_of_Michigan_-_Geographicus_-_Michigan-mitchell-1850.jpg" title="File:1853 Mitchell Map of Michigan - Geographicus - Michigan-mitchell-1850.jpg"> </a></div>As settlers arrived between 1840 and 1853, the state broke up the single <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_County,_Michigan#History" title="Mackinac County, Michigan">Michilimackinac County</a> and established <a href="/wiki/Plat" title="Plat">platted</a> counties across Northern Michigan. This 1853 map by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell" title="Samuel Augustus Mitchell">S. A. Mitchell</a> shows an improved understanding of the contours and inland lakes and streams of Northern Michigan based on recent land surveys. </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline_of_Mackinaw_and_fur_trade">Decline of Mackinaw and fur trade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Decline of Mackinaw and fur trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1840s, the <a href="/wiki/American_Fur_Company" title="American Fur Company">American Fur Company</a> was in steep decline as <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> hats replaced <a href="/wiki/Beaver_hats" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaver hats">beaver hats</a> in European fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The straits of Mackinac declined in influence as government offices moved towards the capital at Detroit. While fishing slightly increased, the loss of the fur industry dealt a blow to Michilimackinac's economic significance.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Increased_ship_traffic_along_Northern_Michigan_coasts">Increased ship traffic along Northern Michigan coasts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Increased ship traffic along Northern Michigan coasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> opened in 1825, allowing settlers from <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and New York to reach Michigan by water through <a href="/wiki/Albany,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="Albany, NY">Albany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo, NY">Buffalo</a>. This route opening and the incorporation of Chicago in 1837,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increased <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_passenger_steamers" title="Great Lakes passenger steamers">Great Lakes steamboat traffic</a> from Detroit through the straits of Mackinac to Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the coastal areas were travelled, practically nothing was known about the interior parts of Northern Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Michigan became a state in 1837, one of its first acts was to name <a href="/wiki/Douglass_Houghton" title="Douglass Houghton">Douglass Houghton</a> as the lead of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Geological_Survey" title="Michigan Geological Survey">Michigan Geological Survey</a>, an effort to understand the geological and mineralogical, zoological, botanical, and topographical aspects of the lesser known parts of Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early settlers came to the coasts along Northern Michigan, including fishermen, missionaries to the Native Americans, and participants in early Great Lakes maritime industries such as fishing, lighthouses, and cutting cordwood for passing ships. In 1835, Lieutenant Benjamin Poole of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_U.S._Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd U.S. Artillery">3rd U.S. Artillery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-poole_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poole-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surveyed a former Indian path between <a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Michigan" title="Saginaw, Michigan">Saginaw</a> and Mackinac that would become known as the <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Trail" title="Mackinac Trail">Mackinac Trail</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_missions">Indian missions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indian missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Missions to Native Americans included Rev. Peter Dougherty<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Rev. John Fleming's 1839 Presbyterian mission on the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Township,_Michigan" title="Peninsula Township, Michigan">Old Mission Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Montague_Ferry" title="William Montague Ferry">William Montague Ferry</a>'s Presbyterian-affiliated 1825 <a href="/wiki/Mission_House_(Mackinac_Island)" title="Mission House (Mackinac Island)">Mission House</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mission_Church_(Michigan)" title="Mission Church (Michigan)">Mission Church</a> on Mackinac Island, <a href="/wiki/Magdelaine_Laframboise" title="Magdelaine Laframboise">Magdelaine Laframboise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Charles_Mazzuchelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Charles Mazzuchelli">Samuel Charles Mazzuchelli</a>'s Catholic <a href="/wiki/Sainte_Anne_Church_(Mackinac_Island)" title="Sainte Anne Church (Mackinac Island)">Sainte Anne Church</a> on Mackinac Island in 1830, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Baraga" title="Frederic Baraga">Frederic Baraga</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Pierz" title="Francis Xavier Pierz">Francis Xavier Pierz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Mrak" title="Ignatius Mrak">Ignatius Mrak</a>'s Catholic mission to the people of the Chippewa and Ottawa at <a href="/wiki/L%27Arbre_Croche" title="L'Arbre Croche">L'Arbre Croche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peshawbestown,_Michigan" title="Peshawbestown, Michigan">Peshawbestown</a> (on the <a href="/wiki/Leelanau_Peninsula" title="Leelanau Peninsula">Leelanau Peninsula</a>), Peter Greensky's Methodist <a href="/wiki/Greensky_Hill_church" title="Greensky Hill church">Greensky Hill church</a> founded near the <a href="/wiki/Little_Traverse_Bay" title="Little Traverse Bay">Little Traverse Bay</a> in 1844, and an 1848 congregationalist mission founded by Chief Peter Waukazoo and Reverend George Smith in <a href="/wiki/Northport,_Michigan" title="Northport, Michigan">Northport</a> (on the <a href="/wiki/Leelanau_Peninsula" title="Leelanau Peninsula">Leelanau Peninsula</a>). The <a href="/wiki/James_Strang" title="James Strang">Strangite</a> Mormon community move to Beaver Island in 1848 <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brought additional conflicts as the Mormon leaders sought to enforce laws and restrict use of alcohol on the Beaver Archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fishing_settlements">Fishing settlements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fishing settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Key fishing settlements included "Fishtown" in <a href="/wiki/Leland,_Michigan" title="Leland, Michigan">Leland, Michigan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Island_(Lake_Michigan)#Archipelago" title="Beaver Island (Lake Michigan)">Beaver Island Archipelago</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lighthouses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Michigan" title="List of lighthouses in Michigan">Northern Michigan lighthouses</a> included <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_Island_Light" title="Thunder Bay Island Light">Thunder Bay Island Light</a> (1831), <a href="/wiki/Old_Presque_Isle_Light" title="Old Presque Isle Light">Old Presque Isle Light</a> (1840), <a href="/wiki/South_Manitou_Island_Lighthouse" title="South Manitou Island Lighthouse">South Manitou Island Lighthouse</a> (1840), <a href="/wiki/DeTour_Reef_Light" title="DeTour Reef Light">DeTour Reef Light</a> (1847), <a href="/wiki/Waugoshance_Light" title="Waugoshance Light">Waugoshance Light</a> (1851), <a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Light" title="Grand Traverse Light">Grand Traverse Light</a> (1852), <a href="/wiki/Tawas_Point_Light" title="Tawas Point Light">Tawas Point Light</a> (1853), <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Island_Harbor_Light" title="Beaver Island Harbor Light">Beaver Island Harbor Light</a> (1856), <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Island_Head_Light" title="Beaver Island Head Light">Beaver Island Head Light</a> (1858), and <a href="/wiki/Point_Betsie_Light" title="Point Betsie Light">Point Betsie Light</a> (1858). </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Life-Saving_Service" title="United States Life-Saving Service">United States Lifesaving Service</a> did not establish a system of Great Lakes <a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifeboat stations">Lifeboat stations</a> on the Great Lakes until the 1870s,<sup id="cite_ref-USCG_History_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCG_History-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some volunteer stations, such as the <a href="/wiki/North_Manitou_Island_Lifesaving_Station" title="North Manitou Island Lifesaving Station">North Manitou Island Lifesaving Station</a> were created as early as 1854. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tension_between_White_settlement_and_Native_American_land_claims">Tension between White settlement and Native American land claims</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tension between White settlement and Native American land claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1836 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1836)" title="Treaty of Washington (1836)">Treaty of Washington</a>, Michigan tribes ceded claims to land in Northern Michigan—and opened it to settlement. In the 1840s, Odawa villages lined the Lake Michigan shore, especially from present-day <a href="/wiki/Harbor_Springs,_Michigan" title="Harbor Springs, Michigan">Harbor Springs</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cross_Village,_Michigan" title="Cross Village, Michigan">Cross Village</a>. The area on the tip of the peninsula was mostly reserved for native tribes by treaty provisions with the U.S. federal government until 1875. Early government had been centered around Mackinac Island and St. Ignace, but between 1840 and 1853, the state broke up this single large <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_County,_Michigan#History" title="Mackinac County, Michigan">Michilimackinac County</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and established names and boundaries of about 21 counties across Northern Michigan. This naming and <a href="/wiki/Public_Land_Survey_System" title="Public Land Survey System">surveying</a> allowed specific <a href="/wiki/Plat" title="Plat">platted</a> lands to be sold at the <a href="/wiki/Land_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Office">Land Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased white immigration and homesteading in Northern Michigan brought difficulties in dispatching of Native American land claims stemming from the treaty of 1836. Bands of Chippewa and Odawa Indians sought redress through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_with_the_Ottawa_and_Chippewa,_1855&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty with the Ottawa and Chippewa, 1855 (page does not exist)">Treaty of 1855</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by this 1855 treaty agreement, lands and payments would be set aside for individual Native American families related to the 1836 treaty, but after this treaty, the US would cease to owe anything ("land, money or other thing guaranteed to them") to Indians or their tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1860s_to_1890s:_Homestead_Act_settlements_and_industrial_developments">1860s to 1890s: Homestead Act settlements and industrial developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1860s to 1890s: Homestead Act settlements and industrial developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 457px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 455px; height: 380px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -430px; left: -260px; width: 900px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michigan_railroad_map_1876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Starting in the 1870s, railroads connected Northern Michigan to lower cities." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Michigan_railroad_map_1876.jpg/900px-Michigan_railroad_map_1876.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="1275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Michigan_railroad_map_1876.jpg/1350px-Michigan_railroad_map_1876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Michigan_railroad_map_1876.jpg/1800px-Michigan_railroad_map_1876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="7344" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michigan_railroad_map_1876.jpg" title="File:Michigan railroad map 1876.jpg"> </a></div>Starting in the 1870s, railroads connected Northern Michigan to lower cities. </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Increased_settlement_and_establishment_of_port_cities">Increased settlement and establishment of port cities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Increased settlement and establishment of port cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Now that the land was surveyed and outstanding native land claims eliminated, Northern Michigan settlement increased even further. The <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts#Homestead_Act_of_1862" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Act of 1862</a> brought many Civil War veterans and speculators to Northern Michigan, by making 160 acre tracts of land available for $1.25 an acre.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cutting of wood for passing ships morphed into a full-fledged lumber industry, contributing to the rise of port cities like <a href="/wiki/Manistee,_Michigan" title="Manistee, Michigan">Manistee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traverse_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Traverse City">Traverse City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlevoix,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix, Michigan">Charlevoix</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan" title="Ludington, Michigan">Ludington</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manisteerivermap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Manisteerivermap.png/250px-Manisteerivermap.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Manisteerivermap.png/375px-Manisteerivermap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Manisteerivermap.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption> From 1836 to 1848, much of the Manistee River Valley, including Manistee itself, was an Ottawa Reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the lumbering era of the late 1800s, Manistee became a significant site for lumber mills. Huge numbers of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_White_Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern White Pine">white pine</a> logs were floated down the river to the port at Manistee and eventually on to the lumber markets of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1870s:_Arrival_of_rail_infrastructure,_rampant_lumbering_and_fishing,_and_economic_slowdown"><span id="1870s:_Arrival_of_rail_infrastructure.2C_rampant_lumbering_and_fishing.2C_and_economic_slowdown"></span>1870s: Arrival of rail infrastructure, rampant lumbering and fishing, and economic slowdown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1870s: Arrival of rail infrastructure, rampant lumbering and fishing, and economic slowdown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in the 1870s, railroads were built connecting Northern Michigan to larger industrial areas to the south. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_and_Indiana_Railroad" title="Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad">Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad</a> reached Traverse City in December 1872 (via <a href="/wiki/Walton_Junction,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Walton Junction, Michigan">Walton Junction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traverse_City_Rail_Road_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Traverse City Rail Road Company">Traverse City Rail Road Company</a>) and reached Petoskey (known up to that point as "<a href="/wiki/Bear_River_(Michigan)" title="Bear River (Michigan)">Bear River</a>") in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Flint_and_Pere_Marquette_Railroad#The_Ludington_terminal" title="Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad">Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad</a> completed its terminal at Ludington in 1874. While the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Central_Railroad" title="Michigan Central Railroad">Michigan Central Railroad</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Otsego_County,_Michigan" title="Otsego County, Michigan">Otsego County</a> in the fall of 1872,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rail investments slowed for several years due to the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">financial panic of 1873</a> and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Long_Depression#United_States" title="Long Depression">five year economic slowdown</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cheboygan,_Michigan" title="Cheboygan, Michigan">Cheboygan</a> and <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mackinaw City did not have rail service until the early 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite setbacks from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Michigan_Fire" title="Great Michigan Fire">Great Michigan Fire</a> in 1871 in <a href="/wiki/Manistee,_Michigan" title="Manistee, Michigan">Manistee</a> and other lumbering ports, lumbering in Northern Michigan greatly increased. New mechanical tools such as <a href="/wiki/Steam-powered" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam-powered">steam-powered</a> (versus water-powered) sawmills and <a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">circular saws</a> expanded the ability to process high volumes of lumber quickly. <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railroads_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railroads in the United States">Narrow-gauge moveable rails</a> made it possible to harvest timber year round, in previously inaccessible places away from rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Michigan lumber market experienced a crash in July 1877 <sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a>. By 1880 the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a> would dominate <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">logging</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> producing more lumber than any other state.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">commercial fishing</a> industry also flourished in the 1880s. By 1881, the rich fishing areas around the Beaver Archipelago led to Beaver Island becoming the largest supplier of fresh-water fish in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1886, there was a drastic reduction in the amount of fishing produced, due to overfishing.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1893, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Fish_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michigan Fish Commission (page does not exist)">Michigan Fish Commission</a> commissioned the University of Nebraska Zoologist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_Ward" title="Henry Baldwin Ward">Henry Ward</a> to study the sources of food for Traverse Bay area fish.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_bird_day_book_(1915)_(14751712302).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alabama_bird_day_book_%281915%29_%2814751712302%29.jpg/170px-Alabama_bird_day_book_%281915%29_%2814751712302%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alabama_bird_day_book_%281915%29_%2814751712302%29.jpg/255px-Alabama_bird_day_book_%281915%29_%2814751712302%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alabama_bird_day_book_%281915%29_%2814751712302%29.jpg/340px-Alabama_bird_day_book_%281915%29_%2814751712302%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="2238" /></a><figcaption>Passenger pigeons were hunted to extinction sometime after the 1870s, with the last large nesting in <a href="/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan" title="Petoskey, Michigan">Petoskey, Michigan</a>, in 1878. </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Passenger_pigeon" title="Passenger pigeon">passenger pigeon</a> was hunted in Northern Michigan as a source of food, but by the 1870s, a combination of increased population and economic scarcity led to over-hunting and eventual extinction. The massive flocks of passenger pigeons stopped darkening the skies of Northern Michigan, especially after the last large scale nestings and subsequent slaughters of millions of birds in 1874 and 1878. By this time, large nestings only took place in the north, around the Great Lakes. The last large nesting was in <a href="/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan" title="Petoskey, Michigan">Petoskey, Michigan</a>, in 1878 (following one in Pennsylvania a few days earlier), where 50,000 birds were killed each day for nearly five months. The surviving adults attempted a second nesting at new sites, but were killed by professional hunters before they had a chance to raise any young. Scattered nestings were reported into the 1880s, but the birds were now weary, and commonly abandoned their nests if persecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1880s:_Emergence_of_resort_and_vacation_industry">1880s: Emergence of resort and vacation industry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1880s: Emergence of resort and vacation industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rail connections to the large midwestern cities through rail centers like <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">Kalamazoo</a> led to settlers immigrating and wealthy <a href="/wiki/Resort" title="Resort">resorters</a> establishing summer home associations in <a href="/wiki/Bay_View,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay View, Michigan">Bay View Association</a> near Petoskey, the <a href="/wiki/Belvedere_Club" title="Belvedere Club">Belvedere Club</a> in Charlevoix, and other lakeside getaways. Starting in 1875 (until 1895) the 1,044-acre (422 ha) <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_National_Park" title="Mackinac National Park">Mackinac National Park</a> became the second <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Parks_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Parks of the United States">National Park</a> in the United States after <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sport_fishing">Sport fishing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sport fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ausablerivermap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ausablerivermap.png/200px-Ausablerivermap.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ausablerivermap.png/300px-Ausablerivermap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ausablerivermap.png/400px-Ausablerivermap.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>After being used for floating logs in previous decades,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Au Sable River in the 1880s became famous for fishing – first for grayling, and later for <a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">brook trout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">brown trout</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_Grayling_Thymallus_arcticus_arcticus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arctic_Grayling_Thymallus_arcticus_arcticus.jpg/200px-Arctic_Grayling_Thymallus_arcticus_arcticus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arctic_Grayling_Thymallus_arcticus_arcticus.jpg/300px-Arctic_Grayling_Thymallus_arcticus_arcticus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arctic_Grayling_Thymallus_arcticus_arcticus.jpg/400px-Arctic_Grayling_Thymallus_arcticus_arcticus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>Lumbering practices destroyed <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Grayling" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Grayling">Arctic Grayling</a> breeding grounds in rivers and led to their slow decline, and the sport fishing industry also contributed to the grayling's eventual disappearance from Northern Michigan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sport fishing along the <a href="/wiki/Au_Sable_River_(Michigan)" title="Au Sable River (Michigan)">Au Sable River</a> became a tourist attraction for wealthy sportsmen from Detroit, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Buffalo, Toledo, Indianapolis, and Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-Diversion_Books_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diversion_Books-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Lansing_and_Saginaw_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw Railroad">Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw Railroad</a> reached Grayling in the late 1870s, it began to advertise hunting and fishing trips in Crawford County, home of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_grayling" title="Arctic grayling">arctic grayling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Diversion_Books_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diversion_Books-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same way, the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railway published a "Guide to the Health, Pleasure, Game and Fishing Resorts of Northern Michigan reached by the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad" in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880, Ansel Judd Northrup, a lawyer from New York, published a detailed account of his train trip to fish Northern Michigan, and he assessed the Au Sable, <a href="/wiki/Manistee_River" title="Manistee River">Manistee River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheboygan_River" title="Cheboygan River">Cheboygan River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_River_(Mullett_Lake)" title="Pigeon River (Mullett Lake)">Pigeon River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River_(Michigan)" title="Jordan River (Michigan)">Jordan River</a> for trout and grayling fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state of Michigan, having created a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Fish_Commissioners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Fish Commissioners (page does not exist)">Board of Fish Commissioners</a> in 1873, stocked rivers with <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_whitefish" title="Freshwater whitefish">whitefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micropterus" title="Micropterus">black bass</a>, and non-native species such as <a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">California salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">California trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirror_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror carp">German carp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">brook trout</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board of Fish Commissioners created its first fish hatchery at Crystal Springs Creek in <a href="/wiki/Pokagon_Township,_Michigan" title="Pokagon Township, Michigan">Pokagon</a> and shipped rail cars full of small fish to streams across Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the grayling vanished from the Au Sable, Manistee and other rivers, the state propped up the Northern Michigan fishing industry with non-native <a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">brook trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">brown trout</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a> (<a href="/wiki/Steelhead" title="Steelhead">steelhead</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_grayling" title="Arctic grayling">Arctic grayling</a> that had inhabited much of Northern Michigan<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was eventually wiped out. The logging practice of using river beds to move logs in the springtime destroyed the breeding grounds for these fish.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before they could recover, non-native sport fish such as <a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">brook trout</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took over the grayling's habitat and made them disappear from northern Michigan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrial_growth_and_diversification">Industrial growth and diversification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Industrial growth and diversification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boyne_SE_RR_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Boyne_SE_RR_Map.jpg/400px-Boyne_SE_RR_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Boyne_SE_RR_Map.jpg/600px-Boyne_SE_RR_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Boyne_SE_RR_Map.jpg/800px-Boyne_SE_RR_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption> As the lumber industry declined, rail lines such as the BCG & A Railroad (1915) helped to access remote inland tracts of timber.</figcaption></figure> <p>The effect of rail connections was ultimately transformative; timber and other goods could be produced in the north and shipped to urban markets to the south. Diverse industries developed, such as iron works, tanneries, mills, cement plants, and agricultural enterprises. By 1885, the intense harvesting and export of pine trees led to visible decline in the lumber industry's ability to produce white pine.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Logging in Michigan peaked in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where available, hardwoods and hemlock were harvested, temporarily extending the life of lumbering in the area, especially around East Jordan, the Traverse Bay, and near <a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Michigan" title="Crawford County, Michigan">Crawford County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_White" class="mw-redirect" title="William Howard White">William Howard White</a>'s lumber railroad (<a href="/wiki/Boyne_City_Railroad" title="Boyne City Railroad">Boyne City, Gaylord & Alpena Railroad Company</a>), David Ward's <a href="/wiki/Detroit_and_Charlevoix_Railroad" title="Detroit and Charlevoix Railroad">Detroit and Charlevoix Railroad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/East_Jordan_and_Southern_Railroad" title="East Jordan and Southern Railroad">East Jordan and Southern Railroad</a> enabled access to remote timber areas. As lumbering declined, rail lines began to promote Northern Michigan as a "fresh air" resort destination,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the logging companies promoted their cut-over, stump-filled tracts for their agricultural potential.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century:_resort_era">20th century: resort era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 20th century: resort era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_resorts">Early resorts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Early resorts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The resort era flourished in lakeside areas of Northern Michigan even as the fishing and lumbering industries experienced slow decline. Historian <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Catton" title="Bruce Catton">Bruce Catton</a>'s memoir <i>Waiting for the Morning Train</i> (1972) documents his personal experiences of early 20th-century life in a small Northern Michigan town as Michigan's logging era was ending.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> also documented turn-of-the-century life in Northern Michigan through his "<a href="/wiki/Nick_Adams_(character)" title="Nick Adams (character)">Nick Adams</a>" stories; Hemingway's own parents were resorters, wintering in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Illinois" title="Oak Park, Illinois">Oak Park, Illinois</a>, but summering in the <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway_Cottage" title="Ernest Hemingway Cottage">Windemere</a> cottage on <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Lake" title="Walloon Lake">Walloon Lake</a> starting in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traverse_City_State_Park_beach_(Oct_2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Traverse_City_State_Park_beach_%28Oct_2020%29.jpg/220px-Traverse_City_State_Park_beach_%28Oct_2020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Traverse_City_State_Park_beach_%28Oct_2020%29.jpg/330px-Traverse_City_State_Park_beach_%28Oct_2020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Traverse_City_State_Park_beach_%28Oct_2020%29.jpg/440px-Traverse_City_State_Park_beach_%28Oct_2020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City_State_Park" title="Traverse City State Park">Traverse City State Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Higgins_Lake_State_Park_beachfront_(2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/North_Higgins_Lake_State_Park_beachfront_%282020%29.jpg/220px-North_Higgins_Lake_State_Park_beachfront_%282020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/North_Higgins_Lake_State_Park_beachfront_%282020%29.jpg/330px-North_Higgins_Lake_State_Park_beachfront_%282020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/North_Higgins_Lake_State_Park_beachfront_%282020%29.jpg/440px-North_Higgins_Lake_State_Park_beachfront_%282020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5037" data-file-height="2833" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/North_Higgins_Lake_State_Park" title="North Higgins Lake State Park">North Higgins Lake State Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negwegon_State_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Negwegon_State_Park.jpg/220px-Negwegon_State_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Negwegon_State_Park.jpg/330px-Negwegon_State_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Negwegon_State_Park.jpg/440px-Negwegon_State_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Negwegon_State_Park" title="Negwegon State Park">Negwegon State Park</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_parks">State parks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: State parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As lumbering died down, many parts of Northern Michigan returned to their forested state through conservation efforts. The <a href="/wiki/Huron-Manistee_National_Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron-Manistee National Forests">Huron National Forest</a> was set aside in 1909. and the <a href="/wiki/Huron-Manistee_National_Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron-Manistee National Forests">Manistee National Forest</a> was set aside in 1938. State parks were established as well, to include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interlochen_State_Park" title="Interlochen State Park">Interlochen State Park</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_State_Park" title="Mitchell State Park">Mitchell State Park</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Lake_State_Park" title="Burt Lake State Park">Burt Lake State Park</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City_State_Park" title="Traverse City State Park">Traverse City State Park</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard_Beach_State_Park" title="Orchard Beach State Park">Orchard Beach State Park</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisville_State_Park" title="Harrisville State Park">Harrisville State Park</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoeft_State_Park" title="Hoeft State Park">Hoeft State Park</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_State_Park" title="Aloha State Park">Aloha State Park</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_State_Park" title="Straits State Park">Straits State Park</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Higgins_Lake_State_Park" title="South Higgins Lake State Park">South Higgins Lake State Park</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartwick_Pines_State_Park" title="Hartwick Pines State Park">Hartwick Pines State Park</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_State_Park" title="Wilderness State Park">Wilderness State Park</a> (1928)<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheboygan_State_Park" title="Cheboygan State Park">Cheboygan State Park</a> (1962) <sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negwegon_State_Park" title="Negwegon State Park">Negwegon State Park</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leelanau_State_Park" title="Leelanau State Park">Leelanau State Park</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Higgins_Lake_State_Park" title="North Higgins Lake State Park">North Higgins Lake State Park</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Lake_State_Park_(Michigan)" title="Clear Lake State Park (Michigan)">Clear Lake State Park</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawas_Point_State_Park" title="Tawas Point State Park">Tawas Point State Park</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petoskey_State_Park" title="Petoskey State Park">Petoskey State Park</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman%27s_Island_State_Park" title="Fisherman's Island State Park">Fisherman's Island State Park</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson%27s_Harbor_State_Park" title="Thompson's Harbor State Park">Thompson's Harbor State Park</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockport_State_Park_(Michigan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockport State Park (Michigan)">Rockport State Park</a> (2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ski_resorts">Ski resorts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ski resorts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanson_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanson Hills (page does not exist)">Hanson Hills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grayling,_Michigan" title="Grayling, Michigan">Grayling</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">downhill ski</a> area in Michigan. It opened in 1929 and was served by rail service.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Caberfae_Peaks_Ski_%26_Golf_Resort" title="Caberfae Peaks Ski & Golf Resort">Caberfae Peaks Ski & Golf Resort</a> near Cadillac opened in 1938 and was served by rail service. <a href="/wiki/Boyne_Mountain_Resort" title="Boyne Mountain Resort">Boyne Mountain Resort</a> opened in 1948. <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Mountain_(Michigan)" title="Crystal Mountain (Michigan)">Crystal Mountain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Benzie_County,_Michigan" title="Benzie County, Michigan">Benzie County</a> opened in 1956. <a href="/wiki/Nub%27s_Nob" title="Nub's Nob">Nub's Nob</a> opened in 1958 near Harbor Springs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline_of_rail">Decline of rail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Decline of rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As passenger railroad usage ended in the 1960s (due in part to increased automobile travel), aggressive promotion of Northern Michigan by local chambers of commerce led to many of the festivals and attractions that bring visitors north even today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Michigan" title="Protected areas of Michigan">Protected areas of Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michigan#Geography" title="Michigan">Michigan § Geography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boundary_description">Boundary description</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Boundary description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michigan_Lower_Peninsula_Regions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Michigan_Lower_Peninsula_Regions.png/250px-Michigan_Lower_Peninsula_Regions.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Michigan_Lower_Peninsula_Regions.png 1.5x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption> Northern Michigan is at the northern tip of Michigan's <a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Peninsula">Lower Peninsula</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Residents of Northern Michigan generally consider it to lie between Grayling and the Mackinac Bridge. The southern boundary of the region is not precisely defined. Some residents in the southern part of the state consider its southern limit to be just north of <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Huron,_Michigan" title="Port Huron, Michigan">Port Huron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Michigan" title="Mount Pleasant, Michigan">Mount Pleasant</a>, though those in Northern Michigan refer to this are as Mid Michigan. Others may restrict it to the area north of <a href="/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan" title="Bay City, Michigan">Bay City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clare,_Michigan" title="Clare, Michigan">Clare</a>, using <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_10_in_Michigan" title="U.S. Route 10 in Michigan">US Highway 10</a> as a reference point, which roughly marks the "fingers" of the mitten-like shape of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Lower Peninsula of Michigan">Lower Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The topic of where "Up North" begins is often debated among Michiganders, with there being no definitive answer on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/45th_parallel_north" title="45th parallel north">45th parallel</a> runs across Northern Michigan. Signs in the Lower Peninsula that mark that line are at <a href="/wiki/Mission_Point_Light" title="Mission Point Light">Mission Point Light</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (just north of <a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Traverse City</a>); <a href="/wiki/Suttons_Bay,_Michigan" title="Suttons Bay, Michigan">Suttons Bay</a>; Cairn Highway in <a href="/wiki/Kewadin,_Michigan" title="Kewadin, Michigan">Kewadin</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alba, Michigan, on U.S. 131 Highway (approximately two miles north of County Road 42, with signs on both sides of the highway); <a href="/wiki/Gaylord,_Michigan" title="Gaylord, Michigan">Gaylord</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Michigan" title="Atlanta, Michigan">Atlanta</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Alpena,_Michigan" title="Alpena, Michigan">Alpena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are six of 29 places in the U.S.A. where such signs or monuments are known to exist. One other such sign is in <a href="/wiki/Menominee,_Michigan" title="Menominee, Michigan">Menominee, Michigan</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Peninsula">Upper Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_excludes_the_Upper_Peninsula">Definition excludes the Upper Peninsula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Definition excludes the Upper Peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Across the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Mackinac" title="Straits of Mackinac">Straits of Mackinac</a>, to the north, west, and northeast, lies the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula of Michigan</a> (the "U.P."). Despite its geographic location as the most northerly part of Michigan, the Upper Peninsula is not usually included in the definition of Northern Michigan (although <a href="/wiki/Northern_Michigan_University" title="Northern Michigan University">Northern Michigan University</a> is located in the U.P. city of <a href="/wiki/Marquette,_Michigan" title="Marquette, Michigan">Marquette</a>), and is instead regarded by Michigan residents as a distinct region of the state, although residents of the Upper Peninsula often say that "Northern Michigan" is not in the Lower Peninsula. They insist the region must only be referred to as "Northern Lower Michigan", and this can sometimes become a topic of contention between people who are from different Peninsulas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The two regions are connected by the 5-mile-long <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Bridge" title="Mackinac Bridge">Mackinac Bridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those living South of the bridge are known as trolls, while those living above the bridge are yoopers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_definitions_of_Northern_Michigan">Other definitions of Northern Michigan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Other definitions of Northern Michigan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of the northern <a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Peninsula">Lower Peninsula</a> – north of a line from <a href="/wiki/Manistee_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Manistee County">Manistee County</a> on the west to <a href="/wiki/Iosco_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Iosco County">Iosco County</a> on the east (the second orange tier up on the map) – is considered to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Gaylord" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Gaylord">Roman Catholic Diocese of Gaylord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography,_climate_and_soil"><span id="Topography.2C_climate_and_soil"></span>Topography, climate and soil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Topography, climate and soil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The geographical theme of this region is shaped by rolling hills, Great Lakes shorelines including <a href="/wiki/Coastal_dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal dunes">coastal dunes</a> on the west coast, large inland lakes, numerous rivers and large forests. A <a href="/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">tension zone</a> is identified running from Muskegon to Saginaw Bay marked by a change in soil type and common tree species.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North of the line the historic presettlement forests were beech and sugar maple, mixed with hemlock, white pine, and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow birch">yellow birch</a> which only grew on moist soils further south. Southern Michigan forests were primarily deciduous with oaks, red maple, <a href="/wiki/Shagbark_hickory" class="mw-redirect" title="Shagbark hickory">shagbark hickory</a>, basswood and cottonwood which are uncommon further north. Northern Michigan soils tend to be coarser, and the growing season is shorter with a cooler climate. <a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">Lake effect</a> weather brings significant snowfalls to snow belt areas of Northern Michigan. </p><p>Glaciers shaped the area, creating a unique regional ecosystem. A large portion of the area is the so-called Grayling outwash plain, which consists of broad outwash plain including sandy ice-disintegration ridges; jack pine barrens, some white pine-red pine forest, and northern hardwood forest. Large lakes were created by glacial action.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weather">Weather</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Weather"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region has the four seasons in their extremes, with sometimes hot and humid summer days (although, mild in comparison to some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">south</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Cold" title="Cold">subzero days</a> in winter. With the expansive <a href="/wiki/Hardwood_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwood forest">hardwood forest</a> in Northern Michigan, <a href="/wiki/Autumn_leaf_color" title="Autumn leaf color">"fall color"</a> tourists are found throughout the area in early to mid-autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the spring rains come, many roads and bridges become impassable due to flooding or muddy to the point a <a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">four-wheel drive</a> cannot pass. Snowfall varies throughout the region due to <a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">lake-effect snow</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_winds" title="Prevailing winds">prevailing westerly winds</a> off of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>: average yearly snow ranges from 141.4 inches or 3.59 metres in <a href="/wiki/Gaylord,_Michigan" title="Gaylord, Michigan">Gaylord</a> to 52.4 inches or 1.33 metres in <a href="/wiki/Harrisville,_Michigan" title="Harrisville, Michigan">Harrisville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the high and low temperature records for all of Michigan are held by communities in Northern Lower Michigan. The high is 112 °F or 44.4 °C set in <a href="/wiki/Mio,_Michigan" title="Mio, Michigan">Mio</a> on July 13, 1936, and the low is −51 °F or −46.1 °C set in <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt,_Michigan" title="Vanderbilt, Michigan">Vanderbilt</a> on February 9, 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traverse_City_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Traverse_City_Skyline.jpg/220px-Traverse_City_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Traverse_City_Skyline.jpg/330px-Traverse_City_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Traverse_City_Skyline.jpg/440px-Traverse_City_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>View of downtown <a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Traverse City</a>, the largest city in Northern Michigan.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadillac,_MI_downtown_(July_2022).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cadillac%2C_MI_downtown_%28July_2022%29.jpg/220px-Cadillac%2C_MI_downtown_%28July_2022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cadillac%2C_MI_downtown_%28July_2022%29.jpg/330px-Cadillac%2C_MI_downtown_%28July_2022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cadillac%2C_MI_downtown_%28July_2022%29.jpg/440px-Cadillac%2C_MI_downtown_%28July_2022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5053" data-file-height="2842" /></a><figcaption>Downtown <a href="/wiki/Cadillac,_Michigan" title="Cadillac, Michigan">Cadillac</a>, the second-largest city in Northern Michigan.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Hall_-_Alpena_Michigan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/City_Hall_-_Alpena_Michigan.jpg/220px-City_Hall_-_Alpena_Michigan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/City_Hall_-_Alpena_Michigan.jpg/330px-City_Hall_-_Alpena_Michigan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/City_Hall_-_Alpena_Michigan.jpg/440px-City_Hall_-_Alpena_Michigan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3988" data-file-height="2575" /></a><figcaption>Alpena City Hall in Alpena, the third-largest city in the region.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludington_Downtown_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ludington_Downtown_2.jpg/220px-Ludington_Downtown_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ludington_Downtown_2.jpg/330px-Ludington_Downtown_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ludington_Downtown_2.jpg/440px-Ludington_Downtown_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption>Downtown <a href="/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan" title="Ludington, Michigan">Ludington</a>, the fourth-largest city.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manistee_Harbor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Manistee_Harbor.jpg/220px-Manistee_Harbor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Manistee_Harbor.jpg/330px-Manistee_Harbor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Manistee_Harbor.jpg/440px-Manistee_Harbor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Manistee,_Michigan" title="Manistee, Michigan">Manistee</a>, the fifth-largest city.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petoskey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Petoskey.jpg/220px-Petoskey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Petoskey.jpg/330px-Petoskey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Petoskey.jpg/440px-Petoskey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Downtown <a href="/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan" title="Petoskey, Michigan">Petoskey</a>, the sixth-largest city.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the northernmost 21 counties in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Lower Peninsula of Michigan">Lower Peninsula of Michigan</a>, the total population of the region is 506,658 people.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most populated city in Northern Michigan is <a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Traverse City</a>, with over 15 thousand inhabitants. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_County,_Michigan" title="Grand Traverse County, Michigan">Grand Traverse County</a> is the largest county in Northern Michigan by population, at just under 100,000. Grand Traverse County also contains the three most populous municipalities in Northern Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Garfield_Township,_Grand_Traverse_County,_Michigan" title="Garfield Township, Grand Traverse County, Michigan">Garfield Township</a>, Traverse City (which partially extends into <a href="/wiki/Leelanau_County,_Michigan" title="Leelanau County, Michigan">Leelanau County</a>), and <a href="/wiki/East_Bay_Township,_Michigan" title="East Bay Township, Michigan">East Bay Township</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Cities, villages, and CDPs in Northern Michigan with a population above 1,000 in 2020 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Municipality </th> <th><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 population</a> </th> <th>Area (sq mi) </th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>County(ies) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Traverse City</a> </td> <td>15,678 </td> <td>8.66 </td> <td>22.43 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_County,_Michigan" title="Grand Traverse County, Michigan">Grand Traverse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leelanau_County,_Michigan" title="Leelanau County, Michigan">Leelanau</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadillac,_Michigan" title="Cadillac, Michigan">Cadillac</a> </td> <td>10,371 </td> <td>8.91 </td> <td>23.09 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wexford_County,_Michigan" title="Wexford County, Michigan">Wexford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpena,_Michigan" title="Alpena, Michigan">Alpena</a> </td> <td>10,197 </td> <td>9.23 </td> <td>23.9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpena_County,_Michigan" title="Alpena County, Michigan">Alpena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan" title="Ludington, Michigan">Ludington</a> </td> <td>8,076 </td> <td>3.60 </td> <td>9.34 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mason_County,_Michigan" title="Mason County, Michigan">Mason</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manistee,_Michigan" title="Manistee, Michigan">Manistee</a> </td> <td>6,259 </td> <td>4.53 </td> <td>11.73 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manistee_County,_Michigan" title="Manistee County, Michigan">Manistee</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan" title="Petoskey, Michigan">Petoskey</a> </td> <td>5,877 </td> <td>5.34 </td> <td>13.84 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emmet_County,_Michigan" title="Emmet County, Michigan">Emmet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Houghton_Lake,_Michigan" title="Houghton Lake, Michigan">Houghton Lake</a> </td> <td>5,294 </td> <td>7.49 </td> <td>19.4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roscommon_County,_Michigan" title="Roscommon County, Michigan">Roscommon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheboygan,_Michigan" title="Cheboygan, Michigan">Cheboygan</a> </td> <td>4,876 </td> <td>6.93 </td> <td>17.94 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheboygan_County,_Michigan" title="Cheboygan County, Michigan">Cheboygan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaylord,_Michigan" title="Gaylord, Michigan">Gaylord</a> </td> <td>4,286 </td> <td>5.00 </td> <td>12.95 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otsego_County,_Michigan" title="Otsego County, Michigan">Otsego</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boyne_City,_Michigan" title="Boyne City, Michigan">Boyne City</a> </td> <td>3,816 </td> <td>5.34 </td> <td>13.84 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlevoix_County,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix County, Michigan">Charlevoix</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clare,_Michigan" title="Clare, Michigan">Clare</a> </td> <td>3,254 </td> <td>3.83 </td> <td>9.92 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clare_County,_Michigan" title="Clare County, Michigan">Clare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_County,_Michigan" title="Isabella County, Michigan">Isabella</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Skidway_Lake,_Michigan" title="Skidway Lake, Michigan">Skidway Lake</a> </td> <td>3,082 </td> <td>11.79 </td> <td>30.52 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ogemaw_County,_Michigan" title="Ogemaw County, Michigan">Ogemaw</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gladwin,_Michigan" title="Gladwin, Michigan">Gladwin</a> </td> <td>3,069 </td> <td>2.90 </td> <td>7.51 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gladwin_County,_Michigan" title="Gladwin County, Michigan">Gladwin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rogers_City,_Michigan" title="Rogers City, Michigan">Rogers City</a> </td> <td>2,850 </td> <td>8.36 </td> <td>21.65 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presque_Isle_County,_Michigan" title="Presque Isle County, Michigan">Presque Isle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Helen,_Michigan" title="St. Helen, Michigan">St. Helen</a> </td> <td>2,735 </td> <td>5.92 </td> <td>15.3 </td> <td>Roscommon </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Tawas,_Michigan" title="East Tawas, Michigan">East Tawas</a> </td> <td>2,663 </td> <td>3.27 </td> <td>8.48 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iosco_County,_Michigan" title="Iosco County, Michigan">Iosco</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reed_City,_Michigan" title="Reed City, Michigan">Reed City</a> </td> <td>2,490 </td> <td>2.13 </td> <td>5.53 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osceola_County,_Michigan" title="Osceola County, Michigan">Osceola</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Branch,_Michigan" title="West Branch, Michigan">West Branch</a> </td> <td>2,351 </td> <td>1.53 </td> <td>3.97 </td> <td>Ogemaw </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlevoix,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix, Michigan">Charlevoix</a> </td> <td>2,348 </td> <td>2.05 </td> <td>5.30 </td> <td>Charlevoix </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Jordan,_Michigan" title="East Jordan, Michigan">East Jordan</a> </td> <td>2,239 </td> <td>3.92 </td> <td>10.15 </td> <td>Charlevoix </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harrison,_Michigan" title="Harrison, Michigan">Harrison</a> </td> <td>2,150 </td> <td>4.03 </td> <td>10.43 </td> <td>Clare </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkaska,_Michigan" title="Kalkaska, Michigan">Kalkaska</a> </td> <td>2,132 </td> <td>3.21 </td> <td>8.31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkaska_County,_Michigan" title="Kalkaska County, Michigan">Kalkaska</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_River,_Michigan" title="Indian River, Michigan">Indian River</a> </td> <td>1,950 </td> <td>20.2 </td> <td>52.4 </td> <td>Cheboygan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tawas_City,_Michigan" title="Tawas City, Michigan">Tawas City</a> </td> <td>1,834 </td> <td>2.13 </td> <td>5.51 </td> <td>Iosco </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grayling,_Michigan" title="Grayling, Michigan">Grayling</a> </td> <td>1,867 </td> <td>2.08 </td> <td>5.39 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Michigan" title="Crawford County, Michigan">Crawford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Evart,_Michigan" title="Evart, Michigan">Evart</a> </td> <td>1,742 </td> <td>2.53 </td> <td>6.55 </td> <td>Osceola </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mio,_Michigan" title="Mio, Michigan">Mio</a> </td> <td>1,690 </td> <td>8.98 </td> <td>23.3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oscoda_County,_Michigan" title="Oscoda County, Michigan">Oscoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prudenville,_Michigan" title="Prudenville, Michigan">Prudenville</a> </td> <td>1,643 </td> <td>3.62 </td> <td>9.4 </td> <td>Roscommon </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elk_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Elk Rapids, Michigan">Elk Rapids</a> </td> <td>1,642 </td> <td>2.01 </td> <td>5.20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antrim_County,_Michigan" title="Antrim County, Michigan">Antrim</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greilickville,_Michigan" title="Greilickville, Michigan">Greilickville</a> </td> <td>1,634 </td> <td>7.11 </td> <td>18.41 </td> <td>Leelanau </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Standish,_Michigan" title="Standish, Michigan">Standish</a> </td> <td>1,458 </td> <td>2.18 </td> <td>5.64 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arenac_County,_Michigan" title="Arenac County, Michigan">Arenac</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Au_Sable,_Michigan" title="Au Sable, Michigan">Au Sable</a> </td> <td>1,453 </td> <td>2.13 </td> <td>5.52 </td> <td>Iosco </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingsley,_Michigan" title="Kingsley, Michigan">Kingsley</a> </td> <td>1,431 </td> <td>1.22 </td> <td>3.17 </td> <td>Grand Traverse </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_Michigan" title="Rapid City, Michigan">Rapid City</a> </td> <td>1,357 </td> <td>5.53 </td> <td>14.31 </td> <td>Kalkaska </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mancelona,_Michigan" title="Mancelona, Michigan">Mancelona</a> </td> <td>1,344 </td> <td>1.00 </td> <td>2.60 </td> <td>Antrim </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harbor_Springs,_Michigan" title="Harbor Springs, Michigan">Harbor Springs</a> </td> <td>1,274 </td> <td>1.29 </td> <td>3.35 </td> <td>Emmet </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manton,_Michigan" title="Manton, Michigan">Manton</a> </td> <td>1,258 </td> <td>1.61 </td> <td>4.18 </td> <td>Wexford </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Michigan" title="Frankfort, Michigan">Frankfort</a> </td> <td>1,252 </td> <td>1.58 </td> <td>4.10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benzie_County,_Michigan" title="Benzie County, Michigan">Benzie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottville,_Michigan" title="Scottville, Michigan">Scottville</a> </td> <td>1,214 </td> <td>1.49 </td> <td>3.86 </td> <td>Mason </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beaverton,_Michigan" title="Beaverton, Michigan">Beaverton</a> </td> <td>1,145 </td> <td>1.33 </td> <td>3.44 </td> <td>Gladwin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chums_Corner,_Michigan" title="Chums Corner, Michigan">Chums Corner</a> </td> <td>1,065 </td> <td>2.79 </td> <td>2.66 </td> <td>Grand Traverse </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bellaire,_Michigan" title="Bellaire, Michigan">Bellaire</a> </td> <td>1,053 </td> <td>1.99 </td> <td>5.16 </td> <td>Antrim </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_the_North,_Michigan" title="Lakes of the North, Michigan">Lakes of the North</a> </td> <td>1,044 </td> <td>16.73 </td> <td>43.44 </td> <td>Antrim </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The area was populated by many different ethnicities, including groups from <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> (Maine, Vermont, New York), <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. The Odawa nation is located in Emmet County (Little Traverse Band of Odawa Indians). Other <a href="/wiki/Native_American_reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American reservation">Native American reservations</a> exist at Mount Pleasant and on the <a href="/wiki/Leelanau_Peninsula" title="Leelanau Peninsula">Leelanau Peninsula</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counties">Counties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Counties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 502px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 500px; height: 360px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -442px; left: -485px; width: 1100px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MichiganCounties.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="21 counties in Northern Michigan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/MichiganCounties.svg/1100px-MichiganCounties.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1100" height="1246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/MichiganCounties.svg/1650px-MichiganCounties.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/MichiganCounties.svg/2200px-MichiganCounties.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:MichiganCounties.svg" title="File:MichiganCounties.svg"> </a></div>21 counties in Northern Michigan </div> </div> </div> <p>There are 21 counties traditionally associated with Northern Michigan: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>County </th> <th><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 population</a> </th> <th>Land area (sq mi) </th> <th>Land area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Seat </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcona_County,_Michigan" title="Alcona County, Michigan">Alcona County</a> </td> <td>10,167 </td> <td>675 </td> <td>1,750 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harrisville,_Michigan" title="Harrisville, Michigan">Harrisville</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpena_County,_Michigan" title="Alpena County, Michigan">Alpena County</a> </td> <td>28,907 </td> <td>572 </td> <td>1,480 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpena,_Michigan" title="Alpena, Michigan">Alpena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antrim_County,_Michigan" title="Antrim County, Michigan">Antrim County</a> </td> <td>23,431 </td> <td>476 </td> <td>1,230 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bellaire,_Michigan" title="Bellaire, Michigan">Bellaire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benzie_County,_Michigan" title="Benzie County, Michigan">Benzie County</a> </td> <td>17,970 </td> <td>320 </td> <td>800 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beulah,_Michigan" title="Beulah, Michigan">Beulah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlevoix_County,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix County, Michigan">Charlevoix County</a> </td> <td>25,597 </td> <td>416 </td> <td>1,080 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlevoix,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix, Michigan">Charlevoix</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheboygan_County,_Michigan" title="Cheboygan County, Michigan">Cheboygan County</a> </td> <td>26,152 </td> <td>715 </td> <td>1,850 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheboygan,_Michigan" title="Cheboygan, Michigan">Cheboygan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Michigan" title="Crawford County, Michigan">Crawford County</a> </td> <td>23,988 </td> <td>556 </td> <td>1440 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grayling,_Michigan" title="Grayling, Michigan">Grayling</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emmet_County,_Michigan" title="Emmet County, Michigan">Emmet County</a> </td> <td>34,112 </td> <td>467 </td> <td>1,210 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan" title="Petoskey, Michigan">Petoskey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_County,_Michigan" title="Grand Traverse County, Michigan">Grand Traverse County</a> </td> <td>95,238 </td> <td>464 </td> <td>1,200 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Traverse City</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iosco_County,_Michigan" title="Iosco County, Michigan">Iosco County</a> </td> <td>25,237 </td> <td>549 </td> <td>1,420 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tawas_City,_Michigan" title="Tawas City, Michigan">Tawas City</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leelanau_County,_Michigan" title="Leelanau County, Michigan">Leelanau County</a> </td> <td>22,301 </td> <td>347 </td> <td>900 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suttons_Bay,_Michigan" title="Suttons Bay, Michigan">Suttons Bay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkaska_County,_Michigan" title="Kalkaska County, Michigan">Kalkaska County</a> </td> <td>17,939 </td> <td>560 </td> <td>1,500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkaska,_Michigan" title="Kalkaska, Michigan">Kalkaska</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manistee_County,_Michigan" title="Manistee County, Michigan">Manistee County</a> </td> <td>25,032 </td> <td>542 </td> <td>1,400 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manistee,_Michigan" title="Manistee, Michigan">Manistee</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Missaukee_County,_Michigan" title="Missaukee County, Michigan">Missaukee County</a> </td> <td>15,052 </td> <td>565 </td> <td>1,460 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_City,_Michigan" title="Lake City, Michigan">Lake City</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montmorency_County,_Michigan" title="Montmorency County, Michigan">Montmorency County</a> </td> <td>9,153 </td> <td>547 </td> <td>1,420 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Michigan" title="Atlanta, Michigan">Atlanta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ogemaw_County,_Michigan" title="Ogemaw County, Michigan">Ogemaw County</a> </td> <td>20,770 </td> <td>563 </td> <td>1,460 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Branch,_Michigan" title="West Branch, Michigan">West Branch</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oscoda_County,_Michigan" title="Oscoda County, Michigan">Oscoda County</a> </td> <td>8,219 </td> <td>566 </td> <td>1,470 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mio,_Michigan" title="Mio, Michigan">Mio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otsego_County,_Michigan" title="Otsego County, Michigan">Otsego County</a> </td> <td>25,091 </td> <td>514 </td> <td>1,330 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaylord,_Michigan" title="Gaylord, Michigan">Gaylord</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presque_Isle_County,_Michigan" title="Presque Isle County, Michigan">Presque Isle County</a> </td> <td>12,982 </td> <td>659 </td> <td>1,710 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rogers_City,_Michigan" title="Rogers City, Michigan">Rogers City</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roscommon_County,_Michigan" title="Roscommon County, Michigan">Roscommon County</a> </td> <td>23,459 </td> <td>520 </td> <td>1,300 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roscommon,_Michigan" title="Roscommon, Michigan">Roscommon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wexford_County,_Michigan" title="Wexford County, Michigan">Wexford County</a> </td> <td>33,673 </td> <td>565 </td> <td>1,460 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadillac,_Michigan" title="Cadillac, Michigan">Cadillac</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition to these 21, six more counties to the south are also occasionally referred to as Northern Michigan, but are generally considered to be part of other regions. This counties are: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>County </th> <th><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 population</a> </th> <th>Land area (sq mi) </th> <th>Land area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Seat </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arenac_County,_Michigan" title="Arenac County, Michigan">Arenac County</a> </td> <td>15,002 </td> <td>363 </td> <td>1,760 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Standish,_Michigan" title="Standish, Michigan">Standish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clare_County,_Michigan" title="Clare County, Michigan">Clare County</a> </td> <td>30,856 </td> <td>564 </td> <td>1,460 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harrison,_Michigan" title="Harrison, Michigan">Harrison</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gladwin_County,_Michigan" title="Gladwin County, Michigan">Gladwin County</a> </td> <td>25,386 </td> <td>502 </td> <td>1,300 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gladwin,_Michigan" title="Gladwin, Michigan">Gladwin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Michigan" title="Lake County, Michigan">Lake County</a> </td> <td>12,096 </td> <td>567 </td> <td>1,470 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baldwin,_Michigan" title="Baldwin, Michigan">Baldwin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mason_County,_Michigan" title="Mason County, Michigan">Mason County</a> </td> <td>29,052 </td> <td>495 </td> <td>1,280 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan" title="Ludington, Michigan">Ludington</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Osceola_County,_Michigan" title="Osceola County, Michigan">Osceola County</a> </td> <td>22,891 </td> <td>566 </td> <td>1,470 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reed_City,_Michigan" title="Reed City, Michigan">Reed City</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities,_villages,_and_unincorporated_communities"><span id="Cities.2C_villages.2C_and_unincorporated_communities"></span>Cities, villages, and unincorporated communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cities, villages, and unincorporated communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a list of cities, villages, and unincorporated communities in northern Michigan: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acme,_Michigan" title="Acme, Michigan">Acme</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afton,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Afton, Michigan">Afton</a> (Cheboygan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Michigan">Albert</a> (Montmorency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanson,_Michigan" title="Alanson, Michigan">Albert</a> (Emmet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloha,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloha, Michigan">Aloha</a> (Cheboygan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpena,_Michigan" title="Alpena, Michigan">Alpena</a> (Alpena)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Township,_Michigan" title="Caldwell Township, Michigan">Arlene</a> (Missaukee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Michigan" title="Atlanta, Michigan">Atlanta</a> (Montmorency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au_Gres,_Michigan" title="Au Gres, Michigan">Au Gres</a> (Arenac)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_City,_Michigan" title="Barton City, Michigan">Barton City</a> (Alcona)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bates, Michigan">Bates</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Island_(Lake_Michigan)" title="Beaver Island (Lake Michigan)">Beaver Island</a> (Charlevoix)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaverton,_Michigan" title="Beaverton, Michigan">Beaverton</a> (Gladwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Lake,_Michigan" title="Bear Lake, Michigan">Bear Lake</a> (Manistee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belknap_Township,_Michigan" title="Belknap Township, Michigan">Belknap</a> (Presque Isle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonia,_Michigan" title="Benzonia, Michigan">Benzonia</a> (Benzie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beulah,_Michigan" title="Beulah, Michigan">Beulah</a> (Benzie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_River,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Black River, Michigan">Black River</a> (Alcona)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boon,_Michigan" title="Boon, Michigan">Boon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyne_City,_Michigan" title="Boyne City, Michigan">Boyne City</a> (Charlevoix)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyne_Falls,_Michigan" title="Boyne Falls, Michigan">Boyne Falls</a> (Charlevoix)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briley_Township,_Michigan" title="Briley Township, Michigan">Briley</a> (Montmorency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield_Township,_Grand_Traverse_County,_Michigan" title="Garfield Township, Grand Traverse County, Michigan">Brookside</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckley,_Michigan" title="Buckley, Michigan">Buckley</a> (Wexford)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadillac,_Michigan" title="Cadillac, Michigan">Cadillac</a> (Wexford)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar,_Michigan" title="Cedar, Michigan">Cedar</a> (Leelanau)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Lake,_Michigan" title="Central Lake, Michigan">Central Lake</a> (Antrim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlevoix,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix, Michigan">Charlevoix</a> (Charlevoix)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheboygan,_Michigan" title="Cheboygan, Michigan">Cheboygan</a> (Cheboygan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custer,_Michigan" title="Custer, Michigan">Custer</a> (Mason)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denton,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Denton, Michigan">Denton</a> (Roscommon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jordan,_Michigan" title="East Jordan, Michigan">East Jordan</a> (Charlevoix)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Tawas,_Michigan" title="East Tawas, Michigan">East Tawas</a> (Iosco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elberta,_Michigan" title="Elberta, Michigan">Elberta</a> (Benzie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Elk Rapids, Michigan">Elk Rapids</a> (Antrim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire,_Michigan" title="Empire, Michigan">Empire</a> (Leelanau)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairview,_Michigan" title="Fairview, Michigan">Fairview</a> (Oscoda)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falmouth,_Michigan" title="Falmouth, Michigan">Falmouth</a> (Missaukee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife_Lake,_Michigan" title="Fife Lake, Michigan">Fife Lake</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain,_Michigan" title="Fountain, Michigan">Fountain</a> (Mason)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Michigan" title="Frankfort, Michigan">Frankfort</a> (Benzie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil,_Michigan" title="Free Soil, Michigan">Free Soil, Michigan</a> (Mason)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylord,_Michigan" title="Gaylord, Michigan">Gaylord</a> (Otsego)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladwin,_Michigan" title="Gladwin, Michigan">Gladwin</a> (Gladwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glennie,_Michigan" title="Glennie, Michigan">Glennie</a> (Alcona)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Glen Arbor, Michigan">Glen Arbor</a> (Leelanau)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Haven,_Michigan" title="Glen Haven, Michigan">Glen Haven</a> (Leelanau)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodar_Township,_Michigan" title="Goodar Township, Michigan">Goodar</a> (Ogemaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Harbor,_Michigan" title="Good Harbor, Michigan">Good Harbor</a> (Leelanau)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grawn,_Michigan" title="Grawn, Michigan">Grawn</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayling,_Michigan" title="Grayling, Michigan">Grayling</a> (Crawford)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenbush,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenbush, Michigan">Greenbush</a> (Alcona)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greilickville,_Michigan" title="Greilickville, Michigan">Greilickville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustin_Township,_Michigan" title="Gustin Township, Michigan">Gustin</a> (Alcona)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale,_Michigan" title="Hale, Michigan">Hale</a> (Iosco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannah, Michigan">Hannah</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor_Springs,_Michigan" title="Harbor Springs, Michigan">Harbor Springs</a> (Emmet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrietta,_Michigan" title="Harrietta, Michigan">Harrietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisville,_Michigan" title="Harrisville, Michigan">Harrisville</a> (Alcona)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawks,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawks, Michigan">Hawks</a> (Presque Isle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herron,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Herron, Michigan">Herron</a> (Alpena)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higgins_Lake,_Michigan" title="Higgins Lake, Michigan">Higgins Lake</a> (Roscommon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillman,_Michigan" title="Hillman, Michigan">Hillman</a> (Alpena/Montmorency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor,_Michigan" title="Honor, Michigan">Honor</a> (Benzie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houghton_Lake,_Michigan" title="Houghton Lake, Michigan">Houghton Lake</a> (Roscommon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Lake,_Alcona_County,_Michigan" title="Hubbard Lake, Alcona County, Michigan">Hubbard Lake</a> (Alcona)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_River,_Michigan" title="Indian River, Michigan">Indian River</a> (Cheboygan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlochen,_Michigan" title="Interlochen, Michigan">Interlochen</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkaska,_Michigan" title="Kalkaska, Michigan">Kalkaska</a> (Kalkaska)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaleva,_Michigan" title="Kaleva, Michigan">Kaleva</a> (Manistee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlin,_Michigan" title="Karlin, Michigan">Karlin</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley,_Michigan" title="Kingsley, Michigan">Kingsley</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachine,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachine, Michigan">Lachine</a> (Alpena)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ann,_Michigan" title="Lake Ann, Michigan">Lake Ann</a> (Benzie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_City,_Michigan" title="Lake City, Michigan">Lake City</a> (Missaukee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Leelanau,_Michigan" title="Lake Leelanau, Michigan">Lake Leelanau</a> (Leelanau)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland,_Michigan" title="Leland, Michigan">Leland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Michigan" title="Lewiston, Michigan">Lewiston</a> (Montmorency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Michigan" title="Lincoln, Michigan">Lincoln</a> (Alcona)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Rapids,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Rapids, Michigan">Long Rapids</a> (Alpena)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Lake_Woods,_Michigan" title="Lost Lake Woods, Michigan">Lost Lake Woods</a> (Alcona)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan" title="Ludington, Michigan">Ludington</a> (Mason)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupton,_Michigan" title="Lupton, Michigan">Lupton</a> (Ogemaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island,_Michigan" title="Mackinac Island, Michigan">Mackinac Island</a> (Mackinac)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_City,_Michigan" title="Mackinaw City, Michigan">Mackinaw City</a> (Cheboygan/Emmet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manistee,_Michigan" title="Manistee, Michigan">Manistee</a> (Manistee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manton,_Michigan" title="Manton, Michigan">Manton</a> (Wexford)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Township,_Michigan" title="Peninsula Township, Michigan">Mapleton</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_City,_Michigan" title="Maple City, Michigan">Maple City</a> (Leelanau)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Ridge,_Michigan" title="Maple Ridge, Michigan">Maple Ridge</a> (Arenac)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield,_Michigan" title="Mayfield, Michigan">Mayfield</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McBain,_Michigan" title="McBain, Michigan">McBain</a> (Missaukee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesick,_Michigan" title="Mesick, Michigan">Mesick</a> (Wexford)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Metz, Michigan">Metz</a> (Presque Isle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millersburg,_Michigan" title="Millersburg, Michigan">Millersburg</a> (Presque Isle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikado,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikado, Michigan">Mikado</a> (Alcona)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mio,_Michigan" title="Mio, Michigan">Mio</a> (Oscoda)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moltke_Township,_Michigan" title="Moltke Township, Michigan">Moltke</a> (Presque Isle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Center,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Monroe Center, Michigan">Monroe Center</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullett_Lake,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mullett Lake, Michigan">Mullett Lake</a> (Cheboygan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_City,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="National City, Michigan">National City</a> (Iosco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northport,_Michigan" title="Northport, Michigan">Northport</a> (Leelanau)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocqueoc_Township,_Michigan" title="Ocqueoc Township, Michigan">Ocqueoc</a> (Presque Isle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Township,_Michigan" title="Peninsula Township, Michigan">Ogdensburg</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mission,_Michigan" title="Old Mission, Michigan">Old Mission</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omena,_Michigan" title="Omena, Michigan">Omena</a> (Leelanau)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omer,_Michigan" title="Omer, Michigan">Omer</a> (Arenac)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onaway,_Michigan" title="Onaway, Michigan">Onaway</a> (Presque Isle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onekama,_Michigan" title="Onekama, Michigan">Onekama</a> (Manistee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscoda,_Michigan" title="Oscoda, Michigan">Oscoda</a> (Iosco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossineke,_Michigan" title="Ossineke, Michigan">Ossineke</a> (Alpena)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_Township,_Michigan" title="Whitewater Township, Michigan">Palaestrum</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellston,_Michigan" title="Pellston, Michigan">Pellston</a> (Emmet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan" title="Petoskey, Michigan">Petoskey</a> (Emmet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen,_Michigan" title="Posen, Michigan">Posen</a> (Presque Isle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Michigan" title="Prescott, Michigan">Prescott</a> (Ogemaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presque_Isle,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Presque Isle, Michigan">Presque Isle</a> (Presque Isle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudenville,_Michigan" title="Prudenville, Michigan">Prudenville</a> (Roscommon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_Michigan" title="Rapid City, Michigan">Rapid City</a> (Kalkaska)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richfield_Township,_Roscommon_County,_Michigan" title="Richfield Township, Roscommon County, Michigan">Richfield</a> (Roscommon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_City,_Michigan" title="Rogers City, Michigan">Rogers City</a> (Presque Isle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscommon,_Michigan" title="Roscommon, Michigan">Roscommon</a> (Roscommon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_City,_Michigan" title="Rose City, Michigan">Rose City</a> (Ogemaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rust, Michigan">Rust</a> (Montmorency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Helen,_Michigan" title="St. Helen, Michigan">St. Helen</a> (Roscommon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottville,_Michigan" title="Scottville, Michigan">Scottville</a> (Mason)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Boardman,_Michigan" title="South Boardman, Michigan">South Boardman</a> (Kalkaska)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Branch,_Michigan" title="South Branch, Michigan">South Branch</a> (Iosco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce,_Alcona_County,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Spruce, Alcona County, Michigan">Spruce</a> (Alcona)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standish,_Michigan" title="Standish, Michigan">Standish</a> (Arenac)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling,_Michigan" title="Sterling, Michigan">Sterling</a> (Arenac)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_City,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit City, Michigan">Summit City</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawas_City,_Michigan" title="Tawas City, Michigan">Tawas City</a> (Iosco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompsonville,_Michigan" title="Thompsonville, Michigan">Thompsonville</a> (Benzie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topinabee,_Michigan" title="Topinabee, Michigan">Topinabee</a> (Cheboygan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower,_Michigan" title="Tower, Michigan">Tower</a> (Cheboygan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Traverse City</a> (Grand Traverse/Leelanau)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner,_Michigan" title="Turner, Michigan">Turner</a> (Arenac)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twining,_Michigan" title="Twining, Michigan">Twining</a> (Arenac)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt,_Michigan" title="Vanderbilt, Michigan">Vanderbilt</a> (Otsego)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walhalla,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhalla, Michigan">Walhalla</a> (Mason)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton,_Michigan" title="Walton, Michigan">Walton</a> (Grand Traverse/Wexford)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Branch,_Michigan" title="West Branch, Michigan">West Branch</a> (Ogemaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittemore,_Michigan" title="Whittemore, Michigan">Whittemore</a> (Iosco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilber_Township,_Michigan" title="Wilber Township, Michigan">Wilber</a> (Iosco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Michigan" title="Williamsburg, Michigan">Williamsburg</a> (Grand Traverse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverine,_Michigan" title="Wolverine, Michigan">Wolverine</a> (Cheboygan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuba,_Michigan" title="Yuba, Michigan">Yuba</a> (Grand Traverse)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_reservations">Indian reservations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Indian reservations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Lake_Band_of_Ottawa_and_Chippewa_Indians" title="Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians">Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Band_of_Ottawa_and_Chippewa_Indians" title="Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians">Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Traverse_Bay_Bands_of_Odawa_Indians" title="Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians">Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians</a> occupies at least 13 scattered reservation areas within Emmet County, including portions within the city of <a href="/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan" title="Petoskey, Michigan">Petoskey</a> and the townships of <a href="/wiki/Bear_Creek_Township,_Michigan" title="Bear Creek Township, Michigan">Bear Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bliss_Township,_Michigan" title="Bliss Township, Michigan">Bliss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Center_Township,_Michigan" title="Center Township, Michigan">Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Traverse_Township,_Michigan" title="Little Traverse Township, Michigan">Little Traverse</a>, <a href="/wiki/McKinley_Township,_Emmet_County,_Michigan" title="McKinley Township, Emmet County, Michigan">McKinley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Readmond_Township,_Michigan" title="Readmond Township, Michigan">Readmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resort_Township,_Michigan" title="Resort Township, Michigan">Resort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wawatam_Township,_Michigan" title="Wawatam Township, Michigan">Wawatam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Traverse_Township,_Michigan" title="West Traverse Township, Michigan">West Traverse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Bands_of_Chippewa_and_Ottawa_Indians" title="Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians">Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_plants">Common plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Common plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Woods.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/North_Woods.gif/220px-North_Woods.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/North_Woods.gif/330px-North_Woods.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/North_Woods.gif/440px-North_Woods.gif 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Extent of the <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Mixed_Forest_Province" title="Laurentian Mixed Forest Province">Laurentian Mixed Forest</a> nearly coincides with Northern Michigan</figcaption></figure> <p>Northern Michigan has many tree types including <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuja_occidentalis" title="Thuja occidentalis">white cedar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">aspen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milkweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkweed">milkweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daucus_carota" title="Daucus carota">Queen Anne's lace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chicory" title="Chicory">chicory</a> grow in the open fields and along roadsides. Forest plants include <a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">wild leeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morel_mushroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Morel mushroom">morel mushrooms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trillium" title="Trillium">trilliums</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ammophila_breviligulata" title="Ammophila breviligulata">Marram grass</a> grows on beaches. Several <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> cover the land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_mammals">Common mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Common mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common mammals in Northern Michigan include <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">wolves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain lions">mountain lions</a> are also present. Although not common, the presence of <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougars</a> has been persistently reported over many years.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish include <a href="/wiki/Lake_whitefish" title="Lake whitefish">whitefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_perch" title="Yellow perch">yellow perch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">northern pike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskellunge" title="Muskellunge">muskie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Centrarchidae" title="Centrarchidae">sunfish</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_birds">Common birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Common birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common birds are <a href="/wiki/Ducks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducks">ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seagulls" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagulls">seagulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">wild turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_blue_heron" title="Great blue heron">great blue herons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_cardinal" title="Northern cardinal">northern cardinals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_jay" title="Blue jay">blue jays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-capped_chickadee" title="Black-capped chickadee">black-capped chickadees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_oriole" title="Baltimore oriole">Baltimore oriole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruffed_grouse" title="Ruffed grouse">ruffed grouse</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canada_geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada geese">Canada geese</a> may be seen flying over head in spring and fall. Less well known birds that are unique in Michigan to the Northern Lower Peninsula are <a href="/wiki/Spruce_grouse" title="Spruce grouse">spruce grouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharp-tailed_grouse" title="Sharp-tailed grouse">sharp-tailed grouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red-throated_loon" title="Red-throated loon">red-throated loon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swainson%27s_hawk" title="Swainson's hawk">Swainson's hawk</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_owl" title="Boreal owl">boreal owl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Au_Sable_State_Forest" title="Au Sable State Forest">Au Sable State Forest</a> is a state forest in the north-central Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Much of the forest is used for wildlife game management and the fostering of endangered and rare species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kirtland%27s_warbler" title="Kirtland's warbler">Kirtland's warbler</a> – there are regular controlled burns to maintain its habitat. The Kirtland's warbler has its habitat in an increasing part of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a Kirtland's Warbler Festival, which is sponsored in part by Kirtland Community College.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Bird_Conservancy" title="American Bird Conservancy">American Bird Conservancy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">National Audubon Society</a> have designated several locations as internationally <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_insects">Common insects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Common insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insect populations are similar to those found elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">midwestern United States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ladybug" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladybug">ladybugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">crickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_fly" class="mw-redirect" title="House fly">house flies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a> are common, as is the <a href="/wiki/Leptoglossus_occidentalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptoglossus occidentalis">Western conifer seed bug</a>, and several kinds of <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a> (for example, <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch butterflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomato_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomato worm">tomato worm</a> moths). Notable deviations in insect populations are a high population of <a href="/wiki/Phyllophaga" title="Phyllophaga">June bugs</a> during June as well as a scarcity of <a href="/wiki/Firefly" title="Firefly">lightning bugs</a> because of the lower average temperatures year round and especially in the summer. </p><p>Northern Michigan is home to Michigan's most endangered species and one of the most endangered species in the world: the <a href="/wiki/Hungerford%27s_crawling_water_beetle" title="Hungerford's crawling water beetle">Hungerford's crawling water beetle</a>. The species lives in only five locations in the world, four of which are in Northern Michigan (one is in <a href="/wiki/Bruce_County,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce County, Ontario">Bruce County, Ontario</a>). Indeed, the only stable population of the rare beetle occurs along a two and a half mile stretch of the East Branch of the Maple River in <a href="/wiki/Emmet_County,_Michigan" title="Emmet County, Michigan">Emmet County, Michigan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_reptiles">Common reptiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Common reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no fatally venomous snakes native to Northern Michigan. The venomous <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Massasauga_Rattlesnake" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake">Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake</a> lives in Michigan, but it is not common, particularly in Northern Michigan. In any event, its non-fatal bite may make an adult sick, but it should be medically treated without delay. </p><p>Snakes present include the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_hog-nosed_snake" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern hog-nosed snake">eastern hog-nosed snake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storeria" title="Storeria">brown snake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_garter_snake" title="Common garter snake">common garter snake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_milk_snake" title="Eastern milk snake">eastern milk snake</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_saurita_septentrionalis" title="Thamnophis saurita septentrionalis">northern ribbon snake</a>. The only common reptiles and amphibians are various pond <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toad" title="Toad">toads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>, and small <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_Forests_and_conservation_areas">State Forests and conservation areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: State Forests and conservation areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state forests in the U.S. state of Michigan are managed by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Forest, Mineral and Fire Management unit. It is the largest state forest system in the nation at 3,900,000 acres (16,000 km<sup>2</sup>). <i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_Michigan_state_forests" title="List of Michigan state forests">List of Michigan state forests</a></i>. The Northern <a href="/wiki/Lower_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower peninsula">lower peninsula</a> includes three forests: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_State_Forest" title="Mackinaw State Forest">Mackinaw State Forest</a> <ul><li>Atlanta FMU (Alpena, northeast Cheboygan, most of Montmorency, and most of Presque Isle counties)</li> <li>Gaylord FMU (Antrim, Charlevoix, most of Cheboygan, Emmet, and most of Otsego counties)</li> <li>Pigeon River Country FMU (southeast Cheboygan, northwest Montmorency, northeast Otsego, and southwest Presque Isle counties)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Marquette_State_Forest" title="Pere Marquette State Forest">Pere Marquette State Forest</a> <ul><li>Cadillac FMU (Lake, Mason, Mecosta, Missaukee, Newaygo, Oceana, Osceola, and Wexford counties)</li> <li>Traverse City FMU (Benzie, Grand Traverse, Leelanau, Kalkaska, Manistee counties)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au_Sable_State_Forest" title="Au Sable State Forest">Au Sable State Forest</a> <ul><li>Gladwin FMU (Arenac, Bay, Clare, Gladwin, southern Iosco, Isabella, and Midland counties)</li> <li>Grayling FMU (Alcona, Crawford, Oscoda, and northern Iosco counties)</li> <li>Roscommon FMU (Ogemaw and Roscommon counties)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>In addition, large portions of this area are covered by the <a href="/wiki/Manistee_National_Forest" title="Manistee National Forest">Manistee National Forest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Huron_National_Forest" title="Huron National Forest">Huron National Forest</a>. In the former, a unique environment is present at the <a href="/wiki/Nordhouse_Dunes_Wilderness" title="Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness">Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness</a>. This relatively small area of 3,450 acres (14.0 km<sup>2</sup>), on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>'s east shore, is one of few <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilderness area">wilderness areas</a> in the U.S. with an extensive lake shore <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a> ecosystem. The dunes are 3500 to 4000 years old, and rise to nearly 140 feet (43 m) higher than the lake. The Nordhouse Dunes are interspersed with woody vegetation such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_pine" title="Jack pine">jack pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conium" title="Conium">hemlock</a>. Many small water holes and marshes dot the landscape, and dune grass covers some of the dunes. The wide and sandy beach is ideal for walks and sunset viewing. </p><p>Eight islands off the Lakes Michigan and Huron coasts – <a href="/wiki/Charlevoix_County,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix County, Michigan">Charlevoix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpena_County,_Michigan" title="Alpena County, Michigan">Alpena</a> counties, respectively – are part of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Islands_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge">Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Michigan_Sleeping_Bear_Dunes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lake_Michigan_Sleeping_Bear_Dunes.jpg/220px-Lake_Michigan_Sleeping_Bear_Dunes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lake_Michigan_Sleeping_Bear_Dunes.jpg/330px-Lake_Michigan_Sleeping_Bear_Dunes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lake_Michigan_Sleeping_Bear_Dunes.jpg/440px-Lake_Michigan_Sleeping_Bear_Dunes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Bear_Dunes_National_Lakeshore" title="Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore">Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocqueoc_Falls_(8897493304).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ocqueoc_Falls_%288897493304%29.jpg/220px-Ocqueoc_Falls_%288897493304%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ocqueoc_Falls_%288897493304%29.jpg/330px-Ocqueoc_Falls_%288897493304%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ocqueoc_Falls_%288897493304%29.jpg/440px-Ocqueoc_Falls_%288897493304%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ocqueoc_Falls" title="Ocqueoc Falls">Ocqueoc Falls</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torch_Lake_Antrim_County_(July_2019).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Torch_Lake_Antrim_County_%28July_2019%29.jpg/220px-Torch_Lake_Antrim_County_%28July_2019%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Torch_Lake_Antrim_County_%28July_2019%29.jpg/330px-Torch_Lake_Antrim_County_%28July_2019%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Torch_Lake_Antrim_County_%28July_2019%29.jpg/440px-Torch_Lake_Antrim_County_%28July_2019%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5151" data-file-height="2898" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Torch_Lake_(Antrim_County,_Michigan)" title="Torch Lake (Antrim County, Michigan)">Torch Lake</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summer_destinations">Summer destinations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Summer destinations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Michigan" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan">List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan</a></div> <p>Boating, golf, and camping are leading activities. Sailing, kayaking,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> canoeing, birding, bicycling,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> horse back riding, motorcycling, and 'off roading' are important avocations. The forest activities are available everywhere. There are a great many <a href="/wiki/Michigan_state_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan state parks">Michigan state parks</a> and other protected areas which make these truly a 'pleasant peninsula.' These would include the <a href="/wiki/Huron_National_Forest" title="Huron National Forest">Huron National Forest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manistee_National_Forest" title="Manistee National Forest">Manistee National Forest</a>, plus the <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Bear_Dunes_National_Lakeshore" title="Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore">Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore</a> (a 35-mile stretch of eastern Lake Michigan dunes)<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Nordhouse_Dunes_Wilderness" title="Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness">Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness</a>. </p> <ul><li>Many city dwellers from "downstate" and nearby areas (notably <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>) have summer vacation homes in Northern Michigan. The largest resort cities in Northern Michigan are in the west on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>, with its sandy beaches and warm bays. Popular tourist towns in Northern Michigan include <a href="/wiki/Northport,_Michigan" title="Northport, Michigan">Northport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Traverse City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Elk Rapids, Michigan">Elk Rapids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlevoix,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix, Michigan">Charlevoix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyne_City,_Michigan" title="Boyne City, Michigan">Boyne City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan" title="Petoskey, Michigan">Petoskey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manistee,_Michigan" title="Manistee, Michigan">Manistee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan" title="Ludington, Michigan">Ludington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bear_Lake,_Michigan" title="Bear Lake, Michigan">Bear Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire,_Michigan" title="Empire, Michigan">Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Michigan" title="Frankfort, Michigan">Frankfort</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harbor_Springs,_Michigan" title="Harbor Springs, Michigan">Harbor Springs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leland,_Michigan" title="Leland, Michigan">Leland</a>. It should also be noted that there is a large wine district in the area along the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan_Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Michigan Shore">Lake Michigan Shore</a>.</li> <li>At the top of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower peninsula">lower peninsula</a> are <a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_City,_Michigan" title="Mackinaw City, Michigan">Mackinaw City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island" title="Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which lies between the Lower and Upper Peninsulas in the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Mackinac" title="Straits of Mackinac">Straits of Mackinac</a>).</li> <li>Less well known and less developed is the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Lower_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower peninsula">lower peninsula</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a> shore. It offers many great vacation spots, particularly along the coast. These are, in order from south-to-north, <a href="/wiki/Standish,_Michigan" title="Standish, Michigan">Standish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omer,_Michigan" title="Omer, Michigan">Omer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Au_Gres,_Michigan" title="Au Gres, Michigan">Au Gres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tawas_City,_Michigan" title="Tawas City, Michigan">Tawas City</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Tawas,_Michigan" title="East Tawas, Michigan">East Tawas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscoda,_Michigan" title="Oscoda, Michigan">Oscoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenbush,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenbush, Michigan">Greenbush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrisville,_Michigan" title="Harrisville, Michigan">Harrisville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpena,_Michigan" title="Alpena, Michigan">Alpena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presque_Isle,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Presque Isle, Michigan">Presque Isle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rogers_City,_Michigan" title="Rogers City, Michigan">Rogers City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheboygan,_Michigan" title="Cheboygan, Michigan">Cheboygan</a>, and points in between. Some consider these to be more 'up north' than the relatively congested west coast. Indeed, the Detroit Free Press noted that the area between Oscoda and Ossineke included beaches that are "overlooked" and among the "top ten in Michigan." This would include the area around Harrisville (and two state parks). It was noted that: "Old-fashioned lake vacations abound on this pretty stretch of Lake Huron."<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In between the two (or three, depending on how you count) coasts, there are a large number of inland cities and lakes (Michigan has 11,037 lakes), and a varied landscape that has many rivers. Such places as <a href="/wiki/Cadillac,_Michigan" title="Cadillac, Michigan">Cadillac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalkaska,_Michigan" title="Kalkaska, Michigan">Kalkaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grayling,_Michigan" title="Grayling, Michigan">Grayling</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Branch,_Michigan" title="West Branch, Michigan">West Branch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaylord,_Michigan" title="Gaylord, Michigan">Gaylord</a> are also prized summer destinations for Michiganders and visitors from other states. Among many others, <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Lake,_Michigan" title="Houghton Lake, Michigan">Houghton Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higgins_Lake,_Michigan" title="Higgins Lake, Michigan">Higgins Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torch_Lake,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Torch Lake, Michigan">Torch Lake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Lake_(Michigan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubbard Lake (Michigan)">Hubbard Lake</a> are large inland lakes within the region.</li> <li>The Michigan <a href="/wiki/Shore_to_Shore_Riding_%26_Hiking_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore to Shore Riding & Hiking Trail">Shore to Shore Riding & Hiking Trail</a><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> runs from <a href="/wiki/Empire,_Michigan" title="Empire, Michigan">Empire</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oscoda,_Michigan" title="Oscoda, Michigan">Oscoda</a>, and points north and south. It is a 240-mile (390 km) interconnected system of trails.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Circle_Tour" title="Great Lakes Circle Tour">Great Lakes Circle Tour</a> is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HighlandsAtHarborSptings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/HighlandsAtHarborSptings.jpg/220px-HighlandsAtHarborSptings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/HighlandsAtHarborSptings.jpg/330px-HighlandsAtHarborSptings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/HighlandsAtHarborSptings.jpg/440px-HighlandsAtHarborSptings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Highlands_at_Harbor_Springs" title="The Highlands at Harbor Springs">The Highlands at Harbor Springs</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-summer_destinations">Non-summer destinations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Non-summer destinations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the <a href="/wiki/Downhill_skiing" class="mw-redirect" title="Downhill skiing">downhill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nordic_skiing" title="Nordic skiing">Nordic skiing</a> (cross-country) resorts located in the Northern Lower include <a href="/wiki/Boyne_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyne Mountain">Boyne Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyne_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyne Highlands">Boyne Highlands</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otsego_Club_%26_Resort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otsego Club & Resort (page does not exist)">Otsego Club & Resort</a> (since 1939), <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Mountain_(Michigan)" title="Crystal Mountain (Michigan)">Crystal Mountain Resort</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snow_Snake_Ski_and_Golf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snow Snake Ski and Golf (page does not exist)">Snow Snake Ski and Golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nub%27s_Nob" title="Nub's Nob">Nub's Nob</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caberfae_Peaks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caberfae Peaks (page does not exist)">Caberfae Peaks</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schuss_Mountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schuss Mountain (page does not exist)">Schuss Mountain</a>. Some of these also serve as summer golf resorts. <a href="/wiki/Frederic,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic, Michigan">Frederic, Michigan</a>, is a particularly noteworthy center for <a href="/wiki/Cross_country_skiing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross country skiing">cross country skiing</a>. </p><p>Fall activities include <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festivals</a>, seasonal beer and wine events, and fall color tours. <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a> in Northern Michigan is a popular fall pastime. There are seasons for bow hunting and a muzzle-loader season as well as for using modern rifle season. The opening day of <a href="/wiki/Deer_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Deer season">deer season</a> (November 15) is a major day for some residents. Some schools close November 15, due to low attendance as a result of the opening day of deer season. </p><p>In winter, a variety of sports are enjoyed by the locals which also draw visitors to Northern Michigan. <a href="/wiki/Snowmobiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowmobiling">Snowmobiling</a>, also called sledding, is popular, and with hundreds of miles of interconnected groomed trails cross the region. <a href="/wiki/Ice_fishing" title="Ice fishing">Ice fishing</a> is also popular. Tip-up Town on <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Lake_(Michigan)" title="Houghton Lake (Michigan)">Houghton Lake</a> is a major ice-fishing, snowmobiling and winter sports festival, and is unique in that it is a village that assembles out on the frozen lake surface. <a href="/wiki/Higgins_Lake" title="Higgins Lake">Higgins Lake</a> also offers good ice fishing and has many snowmobiling, cross country skiing, and snowshoeing trails at the <a href="/wiki/North_Higgins_Lake_State_Park" title="North Higgins Lake State Park">North Higgins Lake State Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grayling,_Michigan" title="Grayling, Michigan">Grayling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaylord,_Michigan" title="Gaylord, Michigan">Gaylord</a> and their environs are recognized for Nordic skiing. <a href="/wiki/Cadillac,_Michigan" title="Cadillac, Michigan">Cadillac</a> is reputed to be even more popular during the winter than it is in the summer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_tourist_attractions">Other tourist attractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Other tourist attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Stocking_Scenic_Drive" title="Pierce Stocking Scenic Drive">Pierce Stocking Scenic Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary">Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Bear_Dunes_National_Lakeshore" title="Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore">Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Bridge" title="Mackinac Bridge">Mackinac Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyne_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyne Mountain">Boyne Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a></li> <li>Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Michigan_state_parks" title="List of Michigan state parks">State Parks</a></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lumberman%27s_Monument" title="Lumberman's Monument">Lumberman's Monument</a> honors lumberjacks that shaped the area, exploiting the natural resource. It is located on the <a href="/wiki/River_Road_National_Scenic_Byway" title="River Road National Scenic Byway">River Road National Scenic Byway</a>, which runs parallel with the <a href="/wiki/Au_Sable_River_(Michigan)" title="Au Sable River (Michigan)">Au Sable River</a>, and is a designated <a href="/wiki/National_Scenic_Byway" title="National Scenic Byway">National Scenic Byway</a> for the 23 miles (37 km) that go into Oscoda.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The State of Michigan has designated <a href="/wiki/Oscoda,_Michigan" title="Oscoda, Michigan">Oscoda</a> as the official home of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bunyan" title="Paul Bunyan">Paul Bunyan</a> due to the earliest documented publications in the <i>Oscoda Press</i>, August 10, 1906, by James MacGillivray (later revised and published in <i>The Detroit News</i> in 1910).<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hartwick_Pines_State_Park" title="Hartwick Pines State Park">Hartwick Pines State Park</a> is a 9,672-acre (39.14 km<sup>2</sup>) state park and logging museum located in <a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Michigan" title="Crawford County, Michigan">Crawford County</a> near <a href="/wiki/Grayling,_Michigan" title="Grayling, Michigan">Grayling</a> and I-75. It is the third largest state park on Michigan's Lower Peninsula and the state's fifth-biggest park overall. The park contains an old growth forest of white pines and red pines that resembles the appearance of all of Northern Michigan prior to the logging era. Also to be noted is <a href="/wiki/Interlochen_State_Park" title="Interlochen State Park">Interlochen State Park</a>, which is the oldest state park and the other remaining stand of virgin <a href="/wiki/Eastern_White_Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern White Pine">Eastern White Pine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Peninsula">Lower Peninsula</a>. </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Besser_Museum_for_Northeast_Michigan" title="Besser Museum for Northeast Michigan">Besser Museum for Northeast Michigan</a></b> is a community museum serving <a href="/wiki/Alpena_County,_Michigan" title="Alpena County, Michigan">Alpena County</a> and surrounding counties in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alpena,_Michigan" title="Alpena, Michigan">Alpena</a> is a port city on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a>. The museum defines its role broadly — to preserve, protect and present history and culture closely connected with the heritage of Northern Michigan and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. The museum includes a small publicly owned <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">planetarium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Besser_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besser-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institution says "Our mission is to collect, preserve, interpret, and exhibit authentic articles and artifacts of art, history, and science to inspire curiosity, foster community pride, and cultivate personal legacy."<sup id="cite_ref-Besser2_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besser2-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were more than 150 past and present <a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">lighthouses</a> around Michigan's <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> coasts, including several in Northern Michigan. They serve as functioning warnings to mariners, but are also integral to the region's culture and history. See <a href="/wiki/Lighthouses_in_the_United_States#Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses in the United States">the list of Michigan lighthouses</a> for more information on individual lighthouses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of annual festivals occur in Northern Michigan, including: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th width="40%">Festival </th> <th width="20%">Location </th> <th width="40%">Remarks and sources </th></tr> <tr> <td>AlpenFest and Alpenfest run/walk</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaylord,_Michigan" title="Gaylord, Michigan">Gaylord</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Art on the Beach</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oscoda,_Michigan" title="Oscoda, Michigan">Oscoda</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arts and crafts shows around the state</td> <td>Various</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bass Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mancelona" class="mw-redirect" title="Mancelona">Mancelona</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blissfest (folk festival)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bliss_Township,_Michigan" title="Bliss Township, Michigan">Bliss Township</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cadillac Chestnut Harvest Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadillac,_Michigan" title="Cadillac, Michigan">Cadillac</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Held every year, on the second Saturday of October<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cedar Polka Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cedar,_Michigan" title="Cedar, Michigan">Cedar</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Celebration Days at <a href="/wiki/Tawas_Point_State_Park" title="Tawas Point State Park">Tawas Point State Park</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Tawas,_Michigan" title="East Tawas, Michigan">East Tawas, Michigan</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charlevoix Waterfront Art Fair</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlevoix,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix, Michigan">Charlevoix</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2nd weekend in August <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Yacht_Club_Race_to_Mackinac" title="Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac">Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dulcimer FunFest</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Evart,_Michigan" title="Evart, Michigan">Evart</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Firemen's Memorial Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roscommon,_Michigan" title="Roscommon, Michigan">Roscommon</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Freedom Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Jordan,_Michigan" title="East Jordan, Michigan">East Jordan</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Great Lakes Bioneers Conference</td> <td>???</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Great Lakes Lighthouse Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpena,_Michigan" title="Alpena, Michigan">Alpena</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Tim Harrison, Editor in Chief and publisher of <i>Lighthouse Digest</i> magazine, and President of American Lighthouse Foundation, "There is no other festival like it in the United States..."<sup id="cite_ref-lighthousefestival.org_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lighthousefestival.org-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Harrisville Arts & Crafts Show aka "Harmony Weekend"<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harrisville,_Michigan" title="Harrisville, Michigan">Harrisville</a></td> <td>Labor Day weekend <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hoxeyville Music Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Branch_Township,_Wexford_County,_Michigan" title="South Branch Township, Wexford County, Michigan">South Branch Township, Wexford County, Michigan</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Community_College" title="Kirtland Community College">Kirtland</a> Warbler Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roscommon_County,_Michigan" title="Roscommon County, Michigan">Roscommon County, Michigan</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leland Wine & Food Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northport,_Michigan" title="Northport, Michigan">Northport</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mackinac Island Fudge Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island" title="Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mackinac Island Lilac Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island" title="Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mackinac Island Music Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island" title="Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Michigan Brown Trout Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpena,_Michigan" title="Alpena, Michigan">Alpena</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mushroom Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesick,_Michigan" title="Mesick, Michigan">Mesick</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Cherry_Festival" title="National Cherry Festival">National Cherry Festival</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Traverse City</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Coho Salmon Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Honor,_Michigan" title="Honor, Michigan">Honor</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Forest Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manistee,_Michigan" title="Manistee, Michigan">Manistee</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Morel Mushroom Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boyne_City,_Michigan" title="Boyne City, Michigan">Boyne City</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Trout Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkaska,_Michigan" title="Kalkaska, Michigan">Kalkaska</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> End of April </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nautical Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rogers_City,_Michigan" title="Rogers City, Michigan">Rogers City</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North American Snowmobile Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadillac,_Michigan" title="Cadillac, Michigan">Cadillac</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northport's Harbor Day (and July 4 Celebration)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northport,_Michigan" title="Northport, Michigan">Northport</a></td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bunyan" title="Paul Bunyan">Paul Bunyan</a> Festival & Great Lakes Chainsaw Carving Competition</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oscoda,_Michigan" title="Oscoda, Michigan">Oscoda</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Petoskey Festival on the Bay</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan" title="Petoskey, Michigan">Petoskey</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polish Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boyne_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyne Falls">Boyne Falls</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Huron_to_Mackinac_Boat_Race" title="Port Huron to Mackinac Boat Race">Port Huron to Mackinac Boat Race</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></td> <td>Ends on Mackinac Island <sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Posen Potato Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Posen,_Michigan" title="Posen, Michigan">Posen</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salmon Slam</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northport,_Michigan" title="Northport, Michigan">Northport, Michigan</a></td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scottville Harvest Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottville,_Michigan" title="Scottville, Michigan">Scottville</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Timberfest</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Michigan" title="Lewiston, Michigan">Lewiston</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tip-Up Town (ice fishing festival)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Houghton_Lake_(Michigan)" title="Houghton Lake (Michigan)">Houghton Lake</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Traverse Bay Farms Salsa Bar Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elk_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Elk Rapids, Michigan">Elk Rapids</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bellaire,_Michigan" title="Bellaire, Michigan">Bellaire</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City_Film_Festival" title="Traverse City Film Festival">Traverse City Film Festival</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Traverse City</a></td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Venetian Festival</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlevoix,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix, Michigan">Charlevoix</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Weyerhauser" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyerhauser">Weyerhauser</a> <a href="/wiki/Au_Sable_River_Canoe_Marathon" title="Au Sable River Canoe Marathon">Au Sable River Canoe Marathon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grayling,_Michigan" title="Grayling, Michigan">Grayling</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oscoda,_Michigan" title="Oscoda, Michigan">Oscoda</a></td> <td>One leg of the "Triple Crown of Canoe Racing". This is one of the few pro-am canoeing events in the U.S., and winning times may be as long as 21 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>WinterFest and</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkaska,_Michigan" title="Kalkaska, Michigan">Kalkaska</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Includes a <a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">sled dog</a> race.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>World Famous Labor Day Fish Boil</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northport,_Michigan" title="Northport, Michigan">Northport, Michigan</a></td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Michigan#Economy" title="Michigan">Michigan § Economy</a></div> <p>The economy of Northern Michigan is limited by its lower population, few industries and reduced agriculture compared to lower Michigan. Seasonal and tourism related employment is significant. Unemployment rates are generally high. (In June 2007, seven of the ten highest unemployment rates occurred in counties in the Northern Michigan area.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a>, lumbering and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">commercial fishing</a> were among the most important industries. The fur trade essentially died out in the 1840s. <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a> is still important but at a mere fraction of its heyday (1860–1910) output. Commercial fishing is a minor activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vacation_and_tourism">Vacation and tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Vacation and tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major draw to Northern Michigan is <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">Real estate</a>, especially condominiums and summer homes, is another significant source of income. Because money spent in the real estate and tourism market in Northern Michigan is dependent upon visitors from southern Michigan and the Chicago area, the Northern Michigan economy is sensitive to downswings in the <a href="/wiki/Automobile_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile industry">automobile</a> and other industries.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MichiganHardinessZones.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MichiganHardinessZones.svg/350px-MichiganHardinessZones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MichiganHardinessZones.svg/525px-MichiganHardinessZones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MichiganHardinessZones.svg/700px-MichiganHardinessZones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>This map of <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">hardiness zones</a> demonstrates Northern Michigan's temperature extremes compared to the southern half of the lower peninsula. Most Michigan fruit sites are in Zone 5 or 6,<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the Leelanau Peninsula and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Bay" title="Grand Traverse Bay">Grand Traverse Bay</a> area uniquely conducive to cherries and other fruit trees.</figcaption></figure> <p>Agriculture is limited by the climate and soil conditions compared to southern regions of the state. However, there are significant <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dry_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry bean">dry bean</a> farms in the east. <a href="/wiki/Michigan_wine" title="Michigan wine">Wine</a> grapes, vegetables and <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherries</a> are produced in the west in the protected <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimates</a> around <a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Bay" title="Grand Traverse Bay">Grand Traverse Bay</a>. The Grand Traverse region has two of Michigan's four federally-recognized <a href="/wiki/American_Viticultural_Area" title="American Viticultural Area">wine growing areas</a>. The Grand Traverse Bay area is listed as one of the most endangered agricultural regions in the U.S. as its scenic land is highly sought after for vacation homes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy_industry">Heavy industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Heavy industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Heavy_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy Industry">Heavy industrial</a> developments are sparse. The northeast corner has an industrial base. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quarrying_and_mining">Quarrying and mining</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Quarrying and mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">Cement</a>-making and the mining of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> for <a href="/wiki/Portland_Cement" class="mw-redirect" title="Portland Cement">Portland Cement</a> are major exports of the area. Charlevoix's Medusa Cement Plant was bought by <a href="/wiki/Cemex" title="Cemex">Cemex</a> in the 1990s. Alpena is home to the <a href="/wiki/Lafarge_(company)" title="Lafarge (company)">Lafarge Company</a>'s holdings in the world's largest cement plant and is home to Besser Block Co. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_M._Besser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesse M. Besser (page does not exist)">Jesse M. Besser</a> invented concrete block in 1904 and founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Besser_Block_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besser Block Co. (page does not exist)">Besser Block Co.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alpena,_Michigan" title="Alpena, Michigan">Alpena</a> after making the concrete block making machine). <a href="/wiki/USG_Corporation" title="USG Corporation">USG Corporation</a>, also known as United States <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">Gypsum</a> Corporation, operates several quarries, including one at <a href="/wiki/Alabaster,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabaster, Michigan">Alabaster</a>, and one in <a href="/wiki/Rogers_City,_Michigan" title="Rogers City, Michigan">Rogers City</a>. Rogers City is the locale of the world's largest limestone quarry, which is also used in steel making all along the Great Lakes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy_(oil_and_natural_gas)"><span id="Energy_.28oil_and_natural_gas.29"></span>Energy (oil and natural gas)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Energy (oil and natural gas)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntrimShaleMap.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/AntrimShaleMap.JPG/250px-AntrimShaleMap.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/AntrimShaleMap.JPG/375px-AntrimShaleMap.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/AntrimShaleMap.JPG/500px-AntrimShaleMap.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Antrim Shale reserves in northern Michigan</figcaption></figure> <p>Northern Michigan has significant <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> reserves along the <a href="/wiki/Antrim_shale" class="mw-redirect" title="Antrim shale">Antrim shale</a> formation in northern Michigan. By some estimates it is the 15th largest gas field in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drilling activity peaked in the late 1980s and early 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Encana" title="Encana">Encana</a>, the Canadian company who had been drilling in Northern Michigan, sold their mineral rights to <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a> order to focus on more profitable operations elsewhere. For oil interest, Encana amassed rights for the <a href="/wiki/Utica_Shale" title="Utica Shale">Collingwood-Utica Shale</a> (Michigan) between 2008 and 2010, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Cheboygan,_Michigan" title="Cheboygan, Michigan">Cheboygan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalkaska,_Michigan" title="Kalkaska, Michigan">Kalkaska, Michigan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Missaukee,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Missaukee, Michigan">Missaukee</a> counties. The Collingwood layer is two miles below the surface and would require horizontal drilling.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alpena has a hardboard manufacturing facility owned by Decorative Panels, International. Nearer to the Lake Michigan shore, Cadillac and Manistee have manufacturing and chemical industries. <a href="/wiki/Morton_Salt" title="Morton Salt">Morton Salt</a> operates one of the largest salt plants in the world in <a href="/wiki/Manistee,_Michigan" title="Manistee, Michigan">Manistee</a>. Also, the <a href="/wiki/East_Jordan_Iron_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="East Jordan Iron Works">East Jordan Iron Works</a> corporate offices, as well as the original foundry, are located in <a href="/wiki/East_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="East Jordan">East Jordan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime">Maritime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Maritime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A small number of people work on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_freighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes freighter">Great Lakes freighters</a>. Adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Traverse_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Traverse City">Traverse City</a> <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Capital_Airport" title="Cherry Capital Airport">Cherry Capital Airport</a> is a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> <a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Air_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Guard Air Station">air station (CGAS)</a>, which is responsible for both maritime and land-based <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a> operations in the northern <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Military presence in Northern Michigan is as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpena_Combat_Readiness_Training_Center" title="Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center">Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alpena,_Michigan" title="Alpena, Michigan">Alpena, Michigan</a>, is run by the <a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">Air National Guard</a> and is co-located with the <a href="/wiki/Alpena_County_Regional_Airport" title="Alpena County Regional Airport">Alpena County Regional Airport</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Grayling" title="Camp Grayling">Camp Grayling</a> near <a href="/wiki/Grayling,_Michigan" title="Grayling, Michigan">Grayling, Michigan</a>. Camp Grayling is the largest military installation east of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, and the nation's largest National Guard training site. It is used by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Guard">U.S. National Guard</a>, as well as active and reserve components of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps. Year-round training is conducted on its 147,000 acres (590 km<sup>2</sup>) in <a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Michigan" title="Crawford County, Michigan">Crawford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalkaska_County,_Michigan" title="Kalkaska County, Michigan">Kalkaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otsego_County,_Michigan" title="Otsego County, Michigan">Otsego</a> counties. Much of the land (including <a href="/wiki/Lake_Margrethe_(Crawford_County,_Michigan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Margrethe (Crawford County, Michigan)">Lake Margrethe</a>) is accessible to the public for hunting, fishing, snowmobiling and other recreational uses (when military training is not happening).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wurtsmith_Air_Force_Base" title="Wurtsmith Air Force Base">Wurtsmith Air Force Base</a> near <a href="/wiki/Oscoda,_Michigan" title="Oscoda, Michigan">Oscoda</a> closed in 1993 and has been converted to civilian use as <a href="/wiki/Oscoda-Wurtsmith_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscoda-Wurtsmith Airport">Oscoda-Wurtsmith Airport</a>.</li> <li>The Coast Guard has a presence in <a href="/wiki/Charlevoix,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix, Michigan">Charlevoix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheboygan,_Michigan" title="Cheboygan, Michigan">Cheboygan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traverse_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Traverse City">Traverse City</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Interlochen_Center_for_the_Arts" title="Interlochen Center for the Arts">Interlochen Center for the Arts</a> is a notable arts center that offers a high-school-level academy and summer camp near Traverse City. There are also several institutions of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> in Northern Michigan. Community colleges include <a href="/wiki/North_Central_Michigan_College" title="North Central Michigan College">North Central Michigan College</a> (NCMC, pronounced "nuck-muck" by locals), <a href="/wiki/Alpena_Community_College" title="Alpena Community College">Alpena Community College</a>, Huron Shores Campus-Alpena Community College, <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Community_College" title="Kirtland Community College">Kirtland Community College</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Shore_Community_College" title="West Shore Community College">West Shore Community College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Michigan_College" title="Northwestern Michigan College">Northwestern Michigan College</a> (NMC) including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Maritime_Academy" title="Great Lakes Maritime Academy">Great Lakes Maritime Academy</a>, the only U.S. maritime academy on freshwater. Northern Michigan has arguably only one four-year university (depending on the definition of the southern boundary of the region), <a href="/wiki/Ferris_State_University" title="Ferris State University">Ferris State University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Big_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Big Rapids, Michigan">Big Rapids</a>. Other nearby universities are in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Peninsula">Upper Peninsula</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Michigan_University" title="Northern Michigan University">Northern Michigan University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior_State_University" title="Lake Superior State University">Lake Superior State University</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Central_Michigan_University" title="Central Michigan University">Central Michigan University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferris_State_University" title="Ferris State University">Ferris State University</a> in the more southern reaches of the state. The University of Michigan runs the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Biological_Station" title="University of Michigan Biological Station">University of Michigan Biological Station</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Pellston" class="mw-redirect" title="Pellston">Pellston, MI</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Michigan_University" title="Central Michigan University">Central Michigan University</a> runs the CMU Biological Station on <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Island,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaver Island, Michigan">Beaver Island</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a> runs the biological station in <a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_MI" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake County, MI">Lake County</a>. </p><p>Many four-year universities located downstate offer bachelor's and master's degree programs through Northwestern Michigan College's unique University Center program, located in Traverse City. The University Center, located in Traverse City, is a joint program with Northwestern Michigan College and various universities around the state that allows local students to "attend" universities that offer bachelor's and master's degrees programs not available through NMC, a two-year college, locally without leaving Northern Michigan. NMC supplies the facilities while the senior universities provide the education and endorsement. Universities offering programs here include Michigan State University, Western Michigan University, Central Michigan University, Grand Valley State University, Ferris State University, Spring Arbor University, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Northern Michigan is in the <a href="/wiki/Designated_Market_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Designated Market Area">Designated Market Areas</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_Michigan_TV" title="Template:Northern Michigan TV">Traverse City-Cadillac</a>" (116), "<a href="/wiki/Template:Alpena_TV" title="Template:Alpena TV">Alpena</a>" (208), and some portions of "<a href="/wiki/Template:Flint-Saginaw-Bay_City_TV" title="Template:Flint-Saginaw-Bay City TV">Flint-Saginaw-Bay City</a>" (66). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Michigan" title="List of newspapers in Michigan">List of newspapers in Michigan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcona_County_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcona County Review (page does not exist)">Alcona County Review</a></i>, Harrisville</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alpena_News" title="The Alpena News">The Alpena News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boyne_City_Gazette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boyne City Gazette (page does not exist)">Boyne City Gazette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Evening_News" title="Cadillac Evening News">Cadillac Evening News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charlevoix_Courier" title="Charlevoix Courier">Charlevoix Courier</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cheboygan_Daily_Tribune" title="Cheboygan Daily Tribune">Cheboygan Daily Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizen-Journal_(Boyne_City%E2%80%93East_Jordan,_Michigan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citizen-Journal (Boyne City–East Jordan, Michigan) (page does not exist)">Citizen-Journal</a></i>, Boyne City, East Jordan</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County_Avalanche" title="Crawford County Avalanche">Crawford County Avalanche</a></i>, Grayling</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Herald_Times" title="Gaylord Herald Times">Gaylord Herald Times</a></i></li> <li><i>Grand Traverse Herald</i>, weekly in Traverse City</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iosco_County_News-Herald" title="Iosco County News-Herald">Iosco County News-Herald</a></i>, Tawas City</li> <li><i>The Leader and the Kalkaskian</i>, Kalkaska</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leelanau_Enterprise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leelanau Enterprise (page does not exist)">Leelanau Enterprise</a></i>, Leland</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludington_Daily_News" title="Ludington Daily News">Ludington Daily News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manistee_Daily_News_Advocate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manistee Daily News Advocate (page does not exist)">Manistee Daily News Advocate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mears_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mears News (page does not exist)">Mears News</a></i>, historical/defunct</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midland_Daily_News" title="Midland Daily News">Midland Daily News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missaukee_Sentinel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Missaukee Sentinel (page does not exist)">Missaukee Sentinel</a></i> (Lake City)</li> <li><i>Northern Express Weekly</i>, weekly in Traverse City</li> <li><i>Onaway Outlook</i></li> <li><i>Oscoda Press</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petoskey_News-Review" title="Petoskey News-Review">Petoskey News-Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presque_Isle_County_Advance" title="Presque Isle County Advance">Presque Isle County Advance</a></i>, Rogers City</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Ignace_News" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Ignace News">St. Ignace News</a></i>, serving the Straits area</li> <li><i>The Town Meeting</i>, Elk Rapids</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City_Record-Eagle" title="Traverse City Record-Eagle">Traverse City Record-Eagle</a></i></li> <li><i>White Pine Press</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Michigan_College" title="Northwestern Michigan College">Northwestern Michigan College</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Daily editions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Detroit_News" title="The Detroit News">The Detroit News</a></i> are also available throughout the area with the <i><a href="/wiki/Bay_City_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay City Times">Bay City Times</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Saginaw News">Saginaw News</a></i> available in the east and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Rapids_Press" title="The Grand Rapids Press">The Grand Rapids Press</a></i> available in the west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magazines">Magazines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Magazines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Traverse_(magazine)" title="Traverse (magazine)">Traverse</a></i> is published monthly with a focus on regional interests.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Michigan" title="List of radio stations in Michigan">List of radio stations in Michigan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FM">FM</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: FM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>// designates a simulcast. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>88.5 WIAB Mackinaw City – //88.7 WIAA</li> <li>88.5 WSFP Rust Twp/Alpena – <a href="/wiki/Smile_FM" title="Smile FM">Smile FM</a></li> <li>88.7 <a href="/wiki/WIAA_(FM)" title="WIAA (FM)">WIAA</a> Interlochen – Classical "IPR Music Radio"</li> <li>89.3 <a href="/wiki/WTLI" class="mw-redirect" title="WTLI">WTLI</a> Bear Creek Twp. (Petoskey) – Contemporary Christian; <a href="/wiki/Smile_FM" title="Smile FM">Smile FM</a> (//88.1 WLGH Lansing)</li> <li>89.7 <a href="/wiki/WJOJ" class="mw-redirect" title="WJOJ">WJOJ</a> Harrisville/Alpena – <a href="/wiki/Smile_FM" title="Smile FM">Smile FM</a></li> <li>89.9 <a href="/wiki/WLJN" title="WLJN">WLJN</a> Traverse City – Religious</li> <li>90.5 <a href="/wiki/WPHN" title="WPHN">WPHN</a> Gaylord – Adult Contemporary Christian "The Promise FM"; also airs on 99.7 FM translator in Petoskey</li> <li>90.7 <a href="/wiki/WNMC" class="mw-redirect" title="WNMC">WNMC</a> Traverse City – Variety, College</li> <li>90.9 <a href="/wiki/WTCK" title="WTCK">WTCK</a> Charlevoix – Catholic; also airs on translators 92.1 FM Gaylord/95.3 FM Mackinaw City</li> <li>90.9 <a href="/wiki/WMSD" title="WMSD">WMSD</a> Rose Township (Ogemaw County) – Religious</li> <li>91.1 WOLW Cadillac – //90.5 WPHN</li> <li>91.3 WJOG Good Hart/Petoskey – <a href="/wiki/Smile_FM" title="Smile FM">Smile FM</a></li> <li>91.3 WZHN East Tawas – //90.5 WPHN</li> <li>91.5 WICA Traverse City – <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">NPR</a>, Public News/Talk</li> <li>91.7 <a href="/wiki/WCMU-FM" title="WCMU-FM">WCML</a> Alpena – Public Music Variety/News/Talk "CMU Public Radio"</li> <li>92.1 <a href="/wiki/WTWS" title="WTWS">WTWS</a> Houghton Lake – Hot Country "92-1 The Twister"</li> <li>92.3 <a href="/wiki/WBNZ" title="WBNZ">WBNZ</a> Beulah – currently silent</li> <li>92.5 <a href="/wiki/WFDX" title="WFDX">WFDX</a> Atlanta – Silent</li> <li>92.9 <a href="/wiki/WJZQ" title="WJZQ">WJZQ</a> Cadillac/Traverse City – Contemporary Hits "Z-93"</li> <li>93.5 WBCM Boyne City – //103.5 WTCM</li> <li>93.7 <a href="/wiki/WKAD" title="WKAD">WKAD</a> Harrietta/Cadillac – Oldies "Oldies 93.7"</li> <li>93.9 WAVC Mio – //Talk radio "The Patriot"</li> <li>94.3 <a href="/wiki/WCMV-FM" title="WCMV-FM">WCMV-FM</a> Leland/Traverse City – Silent</li> <li>94.5 <a href="/wiki/WSBX_(FM)" title="WSBX (FM)">WSBX</a> Mackinaw City – Classic Rock "94.5 WSBX"</li> <li>94.9 <a href="/wiki/WKJZ" class="mw-redirect" title="WKJZ">WKJZ</a> Hillman/Alpena – //103.3 WQLB; also airs on 98.1 FM translator in Alpena proper</li> <li>95.5 <a href="/wiki/WGFE" title="WGFE">WGFE</a> Glen Arbor – Modern Rock "The Zone"</li> <li>95.7 <a href="/wiki/WCMB-FM" class="mw-redirect" title="WCMB-FM">WCMB-FM</a> Oscoda – CMU Public Radio</li> <li>96.1 <a href="/wiki/WHNN" title="WHNN">WHNN</a> Bay City – Classic Hits; listenable in the West Branch and Tawas areas</li> <li>96.3 <a href="/wiki/WLXT" title="WLXT">WLXT</a> Petoskey – Adult Contemporary "Lite 96"</li> <li>96.7 <a href="/wiki/WLXV" title="WLXV">WLXV</a> Cadillac – Hot Adult Contemporary "Mix 96"</li> <li>96.7 WRGZ Rogers City – //99.3 WATZ</li> <li>96.9 <a href="/wiki/WWCM" class="mw-redirect" title="WWCM">WWCM</a> Standish – CMU Public Radio</li> <li>97.3 <a href="/wiki/WDEE-FM" title="WDEE-FM">WDEE-FM</a> Reed City/Big Rapids – Oldies "Sunny 97.3"</li> <li>97.5 <a href="/wiki/WKLT" title="WKLT">WKLT</a> Kalkaska/Traverse City – Classic Rock "KLT the Rock Station"</li> <li>97.7 <a href="/wiki/WMLQ" title="WMLQ">WMLQ</a> Manistee – Soft Adult Contemporary/EZ Listening "97 Coast-FM"</li> <li>97.7 <a href="/wiki/WMRX-FM" title="WMRX-FM">WMRX-FM</a> Beaverton – Oldies/Adult Standards "<a href="/wiki/Timeless_(radio_network)" title="Timeless (radio network)">Timeless Favourites</a>"</li> <li>98.1 <a href="/wiki/WGFN" title="WGFN">WGFN</a> Glen Arbor/Traverse City – Classic Rock "The Bear"</li> <li>98.5 <a href="/wiki/WUPS" title="WUPS">WUPS</a> Harrison/Mount Pleasant – Classic Hits "98.5 UPS"</li> <li>98.9 WKLZ Petoskey – //WKLT 97.5</li> <li>99.3 <a href="/wiki/WATZ-FM" title="WATZ-FM">WATZ</a> Alpena – Country</li> <li>99.3 <a href="/wiki/WLLS" title="WLLS">WLLS</a> Beulah – Silent</li> <li>99.9 <a href="/wiki/WHAK-FM" title="WHAK-FM">WHAK-FM</a> Rogers City – Oldies "99-9 The Wave"</li> <li>100.3 <a href="/wiki/WGRY-FM" title="WGRY-FM">WGRY</a> Grayling – Country "Y100"</li> <li>100.7 <a href="/wiki/WWTH" title="WWTH">WWTH</a> Oscoda – Country "Thunder Country" also airs on 94.1 FM translator in Alpena</li> <li>100.9 WICV East Jordan/Charlevoix – //88.7 WIAA</li> <li>101.1 <a href="/wiki/WQON" title="WQON">WQON</a> Roscommon/Grayling – Adult Contemporary "Decades 101"</li> <li>101.5 <a href="/wiki/WMJZ" class="mw-redirect" title="WMJZ">WMJZ</a> Gaylord – Adult Hits "Eagle 101.5"</li> <li>101.5 <a href="/wiki/WMTE-FM" title="WMTE-FM">WMTE</a> Manistee – Classic Hits "Kool 101.5"</li> <li>101.9 <a href="/wiki/WLDR" class="mw-redirect" title="WLDR">WLDR</a> Traverse City – Country "Sunny Country"</li> <li>102.1 <a href="/wiki/WLEW-FM" title="WLEW-FM">WLEW</a> Bad Axe – Adult Hits; listenable on the Lake Huron west shore up to Harrisville.</li> <li>102.7 <a href="/wiki/WMOM" title="WMOM">WMOM</a> Ludington/Pentwater – Top 40 "Always Listen to your Mom"</li> <li>102.9 <a href="/wiki/WMKC" title="WMKC">WMKC</a> St. Ignace – Country "102.9 Big Country Hits"</li> <li>103.3 <a href="/wiki/WQLB" title="WQLB">WQLB</a> Tawas City – Classic Hits "Hits FM"</li> <li>103.5 <a href="/wiki/WTCM-FM" title="WTCM-FM">WTCM-FM</a> Traverse City – Country "Today's Country Music"</li> <li>103.9 WCMW Harbor Springs – CMU Public Radio</li> <li>104.3 <a href="/wiki/WRDS-LP" title="WRDS-LP">WRDS-LP</a> Roscommon – Southern Gospel "The Lighthouse"</li> <li>104.7 <a href="/wiki/WKJC" title="WKJC">WKJC</a> Tawas City – Country</li> <li>104.9 WAIR Lake City/Cadillac – <a href="/wiki/Smile_FM" title="Smile FM">Smile FM</a></li> <li>105.1 WGFM Cheboygan – //98.1 WGFN</li> <li>105.5 <a href="/wiki/WSRT" title="WSRT">WSJR</a> Honor/Traverse City – //106.7 WSRT</li> <li>105.5 <a href="/wiki/WBMI" title="WBMI">WBMI</a> West Branch – Classic Country</li> <li>105.7 <a href="/wiki/WZTK" title="WZTK">WZTK</a> Alpena – news, talk and sports</li> <li>105.9 <a href="/wiki/WKHQ" class="mw-redirect" title="WKHQ">WKHQ</a> Charlevoix – Contemporary Hits "106 KHQ"</li> <li>106.1 <a href="/wiki/WTZM" title="WTZM">WTZM</a> Tawas City – //90.5 WPHN</li> <li>106.3 <a href="/wiki/WWMN" title="WWMN">WWMN</a> Ludington – Hot Adult Contemporary "The Lakeshore's Hit Music Station"</li> <li>106.7 <a href="/wiki/WSRT" title="WSRT">WSRT</a> Gaylord – Adult Contemporary "106.7 You FM" also airs on 95.3 FM translator in Petoskey area</li> <li>107.1 WCKC Cadillac – //98.1 WGFN</li> <li>107.5 <a href="/wiki/WCCW-FM" title="WCCW-FM">WCCW</a> Traverse City – Oldies "Oldies 107.5"</li> <li>107.7 <a href="/wiki/WHSB" title="WHSB">WHSB</a> Alpena – Hot Adult Contemporary "107-7 The Bay"</li> <li>107.9 WCZW Charlevoix/Petoskey – //107.5 WCCW</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AM">AM</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: AM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WTCM_(AM)" title="WTCM (AM)">WTCM</a> 580 50000 watt day, 1100 night, directional day and night, Talk, Traverse City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLDR" class="mw-redirect" title="WLDR">WARD</a> 750 1000 watt day, 330 night, directional day and night, Country (with WLDR-FM 101.9), Petoskey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMMI" title="WMMI">WMMI</a> 830 1000 day only, talk, Shepherd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIDG" title="WIDG">WIDG</a> 940 5000 watt day, 4 watt night, Catholic Talk, St. Ignace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHAK_(AM)" title="WHAK (AM)">WHAK</a> 960 5000 watt day, 137 night, Country (simulcasting WWTH FM Oscoda), Rogers City – simulcast of WWTH 100.7 FM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJML" title="WJML">WJML</a> 1110 10000 watt day, 10 night, directional day and night, Talk, Petoskey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJNL" title="WJNL">WJNL</a> 1210 50000 watt day, 2500 critical hours, day only, Talk (with WJML-AM), Kingsley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMQU" title="WMQU">WMQU</a> 1230 1000 watt day and night, Adult Standards, Grayling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WATT" title="WATT">WATT</a> 1240 1000 watt day and night, Talk, Cadillac</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCBY" title="WCBY">WCBY</a> 1240 1000 watt day and night, Classic Country "Big Country Gold"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMKT" title="WMKT">WMKT</a> 1270 27000 watt day, 5000 night, directional night, Talk, Charlevoix</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMBN" title="WMBN">WMBN</a> 1340 1000 watt day and night, Adult Standards, Petoskey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLJW_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="WLJW (AM)">WLJW</a> 1370 5000 watt day, 1000 night, directional day and night, Christian Talk, Cadillac</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLJN" title="WLJN">WLJN</a> 1400 1000 watt day and night, Christian, Traverse City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIOS" title="WIOS">WIOS</a> 1480 1000 watt day only, directional, Adult Standards, Tawas City "The Bay's Best"</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast_television">Broadcast television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Broadcast television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following stations serve parts of Northern Michigan as their viewing area, and also some areas outside of the region. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WPBN-TV" title="WPBN-TV">WPBN</a> (7)—<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, Traverse City/Cadillac <ul><li>WTOM (4)—Cheboygan</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWTV" title="WWTV">WWTV</a> (9)—<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, Cadillac <ul><li>WWUP (10)-Sault Ste. Marie</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCMU-TV" title="WCMU-TV">WCMU</a> (14)—<a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>, Mount Pleasant <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WCML_(TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="WCML (TV)">WCML</a> (6)—Alpena</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCMW_(TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="WCMW (TV)">WCMW</a> (21)—Manistee</li> <li>WCMV (27)—Cadillac</li> <li>W46AD (46)—Traverse City</li> <li>W69AV (69)—Leland</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBKB-TV" title="WBKB-TV">WBKB</a> (11)—CBS, Alpena</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGTU" title="WGTU">WGTU</a> (29)—<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, Traverse City <ul><li>WGTQ (8)—Sault Ste. Marie</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFQX-TV" title="WFQX-TV">WFQX</a> (32)—<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">FOX</a>, Cadillac <ul><li>WFUP (45)—Vanderbilt</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXII-LD" title="WXII-LD">WXII-LD</a> (12)—<a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a>, Traverse City/Cedar</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation_by_air">Transportation by air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Transportation by air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Airports serving Northern Michigan include <a href="/wiki/MBS_International_Airport" title="MBS International Airport">MBS International Airport</a> near <a href="/wiki/Freeland,_Michigan" title="Freeland, Michigan">Freeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pellston_Regional_Airport" title="Pellston Regional Airport">Pellston Regional Airport</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Capital_Airport" title="Cherry Capital Airport">Traverse City Cherry Capital Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpena_County_Regional_Airport" title="Alpena County Regional Airport">Alpena County Regional Airport</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower peninsula">Lower peninsula</a>. Depending on one's destination, <a href="/wiki/Chippewa_County_International_Airport" title="Chippewa County International Airport">Chippewa County International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Michigan" title="Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan">Sault Ste. Marie</a>, in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Upper_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper peninsula">Upper peninsula</a> might be a viable alternative. Grand Rapids and Bishop airport at Flint (although neither is within the area) also have scheduled service proximate to parts of the region. The <a href="/wiki/Oscoda-Wurtsmith_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscoda-Wurtsmith Airport">Oscoda-Wurtsmith Airport</a> is now a public airport which gives 24-hour near-all-weather service for general aviation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation_by_water">Transportation by water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Transportation by water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several ferries still operate in the region. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/SS_Badger" title="SS Badger">SS <i>Badger</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Carferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carferry">carferry</a> departs from <a href="/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan" title="Ludington, Michigan">Ludington</a> and arrives in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.</li> <li>Ferry service between <a href="/wiki/Charlevoix,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix, Michigan">Charlevoix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Island_(Michigan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaver Island (Michigan)">Beaver Island</a> is provided by M/V Emerald Isle, and occasionally, the older M/V Beaver Islander.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Mackinac" title="Straits of Mackinac">Straits of Mackinac</a> is home to lake ferries that take passengers to <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island" title="Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a> from either <a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_City,_Michigan" title="Mackinaw City, Michigan">Mackinaw City</a> in the Lower Peninsula or <a href="/wiki/St._Ignace,_Michigan" title="St. Ignace, Michigan">St. Ignace</a> in the Upper Peninsula.</li> <li>A ferry for tours of <a href="/wiki/Charity_Island_(Michigan)" title="Charity Island (Michigan)">Charity Island</a> in the middle of <a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Bay" title="Saginaw Bay">Saginaw Bay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Charity_Island_Light" title="Charity Island Light">Charity Island Light</a> (and even dinner cruises) are available. It leaves from <a href="/wiki/Au_Gres,_Michigan" title="Au Gres, Michigan">Au Gres</a> on the mainland, south of <a href="/wiki/Tawas_City,_Michigan" title="Tawas City, Michigan">Tawas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Kristen D</i> is a ferry which operates between <a href="/wiki/Cheboygan,_Michigan" title="Cheboygan, Michigan">Cheboygan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bois_Blanc_Island_(Michigan)" title="Bois Blanc Island (Michigan)">Bois Blanc Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The largest bridge in Northern Michigan is the <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Bridge" title="Mackinac Bridge">Mackinac Bridge</a> connecting Northern Michigan to the Upper Peninsula. The second largest is the <a href="/wiki/Zilwaukee_Bridge" title="Zilwaukee Bridge">Zilwaukee Bridge</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation_by_land">Transportation by land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Transportation by land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On land, Michigan is a unique travel environment. Consequently, drivers should be forewarned: travel distances should not be underestimated. Michigan's overall length is only 456 miles (734 km) and width 386 miles (621 km) – but because of the lakes those distances cannot be traveled directly. The distance from northwest to the southeast corner is 456 miles (734 km) "as the crow flies". However, travelers must go around the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. For example, when traveling to the Upper Peninsula, it is well to realize that it is roughly 300 miles (480 km) from Detroit to the <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Bridge" title="Mackinac Bridge">Mackinac Bridge</a>, but it is another 300 miles (480 km) from <a href="/wiki/St._Ignace,_Michigan" title="St. Ignace, Michigan">St. Ignace</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ironwood,_Michigan" title="Ironwood, Michigan">Ironwood</a>. </p><p>Likewise direct routes are few and far between <a href="/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Michigan" title="Interstate 75 in Michigan">Interstate 75</a> (I-75) and <a href="/wiki/M-115_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-115 (Michigan highway)">M-115</a> do angle from the southeast to the northwest), but most roads are oriented either east–west or north–south (oriented with township lines set up under the <a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">Land Ordinance of 1785</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transit">Transit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Transportation_Authority" title="Bay Area Transportation Authority">Bay Area Transportation Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Trails" title="Indian Trails">Indian Trails</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automobile_roads">Automobile roads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Automobile roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Highway_131_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/US_Highway_131_map.png/450px-US_Highway_131_map.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/US_Highway_131_map.png/675px-US_Highway_131_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/US_Highway_131_map.png/900px-US_Highway_131_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>US-131 (in red), US-23 (in orange), and I-75 (in blue) are three primary highways bringing downstate automobile traffic to Northern Michigan.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SSBadger.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/SSBadger.JPG/250px-SSBadger.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/SSBadger.JPG/375px-SSBadger.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/SSBadger.JPG/500px-SSBadger.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/SS_Badger" title="SS Badger">SS <i>Badger</i></a> connects the Wisconsin and Michigan segments of US 10</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grandview_Parkway_Traverse_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Grandview_Parkway_Traverse_City.jpg/220px-Grandview_Parkway_Traverse_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Grandview_Parkway_Traverse_City.jpg/330px-Grandview_Parkway_Traverse_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Grandview_Parkway_Traverse_City.jpg/440px-Grandview_Parkway_Traverse_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grandview_Parkway_(Michigan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandview Parkway (Michigan)">Grandview Parkway</a> in Traverse City serves as a bypass of downtown, and, in total, carries four different highways along its length: US-31, M-22, M-37, & M-72</figcaption></figure> <p>The primary means of transportation in Northern Michigan is by automobile.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Northern Michigan is served by one <a href="/wiki/List_of_Interstate_Highways_in_Michigan" title="List of Interstate Highways in Michigan">Interstate</a>, and a number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._Highways_in_Michigan" title="List of U.S. Highways in Michigan">U.S. Highways</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_trunklines_in_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state trunklines in Michigan">Michigan state trunklines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MDOT11_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDOT11-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/I-75.svg/24px-I-75.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/I-75.svg/36px-I-75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/I-75.svg/48px-I-75.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Michigan" title="Interstate 75 in Michigan">I-75</a> runs northwest–southeast through the region between the <a href="/wiki/Flint/Tri-Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Flint/Tri-Cities">Flint/Tri-Cities</a> area and <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Bridge" title="Mackinac Bridge">Mackinac Bridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_City,_Michigan" title="Mackinaw City, Michigan">Mackinaw City</a>, which leads on to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Peninsula">Upper Peninsula</a>.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/US_10.svg/24px-US_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/US_10.svg/36px-US_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/US_10.svg/48px-US_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_10_in_Michigan" title="U.S. Route 10 in Michigan">US 10</a> enters <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> after it crosses <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> from Manitowoc to Ludington. US 10 runs from Ludington through Baldwin and Reed City before it becomes a <a href="/wiki/Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeway">freeway</a> west of US 127 near the junction with M-115. US 10 bypasses Midland and terminates at I-75 in Bay City.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/US_23.svg/24px-US_23.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/US_23.svg/36px-US_23.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/US_23.svg/48px-US_23.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_Michigan" title="U.S. Route 23 in Michigan">US 23</a> runs northward for about 200 miles (320 km) along (or parallel with) the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a> shoreline as the Sunrise Side Coastal Highway from the Flint/Tri-Cities area.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_31.svg/24px-US_31.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_31.svg/36px-US_31.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_31.svg/48px-US_31.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_31_in_Michigan" title="U.S. Route 31 in Michigan">US 31</a> mainly parallels the Lake Michigan shore from the Ludington area north to Mackinaw City; near Traverse City, the highway cuts the base of the Leelanau Peninsula.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_127.svg/30px-US_127.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_127.svg/45px-US_127.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_127.svg/60px-US_127.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_127_in_Michigan" title="U.S. Route 127 in Michigan">US 127</a> ends at Grayling, connecting Northern Michigan with points south</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/US_131.svg/30px-US_131.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/US_131.svg/45px-US_131.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/US_131.svg/60px-US_131.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_131" title="U.S. Route 131">US 131</a> is a primary north–south highway that is a freeway from Manton southwards; north of the freeway terminus, the highway is mostly two lanes, connecting Kalkaska, Mancelona, and ending at US 31 in <a href="/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan" title="Petoskey, Michigan">Petoskey</a>.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M-18.svg/24px-M-18.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M-18.svg/36px-M-18.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M-18.svg/48px-M-18.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-18_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-18 (Michigan highway)">M-18</a> runs between Midland County, through Prudenville and Roscommon to M-72 in Crawford County.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/M-22.svg/24px-M-22.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/M-22.svg/36px-M-22.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/M-22.svg/48px-M-22.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-22_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-22 (Michigan highway)">M-22</a> follows the Lake Michigan shoreline from Traverse City to Manistee and is a scenic drive along the Leelanau Peninsula and the <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Bear_Dunes_National_Lakeshore" title="Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore">Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore</a>.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/M-27.svg/24px-M-27.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/M-27.svg/36px-M-27.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/M-27.svg/48px-M-27.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-27_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-27 (Michigan highway)">M-27</a> runs along the old route of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_27_in_Michigan" title="U.S. Route 27 in Michigan">US 27</a> between Indian River and Cheboygan.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/M-32.svg/24px-M-32.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/M-32.svg/36px-M-32.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/M-32.svg/48px-M-32.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-32_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-32 (Michigan highway)">M-32</a> runs between East Jordan and Alpena.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/M-33.svg/24px-M-33.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/M-33.svg/36px-M-33.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/M-33.svg/48px-M-33.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-33_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-33 (Michigan highway)">M-33</a> runs between Alger (northwest of Standish) and Cheboygan.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/M-37.svg/24px-M-37.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/M-37.svg/36px-M-37.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/M-37.svg/48px-M-37.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-37_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-37 (Michigan highway)">M-37</a> runs from Battle Creek via Grand Rapids to Traverse City and the Old Mission Peninsula.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/M-42.svg/24px-M-42.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/M-42.svg/36px-M-42.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/M-42.svg/48px-M-42.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-42_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-42 (Michigan highway)">M-42</a> is a short route between Manton and M-66 north of Lake City.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/M-55.svg/24px-M-55.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/M-55.svg/36px-M-55.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/M-55.svg/48px-M-55.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-55_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-55 (Michigan highway)">M-55</a> is a 150-mile (240 km) transpeninsular highway at the southern edge of the region from Manistee to Tawas City.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/M-65.svg/24px-M-65.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/M-65.svg/36px-M-65.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/M-65.svg/48px-M-65.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-65_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-65 (Michigan highway)">M-65</a> runs northward from Au Gres (just north of Standish) to Rogers City,.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/M-66.svg/24px-M-66.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/M-66.svg/36px-M-66.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/M-66.svg/48px-M-66.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-66_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-66 (Michigan highway)">M-66</a> traverses almost the entire north–south distance of the Lower Peninsula ending at Charlevoix.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/M-68.svg/24px-M-68.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/M-68.svg/36px-M-68.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/M-68.svg/48px-M-68.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-68_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-68 (Michigan highway)">M-68</a> is an east–west state highway that runs from Alanson to Rogers City; it passes through Indian River, Afton, Tower, and Onaway.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/M-72.svg/24px-M-72.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/M-72.svg/36px-M-72.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/M-72.svg/48px-M-72.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-72_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-72 (Michigan highway)">M-72</a> crosses the Lower Peninsula from Empire via Traverse City to Harrisville.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/M-75.svg/24px-M-75.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/M-75.svg/36px-M-75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/M-75.svg/48px-M-75.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-75_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-75 (Michigan highway)">M-75</a> is a connector between US-131 and Boyne City, and, despite its proximity to the highway, is not related to I-75.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/M-88.svg/24px-M-88.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/M-88.svg/36px-M-88.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/M-88.svg/48px-M-88.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-88_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-88 (Michigan highway)">M-88</a> traverses Antrim County from Eastport to Mancelona via a handful of small towns.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/M-93.svg/24px-M-93.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/M-93.svg/36px-M-93.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/M-93.svg/48px-M-93.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-93_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-93 (Michigan highway)">M-93</a> is a short highway connecting Camp Grayling, Hartwick Pines, and the city of Grayling in Crawford County.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/M-109_rectangle.svg/30px-M-109_rectangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/M-109_rectangle.svg/45px-M-109_rectangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/M-109_rectangle.svg/60px-M-109_rectangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-109_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-109 (Michigan highway)">M-109</a> serves as a scenic loop off M-22 in the Sleeping Bear Dunes.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/M-113_rectangle.svg/30px-M-113_rectangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/M-113_rectangle.svg/45px-M-113_rectangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/M-113_rectangle.svg/60px-M-113_rectangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-113_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-113 (Michigan highway)">M-113</a> runs across southern Grand Traverse County connecting M-37, US-131, and the village of Kingsley.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/M-115_rectangle.svg/30px-M-115_rectangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/M-115_rectangle.svg/45px-M-115_rectangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/M-115_rectangle.svg/60px-M-115_rectangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-115_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-115 (Michigan highway)">M-115</a> is a "diagonal highway", taking a generally northwest–southeast direction from Clare to Frankfort.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/M-119_rectangle.svg/30px-M-119_rectangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/M-119_rectangle.svg/45px-M-119_rectangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/M-119_rectangle.svg/60px-M-119_rectangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-119_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-119 (Michigan highway)">M-119</a> spurs off US-31 near Petoskey through Harbor Springs and along the Lake Michigan Coast as the <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunnel of Trees">Tunnel of Trees</a>.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/M-137_rectangle.svg/30px-M-137_rectangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/M-137_rectangle.svg/45px-M-137_rectangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/M-137_rectangle.svg/60px-M-137_rectangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-137_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-137 (Michigan highway)">M-137</a> is a short highway running from US-31 to Interlochen Center for the Arts. The highway has become famous among students.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/M-204_rectangle.svg/30px-M-204_rectangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/M-204_rectangle.svg/45px-M-204_rectangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/M-204_rectangle.svg/60px-M-204_rectangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-204_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-204 (Michigan highway)">M-204</a> cuts across Leelanau County from Leland to Suttons Bay.</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/M-212_rectangle.svg/30px-M-212_rectangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/M-212_rectangle.svg/45px-M-212_rectangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/M-212_rectangle.svg/60px-M-212_rectangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M-212_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-212 (Michigan highway)">M-212</a> is the shortest signed highway in the state, connecting Aloha State Park to M-33 south of Cheboygan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Past_railroads">Past railroads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Past railroads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Northern Lower Peninsula was home to many different railroads during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One of these lines was the Detroit, Bay City & Alpena Railroad, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_and_Mackinac_Railway" title="Detroit and Mackinac Railway">Detroit and Mackinac Railway</a>. The railroad had a main line along the Lake Huron shore and branch lines connecting to logging camps and gravel quarries. The railroad was a part owner of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Chief_Wawatam" title="SS Chief Wawatam">SS Chief Wawatam</a>, a rail <a href="/wiki/Train_ferry#United_States" title="Train ferry">car ferry</a> that crossed the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Mackinac" title="Straits of Mackinac">Straits of Mackinac</a>. Running down the center of the Northern Lower Peninsula was the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Central_Railroad" title="Michigan Central Railroad">Michigan Central Railroad</a>, which connected Mackinaw City with Bay City, Detroit, Lansing, and beyond. This line later became the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Central">New York Central</a> and was sold to the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_and_Mackinac_Railway" title="Detroit and Mackinac Railway">Detroit and Mackinac Railway</a> in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other railroads have existed in Alpena's history.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the west side of the peninsula, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_and_West_Michigan_Railway" title="Chicago and West Michigan Railway">Chicago and West Michigan Railway</a> (later the <a href="/wiki/Pere_Marquette_Railway" title="Pere Marquette Railway">Pere Marquette Railway</a>) and several commercial cruise lines were early in generating traffic to Northern Michigan destinations. The Pere Marquette Railway operated rail car ferries across Lake Michigan out of <a href="/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan" title="Ludington, Michigan">Ludington</a>. The most known ferry is the <a href="/wiki/SS_Badger" title="SS Badger">SS Badger</a> which is still in use today for automobiles and passengers. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_and_Indiana_Railroad" title="Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad">Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad</a> provided rail service between <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, Ohio">Cincinnati, Ohio</a>, and Mackinaw City. It was later bought out by the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a>. It served resort towns such as Traverse City, Petoskey, and Cadillac. In 1975 the line was bought by the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Transportation" title="Michigan Department of Transportation">Michigan Department of Transportation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Northern_Railway" title="Michigan Northern Railway">Michigan Northern Railway</a> was contracted to operate. By 1984 much of the railroad was abandoned and operations were handed over to the <a href="/wiki/Tuscola_and_Saginaw_Bay_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscola and Saginaw Bay Railway">Tuscola and Saginaw Bay Railway</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Railroad_(1895%E2%80%931976)" title="Ann Arbor Railroad (1895–1976)">Ann Arbor</a> was a railroad stretching from <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Elberta,_Michigan" title="Elberta, Michigan">Elberta, Michigan</a>, where it operated a rail car ferry until 1982. The ferry serviced the cities of <a href="/wiki/Manitowoc,_Wisconsin" title="Manitowoc, Wisconsin">Manitowoc, Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menominee,_Michigan" title="Menominee, Michigan">Menominee, Michigan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manistique,_Michigan" title="Manistique, Michigan">Manistique, Michigan</a>. The Ann Arbor became a part of <a href="/wiki/Conrail" title="Conrail">Conrail</a> and then was later divided up between the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Northern_Railway" title="Michigan Northern Railway">Michigan Northern Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Interstate_Railway_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Interstate Railway Company">Michigan Interstate Railway Company</a>. The remaining portions of the line were absorbed into the state owned lines operated by the <a href="/wiki/Tuscola_and_Saginaw_Bay_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscola and Saginaw Bay Railway">Tuscola and Saginaw Bay Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-drury_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drury-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Present_railroads">Present railroads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Present railroads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, Northern Michigan's railroad system is a skeleton of its former self. After the Chief Wawatam stopped running in 1984, rail lines serving the Straits of Mackinac were soon abandoned. In years past, four different railroads served Mackinaw City and St. Ignace, and now none are left. </p><p>The remainder of the former <a href="/wiki/Detroit_and_Mackinac_Railway" title="Detroit and Mackinac Railway">Detroit and Mackinac Railway</a> is now the <a href="/wiki/Lake_State_Railway" title="Lake State Railway">Lake State Railway</a>. It operates a line from Bay City to Pinconning where it then branches northeast to Alpena and northwest to Gaylord. </p><p>Portions of the former Pere Marquette Railway, Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, and the Ann Arbor Railroad became the Tuscola and Saginaw Bay Railway. The main line of this railway runs from Ann Arbor north to Petoskey, with branch lines to Yuma and Traverse City. The railroad was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Central_Railroad" title="Great Lakes Central Railroad">Great Lakes Central Railroad</a>. There have been discussions of reviving passenger service along this line.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Michigan" title="Portal:Michigan">Michigan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Michigan" title="List of counties in Michigan">List of counties in Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Beth_El_(Alpena,_Michigan)" title="Temple Beth El (Alpena, Michigan)">Temple Beth El (Alpena, Michigan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downstate_Illinois" title="Downstate Illinois">Downstate Illinois</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The largest city is <a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Traverse City</a>. The 4 counties surrounding it make up <a href="/wiki/Traverse_City_micropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Traverse City micropolitan area">Traverse City Micropolitan Area</a> and have a population of 143,372, <a href="/wiki/List_of_micropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of micropolitan statistical areas">7th in nation</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings, p. 15 & 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/northamerica/hopewell.html">"Then Again WebChron"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Then+Again+WebChron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenagain.info%2Fwebchron%2Fnorthamerica%2Fhopewell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dickshovel.com/men.html">[1]</a>, Dick's Shovel website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_J._Blackbird1887" class="citation book cs1">Andrew J. Blackbird (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyottawaan00blacgoog"><i>History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan: A Grammar of Their Language, and Personal and Family History of the Author</i></a>. Ypsilantian job printing house.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottawa+and+Chippewa+Indians+of+Michigan%3A+A+Grammar+of+Their+Language%2C+and+Personal+and+Family+History+of+the+Author&rft.pub=Ypsilantian+job+printing+house&rft.date=1887&rft.au=Andrew+J.+Blackbird&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryottawaan00blacgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuben_Gold_Thwaites" class="citation book cs1">Reuben Gold Thwaites (ed.). <i>The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesuit+Relations+and+Allied+Documents%2C+Travels+and+Explorations+of+the+Jesuit+Missionaries+in+New+France%2C+1610-1791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cmich.edu-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cmich.edu_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmich.edu/library/clarke/ResearchResources/Michigan_Material_Statewide/Documents/french-exhibit-catalog.pdf">"French Exhibit Catalog"</a>, Library, Central Michigan State University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saarinen2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saarinen2013_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOiva_W._Saarinen2013" class="citation book cs1">Oiva W. Saarinen (15 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MI_ZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT48"><i>From Meteorite Impact to Constellation City: A Historical Geography of Greater Sudbury</i></a>. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. pp. 48–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-875-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-875-6"><bdi>978-1-55458-875-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Meteorite+Impact+to+Constellation+City%3A+A+Historical+Geography+of+Greater+Sudbury&rft.pages=48-&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2013-06-15&rft.isbn=978-1-55458-875-6&rft.au=Oiva+W.+Saarinen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMI_ZAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeavelle2011" class="citation book cs1">Leavelle, Tracy Neal (29 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EAK8mbtoXwUC&pg=PA27"><i>The Catholic Calumet: Colonial Conversions in French and Indian North America</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0704-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0704-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-0704-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Calumet%3A+Colonial+Conversions+in+French+and+Indian+North+America&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0704-0&rft.aulast=Leavelle&rft.aufirst=Tracy+Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEAK8mbtoXwUC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCutcheon2015" class="citation web cs1">McCutcheon, Alicia (2015-08-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manitoulin.ca/400-years-ago-champlains-first-european-contact-with-first-nations-in-georgian-bay-met-sound-society/">"400 years ago, Champlain's first European contact with First Nations in Georgian Bay met sound society"</a>. <i>Manitoulin Expositor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manitoulin+Expositor&rft.atitle=400+years+ago%2C+Champlain%27s+first+European+contact+with+First+Nations+in+Georgian+Bay+met+sound+society&rft.date=2015-08-12&rft.aulast=McCutcheon&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manitoulin.ca%2F400-years-ago-champlains-first-european-contact-with-first-nations-in-georgian-bay-met-sound-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fletcher2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher2012_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_L.M._Fletcher2012" class="citation book cs1">Matthew L.M. Fletcher (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5tKewEbZLs8C&pg=PP17"><i>The Eagle Returns: The Legal History of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians</i></a>. MSU Press. pp. 17–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60917-004-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60917-004-2"><bdi>978-1-60917-004-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle+Returns%3A+The+Legal+History+of+the+Grand+Traverse+Band+of+Ottawa+and+Chippewa+Indians&rft.pages=17-&rft.pub=MSU+Press&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60917-004-2&rft.au=Matthew+L.M.+Fletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5tKewEbZLs8C%26pg%3DPP17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/Warof1812E-Hist.Maark..cwk_WP_326448_7.pdf">[2]</a>, State of Michigan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenton, William N. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=34996">KONDIARONK, Le Rat.</a>" <i>Dictionary of Canadian Biography</i>. ©2000 University of Toronto/Universite Laval. Web. 21 Feb. 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnofrio1995" class="citation book cs1">Onofrio, Jan (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGzgCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA965"><i>Dictionary of Indian Tribes of the Americas</i></a>. American Indian Publishers, Inc. p. 965. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-937862-28-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-937862-28-5"><bdi>978-0-937862-28-5</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Driven by the Sioux from their Chequamegon Bay base in 1670, they moved next to Michillimackinac where they lived until 1704, then they again resettled near Detroit under French auspices. It was from this Detroit village that dissident members of the Turtle clans... began moving into the long vacant Ohio country... along the Sandusky River valley and plain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Indian+Tribes+of+the+Americas&rft.pages=965&rft.pub=American+Indian+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-937862-28-5&rft.aulast=Onofrio&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGzgCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-histn-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-histn_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histn_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histn_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvah_Littlefield_Sawyer1911" class="citation cs2">Alvah Littlefield Sawyer (1911), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3YF5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA127"><i>A History of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan and Its People: Its Mining, Lumber and Agricultural Industries, Volume 1</i></a>, Lewis Publishing Company, pp. 128–135, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-598-48952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-598-48952-4"><bdi>978-0-598-48952-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Northern+Peninsula+of+Michigan+and+Its+People%3A+Its+Mining%2C+Lumber+and+Agricultural+Industries%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=128-135&rft.pub=Lewis+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.isbn=978-0-598-48952-4&rft.au=Alvah+Littlefield+Sawyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3YF5AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Fo0AQAAMAAJ"><i>Annals of Fort Mackinac</i></a>. D.H. Kelton. 1892. <q>1673 or 74 Henry Nouvel Superior of the Otawa Missions takes charge of them. Father Philip Pierson becomes pastor of the Huron</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+Fort+Mackinac&rft.pub=D.H.+Kelton&rft.date=1892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Fo0AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouise_Phelps_Kellogg1917" class="citation book cs1">Louise Phelps Kellogg (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgkTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA334"><i>Early Narratives of the Northwest, 1634-1699</i></a>. Vol. 19. C. Scribners's sons. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7222-6534-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7222-6534-5"><bdi>978-0-7222-6534-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Narratives+of+the+Northwest%2C+1634-1699&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=C.+Scribners%27s+sons&rft.date=1917&rft.isbn=978-0-7222-6534-5&rft.au=Louise+Phelps+Kellogg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBgkTAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkwell2016" class="citation book cs1">Barkwell, Lawrence (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metismuseum.ca/media/db/11956"><i>The Metis Homeland: Its Settlements and Communities</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Winnipeg, MB: Louis Riel Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-927531-12-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-927531-12-9"><bdi>978-1-927531-12-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/956556384">956556384</a>. <q>The original French fort and Jesuit mission were there from about 1671, although there was no French commandant after Lamothe Cadillac left in 1697, as the post was ordered closed in 1696. The Jesuits (and several Coureurs de Bois) remained there until the Jesuits burned their residence and church in 1705.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metis+Homeland%3A+Its+Settlements+and+Communities&rft.place=Winnipeg%2C+MB&rft.pub=Louis+Riel+Institute&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956556384&rft.isbn=978-1-927531-12-9&rft.aulast=Barkwell&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metismuseum.ca%2Fmedia%2Fdb%2F11956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrhpinv2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrhpinv2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrhpinv2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Scott_Mendinghall1975" class="citation journal cs1">Joseph Scott Mendinghall (May 7, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000398_text">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: St. Ignace Mission"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. National Park Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory-Nomination%3A+St.+Ignace+Mission&rft.date=1975-05-07&rft.au=Joseph+Scott+Mendinghall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP%2FGetAsset%2FNHLS%2F66000398_text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000398_photos"><i>Accompanying four photos, from 1974</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(32 KB)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-state-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-state_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121224135845/http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso/sites/45304.htm">"St. Ignace Mission"</a>. Michigan State Housing Development Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso/sites/45304.htm">the original</a> on December 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Ignace+Mission&rft.pub=Michigan+State+Housing+Development+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgi.state.mi.us%2Fhso%2Fsites%2F45304.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2012" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Matthew L.M. (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5tKewEbZLs8C&pg=PP17"><i>The Eagle Returns: The Legal History of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians</i></a>. MSU Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60917-004-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60917-004-2"><bdi>978-1-60917-004-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle+Returns%3A+The+Legal+History+of+the+Grand+Traverse+Band+of+Ottawa+and+Chippewa+Indians&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=MSU+Press&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60917-004-2&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Matthew+L.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5tKewEbZLs8C%26pg%3DPP17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqYoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA114"><i>Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events</i></a>. Vol. 17. D. Appleton. 1893. p. 114. <q>In 1751 a Jesuit mission was established here, but the first actual white settlement took place in 1841, when a sawmill was built.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Annual+Cyclopaedia+and+Register+of+Important+Events&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqYoAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-High_Cliffs-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-High_Cliffs_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen" class="citation web cs1">Petersen, Eugene T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070213164009/http://www.mackinac.com/content/general/history_highcliffes.html">"High Cliffs"</a>. Mackinac.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mackinac.com/content/general/history_highcliffes.html">the original</a> on February 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Cliffs&rft.pub=Mackinac.com&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Eugene+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mackinac.com%2Fcontent%2Fgeneral%2Fhistory_highcliffes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-.orgHistory-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-.orgHistory_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlevin" class="citation web cs1">Slevin, Mary McGuire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070123150236/http://www.mackinacisland.org/history.html">"History"</a>. MackinacIsland.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mackinacisland.org/history.html">the original</a> on January 23, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=MackinacIsland.org&rft.aulast=Slevin&rft.aufirst=Mary+McGuire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mackinacisland.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Brinkley" title="Alan Brinkley">Brinkley, Alan</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanhistory00alan/page/141"><i>American History: A Survey</i></a></span> (11 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanhistory00alan/page/141">141, 173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-242436-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-242436-2"><bdi>978-0-07-242436-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+History%3A+A+Survey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=141%2C+173&rft.edition=11&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Higher+Education&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-242436-2&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanhistory00alan%2Fpage%2F141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonBrown2001" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Jacqueline; Brown, Jennifer S. H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8qervZ6nakC&pg=PA44"><i>The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Métis in North America</i></a>. Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-408-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-408-8"><bdi>978-0-87351-408-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Peoples%3A+Being+and+Becoming+M%C3%A9tis+in+North+America&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-408-8&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.au=Brown%2C+Jennifer+S.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8qervZ6nakC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In 1804, Mackinac Island was the center of the American fur trade."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mackinacparks.com/michilimackinac-300/">"Michilimackinac 300 - Mackinac State Historic Parks"</a>. <i>Mackinacparks.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mackinacparks.com&rft.atitle=Michilimackinac+300+-+Mackinac+State+Historic+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mackinacparks.com%2Fmichilimackinac-300%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurdon_Saltonstall_Hubbard1911" class="citation book cs1">Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg00hubbuoft"><i>The Autobiography of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard: Pa-pa-ma-ta-be, "The Swift Walker"</i></a>. R. R. Donnelley & sons Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg00hubbuoft/page/10">10</a>–11. <q>This, of course, involved annual trips to Mackinaw, the headquarters of John Jacob Astor and his colleagues, the descent of lake Michigan in open Mackinaw boats, a short stop at Chicago, and then the rivers and praries of Illinois, with few but savages for friends at the outset.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Gurdon+Saltonstall+Hubbard%3A+Pa-pa-ma-ta-be%2C+%22The+Swift+Walker%22&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=R.+R.+Donnelley+%26+sons+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Gurdon+Saltonstall+Hubbard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiographyofg00hubbuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidder1999" class="citation book cs1">Widder, Keith R. (30 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PQtlHc1w4UQC&pg=PT33"><i>Battle for the Soul: Mètis Children Encounter Evangelical Protestants at Mackinaw Mission, 1823-1837</i></a>. East Lansing: MSU Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-967-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-967-3"><bdi>978-0-87013-967-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+for+the+Soul%3A+M%C3%A8tis+Children+Encounter+Evangelical+Protestants+at+Mackinaw+Mission%2C+1823-1837&rft.place=East+Lansing&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=MSU+Press&rft.date=1999-04-30&rft.isbn=978-0-87013-967-3&rft.aulast=Widder&rft.aufirst=Keith+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPQtlHc1w4UQC%26pg%3DPT33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Lance L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~texlance/records/bia%28dc%292.htm">"BIA (RG75) Inventory, Washington, D.C., entries 1-74"</a>. <i>freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>. <q>The several Government factories operating under the Superintendent of Indian Trade are listed below in the order of their establishment: ...Mackinac (Michilimackinac), 1808–12</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com&rft.atitle=BIA+%28RG75%29+Inventory%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+entries+1-74.&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Lance+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2F~texlance%2Frecords%2Fbia%2528dc%25292.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625050149/http://www.eighteentwelve.ca/?q=eng%2FTopic%2F13">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eighteentwelve.ca/?q=eng%2FTopic%2F13">the original</a> on 2018-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eighteentwelve.ca%2F%3Fq%3Deng%252FTopic%252F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mackinacparks.com/war-of-1812/">"War of 1812 – Mackinac State Historic Parks"</a>. <i>Mackinacparks.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mackinacparks.com&rft.atitle=War+of+1812+%E2%80%93+Mackinac+State+Historic+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mackinacparks.com%2Fwar-of-1812%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SfRXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA544"><i>Physician and Surgeon: A Professional Medical Journal</i></a>. Vol. 24. J. W. Keating. 1902. p. 544.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physician+and+Surgeon%3A+A+Professional+Medical+Journal&rft.pages=544&rft.pub=J.+W.+Keating.&rft.date=1902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSfRXAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2014" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, James R (17 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VhwTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA41"><i>Health under Fire: Medical Care during America's Wars</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-748-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-748-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-748-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+under+Fire%3A+Medical+Care+during+America%27s+Wars&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014-11-17&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-748-4&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=James+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVhwTBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/28996-hole-in-stomach-revealed-digestion.html">"Man With Hole in Stomach Revolutionized Medicine"</a>. <i>livescience.com</i>. 24 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft.atitle=Man+With+Hole+in+Stomach+Revolutionized+Medicine&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F28996-hole-in-stomach-revealed-digestion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mynorth.com/2010/05/the-gruesome-medical-breakthrough-of-dr-william-beaumont-on-mackinac-island/">"The Gruesome Medical Breakthrough of Dr. William Beaumont on Mackinac Island - MyNorth.com"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MyNorth.com" class="mw-redirect" title="MyNorth.com">MyNorth.com</a></i>. 18 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MyNorth.com&rft.atitle=The+Gruesome+Medical+Breakthrough+of+Dr.+William+Beaumont+on+Mackinac+Island+-+MyNorth.com&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmynorth.com%2F2010%2F05%2Fthe-gruesome-medical-breakthrough-of-dr-william-beaumont-on-mackinac-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrang1854" class="citation book cs1">Strang, James (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322225820/http://mormonbeliefs.com/beaver_island,_michilimackinac.htm"><i>Ancient and Modern Michilimackinac</i></a> (2nd ed.). Samuel E. West. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mormonbeliefs.com/beaver_island,_michilimackinac.htm">the original</a> on 22 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+and+Modern+Michilimackinac&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Samuel+E.+West&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Strang&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mormonbeliefs.com%2Fbeaver_island%2C_michilimackinac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirr" class="citation web cs1">Virr, Dr. Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/nwc/history/01.htm">"The Beaver and Other Pelts / Masson Manuscripts / In Pursuit of Adventure: The Fur Trade in Canada and the North West Company"</a>. <i>Digital exhibitions & collections - McGill Library - McGill University</i>. McGill University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>As fashion changed in the 1820s, silk hats had a very negative impact on the beaver trade, but a positive one on beaver populations. As a result of its cheapness, silk was ubiquitous by the 1840s. Thus after a long reign, beaver felt was forced to abdicate by the dictates of changing fashion, the same ones which propelled it in the 1620s</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+exhibitions+%26+collections+-+McGill+Library+-+McGill+University&rft.atitle=The+Beaver+and+Other+Pelts+%2F+Masson+Manuscripts+%2F+In+Pursuit+of+Adventure%3A+The+Fur+Trade+in+Canada+and+the+North+West+Company&rft.aulast=Virr&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.mcgill.ca%2Fnwc%2Fhistory%2F01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonHill2004" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Terry Lee; Hill, Peter Jensen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7727zJQ51IC&pg=PA94"><i>The Not So Wild, Wild West: Property Rights on the Frontier</i></a>. Stanford, California: Stanford Economics and Finance (an imprint of Stanford University Press). p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4854-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4854-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-4854-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>By 1840, the beaver trade was essentially over. ... given the precipitous decline in demand brought on by the shift from beaver hats to silk hats in the 1840s...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Not+So+Wild%2C+Wild+West%3A+Property+Rights+on+the+Frontier&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Stanford+Economics+and+Finance+%28an+imprint+of+Stanford+University+Press%29&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4854-4&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Terry+Lee&rft.au=Hill%2C+Peter+Jensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA7727zJQ51IC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoerr2015" class="citation web cs1">Doerr, Erich T. (2015-07-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921214748/http://www.stignacenews.com/news/2015-07-09/News/Straits_of_Mackinacs_Lost_Era_Recounted_in_Planise.html">"Straits of Mackinac's 'Lost Era' Recounted in Planisek's New 'Frontier Entrepreneur' Book"</a>. <i>St. Ignace News</i>. Archived from the original on 2016-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>. <q>between 1820 and 1840. It was an important era as Michigan approached statehood and the Straits area saw most of its business and influence drifting toward Detroit," ... "The mid-1800s saw the decline of the Straits of Mackinac as an economic center. With the Americans now in control of the entire region, the area's international influence and government subsidiaries dried up. New industries were slow to replace them as the area proved ill suited to farming and the fur trade died off by 1842. Changing forms of transportation also played a part, as the area had no railroads or roads. The area did have hope, as fishing began to pick up</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Ignace+News&rft.atitle=Straits+of+Mackinac%27s+%27Lost+Era%27+Recounted+in+Planisek%27s+New+%27Frontier+Entrepreneur%27+Book&rft.date=2015-07-09&rft.aulast=Doerr&rft.aufirst=Erich+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stignacenews.com%2Fnews%2F2015-07-09%2FNews%2FStraits_of_Mackinacs_Lost_Era_Recounted_in_Planise.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11480.html">"Act of Incorporation for the City of Chicago, 1837"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org&rft.atitle=Act+of+Incorporation+for+the+City+of+Chicago%2C+1837&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org%2Fpages%2F11480.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield1899" class="citation book cs1">Mansfield, J.B., ed. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca//GreatLakes/Documents/HGL/default.asp?ID=c014"><i>History of the Great Lakes. Volume I</i></a>. Walter Lewis, Brendan Baillod (transcription). Chicago: J. H. Beers & Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-22</span></span> – via Maritime History of the Great Lakes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Great+Lakes.+Volume+I&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=J.+H.+Beers+%26+Co&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca%2F%2FGreatLakes%2FDocuments%2FHGL%2Fdefault.asp%3FID%3Dc014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnhs.org/places/nationalregister/shipwrecks/mpdf/mpdf2.php">"History and Development of Great Lakes Water Craft"</a>. <i>Minnesota Historical Society</i>. 2008-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>. <q>By the 1840s, the Erie Canal brought tens of thousands of settlers to Buffalo each year in search of passage to the West. Population in cities bordering the upper Lakes reportedly quadrupled in the eight years previous to 1840 as a result of that influx</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=History+and+Development+of+Great+Lakes+Water+Craft&rft.date=2008-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnhs.org%2Fplaces%2Fnationalregister%2Fshipwrecks%2Fmpdf%2Fmpdf2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1843, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a> travelled from <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a>, through the Erie Canal, to <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island" title="Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a>, and on to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> via steamboat and documented it in her 1844 book <a href="/wiki/Summer_on_the_Lakes" title="Summer on the Lakes">Summer on the Lakes</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFALLENMARTIN" class="citation web cs1">ALLEN, R. C.; MARTIN, HELEN M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/GIMDL-GGHIST_313569_7.pdf">"A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MICHIGAN: 1837 to 1872"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>michigan.gov</i>. Article originally printed in Michigan History Magazine, Vol. VI, 1922, No. 44<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2016</span>. <q>The coast was only roughly charted, the northern two-thirds of the State was an unsurveyed wilderness including all of the Northern Peninsula and practically nothing was known of its interior into which very few white men had ever penetrated</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=michigan.gov&rft.atitle=A+BRIEF+HISTORY+OF+THE+GEOLOGICAL+AND+BIOLOGICAL+SURVEY+OF+MICHIGAN%3A+1837+to+1872&rft.aulast=ALLEN&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft.au=MARTIN%2C+HELEN+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fdocuments%2Fdeq%2FGIMDL-GGHIST_313569_7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFALLENMARTIN" class="citation web cs1">ALLEN, R. C.; MARTIN, HELEN M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/GIMDL-GGHIST_313569_7.pdf">"A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MICHIGAN: 1837 to 1872"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>michigan.gov</i>. Article originally printed in Michigan History Magazine, Vol. VI, 1922, No. 44<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2016</span>. <q>This plan provided for geological, topographical, zoological, and botanical departments, each in charge of a specialist under the direction of the State Geologist</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=michigan.gov&rft.atitle=A+BRIEF+HISTORY+OF+THE+GEOLOGICAL+AND+BIOLOGICAL+SURVEY+OF+MICHIGAN%3A+1837+to+1872&rft.aulast=ALLEN&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft.au=MARTIN%2C+HELEN+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fdocuments%2Fdeq%2FGIMDL-GGHIST_313569_7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poole-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poole_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole1837" class="citation map cs1">Poole, Benjamin (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.msu.edu/exhibits/map/miroadmaps.jsp"><i>Survey of a Road Route from Saginaw to Mackinac</i></a> (Map). Scale not given. Washington: Benjamin Poole. M.T. 25 Congress 2 Session, Doc. no. 234<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2012</span> – via Michigan State University Map Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Survey+of+a+Road+Route+from+Saginaw+to+Mackinac&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Benjamin+Poole&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.msu.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fmap%2Fmiroadmaps.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel1967" class="citation journal cs1">Vogel, Virgil J. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turtletalk.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/missionary-as-acculturation.pdf">"The Missionary as Acculturation Agent: Peter Dougherty and the Indians of Grand Traverse"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Michigan History</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 185–201<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+History&rft.atitle=The+Missionary+as+Acculturation+Agent%3A+Peter+Dougherty+and+the+Indians+of+Grand+Traverse&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=185-201&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Virgil+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturtletalk.files.wordpress.com%2F2007%2F12%2Fmissionary-as-acculturation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322225820/http://mormonbeliefs.com/beaver_island,_michilimackinac.htm">"Beaver Island, Michilimackinac"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mormonbeliefs.com/beaver_island,_michilimackinac.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beaver+Island%2C+Michilimackinac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mormonbeliefs.com%2Fbeaver_island%2C_michilimackinac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722135427/http://backstoryradio.org/2015/03/20/a-strangite-time/">"A Strangite Time - BackStory with the American History Guys"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://backstoryradio.org/2015/03/20/a-strangite-time/">the original</a> on 2015-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Strangite+Time+-+BackStory+with+the+American+History+Guys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbackstoryradio.org%2F2015%2F03%2F20%2Fa-strangite-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCG_History-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USCG_History_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Coast_Guard_(USCG)2011" class="citation web cs1">United States Coast Guard (USCG) (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscg.mil/tcyorktown/ops/nmlbs/Surf/surf1.asp">"U.S. Lifesaving Service History"</a>. USCG<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Lifesaving+Service+History&rft.pub=USCG&rft.date=2011&rft.au=United+States+Coast+Guard+%28USCG%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscg.mil%2Ftcyorktown%2Fops%2Fnmlbs%2FSurf%2Fsurf1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905202843/http://blogpublic.lib.msu.edu/index.php/michigan-in-the-1840s?blog=55">"Michigan in the 1840s"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogpublic.lib.msu.edu/index.php/michigan-in-the-1840s?blog=55">the original</a> on 2015-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michigan+in+the+1840s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogpublic.lib.msu.edu%2Findex.php%2Fmichigan-in-the-1840s%3Fblog%3D55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033154/http://www.sherman-roots.com/sherman/pioneers/sp-map-lower-1840.gif">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sherman-roots.com/sherman/pioneers/sp-map-lower-1840.gif">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sherman-roots.com%2Fsherman%2Fpioneers%2Fsp-map-lower-1840.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029065853/http://www.migenweb.net/kent/maps/1840MIcounties.gif">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migenweb.net/kent/maps/1840MIcounties.gif">the original</a> on 2015-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migenweb.net%2Fkent%2Fmaps%2F1840MIcounties.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040914/http://www.kent.migenweb.net/maps/1850MIcounties.gif">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kent.migenweb.net/maps/1850MIcounties.gif">the original</a> on 2016-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kent.migenweb.net%2Fmaps%2F1850MIcounties.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mapgeeks.org/maps-of-michigan/">"Old Historical City, County and State Maps of Michigan"</a>. <i>mapgeeks.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mapgeeks.org&rft.atitle=Old+Historical+City%2C+County+and+State+Maps+of+Michigan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmapgeeks.org%2Fmaps-of-michigan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060710033754/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/ott0725.htm">"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol2/treaties/ott0725.htm">the original</a> on 2006-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INDIAN+AFFAIRS%3A+LAWS+AND+TREATIES.+Vol.+2%2C+Treaties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2Fvol2%2Ftreaties%2Fott0725.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mifamilyhistory.org/bay/imcl.htm">"Indians of Michigan"</a>. <i>Michigan Family History Network</i>. 2010-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>. <q>Still further progress was made in the same direction by treaty with the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan made on the 31st day of July, 1855. By this treaty the United States withdraws from sale certain townships of the State of Michigan and assigns to each one of some twenty bands into which the Indians are divided, the particular townships in which its members may select land. The United States agree to give to each Ottawa and Chippewa Indian, being the head of a family, eighty acres of land, to each single person over twenty-one years of age forty acres, to each family of orphan children under twenty-one years of age containing two or more persons, eight acres and to each single orphan child under twenty-one years of age forty acres; and each beneficiary is to select his land in the tract reserved for the band to which he belonged. On such selection being made each was at liberty to go into possession of the land selected by him and was to receive a certificate therefore, but he could not assign his interest secured thereby. At the end of ten years he was entitled to receive a patent therefore in the usual form, but still the president might, in his discretion, order the patent to be issued at an earlier date or to be longer withheld when it was proved that the welfare of the holder of the certificate would be promoted thereby. The treaty also provides that the portion of the land so described and set apart which shall not be selected by the Indians within five years shall remain the property of the United States and may be sold like other public lands, except that the exclusive right to become purchasers within the next five years was reserved to the Indians. In consideration of these provisions of the treaty and the payment of $538,400 in manner therein specified, the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians release the United States from all liability on account of former treaty stipulations and receive them in lieu and satisfaction of all claims legal and equitable on the part of said Indians, jointly and severally, for land, money or other thing guaranteed to them or either of them by previous treaties. And by the fifth article of the treaty the tribal organization of said Ottawa and Chippewa Indians is dissolved, except so far as is necessary to carry out the provisions of said treaty; and all future matters of business are to be transacted not with the entire tribe, but with those only who are interested in the subject matter, and the payments which are to be in money by the terms of the treaty are to be paid not to the tribe as such, but to the individual Indians of these several bands per capita.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Family+History+Network&rft.atitle=Indians+of+Michigan&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mifamilyhistory.org%2Fbay%2Fimcl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon_McRae2006" class="citation book cs1">Shannon McRae (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AH7KReQbprMC&pg=PA9"><i>Manistee County</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-4124-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-4124-2"><bdi>978-0-7385-4124-2</bdi></a>. <q>The Homestead act of 1863 drew another type of settler to northern Michigan. Any person over 21 who headed a household – ... who could successfully build a dwelling, clear, and farm at least five acres on a 160-acre parcel of land for five years – could claim the property.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manistee+County&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-4124-2&rft.au=Shannon+McRae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAH7KReQbprMC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hornbeck_Tanner" title="Helen Hornbeck Tanner">Helen Hornbeck Tanner</a>. <i>Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History</i>. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987) p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriday2010" class="citation book cs1">Friday, Matthew J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FGyBOuiyUVcC&pg=PA8"><i>The Inland Water Route</i></a>. Charleston, SC; Chicago Illinois; Portsmouth, NH; San Francisco, CA: Arcadia Publishing. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-7734-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-7734-0"><bdi>978-0-7385-7734-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>The small settlement, once dubbed Bear River, was renamed Petoskey in 1873 in honor of Native American chief Ignatius Pet-o-sega.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inland+Water+Route&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC%3B+Chicago+Illinois%3B+Portsmouth%2C+NH%3B+San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-7734-0&rft.aulast=Friday&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFGyBOuiyUVcC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110207033143/http://www.otsegocountymi.gov/history-10/">[3]</a> "In the fall of 1872, the Village of Otsego Lake was established and the railroad reached the Otsego Lake area about this same time."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriday2010" class="citation book cs1">Friday, Matthew J (17 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Cgyq6sludsC&pg=PA14"><i>The Inland Water Route</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4396-2440-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4396-2440-1"><bdi>978-1-4396-2440-1</bdi></a>. <q>The railroad arrived in Cheboygan in 1881... prior to this, seasonal navigation provided the only real link to places further south.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inland+Water+Route&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4396-2440-1&rft.aulast=Friday&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Cgyq6sludsC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://villageofwolverine.com/History.cfm">"Village of Wolverine Village of Wolverine History"</a>. <i>villageofwolverine.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=villageofwolverine.com&rft.atitle=Village+of+Wolverine+Village+of+Wolverine+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvillageofwolverine.com%2FHistory.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaetzl" class="citation web cs1">Schaetzl, Dr. Randall J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geo.msu.edu/extra/geogmich/RR-logging.html">"GEO 333 Geography of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region"</a>. <i>Michigan State University (Geography text)</i>. Michigan State University Geography department<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michigan+State+University+%28Geography+text%29&rft.atitle=GEO+333+Geography+of+Michigan+and+the+Great+Lakes+Region&rft.aulast=Schaetzl&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Randall+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeo.msu.edu%2Fextra%2Fgeogmich%2FRR-logging.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabot1998" class="citation news cs1">Cabot, James L (1998-01-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=110&dat=19980117&id=vq5OAAAAIBAJ&pg=7065,1218279&hl=en">"Lumberman Stanchfield left Ludington in 1883"</a>. <i>Ludington Daily News</i>. p. 8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>. <q>[he was] a sawmill owner until the lumber-market crash of 1877</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ludington+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Lumberman+Stanchfield+left+Ludington+in+1883&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1998-01-17&rft.aulast=Cabot&rft.aufirst=James+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D110%26dat%3D19980117%26id%3Dvq5OAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7065%2C1218279%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoybal2013" class="citation book cs1">Roybal, R. James (17 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_acFAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA258"><i>Beneath the Wings of Geronimo's Spirit: Haskay Bay Nay Ntay</i></a>. Xlibris Corporation. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4836-8756-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4836-8756-8"><bdi>978-1-4836-8756-8</bdi></a>. <q>Further trouble came in July 1877 in the form of a crash in the market for lumber, resulting in the bankruptcy of several leading Michigan lumbering concerns.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beneath+the+Wings+of+Geronimo%27s+Spirit%3A+Haskay+Bay+Nay+Ntay&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2013-09-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4836-8756-8&rft.aulast=Roybal&rft.aufirst=R.+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_acFAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lumber Industry." Encyclopedia of American History. Answers Corporation, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANDERSON2013" class="citation news cs1">ANDERSON, LORAINE (Mar 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.record-eagle.com/archives/beaver-island-has-strong-gaelic-roots/article_aafb6ea2-62fe-5f06-ab0f-c0dc7ec43971.html">"Beaver Island has strong Gaelic roots"</a>. <i>Traverse City Record Eagle</i>. Record-Eagle.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>By 1881, Beaver Island had become the largest supplier of fresh-water fish in the United States because of the control Irish fishermen had over the rich fishing grounds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traverse+City+Record+Eagle&rft.atitle=Beaver+Island+has+strong+Gaelic+roots&rft.date=2013-03-17&rft.aulast=ANDERSON&rft.aufirst=LORAINE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.record-eagle.com%2Farchives%2Fbeaver-island-has-strong-gaelic-roots%2Farticle_aafb6ea2-62fe-5f06-ab0f-c0dc7ec43971.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beaverisland.net/beaver-island-history/">"An Overview of Beaver Island's History"</a>. <i>Beaver Island.Net</i>. Beaver Beacon ("Beaver Island's Magazine since 1955")<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beaver+Island.Net&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+Beaver+Island%27s+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beaverisland.net%2Fbeaver-island-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1896" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Henry (1896-01-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=zoolabstud">"A Biological Examination of Lake Michigan in the Traverse Bay Region"</a>. <i>Studies from the Zoological Laboratory: The University of Nebraska</i> (Paper 14)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+from+the+Zoological+Laboratory%3A+The+University+of+Nebraska&rft.atitle=A+Biological+Examination+of+Lake+Michigan+in+the+Traverse+Bay+Region&rft.issue=Paper+14&rft.date=1896-01-08&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1013%26context%3Dzoolabstud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2014" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, E. (2014). <i>The Passenger Pigeon</i>. Princeton and Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16295-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16295-9"><bdi>978-0-691-16295-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passenger+Pigeon&rft.place=Princeton+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16295-9&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417195054/http://www.ioscomuseum.org/a-history-of-iosco-county.html">"History of Iosco County"</a>. <i>ioscomuseum.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ioscomuseum.org/a-history-of-iosco-county.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>By 1857, a mill and dock had been built, a general store building had been erected; dwellings for the pioneers had been built; the river had been cleaned out to permit logs to float down to the mill,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ioscomuseum.org&rft.atitle=History+of+Iosco+County&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioscomuseum.org%2Fa-history-of-iosco-county.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diversion_Books-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diversion_Books_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diversion_Books_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2013" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Jerry (Nov 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JHIkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT91"><i>A Place on the Water: An Angler's Reflections on Home</i></a>. Diversion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-940941-12-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-940941-12-7"><bdi>978-1-940941-12-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Place+on+the+Water%3A+An+Angler%27s+Reflections+on+Home&rft.pub=Diversion+Books&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft.isbn=978-1-940941-12-7&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJHIkAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeetHughart1882" class="citation book cs1">Leet, A.B.; Hughart, W.O. (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9nhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA18"><i>Guide to the Health, Pleasure, Game and Fishing Resorts of Northern Michigan reached by the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad</i></a>. Chicago: J.M.W Jones Stationery and Printing Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Health%2C+Pleasure%2C+Game+and+Fishing+Resorts+of+Northern+Michigan+reached+by+the+Grand+Rapids+and+Indiana+Railroad&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=J.M.W+Jones+Stationery+and+Printing+Co.&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Leet&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rft.au=Hughart%2C+W.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd9nhAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthrup1880" class="citation book cs1">Northrup, A. Judd (1880). <i>Camps and Tramps in the Adirondacks, and Grayling Fishing in Northern Michigan: A record of Summer Vacations in the Wilderness</i>. Syracuse, NY: Davis, Bardeen & Co., Publishers. pp. 279–302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camps+and+Tramps+in+the+Adirondacks%2C+and+Grayling+Fishing+in+Northern+Michigan%3A+A+record+of+Summer+Vacations+in+the+Wilderness&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+NY&rft.pages=279-302&rft.pub=Davis%2C+Bardeen+%26+Co.%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Northrup&rft.aufirst=A.+Judd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeetHughart1882" class="citation book cs1">Leet, A.B.; Hughart, W.O. (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9nhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA18"><i>Guide to the Health, Pleasure, Game and Fishing Resorts of Northern Michigan reached by the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad</i></a>. Chicago: J.M.W Jones Stationery and Printing Co. p. 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Health%2C+Pleasure%2C+Game+and+Fishing+Resorts+of+Northern+Michigan+reached+by+the+Grand+Rapids+and+Indiana+Railroad&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=J.M.W+Jones+Stationery+and+Printing+Co.&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Leet&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rft.au=Hughart%2C+W.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd9nhAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcasscou00wate"><i>HISTORY OF CASS COUNTY, MICHIGAN</i></a>. Chicago: Waterman, Watkins, & Co. 1882. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcasscou00wate/page/219">219</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HISTORY+OF+CASS+COUNTY%2C+MICHIGAN&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Waterman%2C+Watkins%2C+%26+Co.&rft.date=1882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofcasscou00wate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcdonald1894" class="citation book cs1">Mcdonald, Marshall (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GmL0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA202"><i>Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, Volume 13 (1893)</i></a>. Washington: Government Printing Office / United States Fish Commission. p. 202<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+of+the+United+States+Fish+Commission%2C+Volume+13+%281893%29&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office+%2F+United+States+Fish+Commission&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Mcdonald&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGmL0AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgelt2009" class="citation book cs1">Borgelt, Bryon (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oM6DEsznXgsC&pg=PA115"><i>Flies Only: Early Sport Fishing Conservation on Michigan's Au Sable River</i></a>. pp. 115–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-109-21024-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-109-21024-8"><bdi>978-1-109-21024-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>UMI number 3361957</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flies+Only%3A+Early+Sport+Fishing+Conservation+on+Michigan%27s+Au+Sable+River&rft.pages=115-122&rft.date=2009-05&rft.isbn=978-1-109-21024-8&rft.aulast=Borgelt&rft.aufirst=Bryon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoM6DEsznXgsC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullerCannisterNeilson" class="citation web cs1">Fuller, Pam; Cannister, Matt; Neilson, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=943">"Thymallus arcticus (Pallas, 1776)"</a>. <i>US Geological Survey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Formerly in Great Lakes basin, Michigan" (with map showing Northern Michigan highlighted)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=Thymallus+arcticus+%28Pallas%2C+1776%29&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft.au=Cannister%2C+Matt&rft.au=Neilson%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnas.er.usgs.gov%2Fqueries%2Ffactsheet.aspx%3FSpeciesID%3D943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10364_18958-53612--,00.html">"Michigan Grayling Only a Memory"</a>. <i>Michigan Department of Natural Resources</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft.atitle=Michigan+Grayling+Only+a+Memory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fdnr%2F0%2C1607%2C7-153-10364_18958-53612--%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgelt2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Borgelt, Bryon (2009). "Flies only: early sportfishing conservation on Michigan's Au Sable River". <i>University of Toledo Theses and Dissertations</i>. Paper 1042: ii. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"By the 1890s the grayling were all but gone due in part to over fishing, commercial lumbering and the introduction of non-native brook trout.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Toledo+Theses+and+Dissertations&rft.atitle=Flies+only%3A+early+sportfishing+conservation+on+Michigan%27s+Au+Sable+River&rft.volume=Paper+1042&rft.pages=ii&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Borgelt&rft.aufirst=Bryon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparhawkBrush1929" class="citation book cs1">Sparhawk, William Norwood; Brush, Warren David (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8IvhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8"><i>The Economic Aspects of Forest Destruction in Northern Michigan</i></a>. U.S. Department of Agriculture. p. 8. <q>As early as 1885 depletion of the accessible pine began to be noticed even in the northern part of the lower peninsula.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Aspects+of+Forest+Destruction+in+Northern+Michigan&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Sparhawk&rft.aufirst=William+Norwood&rft.au=Brush%2C+Warren+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8IvhAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinlan" class="citation web cs1">Quinlan, Maria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seekingmichigan.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Lumbering-in-Michigan.pdf">"Lumbering in Michigan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>seekingmichigan.org</i>. Michigan Historical Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>In 1889, the year of greatest lumber production, Michigan produced approximately 5.9 Billion board feet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=seekingmichigan.org&rft.atitle=Lumbering+in+Michigan&rft.aulast=Quinlan&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseekingmichigan.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F09%2FLumbering-in-Michigan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparhawkBrush1929" class="citation book cs1">Sparhawk, William Norwood; Brush, Warren David (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8IvhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA10"><i>The Economic Aspects of Forest Destruction in Northern Michigan</i></a>. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Aspects+of+Forest+Destruction+in+Northern+Michigan&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Sparhawk&rft.aufirst=William+Norwood&rft.au=Brush%2C+Warren+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8IvhAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://detroit1701.org/Wolverine%20Depot,%20MCR.html">"Michigan Central Railroad, Wolverine Depot"</a>. <i>Detroit: The History and Future of the Motor City</i>. Jun 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>. <q>By the mid to late 1890s, very much of the white pine in Michigan had been cut and the railroads lacked for traffic. The Michigan Central, the Grand Rapids and Indiana and the Detroit and Mackinac began promoting northern Michigan as a summer vacation destination in hopes of generating revenue from passengers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Detroit%3A+The+History+and+Future+of+the+Motor+City&rft.atitle=Michigan+Central+Railroad%2C+Wolverine+Depot&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdetroit1701.org%2FWolverine%2520Depot%2C%2520MCR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinlan" class="citation web cs1">Quinlan, Maria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seekingmichigan.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Lumbering-in-Michigan.pdf">"Lumbering in Michigan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>seekingmichigan.org</i>. Michigan Historical Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>[Lumber Companies] vigorously promoted the former forests as good farmland"... but experience soon proved that this was not the case</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=seekingmichigan.org&rft.atitle=Lumbering+in+Michigan&rft.aulast=Quinlan&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseekingmichigan.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F09%2FLumbering-in-Michigan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/bruce-catton-5/waiting-for-the-morning-train-an-american-boyho/">"WAITING FOR THE MORNING TRAIN: An American Boyhood by Bruce Catton – Kirkus Reviews"</a>. <i>kirkusreviews.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kirkusreviews.com&rft.atitle=WAITING+FOR+THE+MORNING+TRAIN%3A+An+American+Boyhood+by+Bruce+Catton+%E2%80%93+Kirkus+Reviews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fbruce-catton-5%2Fwaiting-for-the-morning-train-an-american-boyho%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFhostmaster2016" class="citation web cs1">hostmaster (15 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigan.org/road-trips/tour-hemingway-s-michigan/">"Articles, Road Trips, & Itineraries"</a>. <i>michigan.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=michigan.org&rft.atitle=Articles%2C+Road+Trips%2C+%26+Itineraries&rft.date=2016-10-15&rft.au=hostmaster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.org%2Froad-trips%2Ftour-hemingway-s-michigan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505080013/http://umbs.lsa.umich.edu/research/sites/default/files/researchsites/docs/wildernesshistory.rtf">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umbs.lsa.umich.edu/research/sites/default/files/researchsites/docs/wildernesshistory.rtf">the original</a> on 2016-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumbs.lsa.umich.edu%2Fresearch%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresearchsites%2Fdocs%2Fwildernesshistory.rtf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrypepper.com/Lights/huron/cheboygan-main/index.htm">"The Federal Bureau of Recreation conducted a survey of Michigan's coastline for possible State Parks in 1956, and designated Lighthouse Point as part of its proposed "Poe Reef State Park Site." In 1958, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources built the Duncan Bay State Forest Campground on thirteen acres at Duncan Bay Beach, all of which was combined to become the current 1,200-acre Cheboygan State Park in 1962"</a> Terrypepper.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuthority" class="citation web cs1">Authority, Grayling Recreation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hansonhills.org/">"Hanson Hills Recreation Area"</a>. <i>Grayling Recreation Authority</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grayling+Recreation+Authority&rft.atitle=Hanson+Hills+Recreation+Area&rft.aulast=Authority&rft.aufirst=Grayling+Recreation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhansonhills.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2023/06/30/where-does-up-north-begin-for-some-its-an-attitude-more-than-a-latitude/70344338007/">"The Detroit News"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Detroit+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmichigan%2F2023%2F06%2F30%2Fwhere-does-up-north-begin-for-some-its-an-attitude-more-than-a-latitude%2F70344338007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clickondetroit.com/all-about-michigan/2018/06/29/where-does-michigans-up-north-begin-heres-what-michiganders-think/">"Where does Michigan's 'Up North' begin? Here's what Michiganders think"</a>. 29 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+does+Michigan%27s+%27Up+North%27+begin%3F+Here%27s+what+Michiganders+think&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clickondetroit.com%2Fall-about-michigan%2F2018%2F06%2F29%2Fwhere-does-michigans-up-north-begin-heres-what-michiganders-think%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wurlington-bros.com/Museum/45th/OldMission.html">"45th Parallel – Old Mission Point"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=45th+Parallel+%E2%80%93+Old+Mission+Point&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wurlington-bros.com%2FMuseum%2F45th%2FOldMission.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wurlington-bros.com/Museum/45th/Cairn.html">"45th Parallel – Elk Lake"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=45th+Parallel+%E2%80%93+Elk+Lake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wurlington-bros.com%2FMuseum%2F45th%2FCairn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otsego.org/ochs/gaylordstory/gaylordstory1.htm">"Otsego County Historical Society"</a>. <i>Otsego.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Otsego.org&rft.atitle=Otsego+County+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.otsego.org%2Fochs%2Fgaylordstory%2Fgaylordstory1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wurlington-bros.com/Museum/45th/Alpena.html">"45th Parallel – Alpena"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=45th+Parallel+%E2%80%93+Alpena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wurlington-bros.com%2FMuseum%2F45th%2FAlpena.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wurlington-bros.com/Museum/45th/NAmer.html">"45th Parallel North America"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=45th+Parallel+North+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wurlington-bros.com%2FMuseum%2F45th%2FNAmer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mackinacbridge.org/facts--figures-16/">Facts & Figures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070228041615/http://www.mackinacbridge.org/facts--figures-16/">Archived</a> 2007-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> mackinacbridge.org. December 27, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioceseofgaylord.org/">"The Diocese of Gaylord, Michigan : A Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church - Diocese of Gaylord"</a>. <i>www.dioceseofgaylord.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dioceseofgaylord.org&rft.atitle=The+Diocese+of+Gaylord%2C+Michigan+%3A+A+Diocese+of+the+Roman+Catholic+Church+-+Diocese+of+Gaylord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioceseofgaylord.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Managing Michigan Wildlife: A Landowners Guide.</i>, Sargent, M.S and Carter, K.S., 1999, Michigan United Conservation Clubs, East Lansing, MI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npwrc.usgms.gov/resource/habitat/rlandscp/s7-2-2.htm">"Michigan regional geology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michigan+regional+geology.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npwrc.usgms.gov%2Fresource%2Fhabitat%2Frlandscp%2Fs7-2-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFhostmaster2016" class="citation web cs1">hostmaster (14 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigan.org/fall-color-tours/">"Fall: Take the Scenic Route"</a>. <i>michigan.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=michigan.org&rft.atitle=Fall%3A+Take+the+Scenic+Route&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft.au=hostmaster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.org%2Ffall-color-tours%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Michigan/annual-snowfall.php">"Average Annual Snowfall Totals in Michigan – Current Results"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+Annual+Snowfall+Totals+in+Michigan+%E2%80%93+Current+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentresults.com%2FWeather%2FMichigan%2Fannual-snowfall.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state_temperature_extremes" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. state temperature extremes">U.S. state temperature extremes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-24.pdf">"Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 United States Census</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. September 2012. p. E-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019111423/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-24.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2010+United+States+Census&rft.atitle=Michigan%3A+2010+Population+and+Housing+Unit+Counts+2010+Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pages=E-19&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fcen2010%2Fcph-2-24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302004737/http://www.themorningsun.com/articles/2010/06/21/sports/every_season/doc4c1f99fe334ad162964173.txt">"DNRE confirms Michigan cougar sighting"</a>. <i>Themorningsun.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themorningsun.com/articles/2010/06/21/sports/every_season/doc4c1f99fe334ad162964173.txt">the original</a> on 2012-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Themorningsun.com&rft.atitle=DNRE+confirms+Michigan+cougar+sighting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themorningsun.com%2Farticles%2F2010%2F06%2F21%2Fsports%2Fevery_season%2Fdoc4c1f99fe334ad162964173.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172001/http://www.savethecougar.org/cougarlinks.htm">"SaveTheCougar.Org – The Michigan Cougar Conservation Effort *please scroll down*"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savethecougar.org/cougarlinks.htm">the original</a> on 2012-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SaveTheCougar.Org+%E2%80%93+The+Michigan+Cougar+Conservation+Effort+%2Aplease+scroll+down%2A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.savethecougar.org%2Fcougarlinks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Wildlife_Conservancy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michigan Wildlife Conservancy (page does not exist)">Michigan Wildlife Conservancy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miwildlife.org/detail-20090129.asp">1/29/2009 <i>Lawmakers Look At Cougar Evidence</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727091146/http://www.miwildlife.org/detail-20090129.asp">Archived</a> 2011-07-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060410164727/http://www.michiganbirds.org/seasonalreview/spring/index.shtml">"Michiganbirds.org"</a>. 10 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michiganbirds.org/seasonalreview/spring/index.shtml">the original</a> on 10 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michiganbirds.org&rft.date=2006-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michiganbirds.org%2Fseasonalreview%2Fspring%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619203255/http://www.northbirding.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi">"Northern Michigan Birding"</a>. 19 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northbirding.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi">the original</a> on 19 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Michigan+Birding&rft.date=2006-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northbirding.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Findex.cgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071223080704/http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0%2C1607%2C7-153-10371_10402-175411--%2C00.html">"Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Kirtland's Warbler Populations Continue to Grow"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10371_10402-175411--,00.html">the original</a> on 2007-12-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michigan+Department+of+Natural+Resources%2C+Kirtland%27s+Warbler+Populations+Continue+to+Grow.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fdnr%2F0%2C1607%2C7-153-10371_10402-175411--%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102164632/http://warbler.kirtland.edu/">"Kirtland Warbler Festival and links"</a>. 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Lansing State Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>Blissfest Music Festival – Blissfest Music Festival brings together live American roots music, dance and art at the Festival Farm in rural northern Michigan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=10+things+to+do+in+Michigan+in+July&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2F2015%2F06%2F25%2F10-things-to-do-in-michigan-in-july%2F29261581%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090627184142/http://cadillacmichigan.com/pages.php?tabid=21&pageid=89&title=Chestnut+Festival">Chestnut Harvest Festival www.cadillacmichigan.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123031854/http://www.icserv.com/nnga/chstfest.htm">"Chestnut Festival"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dulcimers&rft.atitle=ODPC+FUNFEST&rft.aulast=Skaryd&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdulcimers.com%2Ffestival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firemensmemorial.org/">"Best Place to Buy Watches for Firemen - Beware Of The Quality Of Luxury Watches In The Online Medium"</a>. <i>Best Place to Buy Watches for Firemen</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Best+Place+to+Buy+Watches+for+Firemen&rft.atitle=Best+Place+to+Buy+Watches+for+Firemen+-+Beware+Of+The+Quality+Of+Luxury+Watches+In+The+Online+Medium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firemensmemorial.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejchamber.org/">"Home - East Jordan Chamber"</a>. <i>East Jordan Chamber</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Jordan+Chamber&rft.atitle=Home+-+East+Jordan+Chamber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejchamber.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbconference.org/">"Great Lakes Bioneers Conference"</a>. <i>www.glbconference.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.glbconference.org&rft.atitle=Great+Lakes+Bioneers+Conference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbconference.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030402051421/http://www.lighthousefestival.org/">"event website"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lighthousefestival.org&rft.atitle=Great+Lakes+Lighthouse+Festival+causes.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lighthousefestival.org%2Fpdf%2FAssocApp.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080315061444/http://www.harrisvilleartscouncil.com/weekend.html">"Harrisvilleactivities"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warbler.kirtland.edu:80/Default.htm">the original</a> on 3 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mackinacislandlilacfestival.org/">the original</a> on 2 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mackinac+Island+Lilac+Festival&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mackinacislandlilacfestival.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422171641/http://www.mackinacislandmusicfestival.org/">"Mackinac Island Music Festival"</a>. 22 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mackinacislandmusicfestival.org/">the original</a> on 22 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mackinac+Island+Music+Festival&rft.date=2009-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mackinacislandmusicfestival.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221105727/http://alpenami-browntrout.com/Calender/Calendar%20of%20Events.htm">"event website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alpenami-browntrout.com/Calender/Calendar%20of%20Events.htm">the original</a> on 2009-02-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=event+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falpenami-browntrout.com%2FCalender%2FCalendar%2520of%2520Events.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulwitz2015" class="citation news cs1">Schulwitz, Steve (October 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416014744/http://www.thealpenanews.com/page/content.detail/id/547816/Future-uncertain-for-Brown-Trout-Festival.html?nav=5004">"Future uncertain for Brown Trout Festival"</a>. The Alpena News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thealpenanews.com/page/content.detail/id/547816/Future-uncertain-for-Brown-Trout-Festival.html?nav=5004">the original</a> on 2016-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Future+uncertain+for+Brown+Trout+Festival&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft.aulast=Schulwitz&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thealpenanews.com%2Fpage%2Fcontent.detail%2Fid%2F547816%2FFuture-uncertain-for-Brown-Trout-Festival.html%3Fnav%3D5004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulwitz2015" class="citation news cs1">Schulwitz, Steve (November 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416022736/http://www.thealpenanews.com/page/content.detail/id/548659/2016-Brown-Trout-to-be-smaller.html?nav=5004">"2016 Brown Trout to be smaller"</a>. The Alpena News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thealpenanews.com/page/content.detail/id/548659/2016-Brown-Trout-to-be-smaller.html?nav=5004">the original</a> on 2016-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2016+Brown+Trout+to+be+smaller&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft.aulast=Schulwitz&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thealpenanews.com%2Fpage%2Fcontent.detail%2Fid%2F548659%2F2016-Brown-Trout-to-be-smaller.html%3Fnav%3D5004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicciardi2015" class="citation news cs1">Ricciardi, Bethany (14 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416134453/http://wbkb11.com/news/local/8715-brown-trout-festival-is-downsizing">"Brown Trout Festival Is Downsizing For 2016"</a>. WBKB NEws. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wbkb11.com/news/local/8715-brown-trout-festival-is-downsizing">the original</a> on 16 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brown+Trout+Festival+Is+Downsizing+For+2016&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft.aulast=Ricciardi&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwbkb11.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F8715-brown-trout-festival-is-downsizing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesign" class="citation web cs1">Design, Silverthorn Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesick-mushroomfest.org/">"Annual Mesick Mushroom Festival"</a>. <i>www.mesick-mushroomfest.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mesick-mushroomfest.org&rft.atitle=Annual+Mesick+Mushroom+Festival&rft.aulast=Design&rft.aufirst=Silverthorn+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesick-mushroomfest.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2015" class="citation news cs1">Erickson, Anne (June 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/2015/06/25/10-things-to-do-in-michigan-in-july/29261581/">"10 things to do in Michigan in July"</a>. <i>Detroit Free Press</i>. Lansing State Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"National Cherry Festival – If you've lived in Michigan for years and never been to the National Cherry Festival in Traverse City, you really need to attend the festivities at least once. The festival is scheduled for July 4 through 11 and attracts roughly half a million people every year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=10+things+to+do+in+Michigan+in+July&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2F2015%2F06%2F25%2F10-things-to-do-in-michigan-in-july%2F29261581%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090420030942/http://www.nationalcohofestival.com/">"National Coho Festival"</a>. 20 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalcohofestival.com/">the original</a> on 20 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Coho+Festival&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalcohofestival.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714025725/http://www.manisteecountychamber.com/ForestFestival.HTML">"Manistee County Chamber of Commerce website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manisteecountychamber.com/ForestFestival.HTML">the original</a> on 2011-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manistee+County+Chamber+of+Commerce+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manisteecountychamber.com%2FForestFestival.HTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morelfest.com/">"National Morel Mushroom Festival - Official site for the Mushroom Festival held each May in Boyne City, Michigan"</a>. <i>www.morelfest.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.morelfest.com&rft.atitle=National+Morel+Mushroom+Festival+-+Official+site+for+the+Mushroom+Festival+held+each+May+in+Boyne+City%2C+Michigan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morelfest.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltroutfestival.com/">"National Trout Festival - Festival, Entertainment"</a>. <i>National Trout Festival</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Trout+Festival&rft.atitle=National+Trout+Festival+-+Festival%2C+Entertainment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltroutfestival.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090515112553/http://www.nauticalfestival.org/index.htm">"Rogers City Nautical Festival"</a>. 15 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nauticalfestival.org/index.htm">the original</a> on 15 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rogers+City+Nautical+Festival&rft.date=2009-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nauticalfestival.org%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070120070441/http://www.cadillacmichigan.com/northamericansnowmobilefestival/">"23nd Annual North American Snow Festival"</a>. 20 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cadillacmichigan.com/northamericansnowmobilefestival/">the original</a> on 20 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=23nd+Annual+North+American+Snow+Festival&rft.date=2007-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cadillacmichigan.com%2Fnorthamericansnowmobilefestival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petoskeyfestival.com/">"Festival on the Bay - Petoskey Michigan - August"</a>. <i>www.petoskeyfestival.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.petoskeyfestival.com&rft.atitle=Festival+on+the+Bay+-+Petoskey+Michigan+-+August&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.petoskeyfestival.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boynefallspolishfestival.com/">"44th Annual Boyne Falls Polish Festival Michigan - August 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 2018"</a>. <i>Boyne Falls Polish Festival</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boyne+Falls+Polish+Festival&rft.atitle=44th+Annual+Boyne+Falls+Polish+Festival+Michigan+-+August+2nd%2C+3rd%2C+4th%2C+5th%2C+2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boynefallspolishfestival.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2015" class="citation news cs1">Erickson, Anne (June 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/2015/06/25/10-things-to-do-in-michigan-in-july/29261581/">"10 things to do in Michigan in July"</a>. <i>Detroit Free Press</i>. Lansing State Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>Bell's Beer Bayview Mackinac Race – It's year 91 for the Bell's Beer Bayview Mackinac Race (and year five with Bell's sponsorship), set for July 18 in Port Huron. The longest consecutively run freshwater yacht race in the world, it is expected to attract more than 2,500 sailors, 260 boats and 75,000 sailing fans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=10+things+to+do+in+Michigan+in+July&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2F2015%2F06%2F25%2F10-things-to-do-in-michigan-in-july%2F29261581%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030824041147/http://www.posenchamber.com/potato.html">"Posen Potato Festival"</a>. 24 August 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.posenchamber.com/potato.html">the original</a> on 24 August 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Posen+Potato+Festival&rft.date=2003-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.posenchamber.com%2Fpotato.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitludington.com/stories/scottville_harvest_festival_every_september_in_michigan">"Scottville Harvest Festival, every September in Scottville, MI"</a>. <i>Visitludington.com</i>. 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visitludington.com&rft.atitle=Scottville+Harvest+Festival%2C+every+September+in+Scottville%2C+MI&rft.date=2021-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitludington.com%2Fstories%2Fscottville_harvest_festival_every_september_in_michigan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530114845/http://www.lewistonchamber.com/index.htm">"Lewiston Area Chamber of Commerce"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lewistonchamber.com/index.htm">the original</a> on 2016-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lewiston+Area+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lewistonchamber.com%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115142759/http://www.tip-up-townusa.com/">"Home"</a>. 15 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tip-up-townusa.com/">the original</a> on 15 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tip-up-townusa.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traversebayfarms.com">"Traverse Bay Farms Free Shipping on Tart Cherry Juice, Cherry Capsules"</a>. <i>Traverse Bay Farms</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Traverse+Bay+Farms&rft.atitle=Traverse+Bay+Farms+Free+Shipping+on+Tart+Cherry+Juice%2C+Cherry+Capsules&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traversebayfarms.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.venetianfestival.com/">"Charlevoix Venetian Festival – Building community by bringing people together"</a>. <i>www.venetianfestival.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.venetianfestival.com&rft.atitle=Charlevoix+Venetian+Festival+%E2%80%93+Building+community+by+bringing+people+together&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.venetianfestival.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausablecanoemarathon.org/">"AuSable River Canoe Marathon"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AuSable+River+Canoe+Marathon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausablecanoemarathon.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlagter2009" class="citation news cs1">Slagter, Josh (July 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/outdoors/index.ssf/2009/07/record_number_of_teams_will_co.html">"Record number of teams will compete in 120-mile AuSable River Canoe Marathon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(online)</span>. MLive. MLive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>Teams of two paddle 120 miles down the AuSable River from Grayling to Oscoda on Lake Huron in a grueling, 19-hour marathon... The Au Sable marathon, sponsored by Weyerhaeuser, is the second leg of the Triple Crown of Canoe Racing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Record+number+of+teams+will+compete+in+120-mile+AuSable+River+Canoe+Marathon&rft.date=2009-07-18&rft.aulast=Slagter&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Foutdoors%2Findex.ssf%2F2009%2F07%2Frecord_number_of_teams_will_co.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeatures2011" class="citation news cs1">Features, Booth (July 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2011/07/au_sable_river_international_c.html">"AuSable River International Canoe Marathon July 30–31 is one of world's toughest races"</a>. Mlive. Mlive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>The Weyerhaeuser AuSable River Canoe Marathon is the roughest nonstop canoe race in North America, ranked number seven among the world's toughest 100 races by the website 100.peak.com. The racecourse runs almost the entire length of the AuSable River, 120 miles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=AuSable+River+International+Canoe+Marathon+July+30%E2%80%9331+is+one+of+world%27s+toughest+races&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft.aulast=Features&rft.aufirst=Booth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Ftravel%2Findex.ssf%2F2011%2F07%2Fau_sable_river_international_c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413030951/http://upnorthlife.com/kalkaska/winterfest.asp">"Welcome to Kalkaska, Michigan"</a>. 13 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://upnorthlife.com/kalkaska/winterfest.asp">the original</a> on 13 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Kalkaska%2C+Michigan&rft.date=2009-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fupnorthlife.com%2Fkalkaska%2Fwinterfest.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sleddogcentral.com/results04/lower48/midwest/kalkaska.htm">"SDC 2004: Kalkaska Winterfest Sled Dog Race"</a>. <i>Sleddogcentral.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sleddogcentral.com&rft.atitle=SDC+2004%3A+Kalkaska+Winterfest+Sled+Dog+Race&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sleddogcentral.com%2Fresults04%2Flower48%2Fmidwest%2Fkalkaska.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milmi.org/">"Michigan Labor Market Information, Mi Fast Facts, HOME"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michigan+Labor+Market+Information%2C+Mi+Fast+Facts%2C+HOME&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milmi.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Michigan#Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit Michigan">Economy of Detroit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chicago" title="Economy of Chicago">Economy of Chicago</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry" class="citation web cs1">Perry, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150811055404/http://www.hrt.msu.edu/assets/PagePDFs/ronald-perry/Fruit-Production-for-the-Home-42515.pdf">"Producing Fruit for the Home"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Horticulture Department</i>. Michigan State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrt.msu.edu/assets/PagePDFs/ronald-perry/Fruit-Production-for-the-Home-42515.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>Most MI fruit sites Zone 5 (−20 o F to −10 o F) to 6 (−10 o F to 0 o F)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Horticulture+Department&rft.atitle=Producing+Fruit+for+the+Home&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrt.msu.edu%2Fassets%2FPagePDFs%2Fronald-perry%2FFruit-Production-for-the-Home-42515.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2013" class="citation news cs1">Greene, Jay (2013-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20130324/NEWS/303249962/hydraulic-fracturing-in-michigan-waiting-for-the-boom">"Hydraulic fracturing in Michigan: Waiting for the boom"</a>. Crane's Detroit business<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>other experts say it is only a matter of time before Michigan's Antrim Shale gas field reserves – estimated to be the 15th largest in the nation – will be tapped in greater numbers. </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hydraulic+fracturing+in+Michigan%3A+Waiting+for+the+boom&rft.date=2013-03-29&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crainsdetroit.com%2Farticle%2F20130324%2FNEWS%2F303249962%2Fhydraulic-fracturing-in-michigan-waiting-for-the-boom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayette2014" class="citation news cs1">Payette, Peter (October 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michiganradio.org/post/drilling-oil-and-gas-decline-michigan">"Drilling for oil and gas is on the decline in Michigan"</a>. Michigan Radio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>Drilling activity peaked in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when oil and gas companies went after natural gas in a layer of the earth called the Antrim Shale.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Drilling+for+oil+and+gas+is+on+the+decline+in+Michigan&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft.aulast=Payette&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmichiganradio.org%2Fpost%2Fdrilling-oil-and-gas-decline-michigan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marcellusdrilling.com/2012/09/is-michigan-the-next-state-to-see-widespread-shale-drilling/">"Is Michigan the Next State to See Widespread Shale Drilling?"</a>. <i>Marcellus Drilling News</i>. 2009-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>. <q>it's often referred to as the Utica-Collingwood. The Collingwood is two miles (or more) below the surface. Encana and others have been testing the Utica-Collingwood in Michigan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marcellus+Drilling+News&rft.atitle=Is+Michigan+the+Next+State+to+See+Widespread+Shale+Drilling%3F&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarcellusdrilling.com%2F2012%2F09%2Fis-michigan-the-next-state-to-see-widespread-shale-drilling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019103020/http://www.greatlakesenergyforum.com/topics/michigan-shale">"Michigan Shale"</a>. <i>Great Lakes Energy Forum</i>. 2016-10-19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatlakesenergyforum.com/topics/michigan-shale">the original</a> on 2016-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>. <q>The largest emerging oil and gas field in Michigan is the Utica-Collingwood Shale, located between 10,000 and 12,000 feet below the surface of northern Michigan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Lakes+Energy+Forum&rft.atitle=Michigan+Shale&rft.date=2016-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatlakesenergyforum.com%2Ftopics%2Fmichigan-shale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.drillinginfo.com/blog/michigan-basin-geology-oil-and-gas/">"Michigan Basin Geology Makes Michigan a Great Oil and Gas State"</a>. <i>Drillinginfo</i>. 2014-11-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>. <q>Encana recently transferred all of its Michigan Collingwood holdings, rumored to be in excess of 100,000 acres, to Marathon. Some say the reason Encana left is because they couldn't figure out the Collingwood, however, I suspect it has more to do with the $6 billion investment in the Permian basin and the focus to earn a return on that investment. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources has auctioned 120,000 acres (October 29th) in some of the prime Collingwood acreage in northern Michigan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drillinginfo&rft.atitle=Michigan+Basin+Geology+Makes+Michigan+a+Great+Oil+and+Gas+State&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.drillinginfo.com%2Fblog%2Fmichigan-basin-geology-oil-and-gas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmc.edu/uc/index.html">"Home : University Center at Northwestern Michigan College"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+%3A+University+Center+at+Northwestern+Michigan+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmc.edu%2Fuc%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmc.edu/student-services/student-life/student-groups/white-pine-press.html">"Student Groups : White Pine Press : Northwestern Michigan College"</a>. <i>www.nmc.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nmc.edu&rft.atitle=Student+Groups+%3A+White+Pine+Press+%3A+Northwestern+Michigan+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmc.edu%2Fstudent-services%2Fstudent-life%2Fstudent-groups%2Fwhite-pine-press.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pellstonairport.com/">"Pellston Regional Airport Serving Northern Michigan Emmet County"</a>. <i>Pellston Airport</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pellston+Airport&rft.atitle=Pellston+Regional+Airport+Serving+Northern+Michigan+Emmet+County&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pellstonairport.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibco.com/ferry-schedules/">"Beaver Island Ferry Schedules"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beaver+Island+Ferry+Schedules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibco.com%2Fferry-schedules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427081434/http://www.charityisland.net/ferry.html">"Charity Island ferry service"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charityisland.net/ferry.html">the original</a> on 2016-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charity+Island+ferry+service.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charityisland.net%2Fferry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Johnston" class="citation web cs1">Robert E. Johnston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbiferry.com/">"Plaunt Transportation, Inc. :: Ferry Service to Bois Blanc Island"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plaunt+Transportation%2C+Inc.+%3A%3A+Ferry+Service+to+Bois+Blanc+Island&rft.au=Robert+E.+Johnston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbiferry.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MDOT11-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MDOT11_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><i>State Transportation Map</i> (Map). 1 in:15 mi / 1 cm:9 km. Michigan Department of Transportation. 2011. § E8–J13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Transportation+Map&rft.pub=Michigan+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113102440/http://www.railroadmichigan.com/detroitmackinac.html">"Detroit and Mackinac Railway pictures and history"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railroadmichigan.com/detroitmackinac.html">the original</a> on 2016-01-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detroit+and+Mackinac+Railway+pictures+and+history.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railroadmichigan.com%2Fdetroitmackinac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724173202/http://www.michiganrailroads.com/RRHX/Stories/RailroadOriginsInAlpenaMI.htm">"Michigan Railroad history for Alpena"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michiganrailroads.com/RRHX/Stories/RailroadOriginsInAlpenaMI.htm">the original</a> on 2013-07-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michigan+Railroad+history+for+Alpena.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michiganrailroads.com%2FRRHX%2FStories%2FRailroadOriginsInAlpenaMI.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drury-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-drury_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrury1994" class="citation book cs1">Drury, George H. (1994). <i>The Historical Guide to North American Railroads: Histories, Figures, and Features of more than 160 Railroads Abandoned or Merged since 1930</i>. <a href="/wiki/Waukesha,_Wisconsin" title="Waukesha, Wisconsin">Waukesha, Wisconsin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kalmbach_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmbach Publishing">Kalmbach Publishing</a>. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89024-072-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89024-072-4"><bdi>978-0-89024-072-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Guide+to+North+American+Railroads%3A+Histories%2C+Figures%2C+and+Features+of+more+than+160+Railroads+Abandoned+or+Merged+since+1930&rft.place=Waukesha%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Kalmbach+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-89024-072-4&rft.aulast=Drury&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogue1985" class="citation book cs1">Bogue, Margaret (1985). <i>Around the Shores of Lake Michigan: A Guide to Historic Sites</i>. Madison, WI: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10004-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10004-9"><bdi>978-0-299-10004-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Around+the+Shores+of+Lake+Michigan%3A+A+Guide+to+Historic+Sites&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-299-10004-9&rft.aulast=Bogue&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCappel2006" class="citation book cs1">Cappel, Constance, ed. (2006). <i>Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima</i>. Philadelphia: Xlibris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59926-920-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59926-920-7"><bdi>978-1-59926-920-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odawa+Language+and+Legends%3A+Andrew+J.+Blackbird+and+Raymond+Kiogima&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Xlibris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59926-920-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCappel2007" class="citation book cs1">—— (2007). <i>The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at L'Arbre Croche, 1763: The History of a Native American People</i>. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-5220-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-5220-6"><bdi>978-0-7734-5220-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smallpox+Genocide+of+the+Odawa+Tribe+at+L%27Arbre+Croche%2C+1763%3A+The+History+of+a+Native+American+People&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-5220-6&rft.aulast=Cappel&rft.aufirst=Constance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRae2003" class="citation book cs1">McRae, Shannon (2003). <i>Manistee County</i>. Images of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-4124-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-4124-2"><bdi>978-0-7385-4124-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manistee+County&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.series=Images+of+America&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-4124-2&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=Shannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuchhoft1991" class="citation book cs1">Ruchhoft, Robert H. (1991). <i>Exploring North Manitou, South Manitou, High and Garden Islands of the Lake Michigan Archipelago'<span></span></i>. Cincinnati, OH: Pucelle Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940029-02-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940029-02-6"><bdi>978-0-940029-02-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+North+Manitou%2C+South+Manitou%2C+High+and+Garden+Islands+of+the+Lake+Michigan+Archipelago%27&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+OH&rft.pub=Pucelle+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-940029-02-6&rft.aulast=Ruchhoft&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellBaer1954" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Curran N .; Baer, Dona Degen (1954). <i>The Lumberman's Legacy</i>. Manistee, MI: Manistee County Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1213029">1213029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lumberman%27s+Legacy&rft.place=Manistee%2C+MI&rft.pub=Manistee+County+Historical+Society&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1213029&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Curran+N+.&rft.au=Baer%2C+Dona+Degen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodIngells1962" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Mable C.; Ingells, Douglas J. (1962). <i>Scooterville, U.S.A</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2556377">2556377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scooterville%2C+U.S.A&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2556377&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Mable+C.&rft.au=Ingells%2C+Douglas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Michigan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Michigan&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Northern_Michigan" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Northern Michigan"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Northern Michigan</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clarke.cmich.edu/">Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University</a> – bibliographies organized by county and region</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coastwatch.msu.edu/">Great Lakes Coast Watch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infomi.com/city/">Info Michigan – detailed information on 630 cities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigan.org">Pure Michigan: Michigan's Official Travel and Tourism Site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117095919/http://www.michigan.org/">Archived</a> 2008-01-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100315141338/http://www.michmarkers.com/Frameset.htm">Michigan Historical Markers</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808082810/http://northernmichiganfun.com/">Northern Michigan culture and community website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigan.gov/dnr">Harbors, hunting, resources and more</a> from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources</li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Northern_Michigan&params=44_45_N_84_45_W_region:US-MI_scale:1000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">84°45′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.750°N 84.750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.750; -84.750</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northern_Michigan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_Michigan" title="Template:Northern Michigan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northern_Michigan" title="Template talk:Northern Michigan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northern_Michigan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northern Michigan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northern_Michigan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern Michigan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpena,_Michigan" title="Alpena, Michigan">Alpena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadillac,_Michigan" title="Cadillac, Michigan">Cadillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlevoix,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix, Michigan">Charlevoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylord,_Michigan" title="Gaylord, Michigan">Gaylord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan" title="Petoskey, Michigan">Petoskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Traverse City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Michigan" title="List of counties in Michigan">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcona_County,_Michigan" title="Alcona County, Michigan">Alcona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpena_County,_Michigan" title="Alpena County, Michigan">Alpena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antrim_County,_Michigan" title="Antrim County, Michigan">Antrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arenac_County,_Michigan" title="Arenac County, Michigan">Arenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzie_County,_Michigan" title="Benzie County, Michigan">Benzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlevoix_County,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix County, Michigan">Charlevoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheboygan_County,_Michigan" title="Cheboygan County, Michigan">Cheboygan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_County,_Michigan" title="Clare County, Michigan">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Michigan" title="Crawford County, Michigan">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_County,_Michigan" title="Emmet County, Michigan">Emmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladwin_County,_Michigan" title="Gladwin County, Michigan">Gladwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_County,_Michigan" title="Grand Traverse County, Michigan">Grand Traverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosco_County,_Michigan" title="Iosco County, Michigan">Iosco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkaska_County,_Michigan" title="Kalkaska County, Michigan">Kalkaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Michigan" title="Lake County, Michigan">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leelanau_County,_Michigan" title="Leelanau County, Michigan">Leelanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manistee_County,_Michigan" title="Manistee County, Michigan">Manistee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missaukee_County,_Michigan" title="Missaukee County, Michigan">Missaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmorency_County,_Michigan" title="Montmorency County, Michigan">Montmorency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogemaw_County,_Michigan" title="Ogemaw County, Michigan">Ogemaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osceola_County,_Michigan" title="Osceola County, Michigan">Osceola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscoda_County,_Michigan" title="Oscoda County, Michigan">Oscoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otsego_County,_Michigan" title="Otsego County, Michigan">Otsego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presque_Isle_County,_Michigan" title="Presque Isle County, Michigan">Presque Isle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscommon_County,_Michigan" title="Roscommon County, Michigan">Roscommon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford_County,_Michigan" title="Wexford County, Michigan">Wexford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Au_Sable_River_(Michigan)" title="Au Sable River (Michigan)">Au Sable River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheboygan_River" title="Cheboygan River">Cheboygan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_River_Chain_of_Lakes_Watershed" title="Elk River Chain of Lakes Watershed">Elk River watershed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Bay" title="Grand Traverse Bay">Grand Traverse Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houghton_Lake_(Michigan)" title="Houghton Lake (Michigan)">Houghton Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Waterway_(Michigan)" title="Inland Waterway (Michigan)">Inland Waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leelanau_Peninsula" title="Leelanau Peninsula">Leelanau Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Charlevoix" title="Lake Charlevoix">Lake Charlevoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Traverse_Bay" title="Little Traverse Bay">Little Traverse Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manistee_River" title="Manistee River">Manistee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Mackinac" title="Straits of Mackinac">Straits of Mackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_(Michigan)" title="Thunder Bay (Michigan)">Thunder Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Lake" title="Walloon Lake">Walloon Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Transportation_Authority" title="Bay Area Transportation Authority">BATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlevoix_Municipal_Airport" title="Charlevoix Municipal Airport">Charlevoix Municipal Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Capital_Airport" title="Cherry Capital Airport">Cherry Capital Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Central_Railroad" title="Great Lakes Central Railroad">Great Lakes Central Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_State_Railway" title="Lake State Railway">Lake State Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Bridge" title="Mackinac Bridge">Mackinac Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellston_Regional_Airport" title="Pellston Regional Airport">Pellston Regional Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Badger" title="SS Badger">SS <i>Badger</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_production_in_Michigan" title="Cherry production in Michigan">Cherry production in Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EJ_(company)" title="EJ (company)">East Jordan Iron Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia-Pacific" title="Georgia-Pacific">Georgia-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holcim" title="Holcim">Holcim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafarge_(company)" title="Lafarge (company)">Lafarge Cement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Limestone_and_Chemical_Company" title="Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company">Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_wine" title="Michigan wine">Michigan wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USG_Corporation" title="USG Corporation">USG Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyerhaeuser" title="Weyerhaeuser">Weyerhaeuser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan"><img alt="Michigan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Michigan" title="Central Michigan">Central Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Michigan" title="Southeast Michigan">Southeast Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Peninsula">Upper Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Michigan" title="West Michigan">West Michigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Michigan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Michigan" title="Template:Michigan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Michigan" title="Template talk:Michigan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Michigan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Michigan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Michigan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Michigan" title="Outline of Michigan">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Michigan" title="Climate change in Michigan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Michigan" title="United States congressional delegations from Michigan">Congressional delegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Michigan" title="Cuisine of Michigan">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fauna_of_Michigan" title="List of fauna of Michigan">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Michigan" title="Geography of Michigan">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Michigan" title="Government of Michigan">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Trunkline_Highway_System" title="Michigan State Trunkline Highway System">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Michigan-related_articles" title="Index of Michigan-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Michigan" title="List of islands of Michigan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Michigan" title="Law of Michigan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lighthouses_of_Michigan" title="Template:Lighthouses of Michigan">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Michigan" title="List of municipalities in Michigan">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Michigan" title="List of museums in Michigan">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Michigan" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan">National Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Michigan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan">National Register of Historic Places listings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Michigan" title="List of people from Michigan">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Michigan_State_Historic_Sites" title="List of Michigan State Historic Sites">State Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Michigan_state_parks" title="List of Michigan state parks">State parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Michigan_state_symbols" title="List of Michigan state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Michigan" title="List of tallest buildings in Michigan">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Michigan_history" title="Timeline of Michigan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Michigan" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Michigan">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Michigan" title="Abortion in Michigan">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Michigan" title="Cannabis in Michigan">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Michigan_culture" title="Category:Michigan culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Michigan" title="Crime in Michigan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Michigan" title="Demographics of Michigan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Michigan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Michigan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Michigan" title="Elections in Michigan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Michigan">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Michigan">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Michigan" title="Gun laws in Michigan">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Michigan" title="Politics of Michigan">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Michigan" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Country" title="Copper Country">Copper Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogebic_Range" title="Gogebic Range">Gogebic Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Peninsula" title="Keweenaw Peninsula">Keweenaw Peninsula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Lower Peninsula of Michigan">Lower Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Michigan" title="Central Michigan">Central Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Metro Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michiana" title="Michiana">Michiana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Michigan" title="Southeast Michigan">Southeast Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thumb" title="The Thumb">The Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Michigan" title="West Michigan">West Michigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Michigan" title="List of municipalities in Michigan">Largest <br /> municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Creek,_Michigan" title="Battle Creek, Michigan">Battle Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_Township,_Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan">Bloomfield Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Michigan" title="Canton, Michigan">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_Township,_Michigan" title="Chesterfield Township, Michigan">Chesterfield Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Township,_Macomb_County,_Michigan" title="Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan">Clinton Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Township,_Michigan" title="Commerce Township, Michigan">Commerce Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan" title="Dearborn, Michigan">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dearborn_Heights,_Michigan" title="Dearborn Heights, Michigan">Dearborn Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lansing,_Michigan" title="East Lansing, Michigan">East Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan" title="Farmington Hills, Michigan">Farmington Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Township,_Michigan" title="Georgetown Township, Michigan">Georgetown Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Blanc_Township,_Michigan" title="Grand Blanc Township, Michigan">Grand Blanc Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Holland Charter Township, Michigan">Holland Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Township,_Michigan" title="Independence Township, Michigan">Independence Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">Kalamazoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentwood,_Michigan" title="Kentwood, Michigan">Kentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park,_Michigan" title="Lincoln Park, Michigan">Lincoln Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonia,_Michigan" title="Livonia, Michigan">Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macomb_Township,_Michigan" title="Macomb Township, Michigan">Macomb Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Meridian Charter Township, Michigan">Meridian Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland,_Michigan" title="Midland, Michigan">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan" title="Muskegon, Michigan">Muskegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novi,_Michigan" title="Novi, Michigan">Novi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Township,_Michigan" title="Orion Township, Michigan">Orion Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsfield_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Pittsfield Charter Township, Michigan">Pittsfield Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">Pontiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portage,_Michigan" title="Portage, Michigan">Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redford,_Michigan" title="Redford, Michigan">Redford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Hills,_Michigan" title="Rochester Hills, Michigan">Rochester Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseville,_Michigan" title="Roseville, Michigan">Roseville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Oak,_Michigan" title="Royal Oak, Michigan">Royal Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Michigan" title="Saginaw, Michigan">Saginaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Saginaw Charter Township, Michigan">Saginaw Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_Shores,_Michigan" title="St. Clair Shores, Michigan">St. Clair Shores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Shelby Charter Township, Michigan">Shelby Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southfield,_Michigan" title="Southfield, Michigan">Southfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Heights,_Michigan" title="Sterling Heights, Michigan">Sterling Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor,_Michigan" title="Taylor, Michigan">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy,_Michigan" title="Troy, Michigan">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren,_Michigan" title="Warren, Michigan">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterford_Township,_Michigan" title="Waterford Township, Michigan">Waterford Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bloomfield_Township,_Michigan" title="West Bloomfield Township, Michigan">West Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland,_Michigan" title="Westland, Michigan">Westland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming,_Michigan" title="Wyoming, Michigan">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypsilanti_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Ypsilanti Charter Township, Michigan">Ypsilanti Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Michigan" title="List of counties in Michigan">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcona_County,_Michigan" title="Alcona County, Michigan">Alcona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alger_County,_Michigan" title="Alger County, Michigan">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegan_County,_Michigan" title="Allegan County, Michigan">Allegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpena_County,_Michigan" title="Alpena County, Michigan">Alpena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antrim_County,_Michigan" title="Antrim County, Michigan">Antrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arenac_County,_Michigan" title="Arenac County, Michigan">Arenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraga_County,_Michigan" title="Baraga County, Michigan">Baraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_County,_Michigan" title="Barry County, Michigan">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_County,_Michigan" title="Bay County, Michigan">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzie_County,_Michigan" title="Benzie County, Michigan">Benzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrien_County,_Michigan" title="Berrien County, Michigan">Berrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_County,_Michigan" title="Branch County, Michigan">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Michigan" title="Calhoun County, Michigan">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Michigan" title="Cass County, Michigan">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlevoix_County,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix County, Michigan">Charlevoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheboygan_County,_Michigan" title="Cheboygan County, Michigan">Cheboygan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_County,_Michigan" title="Chippewa County, Michigan">Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_County,_Michigan" title="Clare County, Michigan">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Michigan" title="Clinton County, Michigan">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Michigan" title="Crawford County, Michigan">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_County,_Michigan" title="Delta County, Michigan">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_County,_Michigan" title="Dickinson County, Michigan">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaton_County,_Michigan" title="Eaton County, Michigan">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_County,_Michigan" title="Emmet County, Michigan">Emmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesee_County,_Michigan" title="Genesee County, Michigan">Genesee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladwin_County,_Michigan" title="Gladwin County, Michigan">Gladwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogebic_County,_Michigan" title="Gogebic County, Michigan">Gogebic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_County,_Michigan" title="Grand Traverse County, Michigan">Grand Traverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratiot_County,_Michigan" title="Gratiot County, Michigan">Gratiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_County,_Michigan" title="Hillsdale County, Michigan">Hillsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houghton_County,_Michigan" title="Houghton County, Michigan">Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_County,_Michigan" title="Huron County, Michigan">Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingham_County,_Michigan" title="Ingham County, Michigan">Ingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia_County,_Michigan" title="Ionia County, Michigan">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosco_County,_Michigan" title="Iosco County, Michigan">Iosco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_County,_Michigan" title="Iron County, Michigan">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_County,_Michigan" title="Isabella County, Michigan">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Michigan" title="Jackson County, Michigan">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_County,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo County, Michigan">Kalamazoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkaska_County,_Michigan" title="Kalkaska County, Michigan">Kalkaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_County,_Michigan" title="Kent County, Michigan">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_County,_Michigan" title="Keweenaw County, Michigan">Keweenaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Michigan" title="Lake County, Michigan">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapeer_County,_Michigan" title="Lapeer County, Michigan">Lapeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leelanau_County,_Michigan" title="Leelanau County, Michigan">Leelanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenawee_County,_Michigan" title="Lenawee County, Michigan">Lenawee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_County,_Michigan" title="Livingston County, Michigan">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_County,_Michigan" title="Luce County, Michigan">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinac_County,_Michigan" title="Mackinac County, Michigan">Mackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macomb_County,_Michigan" title="Macomb County, Michigan">Macomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manistee_County,_Michigan" title="Manistee County, Michigan">Manistee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquette_County,_Michigan" title="Marquette County, Michigan">Marquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_County,_Michigan" title="Mason County, Michigan">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecosta_County,_Michigan" title="Mecosta County, Michigan">Mecosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee_County,_Michigan" title="Menominee County, Michigan">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_County,_Michigan" title="Midland County, Michigan">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missaukee_County,_Michigan" title="Missaukee County, Michigan">Missaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Michigan" title="Monroe County, Michigan">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montcalm_County,_Michigan" title="Montcalm County, Michigan">Montcalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmorency_County,_Michigan" title="Montmorency County, Michigan">Montmorency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskegon_County,_Michigan" title="Muskegon County, Michigan">Muskegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaygo_County,_Michigan" title="Newaygo County, Michigan">Newaygo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Oakland County, Michigan">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceana_County,_Michigan" title="Oceana County, Michigan">Oceana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogemaw_County,_Michigan" title="Ogemaw County, Michigan">Ogemaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontonagon_County,_Michigan" title="Ontonagon County, Michigan">Ontonagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osceola_County,_Michigan" title="Osceola County, Michigan">Osceola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscoda_County,_Michigan" title="Oscoda County, Michigan">Oscoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otsego_County,_Michigan" title="Otsego County, Michigan">Otsego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_County,_Michigan" title="Ottawa County, Michigan">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presque_Isle_County,_Michigan" title="Presque Isle County, Michigan">Presque Isle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscommon_County,_Michigan" title="Roscommon County, Michigan">Roscommon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_County,_Michigan" title="Saginaw County, Michigan">Saginaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanilac_County,_Michigan" title="Sanilac County, Michigan">Sanilac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoolcraft_County,_Michigan" title="Schoolcraft County, Michigan">Schoolcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiawassee_County,_Michigan" title="Shiawassee County, Michigan">Shiawassee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Michigan" title="St. Clair County, Michigan">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_County,_Michigan" title="St. Joseph County, Michigan">St. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscola_County,_Michigan" title="Tuscola County, Michigan">Tuscola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Buren_County,_Michigan" title="Van Buren County, Michigan">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washtenaw_County,_Michigan" title="Washtenaw County, Michigan">Washtenaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Michigan" title="Wayne County, Michigan">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford_County,_Michigan" title="Wexford County, Michigan">Wexford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span 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