CINXE.COM
University of East London on The Conversation
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-GLOBAL" class="no-js"> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#d8352a"> <meta name="msapplication-navbutton-color" content="#d8352a"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="127105130696839"> <meta name="current-region" content="global"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-GLOBAL"> <meta name="searchtype" content="institution" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="University of East London Articles" href="/institutions/university-of-east-london-924/articles.atom" /> <script> window.GTM = window.GTM || {}; window.GTM.pageType = "institution"; </script> <script> //<![CDATA[ window.public_path = "https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/"; window.TC = {}; window.TC.Config = {"cookie_domain":".theconversation.com","image_cdn_domain":"images.theconversation.com","analytics_url":"https://analytics.theconversation.com","sharejs_init_delay_ms":0,"recaptcha":{"enabled":true,"siteKey":"6Lf3Oc0UAAAAAIbME3Lv7iS7EVeuQzpru1Jbij5N"}}; //]]> </script> <!-- refspec b500b827a88669ba0e5d99f22d11be35289f183d --> <title>University of East London on The Conversation</title> <style media="screen"> @font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:100;src:local("Montserrat Thin "),local("Montserrat-Thin"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-100-a5bfe500a212b55e1d97ab22ec963cc2.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-100-f3fd3a8cda2788c9187834cf76d76d57.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:italic;font-weight:100;src:local("Montserrat Thin italic"),local("Montserrat-Thinitalic"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-100italic-c4fd7303dedad09a44867a2c79296456.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-100italic-8545c5c9716e859e79c61d608b561504.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:200;src:local("Montserrat Extra Light "),local("Montserrat-Extra Light"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-200-11e53b4b006a3bacb5b027c6a9bb64ce.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-200-b6f663e2de4a8379688cdba1b954edbc.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:italic;font-weight:200;src:local("Montserrat Extra Light italic"),local("Montserrat-Extra Lightitalic"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-200italic-32131f2a84c4a3abee7d2fd2b49850ad.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-200italic-cd7b7fa2da727185e9a74724658bcc65.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:300;src:local("Montserrat Light "),local("Montserrat-Light"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-300-c587fd5d56f85fb730092fc82551b5a1.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-300-46b5c290e8fd38b7639e3f9383c2ac56.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:italic;font-weight:300;src:local("Montserrat Light italic"),local("Montserrat-Lightitalic"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-300italic-ca09533c023a3a9df2fb0167c26e0fdb.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-300italic-f56d740b2c209398b341cc025a9c77d6.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local("Montserrat Regular "),local("Montserrat-Regular"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-400-504499c7e16ee847a32a7a8bf6923a79.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-400-7710fcbaccd9837e1c5e7e819bf1d230.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local("Montserrat Regular italic"),local("Montserrat-Regularitalic"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-400italic-920286bb1fd8ffb693ef17a42546ee3a.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-400italic-035e0faa25a71eeab032f07cf5490eef.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local("Montserrat Medium "),local("Montserrat-Medium"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-500-6fd836a65acf6d59bd2f5e0be5717207.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-500-561e37f444fecedbe680a382e941392a.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src:local("Montserrat Medium italic"),local("Montserrat-Mediumitalic"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-500italic-44f475da8da3427ecc77a4450f00452c.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-500italic-4d2fdf6bcf6c74b893e69fec9c8907e5.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:600;src:local("Montserrat SemiBold "),local("Montserrat-SemiBold"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-600-c18b4ac34e93857f7437c28f94923dc0.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-600-010ceaeb92611d327450a647f8ce6017.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:italic;font-weight:600;src:local("Montserrat SemiBold italic"),local("Montserrat-SemiBolditalic"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-600italic-2dbbde16b836db7a390a71d3aa2a232e.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-600italic-045adf4940dd14d523350697cd984663.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:local("Montserrat Bold "),local("Montserrat-Bold"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-700-66fd2310725b78026454e50d0dd9effc.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-700-a7a97263d97c409f1a624f88d4f8f00e.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;src:local("Montserrat Bold italic"),local("Montserrat-Bolditalic"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-700italic-a9005293d3425d6e611c7c5f451d6f68.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-700italic-2413952457cc83b0bc6fe20b12ffa15b.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:800;src:local("Montserrat ExtraBold "),local("Montserrat-ExtraBold"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-800-abbac7439df45ab1a1e316d480a5c281.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-800-5e564db333b8b21c83b84ed531d94eb2.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:italic;font-weight:800;src:local("Montserrat ExtraBold italic"),local("Montserrat-ExtraBolditalic"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-800italic-4dac3f51b5a7a0609d210cc4fd4d5980.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-800italic-61120b3c6f076e91b0a7e86ac6966634.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;src:local("Montserrat Black "),local("Montserrat-Black"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-900-041d8fc07df6765187171717d5b810fb.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-900-c440708c3b73b3d9cea7e345718de728.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:italic;font-weight:900;src:local("Montserrat Black italic"),local("Montserrat-Blackitalic"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-900italic-3028f5dd9ff9ce34cb18fac0f6ffbbda.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/typeface-montserrat/files/montserrat-latin-900italic-1d7048d5048513c46705b15fb67a4379.woff) format("woff")}@keyframes (progress){to{background-position:-60px 0}}abbr,address,article,aside,audio,b,blockquote,body,canvas,caption,cite,code,dd,del,details,dfn,div,dl,dt,em,fieldset,figcaption,figure,footer,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,header,hgroup,html,i,iframe,img,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,mark,menu,nav,object,ol,p,pre,q,samp,section,small,span,strong,sub,summary,sup,table,tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,time,tr,ul,var,video{background:transparent;border:0;font-size:100%;margin:0;outline:0;padding:0;vertical-align:baseline}body,html{height:100%;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}table{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0}caption,td,th{font-weight:400;text-align:left}table,td,th{vertical-align:middle}blockquote:after,blockquote:before,q:after,q:before{content:""}blockquote,q{quotes:"" ""}img{-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic}a img{border:none}article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,menu,nav,section{display:block}nav ol,nav ul{list-style:none}del{text-decoration:line-through}sup{vertical-align:super}sub,sup{font-size:smaller}sub{vertical-align:sub}abbr[title],dfn[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}input,select{vertical-align:middle}[class*=" icon-"],[class^=icon-],h1{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}@font-face{font-family:TCFont-Regular;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/tcfont-regular-f612b8e50274f80fce402eb6dd5356ea.eot);src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/tcfont-regular-f612b8e50274f80fce402eb6dd5356ea.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/tcfont-regular-b820d37bb7b5e511344449a3bb688f10.woff) format("woff"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/tcfont-regular-f5cd784c207a3587678e5864b0e6a5ce.ttf) format("truetype")}[class*=" icon-"],[class^=icon-]{display:inline-block;font-family:TCFont-Regular;font-size:1.231em;font-style:normal!important;font-weight:400!important;position:relative;top:-.1em;vertical-align:middle;width:1.231em}[class*=" icon-"].icon-comments:before,[class^=icon-].icon-comments:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-twitter:before,[class^=icon-].icon-twitter:before{color:#000;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-email:before,[class^=icon-].icon-email:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-facebook:before,[class^=icon-].icon-facebook:before{color:#3a5a93;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-maximise:before,[class^=icon-].icon-maximise:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-republish:before,[class^=icon-].icon-republish:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-globe:before,[class^=icon-].icon-globe:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-delete:before,[class^=icon-].icon-delete:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-add:before,[class^=icon-].icon-add:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-layout:before,[class^=icon-].icon-layout:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-article-published:before,[class*=" icon-"].icon-article:before,[class^=icon-].icon-article-published:before,[class^=icon-].icon-article:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-article-check:before,[class^=icon-].icon-article-check:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-chart:before,[class^=icon-].icon-chart:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-reader:before,[class^=icon-].icon-reader:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-readers:before,[class^=icon-].icon-readers:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-subtract:before,[class^=icon-].icon-subtract:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-comment:before,[class^=icon-].icon-comment:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-search:before,[class^=icon-].icon-search:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-help:before,[class^=icon-].icon-help:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-rss:before,[class^=icon-].icon-rss:before{color:#eb7f3e;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-rss-non-coloured:before,[class^=icon-].icon-rss-non-coloured:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-favourite:before,[class^=icon-].icon-favourite:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-location:before,[class^=icon-].icon-location:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-time:before,[class^=icon-].icon-time:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-friend-of-tc:before,[class^=icon-].icon-friend-of-tc:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-friend-of-tc-outer:before,[class^=icon-].icon-friend-of-tc-outer:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-friend-of-tc-heart:before,[class^=icon-].icon-friend-of-tc-heart:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-check:before,[class^=icon-].icon-check:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-favourite-add:before,[class^=icon-].icon-favourite-add:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-followed:before,[class^=icon-].icon-followed:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-skype:before,[class^=icon-].icon-skype:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-media-enquiries:before,[class*=" icon-"].icon-phone:before,[class*=" icon-"].icon-work-phone:before,[class^=icon-].icon-media-enquiries:before,[class^=icon-].icon-phone:before,[class^=icon-].icon-work-phone:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-mobile:before,[class^=icon-].icon-mobile:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-private:before,[class^=icon-].icon-private:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-public:before,[class^=icon-].icon-public:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-topics:before,[class^=icon-].icon-topics:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-menu:before,[class^=icon-].icon-menu:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-external-link:before,[class^=icon-].icon-external-link:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-trash:before,[class^=icon-].icon-trash:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-image:before,[class*=" icon-"].icon-picture:before,[class^=icon-].icon-image:before,[class^=icon-].icon-picture:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-edit:before,[class^=icon-].icon-edit:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-heading:before,[class^=icon-].icon-heading:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-bold:before,[class^=icon-].icon-bold:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-italic:before,[class^=icon-].icon-italic:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-link:before,[class^=icon-].icon-link:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-video:before,[class^=icon-].icon-video:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-fullscreen:before,[class^=icon-].icon-fullscreen:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-close-fullscreen:before,[class^=icon-].icon-close-fullscreen:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-favourite-minus:before,[class^=icon-].icon-favourite-minus:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-envelope:before,[class^=icon-].icon-envelope:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-simple-check:before,[class^=icon-].icon-simple-check:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-calendar:before,[class^=icon-].icon-calendar:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-the-conversation:before,[class^=icon-].icon-the-conversation:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-lock:before,[class^=icon-].icon-lock:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-unlock:before,[class^=icon-].icon-unlock:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-audio:before,[class^=icon-].icon-audio:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-chevron-right:before,[class^=icon-].icon-chevron-right:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-caret-down:before,[class^=icon-].icon-caret-down:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-caret-left:before,[class^=icon-].icon-caret-left:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-caret-right:before,[class^=icon-].icon-caret-right:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-caret-up:before,[class^=icon-].icon-caret-up:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-pastespecial:before,[class^=icon-].icon-pastespecial:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-linkedin:before,[class^=icon-].icon-linkedin:before{color:#0181b2;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-pause:before,[class^=icon-].icon-pause:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-cog:before,[class^=icon-].icon-cog:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-orcid:before,[class^=icon-].icon-orcid:before{color:#a6ce39;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-music:before,[class^=icon-].icon-music:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-print:before,[class^=icon-].icon-print:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-google-plus:before,[class^=icon-].icon-google-plus:before{color:#de4931;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-home:before,[class^=icon-].icon-home:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-facebook-simple:before,[class^=icon-].icon-facebook-simple:before{color:#3a5a93;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-tag:before,[class^=icon-].icon-tag:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-left-guillemet:before,[class^=icon-].icon-left-guillemet:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-input:before,[class^=icon-].icon-input:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-whatsapp:before,[class^=icon-].icon-whatsapp:before{color:#455a64;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-fb-messenger:before,[class^=icon-].icon-fb-messenger:before{color:#0084ff;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-youtube:before,[class^=icon-].icon-youtube:before{color:red;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-auth-facebook:before,[class^=icon-].icon-auth-facebook:before{color:#3a5a93;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-auth-twitter:before,[class^=icon-].icon-auth-twitter:before{color:#000;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-auth-linkedin:before,[class^=icon-].icon-auth-linkedin:before{color:#0181b2;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-auth-google:before,[class^=icon-].icon-auth-google:before{color:#de4931;content:""}.icon-combine .icon-friend-of-tc-heart{margin-top:.045em;position:absolute}span.icon-combine-heart{display:inline-block;font-size:inherit;height:inherit;padding-left:10px;position:relative}span.icon-combine-heart i{left:0;position:absolute;text-align:center;top:0}i.icon-conversation-red{color:#d8372c}.vivus-icon-examples li{float:left;height:25px;list-style:none;padding:10px 0;width:25%}@font-face{font-family:Libre Baskerville;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/librebaskerville-regular-979b88dad081c654981a0c29d46e27bc.eot);src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/librebaskerville-regular-979b88dad081c654981a0c29d46e27bc.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/librebaskerville-regular-6fbec92a1e6cb891ff0da1af2e97a523.woff) format("woff"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/librebaskerville-regular-116bba3f2aa32286b63c594118c67f74.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-family:Libre Baskerville;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/librebaskerville-bold-9f88f945d8445fa58978dfbc4bce5ae9.eot);src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/librebaskerville-bold-9f88f945d8445fa58978dfbc4bce5ae9.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/librebaskerville-bold-98b8244fa821eed601d3d92165b098c6.woff) format("woff"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/librebaskerville-bold-1c63ea5a813372cc806d3885496b3308.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-family:Libre Baskerville;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/librebaskerville-italic-760c6e0b5a6ab858f15ea6cc6a864a40.eot);src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/librebaskerville-italic-760c6e0b5a6ab858f15ea6cc6a864a40.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/librebaskerville-italic-022309ef5c47fb36921851f730a90a84.woff) format("woff"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/librebaskerville-italic-e6cc30071bd07d243648b875a10a6c02.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-family:Libre Baskerville;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/librebaskerville-bolditalic-4fc9003b7c507a3909502ccc05a9cf2a.eot);src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/librebaskerville-bolditalic-4fc9003b7c507a3909502ccc05a9cf2a.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/librebaskerville-bolditalic-005508da94d530c4715b860b63e014bc.woff) format("woff"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/librebaskerville-bolditalic-d0e7fc2079d2288a9c737a386bd46401.ttf) format("truetype")}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){body{font-size:16px;height:100%;line-height:22px;width:100%}body #page-wrapper.overlay-visible{height:100%;overflow:hidden}body .handheld{display:block}body p{padding:0}body.pages-show .highlight-panel{display:none}body.pages-show .page-layout.section .handheld-analysis,body.pages-show .page-layout.section .series{display:block}body.pages-show .page-layout.section .handheld-ad,body.pages-show .page-layout.section .handheld-briefs{display:none}body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-research .handheld-briefs,body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-research .handheld-research{display:block}body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-research #special_section,body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-research .handheld-ad,body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-research .series,body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-research section#research-news .bordered{display:none}body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-columns .handheld-ad,body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-columns .handheld-columnists{display:block}body #analysis-and-comment .bordered,body #columnists .bordered,body #eb,body #editors-picks,body #members-footer,body #misc-sidebar,body #partners-footer,body #primary-navigation,body #research-news .bordered,body .masthead-search,body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-columns #special_section,body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-columns .handheld-briefs,body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-columns .series{display:none}body .wrapper{margin:0;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;width:auto}body.search-index #search_form #search-header{background:none;padding:0}body.search-index #search_form #search-header .search-form{padding-bottom:0}body.search-index #search_form #search-header .search-form label{box-sizing:border-box;padding:6px 0 0 8px}body.search-index #search_form #search-header .search-form input{-webkit-appearance:none;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:20px;min-width:100%;padding:4px 8px 4px 35px;width:100%}body.search-index #search_form #search-header .search-form input[type=submit]{left:-110%;position:absolute}body.search-index #search_form #search-header .search-form nav,body.search-index #search_form aside#search-sidebar{display:none}body.search-index #search_form section#search-results{margin-top:12px}body.search-index #search_form section#search-results h1{font-size:20px;text-align:left}body footer#footer{padding:5px 0}body footer#footer a{letter-spacing:normal;margin-right:10px}body footer#footer p.copyright{clear:both;float:none;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:normal;margin-bottom:0;padding:5px 0;text-align:center}body footer#footer p.copyright span{display:block}body footer#footer p.copyright span+span{margin-top:3px}body footer#footer p.copyright a{display:inline}body footer#footer p.copyright .comma{display:none}body #outer{padding-top:12px}body #outer>.wrapper{padding-bottom:0}body #outer .sidebar-link-list{display:none}body.pages .page-layout.section nav#tabbed-navigation{display:table}body h1.page-header{font-size:20px!important;line-height:1.3!important;width:100%}body h2{font-size:18px;line-height:1.3}body.partners.partners-index .partner article:after,body.partners.partners-index .partner:after{clear:both;content:".";display:block;font-size:0;height:0;visibility:hidden}body.info.info-contact_us #email tr th{border:0!important;display:block;padding-bottom:10px!important}body.info.info-contact_us #email tr td{border-bottom:1px solid #d7d7db;border-top:0!important;display:block;margin:0!important;padding-top:0!important}body article aside.share{clear:both}body article aside.share li{float:left;margin-right:5px}body article aside.share li .button{font-size:10px;margin-bottom:0;padding-right:8px}body .content-list figure{display:none}body.columns-show article{margin-bottom:1em}body.columns-show .pagination{font-size:.9em;margin-bottom:1em}}@media only screen and (min-width:1466px){html body .article-section article h2{font-size:20px}html body .article-section .lead-story h2{font-size:30px}html body .article-section .c-format h2{font-size:12px}html body.profiles-dashboards-show .metrics-wrapper .metrics-column{width:50%}html body .donations-video iframe{height:279px}}.vivus-grid-example{background-color:#212121;color:#fff;display:block;margin-bottom:20px;padding:20px;text-align:center}body{min-width:992px}.wrapper{margin:0 auto;position:relative;width:972px}.wrapper:after{clear:both;content:".";display:block;font-size:0;height:0;visibility:hidden}.wrapper [class*=" grid-"],.wrapper [class^=grid-]{float:left;margin-right:20px}.wrapper .grid-one{width:42px}.wrapper .grid-two{width:104px}.wrapper .grid-three{width:166px}.wrapper .grid-four{width:228px}.wrapper .grid-five{width:290px}.wrapper .grid-six{width:352px}.wrapper .grid-seven{width:414px}.wrapper .grid-eight{width:476px}.wrapper .grid-nine{width:538px}.wrapper .grid-ten{width:600px}.wrapper .grid-eleven{width:662px}.wrapper .grid-twelve{width:724px}.wrapper .grid-thirteen{width:786px}.wrapper .grid-fourteen{width:848px}.wrapper .grid-fifteen{width:910px}.wrapper .grid-sixteen{width:972px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-one{margin-left:62px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-two{margin-left:124px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-three{margin-left:186px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-four{margin-left:248px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-five{margin-left:310px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-six{margin-left:372px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-seven{margin-left:434px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-eight{margin-left:496px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-nine{margin-left:558px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-ten{margin-left:620px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-eleven{margin-left:682px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-twelve{margin-left:744px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-thirteen{margin-left:806px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-fourteen{margin-left:868px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-fifteen{margin-left:930px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-sixteen{margin-left:992px}.wrapper .grid-append-one{margin-right:62px}.wrapper .grid-append-two{margin-right:124px}.wrapper .grid-append-three{margin-right:186px}.wrapper .grid-append-four{margin-right:248px}.wrapper .grid-append-five{margin-right:310px}.wrapper .grid-append-six{margin-right:372px}.wrapper .grid-append-seven{margin-right:434px}.wrapper .grid-append-eight{margin-right:496px}.wrapper .grid-append-nine{margin-right:558px}.wrapper .grid-append-ten{margin-right:620px}.wrapper .grid-append-eleven{margin-right:682px}.wrapper .grid-append-twelve{margin-right:744px}.wrapper .grid-append-thirteen{margin-right:806px}.wrapper .grid-append-fourteen{margin-right:868px}.wrapper .grid-append-fifteen{margin-right:930px}.wrapper .grid-append-sixteen{margin-right:992px}.wrapper .grid-last{margin-right:0}.wrapper .grid-left{float:left}.wrapper .grid-right{float:right}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){body{min-width:100%}.wrapper,.wrapper .grid-eight,.wrapper .grid-eleven,.wrapper .grid-fifteen,.wrapper .grid-five,.wrapper .grid-four,.wrapper .grid-fourteen,.wrapper .grid-nine,.wrapper .grid-one,.wrapper .grid-seven,.wrapper .grid-six,.wrapper .grid-sixteen,.wrapper .grid-ten,.wrapper .grid-thirteen,.wrapper .grid-three,.wrapper .grid-twelve,.wrapper .grid-two{width:100%}.wrapper .grid-prepend-eight,.wrapper .grid-prepend-eleven,.wrapper .grid-prepend-fifteen,.wrapper .grid-prepend-five,.wrapper .grid-prepend-four,.wrapper .grid-prepend-fourteen,.wrapper .grid-prepend-nine,.wrapper .grid-prepend-one,.wrapper .grid-prepend-seven,.wrapper .grid-prepend-six,.wrapper .grid-prepend-sixteen,.wrapper .grid-prepend-ten,.wrapper .grid-prepend-thirteen,.wrapper .grid-prepend-three,.wrapper .grid-prepend-twelve,.wrapper .grid-prepend-two{margin-left:0}.wrapper .grid-append-eight,.wrapper .grid-append-eleven,.wrapper .grid-append-fifteen,.wrapper .grid-append-five,.wrapper .grid-append-four,.wrapper .grid-append-fourteen,.wrapper .grid-append-nine,.wrapper .grid-append-one,.wrapper .grid-append-seven,.wrapper .grid-append-six,.wrapper .grid-append-sixteen,.wrapper .grid-append-ten,.wrapper .grid-append-thirteen,.wrapper .grid-append-three,.wrapper .grid-append-twelve,.wrapper .grid-append-two{margin-right:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:1466px){body{min-width:1376px}.wrapper{width:1356px}.wrapper .grid-one{width:66px}.wrapper .grid-two{width:152px}.wrapper .grid-three{width:238px}.wrapper .grid-four{width:324px}.wrapper .grid-five{width:410px}.wrapper .grid-six{width:496px}.wrapper .grid-seven{width:582px}.wrapper .grid-eight{width:668px}.wrapper .grid-nine{width:754px}.wrapper .grid-ten{width:840px}.wrapper .grid-eleven{width:926px}.wrapper .grid-twelve{width:1012px}.wrapper .grid-thirteen{width:1098px}.wrapper .grid-fourteen{width:1184px}.wrapper .grid-fifteen{width:1270px}.wrapper .grid-sixteen{width:1356px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-one{margin-left:86px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-two{margin-left:172px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-three{margin-left:258px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-four{margin-left:344px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-five{margin-left:430px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-six{margin-left:516px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-seven{margin-left:602px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-eight{margin-left:688px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-nine{margin-left:774px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-ten{margin-left:860px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-eleven{margin-left:946px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-twelve{margin-left:1032px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-thirteen{margin-left:1118px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-fourteen{margin-left:1204px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-fifteen{margin-left:1290px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-sixteen{margin-left:1376px}.wrapper .grid-append-one{margin-right:86px}.wrapper .grid-append-two{margin-right:172px}.wrapper .grid-append-three{margin-right:258px}.wrapper .grid-append-four{margin-right:344px}.wrapper .grid-append-five{margin-right:430px}.wrapper .grid-append-six{margin-right:516px}.wrapper .grid-append-seven{margin-right:602px}.wrapper .grid-append-eight{margin-right:688px}.wrapper .grid-append-nine{margin-right:774px}.wrapper .grid-append-ten{margin-right:860px}.wrapper .grid-append-eleven{margin-right:946px}.wrapper .grid-append-twelve{margin-right:1032px}.wrapper .grid-append-thirteen{margin-right:1118px}.wrapper .grid-append-fourteen{margin-right:1204px}.wrapper .grid-append-fifteen{margin-right:1290px}.wrapper .grid-append-sixteen{margin-right:1376px}.wrapper .large-grid-one{width:66px}.wrapper .large-grid-two{width:152px}.wrapper .large-grid-three{width:238px}.wrapper .large-grid-four{width:324px}.wrapper .large-grid-five{width:410px}.wrapper .large-grid-six{width:496px}.wrapper .large-grid-seven{width:582px}.wrapper .large-grid-eight{width:668px}.wrapper .large-grid-nine{width:754px}.wrapper .large-grid-ten{width:840px}.wrapper .large-grid-eleven{width:926px}.wrapper .large-grid-twelve{width:1012px}.wrapper .large-grid-thirteen{width:1098px}.wrapper .large-grid-fourteen{width:1184px}.wrapper .large-grid-fifteen{width:1270px}.wrapper .large-grid-sixteen{width:1356px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-one{margin-left:86px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-two{margin-left:172px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-three{margin-left:258px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-four{margin-left:344px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-five{margin-left:430px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-six{margin-left:516px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-seven{margin-left:602px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-eight{margin-left:688px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-nine{margin-left:774px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-ten{margin-left:860px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-eleven{margin-left:946px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-twelve{margin-left:1032px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-thirteen{margin-left:1118px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-fourteen{margin-left:1204px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-fifteen{margin-left:1290px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-sixteen{margin-left:1376px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-one{margin-right:86px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-two{margin-right:172px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-three{margin-right:258px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-four{margin-right:344px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-five{margin-right:430px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-six{margin-right:516px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-seven{margin-right:602px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-eight{margin-right:688px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-nine{margin-right:774px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-ten{margin-right:860px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-eleven{margin-right:946px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-twelve{margin-right:1032px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-thirteen{margin-right:1118px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-fourteen{margin-right:1204px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-fifteen{margin-right:1290px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-sixteen{margin-right:1376px}}#header{background:#f2f2f3;border-bottom:5px solid #f2f2f3;border-top:1px solid #d7d7db;padding-top:24px}#header.condensed{border-bottom:1px solid #d7d7db;padding-top:17px}#header.condensed #masthead{margin-bottom:18px}#header.condensed .masthead-home-link{display:block;float:left;top:3px;width:260px}#header.condensed .masthead-home-link img{width:100%}#header.condensed .masthead-tagline{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){#header,#header.condensed{border:none;padding:0}#header .wrapper,#header.condensed .wrapper{position:static}#header #masthead,#header.condensed #masthead{margin:0}}#masthead{margin:0 0 24px;position:relative}#masthead .masthead-home-link{color:#4b4b4e;display:block;float:left;font-family:Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:32px;font-weight:700;height:29px;margin-bottom:0;position:relative;text-transform:uppercase;width:350px}#masthead .masthead-home-link img{display:block}html.no-svg #masthead .masthead-home-link{background:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/logos/logo-no-svg-44adbb10155a857a2ee142b13158122f.png) 0 0 no-repeat;height:30px;width:262px}html.no-svg #masthead .masthead-home-link img{display:none}#masthead .masthead-tagline{clear:left;color:#4b4b4e;float:left;font-size:12px;font-weight:400;height:18px;padding-top:4px;width:300px}#masthead .masthead-search{float:right;margin-left:20px;margin-top:-3px}#masthead .masthead-search input{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #d7d7db;border-radius:2px;display:block;font-size:12px;line-height:16px;min-width:280px;padding:7px 6px 6px 26px;position:relative}#masthead .masthead-search input:focus{border-color:#d7d7db;outline:none}#masthead .masthead-search label{color:#4b4b4e;padding:8px 0 0 12px;position:absolute;z-index:3}#masthead .masthead-search label i:before{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:14px;left:-4px;position:relative;top:0}#masthead .masthead-search .button,#masthead .masthead-search legend{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){#masthead{display:none}}#topbar{background:#fff;height:46px;line-height:18px;position:relative;z-index:25}.topbar-module{float:left}.topbar-button-list{list-style:none}.topbar-button-list li{float:left;margin-right:8px}.topbar-button-list li:first-child{margin-left:8px}.topbar-button-list a{border-radius:16px;display:block;height:32px;line-height:32px;margin:7px 0;text-align:center;width:32px}.topbar-button-list i{font-size:16px;line-height:16px;margin:0 auto;top:2px;vertical-align:baseline}.topbar-button-list i:before{color:#fff}.topbar-stay-informed{float:right}.topbar-stay-informed .topbar-button-text{color:#fff;display:none;padding:0 6px 0 0}.topbar-stay-informed .topbar-button.with-label a{padding:0 6px;width:auto}.topbar-stay-informed .topbar-button i:before{color:#fff}.topbar-stay-informed .newsletter a{background:#d8372c}.topbar-stay-informed .newsletter a:hover{background:#b12a20}.topbar-stay-informed .facebook a{background:#3a5a93}.topbar-stay-informed .facebook a:hover{background:#4971b7}.topbar-stay-informed .twitter a{background:#00b0e9}.topbar-stay-informed .twitter a:hover{background:#1dc8ff}.topbar-stay-informed .rss a{background:#eb7f3e}.topbar-stay-informed .rss a:hover{background:#f09e6c}.topbar-stay-informed .linkedin a{background:#0181b2}.topbar-stay-informed .linkedin a:hover{background:#01a6e5}.topbar-stay-informed .googleplus a{background:#de4931}.topbar-stay-informed .googleplus a:hover{background:#e5705d}.topbar-item-list{list-style:none}.topbar-item-list li{border-left:1px solid #d7d7db;float:left}.topbar-item-list li:first-child{border-left:0;padding-left:0}.topbar-item-list li a{color:#4b4b4e;display:block;height:18px;padding:15px 10px 13px;transition:background .3s}.topbar-item-list li a:active,.topbar-item-list li a:focus,.topbar-item-list li a:hover{background:#f2f2f3;color:#000}.topbar-item-list .tc-donate{background-color:#d8372c}.topbar-item-list .tc-donate a{color:#fff;font-weight:700;padding:14px 10px}.topbar-item-list .tc-donate a:active,.topbar-item-list .tc-donate a:focus,.topbar-item-list .tc-donate a:hover{background:#990a00;color:#fff}.topbar-dropdown a{color:#4b4b4e;display:block;height:18px;padding:15px 15px 13px;position:relative;transition:background .3s;white-space:nowrap;z-index:200}.topbar-dropdown a:active,.topbar-dropdown a:focus,.topbar-dropdown a:hover{background:#f2f2f3;color:#000}.topbar-dropdown .menu-button-close,.topbar-dropdown .menu-button-open{bottom:0;display:none;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;text-indent:-10000px;top:0}.topbar-dropdown .menu-button-close,.topbar-dropdown .menu-button-close:focus,.topbar-dropdown .menu-button-close:hover,.topbar-dropdown .menu-button-open,.topbar-dropdown .menu-button-open:focus,.topbar-dropdown .menu-button-open:hover{background:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7") repeat 0 0}.topbar-dropdown .menu-button-contents{display:block;height:18px;padding:15px 6px 13px 15px;position:relative}.topbar-dropdown .menu-button-text{float:left;max-width:150px;overflow:hidden;padding-right:6px;position:relative;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.topbar-dropdown .drop-down-caret{color:transparent;font-size:1em;opacity:.6;top:-2px}.js .topbar-dropdown .drop-down-caret{color:inherit}.topbar-dropdown.open .menu{display:block;z-index:8}.topbar-dropdown.open .menu-button-contents{border-bottom:1px solid #fff;margin-bottom:-1px;position:relative;z-index:10}.topbar-dropdown .menu{background:#fff;border:1px solid #f1f1f2;border-radius:0 0 2px 2px;box-shadow:0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.1),0 2px 4px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-sizing:border-box;display:none;left:0;margin-right:-1px;min-width:100%;position:absolute;top:46px}.topbar-mobile-home-link{color:#4b4b4e;display:none;font-family:Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:700;height:46px;margin-left:25%;text-transform:uppercase;width:50%;z-index:100}.topbar-mobile-home-link img{position:relative;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);width:100%}.topbar-home-link{text-align:center}.topbar-dashboard-link{float:right}.topbar-dashboard-link a{border-left:1px solid #f2f2f3;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f3}.topbar-label{padding:15px 0 13px 10px}.topbar-edition-selector{border-right:1px solid #f2f2f3;height:46px;position:relative}.topbar-edition-selector .current-region{color:#d8372c}.topbar-account-nav{border-right:1px solid #f2f2f3;float:right;position:relative}.editing-page .topbar-account-nav{border-right:0}.topbar-account-nav img{border-radius:32px;display:inline;height:36px;margin-top:-10px;width:36px}.topbar-account-nav .dashboard{display:none}.topbar-account-nav .activity-count{background:#d8372c;border:1px solid #d8372c;border-radius:10px;color:#fff;font-size:11px;font-weight:700;height:14px;line-height:14px;padding:2px 6px;position:absolute;right:-11px;top:3px;z-index:12}@media only screen and (min-width:1466px){.topbar-stay-informed .topbar-button-text{display:inline}}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.topbar-admin-shortcuts,.topbar-dashboard-link,.topbar-edition-selector,.topbar-edition-selector-title,.topbar-home-link,.topbar-promotional-links,.topbar-stay-informed{display:none}#topbar{border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f3;font-size:12px}#topbar .wrapper{padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px}#topbar .topbar-mobile-home-link{display:block}#topbar .author-signup,#topbar .reader-signup{display:none}.topbar-account-nav{border-right:0;display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.topbar-account-nav .activity-count{right:33px}.topbar-account-nav.open .menu-button-contents{border-left:1px solid #f2f2f3}.topbar-account-nav .menu-button-contents{padding-left:6px}.topbar-account-nav .menu-button-name{display:none}.topbar-account-nav .menu{border-right:0;left:auto;right:1px}.topbar-account-nav .dashboard{display:block}.topbar-account-nav .menu-button{padding-left:0}}#page-wrapper,body,html{height:100%}body{background-color:#fff;line-height:18px}#page-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:column}#outer{flex:1;padding-top:48px}#outer>.wrapper{padding-bottom:48px}#footers{flex-shrink:0}.handheld{display:none}h1 a:hover{text-decoration:none}div.crop{overflow:hidden}table.grid td,table.grid tr{border-bottom:1px solid #000}input::-moz-placeholder{color:#62626a}input::placeholder{color:#62626a}input.placeholder{color:#62626a}input:focus::-moz-placeholder{color:#d7d7db}input:focus::placeholder{color:#d7d7db}input:focus.placeholder{color:#d7d7db}.fluid-width-video-wrapper{margin-bottom:18px}audio{display:none;height:0;visibility:hidden;width:0}.placeholder-container{background-color:var(--background-color);position:relative}.placeholder-container:before{content:"";float:left;height:0;margin-left:-1px;padding-top:var(--aspect-ratio-percent);width:1px}.placeholder-container:after{clear:both;content:"";display:table}.placeholder-container iframe,.placeholder-container img{bottom:0;height:100%;left:0;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;opacity:.1;position:absolute!important;right:0;top:0;transition:opacity .5s;width:100%}.placeholder-container iframe.lazyloaded,.placeholder-container img.lazyloaded{filter:blur(0);opacity:1}.placeholder-container img{background-color:#fff}html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}body,input,select,textarea{color:#000;font-family:Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:13px}.text-center{text-align:center}span.nobr{white-space:nowrap}p{margin-bottom:18px}p.fine-print{font-size:11px!important}strong{font-weight:700}blockquote,em{font-style:italic}blockquote{clear:both;color:#4b4b4e;margin-bottom:18px;padding:9px 18px 12px;text-align:center}blockquote p:last-child,blockquote>blockquote:last-child{margin-bottom:0}blockquote,blockquote.left{border-left:4px solid #d7d7db;text-align:left}blockquote.right{border-right:4px solid #d7d7db;text-align:right}blockquote.feature{border-bottom:4px solid #f2f2f3;border-left:none;border-top:4px solid #f2f2f3;color:#000;font-family:LeagueGothicRegular,League Gothic,Impact,sans-serif;font-size:32px;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:18px 0 36px;padding:30px 0 24px;position:relative;text-align:left;text-transform:uppercase}blockquote.feature p:first-child{text-indent:50px}blockquote.feature:before{color:#d7d7db;content:"“";font-size:125px;left:0;position:absolute;top:62px}blockquote.feature,blockquote.feature p{line-height:36px}blockquote.feature cite{font-size:24px}blockquote.feature cite:before{content:"— "}blockquote cite{color:#4b4b4e;font-style:normal}blockquote,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{-webkit-text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-ms-text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-o-text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}h1.legacy.slammed,h2.slammed,h3.slammed,h4.legacy.slammed,h5.slammed,h6.slammed{margin-bottom:0}h1.legacy.border,h2.border,h3.border,h4.legacy.border,h5.border,h6.border{border-bottom:1px solid #d7d7db;padding-bottom:.33em}h1.legacy{font-size:28px;font-weight:700;line-height:36px;margin-bottom:18px}h1.legacy.page-header{border-bottom:1px solid #d7d7db;margin-bottom:36px;padding-bottom:9px}h1.legacy.page-header span{color:#d7d7db}h2{font-size:23px}h2,h3{font-weight:700;margin-bottom:12px}h3{color:#000;font-size:15px;line-height:18px}h4.legacy{color:#000;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.12em;margin-bottom:10px;text-transform:uppercase}h6{color:#d7d7db}hr{border:none;border-top:1px solid #d7d7db;clear:both;margin-bottom:18px}.link,a{color:#085d91;outline:none;text-decoration:none}.link:hover,a:hover{color:#003461;text-decoration:none}.link:focus,a:focus{outline:none}.link:visited,a:visited{color:#4b4b4e}.link:visited:hover,a:visited:hover{color:#085d91}nav ol li,nav ul li{list-style:none;margin-left:0}ul li{margin-left:0}ul.fine-print li{font-size:11px}ul.semantic li{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}ol li{margin-left:0}ol.fine-print li{font-size:11px}ol.semantic li{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}dl dt{clear:left;float:left;font-weight:700}dl dd{float:left;margin-left:1em;text-align:left}.league-gothic{font-family:LeagueGothicRegular,League Gothic,Impact,sans-serif;font-size:30px;font-size-adjust:.455;font-weight:400;line-height:40px;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}.meslo{font-family:MesloLGMDZ,Monaco,monospace}.figure,figure{display:block;position:relative}.figure:after,figure:after{clear:both;content:".";display:block;font-size:0;height:0;visibility:hidden}.figure iframe,figure iframe{display:block}.figure .figcaption,.figure figcaption,figure .figcaption,figure figcaption{color:#212121;display:block;font-size:13px;line-height:18px;padding-top:6px}.figure .figcaption a,.figure figcaption a,figure .figcaption a,figure figcaption a{font-weight:400!important}.figure .figcaption .attribution,.figure .figcaption .attribution a,.figure figcaption .attribution,.figure figcaption .attribution a,figure .figcaption .attribution,figure .figcaption .attribution a,figure figcaption .attribution,figure figcaption .attribution a{color:#212121}.figure .figcaption .attribution a:focus,.figure .figcaption .attribution a:hover,.figure figcaption .attribution a:focus,.figure figcaption .attribution a:hover,figure .figcaption .attribution a:focus,figure .figcaption .attribution a:hover,figure figcaption .attribution a:focus,figure figcaption .attribution a:hover{color:#085d91}article header p.byline{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:11px;line-height:18px;margin-bottom:0;padding:2px 0}.callout{background:#f2f2f3;border-top:4px solid #d7d7db;color:#000;display:block;margin:1em 0;padding:.5em 1em}.right{float:right}.left{float:left}.clear{clear:both}.clear-left{clear:left}.clear-right{clear:right}.clearfix:after,.clearfix:before{content:" ";display:block;height:0;visibility:hidden}.clearfix:after{clear:both}.clearfix{zoom:1}@keyframes pulse{40%{transform:scale(1)}47%{transform:scale(1.03)}55%{transform:scale(1)}to{transform:scale(1)}}.information{background:#f2f2f3 url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/icons/alert-instructions-76f48e944055d94f9ad902aca4ffe1f1.png) no-repeat 15px 13px;border-radius:2px;color:#4b4b4e;padding:12px 12px 12px 42px}.information a{color:inherit;font-weight:700}.information p{margin-bottom:0}.information p+p{margin-top:1em}.information .button{margin:-3px 6px}.information ul{list-style-position:inside}.information.prominent{background-color:#f2f2f3;border:1px solid #d7d7db}.information.success{background-color:#29a37a;background-image:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/icons/alert-success-cefcd0dc236e8d3c0a77863b29040399.png);color:#fff}.information.error{background-color:#d8372c;background-image:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/icons/alert-error-f95893328ecf3dd6c51eba085c089084.png);color:#fff}.information.warning{background-color:#ffda75;background-image:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/icons/alert-information-30e614f3f403049753170ccd98ce7053.png);color:#000}.formtastic .information{padding:12px 12px 12px 42px}p.flash{animation-duration:5s;animation-iteration-count:infinite;animation-name:pulse;animation-timing-function:ease-in-out;backface-visibility:hidden;background-color:#f2f2f3;border:1px solid #d7d7db;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;border-top:none;box-shadow:0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.1),0 2px 4px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);color:#000;filter:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/"data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'><filter id='grayscale'><feColorMatrix type='matrix' values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0'/></filter></svg>#grayscale");font-size:13px;left:50%;margin-left:-240px;padding:10px 20px;position:fixed;text-align:center;top:0;transform-style:preserve-3d;width:440px;z-index:30000}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){p.flash{margin-left:-37%;padding:10px 2%;width:70%}}p.flash.hidden{top:-200px;transition:top .5s}p.flash.show{top:0;transition:top .5s}p.flash.notice{background-color:#29a37a;border-color:#29a37a;color:#fff;font-weight:700}p.flash.warning{background-color:#ffda75;border-color:#ffda75}p.flash.alert{background-color:#d8372c;border-color:#d8372c;color:#fff;font-weight:700}#masthead{padding-top:5px}#masthead a.masthead-home-link{height:40px;margin-top:-8px}#masthead .masthead-search #q{box-sizing:border-box}#primary-navigation{position:relative}#primary-navigation:after{clear:both;content:".";display:block;font-size:0;height:0;visibility:hidden}#primary-navigation ol{float:left;list-style:none;margin-bottom:-4px;width:100%;z-index:3}#primary-navigation li{float:left;margin-right:.8em}#primary-navigation li:last-child{margin-right:0}#primary-navigation li.custom-nav-link{float:right;margin-left:20px}#primary-navigation a{border-bottom:5px solid transparent;color:#4b4b4e;display:block;float:left;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;line-height:26px;margin-bottom:-1px;padding-bottom:5px}#primary-navigation a.current,#primary-navigation a:hover{border-color:#d8372c;text-decoration:none}#primary-navigation a:hover{color:#4b4b4e}#primary-navigation a.current{color:#212121}#primary-navigation span span{color:#4b4b4e}@media only screen and (min-width:1466px){#primary-navigation li{margin-right:1.2em}#primary-navigation a{font-size:14px}}.region-select{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d7d7db;border-radius:.25rem;float:left;height:28px;margin:10px 10px 0 0;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:140px}.region-select:after{bottom:0;color:#d7d7db;content:"";font-family:TCFont-Regular;line-height:2;position:absolute;right:10px;top:0}.region-select select{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;-moz-outline:none;-moz-user-focus:none;background:transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;color:#383838;display:block;font-size:inherit;height:28px;outline:none;padding:5px 7px;position:absolute;text-indent:.01px;text-overflow:"";width:120%;z-index:1}.region-select select:-moz-focusring{color:transparent}.region-select select::-ms-expand{display:none}.search-form legend{display:none}.search-form .input-wrapper{position:relative}.search-form .input-wrapper input[type=text],.search-form .input-wrapper label{display:block;font-size:12px;line-height:16px}.search-form .input-wrapper label{color:#4b4b4e;padding:8px 0 0 12px;position:absolute;z-index:3}.search-form .input-wrapper label i:before{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:14px;left:-4px;position:relative;top:0}.search-form .input-wrapper input[type=text]{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #d7d7db;border-radius:2px;min-width:280px;padding:7px 6px 6px 26px;position:relative}.search-form .input-wrapper input[type=text]:focus{border-color:#293299;outline:none}#small-sidebar{background:#fff;background-clip:padding-box;border-top:46px solid transparent;box-sizing:border-box;display:none;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;height:0;overflow-y:auto;position:absolute;top:0;transition:height .55s cubic-bezier(.32,.08,.24,1);width:100%;z-index:11;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}#small-sidebar.visible{height:100%}#small-sidebar.visible .small-sidebar-group{opacity:1;top:0}.new-header #small-sidebar{border-top:96px solid transparent;z-index:9}#small-sidebar-close-button,#small-sidebar-open-button{color:#383838;display:none;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;line-height:46px;padding:0 12px;position:absolute;top:auto;transition:opacity .275s}.new-header #small-sidebar-close-button,.new-header #small-sidebar-open-button{color:#000;font-family:Montserrat;line-height:57px;padding:0 16px;top:44px}#small-sidebar-open-button{opacity:1;z-index:101}#small-sidebar-close-button,#small-sidebar-open-button.visible{opacity:0;z-index:100}#small-sidebar-close-button.visible{opacity:1;z-index:101}.small-sidebar-editions .region-select{border:none;box-sizing:border-box;height:33px;margin:0;width:100%}.small-sidebar-editions .region-select:after{color:#727272;line-height:1em;padding:10px;pointer-events:none;right:0;top:0}.small-sidebar-editions select{font-size:15px;height:33px;padding:0 4px}#small-sidebar-search form{position:relative}#small-sidebar-search input{border:none;border-radius:.25rem;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:15px;height:33px;width:100%}#small-sidebar-search input::-moz-placeholder{color:#383838;opacity:1}#small-sidebar-search input::placeholder{color:#383838;opacity:1}#small-sidebar-search input:focus::-moz-placeholder{opacity:.2}#small-sidebar-search input:focus::placeholder{opacity:.2}#small-sidebar-search button{background:none;border:none;border-radius:2px;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;height:29px;padding:7px 0;position:absolute;right:2px;top:2px;transition:background .3s;width:33px}#small-sidebar-search button .icon-search{color:#727272;font-size:22px}#small-sidebar-search input,.small-sidebar-editions .region-select{border:1px solid #d7d7db;border-radius:.25rem;float:none;height:auto;width:100%}#small-region-select-dropdown,#small-sidebar-search input{font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:14px;height:auto;padding:10px 12px;position:static;width:100%}.small-sidebar-group{opacity:0;padding:12px;position:relative;top:-50px;transition:opacity 1.1s cubic-bezier(.32,.08,.24,1) .198s,top .55s cubic-bezier(.32,.08,.24,1)}.small-sidebar-group:after{clear:both;content:".";display:block;font-size:0;height:0;visibility:hidden}.small-sidebar-group+.small-sidebar-group{margin-top:0}.small-sidebar-group h3{color:#383838;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.small-sidebar-group h3:after{clear:both;content:".";display:block;font-size:0;height:0;visibility:hidden}.small-sidebar-group ul{list-style:none}.small-sidebar-group li{margin:5px 0 0}.small-sidebar-group a{color:#383838;display:block;font-size:20px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;margin:0 0 .8em;padding:.2em 0;position:relative}.small-sidebar-group a.active{border-left:6px solid #d7d7db;margin-left:-12px;padding-left:6px}.small-sidebar-group .icon-chevron-right{font-size:14px;line-height:1;position:absolute;right:2px;top:10px}.sections-sidebar-group a{font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){#small-sidebar,#small-sidebar-close-button,#small-sidebar-open-button{display:block}}#topbar .topbar-stay-informed a{border-right:1px solid #f1f1f2}#topbar .topbar-dashboard-link a{border-left:0}#topbar .topbar-account-nav h4{padding:0 15px}#topbar .topbar-admin-shortcuts{border-right:1px solid #f1f1f2;float:right}#topbar .topbar-account-nav .menu{left:auto;min-width:125%;right:0}#topbar .menu-button-contents{cursor:pointer}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){#topbar{border-bottom:none}#topbar #topbar-dynamic-content.language-override-es .reader-signin{font-size:11px}#topbar .topbar-account-nav{font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:700}#topbar .topbar-account-nav li{border-left:none}#topbar .topbar-account-nav li a{color:#383838}#topbar .topbar-account-nav .metrics{display:none}}.content-authors{font-size:12px}.content-authors h3{font-size:11px}.content-authors a{font-weight:700}.content-authors .institution_name{color:#4b4b4e;font-weight:400}.content-authors-synopsis{display:none}.content-authors-synopsis i{border:1px solid #d7d7db;border-radius:50%;color:#4b4b4e;height:16px;line-height:16px;margin-right:6px;text-align:center;width:16px}.content-authors-synopsis .icon-caret-up{display:none}.content-authors-group{margin-bottom:36px}.content-authors-group ol{list-style:none;padding-top:6px}.content-authors-group li{clear:left}.content-authors-group li+li{margin-top:24px}.content-authors-group img{border-radius:50%;display:block;float:left;margin:0 12px 18px 0;width:48px}.content-post .team-blog .content-authors-group img{display:block}.content-post .content-authors-group img{display:none}.content-post .content-authors-group .role{margin-left:0}.content-authors-group .role{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:11px;line-height:1.4;margin-left:60px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-authors h3{margin-left:0}.content-authors-synopsis{display:block;margin-bottom:12px}.content-authors-group{display:none}.content-authors-group img{margin-left:0}.open .icon-caret-down{display:none}.open .icon-caret-up{display:inline-block}.open .content-authors-group{display:block}}@media only screen and (min-width:1466px){.content-authors-group .role{line-height:1.4}}.content-body{font-family:Libre Baskerville,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.6;padding-bottom:12px}.content-body .figcaption a,.content-body a,.content-body figcaption a{white-space:pre-wrap;word-wrap:break-word;color:#4b4b4e;text-decoration:underline}.content-body .figcaption a:hover,.content-body a:hover,.content-body figcaption a:hover{color:#293299}.content-body .figcaption a:visited,.content-body a:visited,.content-body figcaption a:visited{color:#4b4b4e}.content-body .figcaption a:visited:hover,.content-body a:visited:hover,.content-body figcaption a:visited:hover{color:#293299}.content-body blockquote{border-left:8px solid #d7d7db}.content-body ol,.content-body ul{margin-bottom:18px;padding-left:2em}.content-body table{border:1px solid #d7d7db;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;empty-cells:show;font-family:Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:13px;margin-bottom:18px;width:100%}.content-body table thead th{font-weight:700;vertical-align:top}.content-body table tbody td,.content-body table thead th{border:1px solid #d7d7db;padding:.5em 1em}.content-body figure{margin-bottom:18px}.content-body figure table{margin-bottom:0}.content-body figure.align-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:20px;width:237px}.content-body figure.align-left{clear:left;float:left;margin-right:20px;width:237px}.content-body figure.align-center img{width:100%}.content-body figure a,.content-body figure img{display:block;max-width:100%;text-decoration:none}.content-body figure figcaption{color:#4b4b4e;cursor:default;font-family:Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}.content-body figure figcaption a{display:inline}.content-topics{margin-bottom:12px}.content-topics ul{margin-left:25px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-body{font-size:16px;line-height:1.6}.content-body blockquote{margin-left:-10px}.content-body figure.align-left,.content-body figure.align-right{margin-bottom:12px;width:100%}.content-body figure.align-left img,.content-body figure.align-right img{width:100%}}.content-column-header{margin-top:1px;position:relative}.content-column-header .column-header{background-color:#f2f2f3;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e6;color:#383838;display:block;height:118px}.content-column-header .column-header:after{clear:both;content:".";display:block;font-size:0;height:0;visibility:hidden}.content-column-header .column-header:hover h3{text-decoration:underline}.content-column-header .content-column-feed{cursor:pointer;display:block;padding-top:5px;position:absolute;right:0;text-align:center;top:18px;z-index:7}.content-column-header .content-column-feed-itunes{top:54px}.content-column-header img{border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;float:left;margin-top:15px;width:90px}.content-column-header h3{font-size:27px;padding-top:40px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-column-header .column-header{height:auto}.content-column-header .content-column-feed{right:10px}.content-column-header .content-column-feed span{display:none}.content-column-header .content-column-image{position:absolute}.content-column-header .content-column-image img{width:60px}.content-column-header .content-column-title{float:none;margin-left:80px;margin-right:45px;width:auto}.content-column-header h3{font-size:22px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:6px;padding-top:20px}.content-column-header .byline{font-size:12px;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:20px}}.content-column-podcast-header{border-bottom:1px solid #d7d7db;color:#4b4b4e;font-size:18px;font-weight:700;padding:20px 0}.content-column-podcast-header a{color:inherit}.content-column-podcast-header a:hover{color:#212121;text-decoration:underline}.content-column-podcast-header .podcast-link-title{display:block;font-size:28px;line-height:28px;margin-top:18px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.podcast-info .image{display:none}}.content-disclosure-statement{margin-bottom:36px}.content-disclosure-statement h3{font-size:11px}.content-disclosure-statement p{margin-bottom:0}.content-disclosure-statement p+p{margin-top:18px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-disclosure-statement{display:none;line-height:1.4;margin-left:0}.open .content-disclosure-statement{display:block}}.content-header{padding-bottom:36px;padding-top:36px}.content-header-container h1{color:#383838;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:38px;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 12px}.content-header-container time{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:13px}.content-header-container .time-separator{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:11px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:4px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-header{padding-bottom:0;padding-top:12px}.content-header-container h1{font-size:28px;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:0}.content-header-container .time-separator{display:none}.content-header-container .timestamps{padding:12px 0}.content-header-container time{display:block}}.content-lead-image{padding-bottom:36px}.content-lead-image img{display:block;width:100%}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-lead-image{padding-bottom:0}}.content-partners{margin-bottom:36px}.content-partners h3{font-size:11px}.content-partners .disclosure-logo{display:table;text-align:center;width:100%}.content-partners .logo{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:120px}.content-partners .funding-statement,.content-partners .partners-jobs-links{border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f3;margin-bottom:12px;padding-bottom:12px}.content-partners img{margin:0 auto;max-width:120px;width:100%}.conversation-partners{margin-bottom:36px}.conversation-partners h3{font-size:11px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-partners{display:none;line-height:1.4;margin-left:0}.content-partners .disclosure-logo{display:none}.open .content-partners{display:block}.conversation-partners{display:none}.open .conversation-partners{display:block}}.content-social-distribution{font-size:11px;padding-bottom:36px;padding-top:5px}.content-social-distribution div{padding-bottom:10px;position:relative}.content-social-distribution a{color:#4b4b4e}.content-social-distribution a:hover{color:#000}.content-social-distribution i{font-size:12px}.content-social-distribution .fb-messenger,.content-social-distribution .whatsapp{display:none}.content-social-distribution .data-count{border:1px solid #d7d7db;border-radius:2px;color:#4b4b4e;padding:0 3px;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.gallery-content .content-social-distribution{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-social-distribution{border-bottom:1px solid #d7d7db;border-top:1px solid #d7d7db;clear:both;display:flex;margin:0 0 12px;padding:6px 0;width:100%}.content-social-distribution div{flex:1;padding:3px 0;text-align:center}.content-social-distribution div+div{border-left:1px solid #d7d7db}.content-social-distribution .fb-messenger,.content-social-distribution .whatsapp{display:block}.content-social-distribution a{display:block;width:100%}.content-social-distribution i{font-size:20px;top:0}.content-social-distribution i.icon-facebook{top:.1em}.content-social-distribution span,.data-count,.print{display:none}}#article .content-sidebar{float:right;position:relative}.content-sidebar{font-size:11px;margin-bottom:60px}.content-sidebar section.column-authors,.content-sidebar section.column-banner{margin-left:0}.content-sidebar .related-topics a{font-weight:700}.content-sidebar .byline{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:13px;margin-bottom:12px;margin-top:12px}.column-banner{margin-bottom:36px}.column-banner .byline{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:11px;font-style:italic;margin-bottom:12px;margin-top:12px}.column-title{border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f3;display:block;height:108px;margin-bottom:12px;margin-top:28px;position:relative}.column-title:after{border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f3;bottom:-3px;content:"";position:absolute;width:100%}.column-title h3{bottom:1px;font-size:15px;margin:0;padding-bottom:12px;padding-right:80px;position:absolute}.column-title img{bottom:0;position:absolute;right:0}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-sidebar{margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0}.content-sidebar section{margin-left:0}}.content-translations{margin-bottom:36px}.content-translations ul{list-style:none}.content-translations-toggle{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-translations{position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.content-translations h3,.content-translations ul{display:none}.content-translations.open{background:#fff;box-shadow:0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.1),0 2px 4px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);min-width:50%;padding:10px;position:absolute;right:0;top:-10px;z-index:100}.content-translations.open h3,.content-translations.open ul{display:block}.content-translations.open .content-translations-toggle{top:0}.content-translations.open .content-translations-toggle .icon-caret-up{display:inline-block}.content-translations.open .content-translations-toggle .icon-caret-down{display:none}.content-translations-toggle{display:block;font-size:20px;height:40px;line-height:40px;position:absolute;right:0;text-align:center;top:-10px;width:60px}.content-translations-toggle img{vertical-align:middle;width:26px}.content-translations-toggle i{border:1px solid #b0b3ba;border-radius:50%;color:#b0b3ba;font-size:15px;height:16px;line-height:16px;text-align:center;width:16px}.content-translations-toggle .icon-caret-down{display:inline-block}.content-translations-toggle .icon-caret-up{display:none}}body.refresh-article #outer{padding:0}body.refresh-article .audio-player{margin-bottom:36px}body.refresh-article .has-desktop-magazine .content-header,body.refresh-article .has-desktop-magazine .content-lead-image{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){body.refresh-article .has-desktop-magazine .content-header,body.refresh-article .has-desktop-magazine .content-lead-image,body.refresh-article .normal .content-header,body.refresh-article .normal .content-lead-image{display:block}}.magazine{display:none;padding-bottom:24px}.has-desktop-magazine .magazine{display:block}.magazine .image{background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;-ms-behavior:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/backgroundsize.min-fd1df32bcabf45d9ca0f1696b9e81652.htc);height:600px}.magazine .image .placeholder-container,.magazine .image img{display:none}.magazine .wrapper{height:100%}.magazine-title{bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%}.magazine-title header{bottom:70px;position:absolute}.magazine-title .content-header-block{border-left:24px solid #fff;display:inline-block;left:-12px;line-height:normal;padding:4px 0 0;position:relative}.magazine-title h1{background-color:#fff;color:#383838;display:inline;left:-1px;line-height:normal;margin:0;padding:4px 0 6px;position:relative}.magazine-title strong{left:-12px;position:relative;z-index:10}.magazine-title time{background-color:#fff;color:#4b4b4e;display:inline-block;font-size:13px;margin:-1px 0 0 -12px;padding:6px 12px}.magazine-title .time-separator{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.magazine{padding-bottom:0}.has-desktop-magazine .magazine{display:none}.has-mobile-magazine .magazine{display:block}.magazine .image{background-image:none!important;height:auto}.magazine .image img{display:block;width:100%}.magazine .image .placeholder-container{display:block}.magazine-header{height:auto}.magazine-title{position:relative}.magazine-title header{bottom:auto;position:relative}.magazine-title .content-header-block{border-left:none;display:block;left:auto}.magazine-title h1{background:transparent;display:block;padding-bottom:0}.magazine-title h1 strong{left:0}.magazine-title .timestamps{padding:12px 0}.magazine-title time{display:block;margin:0;padding:0}}.content-gallery-item{background:#f2f2f3;clear:both;margin:0 0 40px;padding:10px 10px 0}.content-gallery-item img{display:block;max-height:90%;max-width:100%}.content-gallery-item figcaption{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4;padding:20px 20px 20px 50px;position:relative}.content-gallery-item figcaption .count{color:#4b4b4e;left:5px;position:absolute;text-align:right;width:35px}.content-gallery-item figcaption .source{color:#62626a;font-weight:700;padding-left:.75em}.content-gallery-item:last-child{cursor:n-resize}.content-gallery-cover.loading{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)}.gallery-cover{background:rgba(0,0,0,.9);height:150%;left:0;transition:opacity .35s ease-out;z-index:1000}.gallery-content,.gallery-cover{bottom:0;opacity:1;position:fixed;top:0;width:100%}.gallery-content{overflow:scroll;padding-top:38px;transition:opacity .75s ease-in .3s;z-index:1001}.gallery-content .close-gallery{box-shadow:0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.1),0 2px 4px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);position:fixed;right:26px;top:10px}.gallery-content.hidden,.gallery-cover.hidden{opacity:0}.gallery-content-inner{color:#fff;margin:0 auto;width:75%}.gallery-content-inner header h1{color:#fff}.gallery-content-inner header time{color:#62626a}.gallery-content-inner .content-gallery-item{background:transparent;cursor:default}.gallery-content-inner .content-gallery-item img{background:#fff;margin:0;padding:5px}.gallery-content-inner .content-gallery-item:last-child{cursor:default}.gallery-content-inner .content-gallery-item:last-child img{cursor:n-resize}.gallery-content-inner .content-gallery-item figcaption{color:#fff}.gallery-content-inner .content-gallery-item figcaption .count,.gallery-content-inner .content-gallery-item figcaption .source{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.6)}#article .post-navigation{clear:both;margin-bottom:20px}#article .post-navigation ol{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}#article .post-navigation li{display:flex;float:left;width:50%}#article .post-navigation li:first-child .post-navigation-option{margin-right:10px}#article .post-navigation li:first-child .post-navigation-option:before{content:"";left:-20px;padding-left:10px;text-align:left}#article .post-navigation li:last-child .post-navigation-option{margin-left:10px}#article .post-navigation li:last-child .post-navigation-option:before{content:"";padding-right:10px;right:-20px;text-align:right}#article .post-navigation .post-navigation-option{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d7d7db;position:relative;transform-style:preserve-3d;width:100%}#article .post-navigation .post-navigation-option:before{background:inherit;border:1px solid #d7d7db;border-radius:50%;font-family:TCFont-Regular;height:40px;line-height:40px;position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);width:30px;z-index:1}#article .post-navigation .post-navigation-option .article{background:inherit;display:block;min-height:65px;padding:20px;position:relative;z-index:2}#article .post-navigation .empty{opacity:0}#article .post-navigation h4{letter-spacing:normal}#article .post-navigation time{color:#4b4b4e;display:block;font-size:11px}#article .content-sidebar.column-sidebar .content-authors{margin-top:60px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){#article .content-sidebar.column-sidebar .content-authors{margin-top:12px}} /*# sourceMappingURL=webpacked-critical-d0f67762b617f895.css.map*/ </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/webpacked-core-58ad5155c495e18d.css" media="screen" preload="false" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/webpacked-secondary-ddb3eab7974a117d.css" media="screen" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/webpacked-print-53ada9a8162f5384.css" media="print" /> <link rel="icon" sizes="192x192" href="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/@theconversation/ui/dist/esm/logos/web-app-logo-192x192-2d05bdd6de6328146de80245d4685946.png"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/@theconversation/ui/dist/esm/logos/favicon-cdcdc0dd51ffe5238483c3f27fd2eb57.ico"> <script> (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-WX8PHK9'); </script> <script> window.GTM = window.GTM || {} window.GTM.CustomDimensions = {"UserType":"Reader","RegionCode":"global"} </script> <script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"> window.didomiOnReady = window.didomiOnReady || []; window.DIDOMI = { ENABLED: false, THE_CONVERSATION_SDK_ID: "c:theconver-dUNGGyiP", THE_CONVERSATION_PROMOS_PURPOSE: "theconver-AA8pWL4T", } </script> <script> window.didomiEventListeners = window.didomiEventListeners || []; window.didomiEventListeners.push({ event: 'consent.changed', listener: function () { window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('didomi:consent.changed')) } }); </script> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="The Conversation"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/581997/original/9275d5c0-7dd5-4ddf-b50b-98d537e016f4.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> </head> <body class="region_global institutions institutions-show "> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WX8PHK9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <div> <a id="small-sidebar-open-button" href="#"> Menu </a> <a id="small-sidebar-close-button" href="#"> Close </a> <div id="small-sidebar"> <nav id="small-sidebar-search" class="small-sidebar-group"> <form action="/search"> <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search analysis, academics…"> <button type="submit" aria-label="Search"><span class="icon-search"></span></button> </form> </nav> <nav class="small-sidebar-group sections-sidebar-group"> <ul> <li class="home-page "> <a class="" href="/global">Home</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="small-sidebar-group small-sidebar-editions"> <h3>Edition</h3> <fieldset class="region-select"> <select id="small-region-select-dropdown"> <option data-code="AFRICA" value="/africa"> Africa </option> <option data-code="AU" value="/au"> Australia </option> <option data-code="BR" value="/br"> Brasil </option> <option data-code="CA" value="/ca"> Canada </option> <option data-code="CA-FR" value="/ca-fr"> Canada (français) </option> <option data-code="ES" value="/es"> España </option> <option data-code="EUROPE" value="/europe"> Europe </option> <option data-code="FR" value="/fr"> France </option> <option data-code="GLOBAL" value="/global" selected="selected"> Global </option> <option data-code="ID" value="/id"> Indonesia </option> <option data-code="NZ" value="/nz"> New Zealand </option> <option data-code="UK" value="/uk"> United Kingdom </option> <option data-code="US" value="/us"> United States </option> </select> </fieldset> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="page-wrapper"> <section id="topbar"> <div class="wrapper clearfix"> <a class="topbar-mobile-home-link" href="/global"> <img alt="The Conversation" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/@theconversation/ui/dist/esm/logos/logo-en-b159aca2598f351db37072c75294e4c8.svg" /> </a> <nav class="topbar-module"> <ul class="topbar-item-list"> <li class="topbar-home-link"> <a aria-label="Home" href="/global"> <i class="icon-home"></i> </a> </li> <li class="topbar-edition-selector-title topbar-label">Edition:</li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="topbar-edition-selector topbar-dropdown topbar-module"> <a class="menu-button-open" href="/global">Available editions</a> <div class="menu-button-contents"> <span class="menu-button-text"> <span class="current-region">Global</span> </span> <i class="icon-caret-down drop-down-caret"></i> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="region africa"> <a title="Africa edition" href="/africa">Africa</a> </li> <li class="region au"> <a title="Australia edition" href="/au">Australia</a> </li> <li class="region br"> <a title="Brasil edition" href="/br">Brasil</a> </li> <li class="region ca"> <a title="Canada edition" href="/ca">Canada</a> </li> <li class="region ca-fr"> <a title="Canada (français) edition" href="/ca-fr">Canada (français)</a> </li> <li class="region es"> <a title="España edition" href="/es">España</a> </li> <li class="region europe"> <a title="Europe edition" href="/europe">Europe</a> </li> <li class="region fr"> <a title="France edition" href="/fr">France</a> </li> <li class="region id"> <a title="Indonesia edition" href="/id">Indonesia</a> </li> <li class="region nz"> <a title="New Zealand edition" href="/nz">New Zealand</a> </li> <li class="region uk"> <a title="United Kingdom edition" href="/uk">United Kingdom</a> </li> <li class="region us"> <a title="United States edition" href="/us">United States</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="topbar-promotional-links topbar-module"> <ul class="topbar-item-list"> <li> <a title="Sign up to receive our daily email newsletter" href="/global/newsletters/global-perspectives-6?utm_campaign=System&utm_content=newsletter&utm_medium=TopBar&utm_source=theconversation.com"> Get newsletter </a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div id="topbar-dynamic-content" class="language-override-en"> <nav class="topbar-account-nav topbar-dropdown topbar-module"> <ul class="topbar-item-list auth"> <li class="author-signup"> <a href="/become-an-author">Become an author</a> </li> <li class="reader-signup"> <a href="/sign_up?return_to=%2Finstitutions%2Funiversity-of-east-london-924">Sign up as a reader</a> </li> <li class="reader-signin"> <a href="/sign_in?return_to=%2Finstitutions%2Funiversity-of-east-london-924">Sign in</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </section> <div class="slot" data-id="14"></div> <section id="header"> <div class="wrapper nocontent"> <header id="masthead" class="clearfix"> <a class="masthead-home-link" href="/global"> <img alt="The Conversation" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/@theconversation/ui/dist/esm/logos/logo-en-b159aca2598f351db37072c75294e4c8.svg" /> </a> <form class="masthead-search" action="/global/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <fieldset> <legend>Search</legend> <div class="row"> <div class="input-wrapper"> <label for="q"><i class="icon-search"></i></label> <input type="text" name="q" id="q" value="" placeholder="Search analysis, research, academics…" /> </div> <button type="submit" class="button" value="Search"></button> </div> </fieldset> </form> <div class="masthead-tagline"> Academic rigour, journalistic flair </div> </header> <nav id="primary-navigation" class=" nocontent"> <ol> </ol> </nav> </div> </section> <div id="outer"> <div class="wrapper"> <section id="institution-show-header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"> <header> <h1 class="grid-prepend-three grid-thirteen grid-last page-header legacy" itemprop="name"> University of East London </h1> </header> <div class="logo grid-three"> <img itemprop="logo" src="https://images.theconversation.com/institutions/924/logos/logo-1561041222.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=170&h=170" /> </div> <div class="description grid-nine"> <p>The University of East London (UEL) is a vibrant, modern university with a highly diverse population of students and staff drawn from more than 120 nationalities. It comprises seven schools, three research institutes and more than 45 research centres and groups.</p> <p>In the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, 94 per cent of UEL’s research was rated ‘internationally recognised’ or higher, with its research output ranked among the top 10 modern universities in the UK. It scored particularly highly in the areas of allied health, psychology and communications, cultural & media studies.</p> <p>UEL achieved university status in 1992 although its heritage as an educational institution dates back to 1898 when its predecessor, the West Ham Technical Institute, was founded as ‘the people’s university’.</p> <p>Today, UEL is a forward-thinking place of learning which embraces new technology and innovative ways of teaching but which remains rooted in its local community. Its aim is to become London’s leading university for civic engagement, with students being given opportunities to learn on real-world projects in London and abroad and its academic community delivering high-impact, socially relevant research.</p> <p>The University is based in two east London campuses in the rapidly evolving Royal Docks area and in nearby Stratford, which hosted the 2012 London Olympics and Paralympics. The area is one of Europe’s largest regeneration zones and a magnet for high-tech companies and arts organisations.</p> </div> <section class="grid-four grid-last"> <h4 class="legacy">Links</h4> <ul class="article-list"> <li class="article"> <a itemprop="url" href="http://www.uel.ac.uk/">Visit uel.ac.uk/</a> </li> <li class="article"> <a href="/become-an-author">Are you an expert from this institution? Register to write</a> </li> <li class="feed"> <a href="/institutions/university-of-east-london-924/articles.atom"> <i class="icon-rss"></i> Article Feed </a> </li> </ul> </section> </section> <nav id="tabbed-navigation" class="tabbed tabbed-section-navigation"> <a class="tab active" href="#articles">Articles</a> <a class="tab" href="#contributors">Authors</a> </nav> <div class="institution-page sm-display-articles"> <div class="grid-ten large-grid-eight"> <section id="articles"> <h3 class="border">Displaying 1 - 20 of 292 articles</h3> <div class="content-list"> <article data-id="244412" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="The Prescott punch: what a 2001 brawl between a deputy prime minister and a voter tells us about the changing nature of British politics" href="/the-prescott-punch-what-a-2001-brawl-between-a-deputy-prime-minister-and-a-voter-tells-us-about-the-changing-nature-of-british-politics-244412"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:48.50299401197605%;--background-color:#2f5857"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/633782/original/file-20241122-15-9z8n84.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=0%2C212%2C1525%2C762&q=45&auto=format&w=668&h=324&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="633782"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Alamy/David Kendall</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-22T11:27:46Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 22, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/the-prescott-punch-what-a-2001-brawl-between-a-deputy-prime-minister-and-a-voter-tells-us-about-the-changing-nature-of-british-politics-244412">The Prescott punch: what a 2001 brawl between a deputy prime minister and a voter tells us about the changing nature of British politics</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/stephen-barber-1501937">Stephen Barber</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Was John Prescott the last politician who could thump a member of the public and get away with it? No way.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="243580" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Orbital by Samantha Harvey wins the 2024 Booker prize – a short but powerful story urging us to save the planet" href="/orbital-by-samantha-harvey-wins-the-2024-booker-prize-a-short-but-powerful-story-urging-us-to-save-the-planet-243580"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#2d334e"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/631662/original/file-20241113-15-i2vnhz.JPG?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=988%2C0%2C3543%2C3543&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="631662"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Samantha Harvey at the Booker prize award’s ceremony. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Booker Prize</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-13T12:14:55Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 13, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/orbital-by-samantha-harvey-wins-the-2024-booker-prize-a-short-but-powerful-story-urging-us-to-save-the-planet-243580">Orbital by Samantha Harvey wins the 2024 Booker prize – a short but powerful story urging us to save the planet</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/debra-benita-shaw-1480024">Debra Benita Shaw</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>A slim but searing novel about an international group of people living on the International Space Station.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="243405" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="The Trump presidency could hammer global growth – here’s what the UK could do" href="/the-trump-presidency-could-hammer-global-growth-heres-what-the-uk-could-do-243405"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#566aa8"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/631249/original/file-20241111-17-ahl7qd.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=893%2C0%2C2269%2C2268&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="631249"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> </span> <span class="source" title="Source">helloRuby/Shutterstock</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-12T16:57:53Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 12, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/the-trump-presidency-could-hammer-global-growth-heres-what-the-uk-could-do-243405">The Trump presidency could hammer global growth – here’s what the UK could do</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/stephen-barber-1501937">Stephen Barber</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The prospect of US tariffs on British exports is focusing minds in the UK.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="243219" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Israel: Yoav Gallant’s sacking could have devastating consequences both for Palestinians and Israelis" href="/israel-yoav-gallants-sacking-could-have-devastating-consequences-both-for-palestinians-and-israelis-243219"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4b3a2c"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/631194/original/file-20241111-15-hisbc0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C2664%2C2664&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="631194"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Gallant and Netanyahu’s relationship was strained even before the start of the war in Gaza. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Debbie Hill / Pool / EPA</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-12T13:48:05Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 12, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/israel-yoav-gallants-sacking-could-have-devastating-consequences-both-for-palestinians-and-israelis-243219">Israel: Yoav Gallant’s sacking could have devastating consequences both for Palestinians and Israelis</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/john-strawson-1221835">John Strawson</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The sacking of Yoav Gallant could be a pivotal moment in Netanyahu’s determination to reshape Israel in his own political image.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="242423" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Tendons play an important role in our health and fitness – here’s how to keep them strong" href="/tendons-play-an-important-role-in-our-health-and-fitness-heres-how-to-keep-them-strong-242423"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4f362f"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/630889/original/file-20241108-17-kuz7u8.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=153%2C0%2C3612%2C3612&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="630889"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Weightlifting can help make your tendons stronger. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Vladimir Sukhachev/ Shutterstock</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-08T15:52:51Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 8, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/tendons-play-an-important-role-in-our-health-and-fitness-heres-how-to-keep-them-strong-242423">Tendons play an important role in our health and fitness – here’s how to keep them strong</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/alex-walker-1459443">Alex Walker</a>, <em>University of East London</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/lee-brown-2246519">Lee Brown</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Although tendons are often overlooked, they serve an equally important role as our muscles in our ability to move.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="242422" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Joy Dancer: dance documentary shows the power of movement to give a voice to the silenced" href="/joy-dancer-dance-documentary-shows-the-power-of-movement-to-give-a-voice-to-the-silenced-242422"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#ad8d55"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/628887/original/file-20241030-23-nea3iq.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=778%2C0%2C1072%2C1072&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="628887"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Gregory Gorée-Senegal in Joy Dancer. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Suzanne Smith</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-07T18:00:50Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 7, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/joy-dancer-dance-documentary-shows-the-power-of-movement-to-give-a-voice-to-the-silenced-242422">Joy Dancer: dance documentary shows the power of movement to give a voice to the silenced</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sarahleigh-castelyn-1299500">Sarahleigh Castelyn</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>This is a film about how we tell stories through dance.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="241822" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Booker prize 2024: the six shortlisted books reviewed by our experts" href="/booker-prize-2024-the-six-shortlisted-books-reviewed-by-our-experts-241822"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#59522c"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/626949/original/file-20241021-15-58y77c.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1965%2C0%2C3233%2C3233&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="626949"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Booker Prize Foundation</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-06T12:19:15Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 6, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/booker-prize-2024-the-six-shortlisted-books-reviewed-by-our-experts-241822">Booker prize 2024: the six shortlisted books reviewed by our experts</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/manjeet-ridon-2240552">Manjeet Ridon</a>, <em>De Montfort University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/debra-benita-shaw-1480024">Debra Benita Shaw</a>, <em>University of East London</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/diana-wallace-1171097">Diana Wallace</a>, <em>University of South Wales</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/emily-zobel-marshall-896640">Emily Zobel Marshall</a>, <em>Leeds Beckett University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ines-gregori-labarta-2249453">Inés Gregori Labarta</a>, <em>Lancaster University</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sarah-trott-1283649">Sarah Trott</a>, <em>York St John University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>From a longlist of 13, six novels have been shortlisted for the 2024 Booker prize. Our academics review the finalists.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="242561" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Big, bold and risky, but Rachel Reeves has still presented a continuity budget" href="/big-bold-and-risky-but-rachel-reeves-has-still-presented-a-continuity-budget-242561"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#a26556"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/629487/original/file-20241101-15-w7y0mk.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=300%2C441%2C922%2C922&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="629487"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Picture by Simon Dawson/No 10 Downing Street</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-01T14:00:15Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 1, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/big-bold-and-risky-but-rachel-reeves-has-still-presented-a-continuity-budget-242561">Big, bold and risky, but Rachel Reeves has still presented a continuity budget</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/stephen-barber-1501937">Stephen Barber</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Some uncomfortable home truths just could not be avoided.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="242509" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="What Labour’s first budget means for wages, taxes, business, the NHS and plans to grow the economy – experts explain" href="/what-labours-first-budget-means-for-wages-taxes-business-the-nhs-and-plans-to-grow-the-economy-experts-explain-242509"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4a3730"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/628931/original/file-20241030-15-fe4yzv.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=494%2C0%2C3997%2C3997&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="628931"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> </span> <span class="source" title="Source">PA Images/Alamy Stock Photo/Jordan Pettitt</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-30T17:10:51Z" data-format="tc_date"> October 30, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/what-labours-first-budget-means-for-wages-taxes-business-the-nhs-and-plans-to-grow-the-economy-experts-explain-242509">What Labour’s first budget means for wages, taxes, business, the NHS and plans to grow the economy – experts explain</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/linda-yueh-186585">Linda Yueh</a>, <em>University of Oxford</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jonquil-lowe-142031">Jonquil Lowe</a>, <em>The Open University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/karen-bloor-125945">Karen Bloor</a>, <em>University of York</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/phil-tomlinson-131179">Phil Tomlinson</a>, <em>University of Bath</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/rachel-scarfe-1641932">Rachel Scarfe</a>, <em>University of Stirling</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/shampa-roy-mukherjee-829137">Shampa Roy-Mukherjee</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Going for growth… but can chancellor Rachel Reeves keep workers and business happy at the same time?</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="241687" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Standing desks are bad for your health – new study" href="/standing-desks-are-bad-for-your-health-new-study-241687"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#b2875d"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/626922/original/file-20241021-15-2ze4id.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=2086%2C0%2C5695%2C5695&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="626922"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> </span> <span class="source" title="Source">AndreyPopov / Alamy Stock Photo</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-22T09:55:46Z" data-format="tc_date"> October 22, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/standing-desks-are-bad-for-your-health-new-study-241687">Standing desks are bad for your health – new study</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jack-mcnamara-1352749">Jack McNamara</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Turns out, standing all day may be just as bad for you as sitting all day.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="230322" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Human oversight of AI systems may not be as effective as we think — especially when it comes to warfare" href="/human-oversight-of-ai-systems-may-not-be-as-effective-as-we-think-especially-when-it-comes-to-warfare-230322"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#5f8195"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/605764/original/file-20240709-21-7e81a3.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=519%2C0%2C2850%2C2848&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="605764"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> </span> <span class="source" title="Source">U.S. Air Force Photo / Lt. Col. Leslie Pratt</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-28T11:32:12Z" data-format="tc_date"> August 28, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/human-oversight-of-ai-systems-may-not-be-as-effective-as-we-think-especially-when-it-comes-to-warfare-230322">Human oversight of AI systems may not be as effective as we think — especially when it comes to warfare</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/mark-tsagas-1480608">Mark Tsagas</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Is there a risk that human operators will start to “think” like AI?</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="237257" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Tory leadership contenders would be wise to become the ‘heir to Keir’" href="/tory-leadership-contenders-would-be-wise-to-become-the-heir-to-keir-237257"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#64352b"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/615311/original/file-20240823-22-58wxo1.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=68%2C0%2C1080%2C1080&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="615311"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Kemi Badenoch, Tom Tugendhat and Robert Jenrick are three of the frontrunners so far. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Alamy/PA/Jacob King/Stefan Rousseau</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-23T13:40:40Z" data-format="tc_date"> August 23, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/tory-leadership-contenders-would-be-wise-to-become-the-heir-to-keir-237257">Tory leadership contenders would be wise to become the ‘heir to Keir’</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/stephen-barber-1501937">Stephen Barber</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>They’re already tacking to the right but the six leadership contenders would be better off copying Starmer’s playbook.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="236834" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="UK airports are already at full stretch and passenger numbers are set to soar causing more delays" href="/uk-airports-are-already-at-full-stretch-and-passenger-numbers-are-set-to-soar-causing-more-delays-236834"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#542e49"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/613617/original/file-20240814-19-avtlwm.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=0%2C180%2C3791%2C3791&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="613617"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Technical problems have caused chaos at some UK airports. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">RoostShoots</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-20T16:40:15Z" data-format="tc_date"> August 20, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/uk-airports-are-already-at-full-stretch-and-passenger-numbers-are-set-to-soar-causing-more-delays-236834">UK airports are already at full stretch and passenger numbers are set to soar causing more delays</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/damian-devlin-1633316">Damian Devlin</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>With the summer holiday season in full swing, how are the UK’s airports coping? Recent technical problems caused widespread disruption - are we at risk of a repeat?</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="235385" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Benjamin Netanyahu addresses the US Congress and receives a very mixed reception: expert Q&A" href="/benjamin-netanyahu-addresses-the-us-congress-and-receives-a-very-mixed-reception-expert-qanda-235385"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4b372d"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/609393/original/file-20240725-17-vodwva.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=660%2C0%2C2535%2C2535&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="609393"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Israel’s prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, addresses a joint session of the US Congress on July 24. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">EPA-EFE/Will Oliver</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-25T14:19:30Z" data-format="tc_date"> July 25, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/benjamin-netanyahu-addresses-the-us-congress-and-receives-a-very-mixed-reception-expert-qanda-235385">Benjamin Netanyahu addresses the US Congress and receives a very mixed reception: expert Q&A</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/uk/team#jonathan-este">Jonathan Este</a>, <em>The Conversation</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>An expert discusses the key points arising from the Israeli prime minister’s speech to US Congress.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="234759" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Weerhoud at The Hepworth Wakefield: the spirit of dance animates Igshaan Adams’s reflection on South Africa’s history" href="/weerhoud-at-the-hepworth-wakefield-the-spirit-of-dance-animates-igshaan-adamss-reflection-on-south-africas-history-234759"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#54353c"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/607004/original/file-20240715-17-pt4bgk.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=300%2C4%2C1989%2C1989&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="607004"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Portrait of Igshaan Adams by Mario Todeschini. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Courtesy of the artist</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-22T12:38:44Z" data-format="tc_date"> July 22, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/weerhoud-at-the-hepworth-wakefield-the-spirit-of-dance-animates-igshaan-adamss-reflection-on-south-africas-history-234759">Weerhoud at The Hepworth Wakefield: the spirit of dance animates Igshaan Adams’s reflection on South Africa’s history</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sarahleigh-castelyn-1299500">Sarahleigh Castelyn</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>To understand this exhibition, you need to move your body through it and dance with Adams’s sculptures, tapestries and cloud installation.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="235053" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="How the UK’s new government is promising to kickstart the economy – and what it still doesn’t have an answer for" href="/how-the-uks-new-government-is-promising-to-kickstart-the-economy-and-what-it-still-doesnt-have-an-answer-for-235053"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#572728"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/607915/original/file-20240718-17-m8c9fi.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=647%2C100%2C3631%2C3631&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="607915"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Keir Starmer’s government set out 40 bills in its first king’s speech. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Rupert Rivett</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-18T16:06:11Z" data-format="tc_date"> July 18, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/how-the-uks-new-government-is-promising-to-kickstart-the-economy-and-what-it-still-doesnt-have-an-answer-for-235053">How the UK’s new government is promising to kickstart the economy – and what it still doesn’t have an answer for</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/shampa-roy-mukherjee-829137">Shampa Roy-Mukherjee</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Labour’s first king’s speech for many years was designed to ‘get the country moving again’ - does it have the right ingredients to achieve this?</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="233829" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Rachel Reeves is the UK’s first female chancellor. Here’s why that’s so significant" href="/rachel-reeves-is-the-uks-first-female-chancellor-heres-why-thats-so-significant-233829"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4c2e2e"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/605160/original/file-20240705-17-ehejt9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1092%2C89%2C3241%2C3241&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="605160"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Rachel Reeves celebrates winning her Leeds West and Pudsey seat. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Ernesto Rogata/Alamy Stock Photo</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-05T13:34:42Z" data-format="tc_date"> July 5, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/rachel-reeves-is-the-uks-first-female-chancellor-heres-why-thats-so-significant-233829">Rachel Reeves is the UK’s first female chancellor. Here’s why that’s so significant</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/shampa-roy-mukherjee-829137">Shampa Roy-Mukherjee</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The new government can’t keep its promises for growth without bringing more women into the economy.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="233640" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="UK election: Tory downfall is democracy rectifying its mistakes" href="/uk-election-tory-downfall-is-democracy-rectifying-its-mistakes-233640"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#50362a"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/605098/original/file-20240705-17-awif0r.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=633%2C0%2C2518%2C2518&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="605098"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> The Conservatives have lost the general election. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Alamy/PA Images/Temilade Adelaja</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-05T04:41:37Z" data-format="tc_date"> July 5, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/uk-election-tory-downfall-is-democracy-rectifying-its-mistakes-233640">UK election: Tory downfall is democracy rectifying its mistakes</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/stephen-barber-1501937">Stephen Barber</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The Conservative party has been voted out of office in a Labour landslide.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="230444" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Labour and the Conservatives both plan to boost childcare by relying on the private sector" href="/labour-and-the-conservatives-both-plan-to-boost-childcare-by-relying-on-the-private-sector-230444"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#a0725c"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/603372/original/file-20240627-18-i21u2t.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=202%2C22%2C3308%2C3308&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="603372"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Andrii Spy_k/Shutterstock</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-01T12:12:52Z" data-format="tc_date"> July 1, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/labour-and-the-conservatives-both-plan-to-boost-childcare-by-relying-on-the-private-sector-230444">Labour and the Conservatives both plan to boost childcare by relying on the private sector</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/helen-penn-1535824">Helen Penn</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Nursery education in the UK has gone from state-funded service to lucrative private enterprise.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="233372" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Naomi in Fashion: groundbreaking V&A show highlights the career of a trailblazing model and activist" href="/naomi-in-fashion-groundbreaking-vanda-show-highlights-the-career-of-a-trailblazing-model-and-activist-233372"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#ab724e"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/603480/original/file-20240627-17-peo74n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1152%2C0%2C3293%2C3293&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="603480"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Naomi Campbell at Naomi In Fashion. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Dave Benett/Getty Images for Victoria Albert Museum</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-28T10:18:08Z" data-format="tc_date"> June 28, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/naomi-in-fashion-groundbreaking-vanda-show-highlights-the-career-of-a-trailblazing-model-and-activist-233372">Naomi in Fashion: groundbreaking V&A show highlights the career of a trailblazing model and activist</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/tania-phipps-rufus-1544180">Tania Phipps-Rufus</a>, <em>University of East London</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The show goes some way to correcting the historical oversight of the significant impact of models on fashion culture.</span> </div> </article> </div> <nav class="pagination" role="navigation" aria-label="pager"> <span class="page current"> 1 </span> <span class="page"> <a rel="next" href="/institutions/university-of-east-london-924?page=2">2</a> </span> <span class="page"> <a href="/institutions/university-of-east-london-924?page=3">3</a> </span> <span class="page"> <a href="/institutions/university-of-east-london-924?page=4">4</a> </span> <span class="page"> <a href="/institutions/university-of-east-london-924?page=5">5</a> </span> <span class="page gap"></span> <span class="next"> <a rel="next" href="/institutions/university-of-east-london-924?page=2"><i class="icon-caret-right" title="Next"></i></a> </span> <span class="last"> <a href="/institutions/university-of-east-london-924?page=15">Last</a> </span> </nav> </section> </div> <div class="grid-six large-grid-eight grid-last"> <div id="jobs-and-events" class="grid-six large-grid-four"> </div> <div id="contributors" class="grid-six large-grid-four grid-last"> <section id="experts" class="article-section"> <h3 class="border">Authors</h3> <ol class="semantic article-authors"> <li class="vcard" id="author-1459443" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/alex-walker-1459443"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1459443/width170/image-20230803-27-hspy7y.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Alex Walker </span> </a> <p class="role"> Lecturer in Sports Therapy, University of East London </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1533434" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/andrew-branch-1533434"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1533434/width170/file-20240509-18-nre507.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Andrew Branch </span> </a> <p class="role"> Senior Lecturer in Media and Communication, University of East London </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1633316" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/damian-devlin-1633316"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1633316/width170/image-20240816-17-qrczvx.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Damian Devlin </span> </a> <p class="role"> Lecturer in Tourism and Air Transport Management, Department of Tourism, Hospitality & Events Management, Royal Docks School Of Business And Law, University of East London </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1480024" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/debra-benita-shaw-1480024"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1480024/width170/file-20231016-19-sz8p4c.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Debra Benita Shaw </span> </a> <p class="role"> Debra Benita Shaw is Reader in Cultural Theory in the School of Architecture and Visual Arts, University of East London </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1535824" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/helen-penn-1535824"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1535824/width170/image-20240612-17-wcjsr0.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Helen Penn </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of Early Childhood in the School of Education, University of East London </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-426718" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/iwa-salami-426718"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/426718/width170/image-20240324-24-vyko8b.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Iwa Salami </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of Law, University of East London </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1352749" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/jack-mcnamara-1352749"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1352749/width170/file-20220609-1203-pgezi3.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Jack McNamara </span> </a> <p class="role"> Senior Lecturer in Clinical Exercise Physiology, University of East London </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1221835" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/john-strawson-1221835"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1221835/width170/strawson.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> John Strawson </span> </a> <p class="role"> Emeritus Professor of Law, University of East London </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-2246519" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/lee-brown-2246519"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/2246519/width170/file-20241030-17-ps64xg.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Lee Brown </span> </a> <p class="role"> Senior Lecturer, Strength and Conditioning, University of East London </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1480608" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/mark-tsagas-1480608"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1480608/width170/image-20231023-19-gnspmo.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Mark Tsagas </span> </a> <p class="role"> Senior Lecturer in Law, Cybercrime & AI Ethics, University of East London </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1299500" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/sarahleigh-castelyn-1299500"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1299500/width170/image-20240715-17-bbrtqf.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Sarahleigh Castelyn </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor in Performing Arts, University of East London </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-829137" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/shampa-roy-mukherjee-829137"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/829137/width170/Screenshot_2019-09-09_at_16.48.51.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Shampa Roy-Mukherjee </span> </a> <p class="role"> Vice Dean and Professor in Economics, University of East London </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1446676" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/sonja-falck-1446676"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1446676/width170/image-20240415-16-7iwx7r.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Sonja Falck </span> </a> <p class="role"> Senior Lecturer, School of Psychology, University of East London </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1501937" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/stephen-barber-1501937"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1501937/width170/image-20240111-25-cxvdlt.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Stephen Barber </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of Global Affairs, University of East London </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1544180" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/tania-phipps-rufus-1544180"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1544180/width170/file-20240626-23-nucdcm.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Tania Phipps-Rufus </span> </a> <p class="role"> Senior Lecturer and Course Leader of the BA (Hons) in Fashion Culture & Business, University of East London </p> </li> </ol> <p class="more"> <a class="button right" href="/institutions/university-of-east-london-924/authors">More Authors</a> </p> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footers"> <section class="footer-primary"> <div class="wrapper nocontent"> <section class="community footer-link-list grid-five large-grid-four"> <nav> <ul> <li> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DUkhOcnF1Ef1MpuKtGr7rbBAawO4XV48">Editorial Policies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/global/community-standards">Community standards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/global/republishing-guidelines">Republishing guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://analytics.theconversation.com/global">Analytics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/global/feeds">Our feeds</a> </li> <li> <a title="Sign up to receive our daily email newsletter" href="/global/newsletters/global-perspectives-6?utm_campaign=System&utm_content=newsletter&utm_medium=Footer&utm_source=theconversation.com">Get newsletter</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </section> <section class="company footer-link-list grid-five large-grid-seven"> <nav> <ul> <li> <a href="/global/who-we-are">Who we are</a> </li> <li> <a href="/global/charter">Our charter</a> </li> <li> <a href="/global/team">Our team</a> </li> <li> <a href="/global/partners">Partners and funders</a> </li> <li> <a href="/global/resources-for-media">Resource for media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/global/contact-us">Contact us</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </section> <section class="grid-six large-grid-five grid-last"> <div class="sitewide-social-media"> <ul> <li class="facebook"> <a title="The Conversation on Facebook" rel="me" href="https://facebook.com/TheConversationGlobal">​</a> </li> <li class="twitter"> <a title="The Conversation on X (formerly Twitter)" rel="me" href="https://twitter.com/_TCGlobal">​</a> </li> <li class="linkedin"> <a title="The Conversation on LinkedIn" rel="me" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-conversation-media-group">​</a> </li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </section> <footer id="footer"> <div class="wrapper flex flex-col mx-auto pt-4 text-2xs md:flex-row 2xl:text-xs"> <nav class="flex flex-col gap-4 text-center md:flex-row"> <a class="mb-2" href="/global/privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a> <a class="mb-2" href="/global/terms-and-conditions">Terms and conditions</a> <a class="mb-2" href="/global/corrections">Corrections</a> </nav> <p class="copyright mx-auto mt-4 md:mt-0 lg:mr-0 lg:ml-auto"> Copyright © 2010–2024, <a href="https://theconversation.com/global/who-we-are">The Conversation</a> </p> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="slot" data-id="13"></div> <script src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/application-498f4a48335545189cf5.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/gtm_data_layer-2f5b94c0bf06c1289d2a.js"></script> <script> //<![CDATA[ TC.locale = "en-GLOBAL"; TC.env = "production"; TC.pageType = "institutions#show"; TC.localePath = "https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/en-GLOBAL-ed4f7f5299604cb20356743faad128d3.json"; TC.bugsnagConfig = {"apiKey":"e6966b978008ed1612ea7793efb88e93","appVersion":"b500b827a88669ba0e5d99f22d11be35289f183d","collectUserIp":false,"releaseStage":"production","notifyReleaseStages":["development","staging","production"]}; TC.init = function() { TC.page = new TC.InstitutionPage({ id: '924' }) } //]]> </script> <script> //<![CDATA[ "use strict";(self.webpackChunktc=self.webpackChunktc||[]).push([[952],{51250:function(e,t,s){s(52146).A.init(TC.localePath,TC.locale,!1,TC.init)},52146:function(e,t,s){s.d(t,{A:function(){return P}});var i=s(23029),n=s(92901),o=[],r=o.forEach,a=o.slice;function l(e,t,s,i){var n=e.read.bind(e);if(2!==n.length)n(t,s,i);else try{var o=n(t,s);o&&"function"==typeof o.then?o.then((function(e){return i(null,e)})).catch(i):i(null,o)}catch(e){i(e)}}var c=function(){function e(t){var s=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};(0,i.A)(this,e),this.backends=[],this.type="backend",this.allOptions=n,this.init(t,s)}return(0,n.A)(e,[{key:"init",value:function(e){var t=this,s=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},i=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};this.services=e,this.options=function(e){return r.call(a.call(arguments,1),(function(t){if(t)for(var s in t)void 0===e[s]&&(e[s]=t[s])})),e}(s,this.options||{},{handleEmptyResourcesAsFailed:!0,cacheHitMode:"none"}),this.allOptions=i,this.options.backends&&this.options.backends.forEach((function(s,n){var o;t.backends[n]=t.backends[n]||((o=s)?"function"==typeof o?new o:o:null),t.backends[n].init(e,t.options.backendOptions&&t.options.backendOptions[n]||{},i)})),this.services&&this.options.reloadInterval&&setInterval((function(){return t.reload()}),this.options.reloadInterval)}},{key:"read",value:function(e,t,s){var i=this,n=this.backends.length,o=function s(n,o){if(!(n<0)){var r=i.backends[n];r.save?(r.save(e,t,o),s(n-1,o)):s(n-1,o)}};!function r(a){if(a>=n)return s(new Error("non of the backend loaded data",!0));var c=a===n-1,u=i.options.handleEmptyResourcesAsFailed&&!c?0:-1,h=i.backends[a];h.read?l(h,e,t,(function(n,c,p){if(!n&&c&&Object.keys(c).length>u){if(s(null,c,a),o(a-1,c),h.save&&i.options.cacheHitMode&&["refresh","refreshAndUpdateStore"].indexOf(i.options.cacheHitMode)>-1){if(p&&i.options.refreshExpirationTime&&p+i.options.refreshExpirationTime>Date.now())return;var d=i.backends[a+1];d&&d.read&&l(d,e,t,(function(s,n){s||n&&(Object.keys(n).length<=u||(o(a,n),"refreshAndUpdateStore"===i.options.cacheHitMode&&i.services&&i.services.resourceStore&&i.services.resourceStore.addResourceBundle(e,t,n)))}))}}else r(a+1)})):r(a+1)}(0)}},{key:"create",value:function(e,t,s,i){var n=arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4]?arguments[4]:function(){},o=arguments.length>5&&void 0!==arguments[5]?arguments[5]:{};this.backends.forEach((function(r){if(r.create){var a=r.create.bind(r);if(a.length<6)try{var l;(l=5===a.length?a(e,t,s,i,o):a(e,t,s,i))&&"function"==typeof l.then?l.then((function(e){return n(null,e)})).catch(n):n(null,l)}catch(e){n(e)}else a(e,t,s,i,n,o)}}))}},{key:"reload",value:function(){var e=this,t=this.services,s=t.backendConnector,i=t.languageUtils,n=t.logger,o=s.language;if(!o||"cimode"!==o.toLowerCase()){var r=[],a=function(e){i.toResolveHierarchy(e).forEach((function(e){r.indexOf(e)<0&&r.push(e)}))};a(o),this.allOptions.preload&&this.allOptions.preload.forEach((function(e){return a(e)})),r.forEach((function(t){e.allOptions.ns.forEach((function(e){s.read(t,e,"read",null,null,(function(i,o){i&&n.warn("loading namespace ".concat(e," for language ").concat(t," failed"),i),!i&&o&&n.log("loaded namespace ".concat(e," for language ").concat(t),o),s.loaded("".concat(t,"|").concat(e),i,o)}))}))}))}}}]),e}();c.type="backend";var u=s(72635),h=s(64467);function p(e,t){var s=Object.keys(e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var i=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);t&&(i=i.filter((function(t){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,t).enumerable}))),s.push.apply(s,i)}return s}function d(e){for(var t=1;t<arguments.length;t++){var s=null!=arguments[t]?arguments[t]:{};t%2?p(Object(s),!0).forEach((function(t){(0,h.A)(e,t,s[t])})):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(s)):p(Object(s)).forEach((function(t){Object.defineProperty(e,t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(s,t))}))}return e}var g=function(){function e(t){(0,i.A)(this,e),this.store=t.store}return(0,n.A)(e,[{key:"setItem",value:function(e,t){if(this.store)try{this.store.setItem(e,t)}catch(e){}}},{key:"getItem",value:function(e,t){if(this.store)try{return this.store.getItem(e,t)}catch(e){}}}]),e}();var f=function(){function e(t){var s=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};(0,i.A)(this,e),this.init(t,s),this.type="backend"}return(0,n.A)(e,[{key:"init",value:function(e){var t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.services=e,this.options=d(d(d({},function(){var e=null;try{e=window.localStorage}catch(e){"undefined"!=typeof window&&console.log("Failed to load local storage.",e)}return{prefix:"i18next_res_",expirationTime:6048e5,defaultVersion:void 0,versions:{},store:e}}()),this.options),t),this.storage=new g(this.options)}},{key:"read",value:function(e,t,s){var i=Date.now();if(!this.storage.store)return s(null,null);var n=this.storage.getItem("".concat(this.options.prefix).concat(e,"-").concat(t));if(n){n=JSON.parse(n);var o=this.getVersion(e);if(n.i18nStamp&&n.i18nStamp+this.options.expirationTime>i&&o===n.i18nVersion){var r=n.i18nStamp;return delete n.i18nVersion,delete n.i18nStamp,s(null,n,r)}}return s(null,null)}},{key:"save",value:function(e,t,s){if(this.storage.store){s.i18nStamp=Date.now();var i=this.getVersion(e);i&&(s.i18nVersion=i),this.storage.setItem("".concat(this.options.prefix).concat(e,"-").concat(t),JSON.stringify(s))}}},{key:"getVersion",value:function(e){return this.options.versions[e]||this.options.defaultVersion}}]),e}();f.type="backend";var v=s(62046),m=s(80030),y=s(82284),b=[],x=b.forEach,k=b.slice;function S(e,t){if(t&&"object"===(0,y.A)(t)){var s="",i=encodeURIComponent;for(var n in t)s+="&"+i(n)+"="+i(t[n]);if(!s)return e;e=e+(-1!==e.indexOf("?")?"&":"?")+s.slice(1)}return e}function O(e,t,s,i,n){i&&"object"===(0,y.A)(i)&&(n||(i._t=new Date),i=S("",i).slice(1)),t.queryStringParams&&(e=S(e,t.queryStringParams));try{var o;(o=XMLHttpRequest?new XMLHttpRequest:new ActiveXObject("MSXML2.XMLHTTP.3.0")).open(i?"POST":"GET",e,1),t.crossDomain||o.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With","XMLHttpRequest"),o.withCredentials=!!t.withCredentials,i&&o.setRequestHeader("Content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded"),o.overrideMimeType&&o.overrideMimeType("application/json");var r=t.customHeaders;if(r="function"==typeof r?r():r)for(var a in r)o.setRequestHeader(a,r[a]);o.onreadystatechange=function(){o.readyState>3&&s&&s(o.responseText,o)},o.send(i)}catch(e){console&&console.log(e)}}var w=function(){function e(t){var s=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};(0,i.A)(this,e),this.init(t,s),this.type="backend"}return(0,n.A)(e,[{key:"init",value:function(e){var t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.services=e,this.options=function(e){return x.call(k.call(arguments,1),(function(t){if(t)for(var s in t)void 0===e[s]&&(e[s]=t[s])})),e}(t,this.options||{},{loadPath:"/locales/{{lng}}/{{ns}}.json",addPath:"/locales/add/{{lng}}/{{ns}}",allowMultiLoading:!1,parse:JSON.parse,parsePayload:function(e,t,s){return(0,h.A)({},t,s||"")},crossDomain:!1,ajax:O})}},{key:"readMulti",value:function(e,t,s){var i=this.options.loadPath;"function"==typeof this.options.loadPath&&(i=this.options.loadPath(e,t));var n=this.services.interpolator.interpolate(i,{lng:e.join("+"),ns:t.join("+")});this.loadUrl(n,s)}},{key:"read",value:function(e,t,s){var i=this.options.loadPath;"function"==typeof this.options.loadPath&&(i=this.options.loadPath([e],[t]));var n=this.services.interpolator.interpolate(i,{lng:e,ns:t});this.loadUrl(n,s)}},{key:"loadUrl",value:function(e,t){var s=this;this.options.ajax(e,this.options,(function(i,n){if(n.status>=500&&n.status<600)return t("failed loading "+e,!0);if(n.status>=400&&n.status<500)return t("failed loading "+e,!1);var o,r;try{o=s.options.parse(i,e)}catch(t){r="failed parsing "+e+" to json"}if(r)return t(r,!1);t(null,o)}))}},{key:"create",value:function(e,t,s,i){var n=this;"string"==typeof e&&(e=[e]);var o=this.options.parsePayload(t,s,i);e.forEach((function(e){var s=n.services.interpolator.interpolate(n.options.addPath,{lng:e,ns:t});n.options.ajax(s,n.options,(function(e,t){}),o)}))}}]),e}();w.type="backend";var L=w;function R(e,t){for(var s=0;s<t.length;s++){var i=t[s];i.enumerable=i.enumerable||!1,i.configurable=!0,"value"in i&&(i.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(e,i.key,i)}}var P=function(){function e(){!function(e,t){if(!(e instanceof t))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}(this,e)}var t,s,i;return t=e,i=[{key:"init",value:function(e,t,s,i){var n,o,r,a=[];(0,v.A)()&&a.push(f),a.push(L),u.Ay.use(c).init({backend:{backends:a,backendOptions:[{versions:(n={},o=t,r=e,o in n?Object.defineProperty(n,o,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):n[o]=r,n)},{crossDomain:s,loadPath:e}]},lng:t},(function(e){e&&e.length&&(0,m.A)("/no_js_locale?message=".concat(e[0]));try{i()}catch(e){throw(0,m.A)("/js_init_failure?message=".concat(e)),e}}))}},{key:"t",value:function(){return u.Ay.t.apply(u.Ay,arguments)||(arguments.length<=0?void 0:arguments[0])}}],(s=null)&&R(t.prototype,s),i&&R(t,i),e}()},62046:function(e,t,s){function i(){var e="local-storage-availability-test";try{return window.localStorage.setItem(e,e),window.localStorage.getItem(e),window.localStorage.removeItem(e),!0}catch(e){return!1}}s.d(t,{A:function(){return i}})},80030:function(e,t){t.A=function(e){var t=!1;window.XMLHttpRequest?t=new XMLHttpRequest:window.ActiveXObject&&(t=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")),!1!==t&&(t.open("GET",e,!0),t.send())}},23029:function(e,t,s){function i(e,t){if(!(e instanceof t))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}s.d(t,{A:function(){return i}})},92901:function(e,t,s){s.d(t,{A:function(){return o}});var i=s(20816);function n(e,t){for(var s=0;s<t.length;s++){var n=t[s];n.enumerable=n.enumerable||!1,n.configurable=!0,"value"in n&&(n.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(e,(0,i.A)(n.key),n)}}function o(e,t,s){return t&&n(e.prototype,t),s&&n(e,s),Object.defineProperty(e,"prototype",{writable:!1}),e}},64467:function(e,t,s){s.d(t,{A:function(){return n}});var i=s(20816);function n(e,t,s){return(t=(0,i.A)(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:s,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=s,e}},20816:function(e,t,s){s.d(t,{A:function(){return n}});var i=s(82284);function n(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=(0,i.A)(e)||!e)return e;var s=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==s){var n=s.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=(0,i.A)(n))return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==(0,i.A)(t)?t:t+""}},82284:function(e,t,s){function i(e){return i="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(e){return typeof e}:function(e){return e&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&e.constructor===Symbol&&e!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof e},i(e)}s.d(t,{A:function(){return i}})},72635:function(e,t,s){s.d(t,{Ay:function(){return K}});const i=e=>"string"==typeof e,n=()=>{let e,t;const s=new Promise(((s,i)=>{e=s,t=i}));return s.resolve=e,s.reject=t,s},o=e=>null==e?"":""+e,r=/###/g,a=e=>e&&e.indexOf("###")>-1?e.replace(r,"."):e,l=e=>!e||i(e),c=(e,t,s)=>{const n=i(t)?t.split("."):t;let o=0;for(;o<n.length-1;){if(l(e))return{};const t=a(n[o]);!e[t]&&s&&(e[t]=new s),e=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t)?e[t]:{},++o}return l(e)?{}:{obj:e,k:a(n[o])}},u=(e,t,s)=>{const{obj:i,k:n}=c(e,t,Object);if(void 0!==i||1===t.length)return void(i[n]=s);let o=t[t.length-1],r=t.slice(0,t.length-1),a=c(e,r,Object);for(;void 0===a.obj&&r.length;)o=`${r[r.length-1]}.${o}`,r=r.slice(0,r.length-1),a=c(e,r,Object),a?.obj&&void 0!==a.obj[`${a.k}.${o}`]&&(a.obj=void 0);a.obj[`${a.k}.${o}`]=s},h=(e,t)=>{const{obj:s,k:i}=c(e,t);if(s)return s[i]},p=(e,t,s)=>{for(const n in t)"__proto__"!==n&&"constructor"!==n&&(n in e?i(e[n])||e[n]instanceof String||i(t[n])||t[n]instanceof String?s&&(e[n]=t[n]):p(e[n],t[n],s):e[n]=t[n]);return e},d=e=>e.replace(/[\-\[\]\/\{\}\(\)\*\+\?\.\\\^\$\|]/g,"\\$&");var g={"&":"&","<":"<",">":">",'"':""","'":"'","/":"/"};const f=e=>i(e)?e.replace(/[&<>"'\/]/g,(e=>g[e])):e;const v=[" ",",","?","!",";"],m=new class{constructor(e){this.capacity=e,this.regExpMap=new Map,this.regExpQueue=[]}getRegExp(e){const t=this.regExpMap.get(e);if(void 0!==t)return t;const s=new RegExp(e);return this.regExpQueue.length===this.capacity&&this.regExpMap.delete(this.regExpQueue.shift()),this.regExpMap.set(e,s),this.regExpQueue.push(e),s}}(20),y=function(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:".";if(!e)return;if(e[t])return e[t];const i=t.split(s);let n=e;for(let e=0;e<i.length;){if(!n||"object"!=typeof n)return;let t,o="";for(let r=e;r<i.length;++r)if(r!==e&&(o+=s),o+=i[r],t=n[o],void 0!==t){if(["string","number","boolean"].indexOf(typeof t)>-1&&r<i.length-1)continue;e+=r-e+1;break}n=t}return n},b=e=>e?.replace("_","-"),x={type:"logger",log(e){this.output("log",e)},warn(e){this.output("warn",e)},error(e){this.output("error",e)},output(e,t){console?.[e]?.apply?.(console,t)}};class k{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.init(e,t)}init(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.prefix=t.prefix||"i18next:",this.logger=e||x,this.options=t,this.debug=t.debug}log(){for(var e=arguments.length,t=new Array(e),s=0;s<e;s++)t[s]=arguments[s];return this.forward(t,"log","",!0)}warn(){for(var e=arguments.length,t=new Array(e),s=0;s<e;s++)t[s]=arguments[s];return this.forward(t,"warn","",!0)}error(){for(var e=arguments.length,t=new Array(e),s=0;s<e;s++)t[s]=arguments[s];return this.forward(t,"error","")}deprecate(){for(var e=arguments.length,t=new Array(e),s=0;s<e;s++)t[s]=arguments[s];return this.forward(t,"warn","WARNING DEPRECATED: ",!0)}forward(e,t,s,n){return n&&!this.debug?null:(i(e[0])&&(e[0]=`${s}${this.prefix} ${e[0]}`),this.logger[t](e))}create(e){return new k(this.logger,{prefix:`${this.prefix}:${e}:`,...this.options})}clone(e){return(e=e||this.options).prefix=e.prefix||this.prefix,new k(this.logger,e)}}var S=new k;class O{constructor(){this.observers={}}on(e,t){return e.split(" ").forEach((e=>{this.observers[e]||(this.observers[e]=new Map);const s=this.observers[e].get(t)||0;this.observers[e].set(t,s+1)})),this}off(e,t){this.observers[e]&&(t?this.observers[e].delete(t):delete this.observers[e])}emit(e){for(var t=arguments.length,s=new Array(t>1?t-1:0),i=1;i<t;i++)s[i-1]=arguments[i];if(this.observers[e]){Array.from(this.observers[e].entries()).forEach((e=>{let[t,i]=e;for(let e=0;e<i;e++)t(...s)}))}if(this.observers["*"]){Array.from(this.observers["*"].entries()).forEach((t=>{let[i,n]=t;for(let t=0;t<n;t++)i.apply(i,[e,...s])}))}}}class w extends O{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{ns:["translation"],defaultNS:"translation"};super(),this.data=e||{},this.options=t,void 0===this.options.keySeparator&&(this.options.keySeparator="."),void 0===this.options.ignoreJSONStructure&&(this.options.ignoreJSONStructure=!0)}addNamespaces(e){this.options.ns.indexOf(e)<0&&this.options.ns.push(e)}removeNamespaces(e){const t=this.options.ns.indexOf(e);t>-1&&this.options.ns.splice(t,1)}getResource(e,t,s){let n=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};const o=void 0!==n.keySeparator?n.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator,r=void 0!==n.ignoreJSONStructure?n.ignoreJSONStructure:this.options.ignoreJSONStructure;let a;e.indexOf(".")>-1?a=e.split("."):(a=[e,t],s&&(Array.isArray(s)?a.push(...s):i(s)&&o?a.push(...s.split(o)):a.push(s)));const l=h(this.data,a);return!l&&!t&&!s&&e.indexOf(".")>-1&&(e=a[0],t=a[1],s=a.slice(2).join(".")),!l&&r&&i(s)?y(this.data?.[e]?.[t],s,o):l}addResource(e,t,s,i){let n=arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4]?arguments[4]:{silent:!1};const o=void 0!==n.keySeparator?n.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator;let r=[e,t];s&&(r=r.concat(o?s.split(o):s)),e.indexOf(".")>-1&&(r=e.split("."),i=t,t=r[1]),this.addNamespaces(t),u(this.data,r,i),n.silent||this.emit("added",e,t,s,i)}addResources(e,t,s){let n=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{silent:!1};for(const n in s)(i(s[n])||Array.isArray(s[n]))&&this.addResource(e,t,n,s[n],{silent:!0});n.silent||this.emit("added",e,t,s)}addResourceBundle(e,t,s,i,n){let o=arguments.length>5&&void 0!==arguments[5]?arguments[5]:{silent:!1,skipCopy:!1},r=[e,t];e.indexOf(".")>-1&&(r=e.split("."),i=s,s=t,t=r[1]),this.addNamespaces(t);let a=h(this.data,r)||{};o.skipCopy||(s=JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(s))),i?p(a,s,n):a={...a,...s},u(this.data,r,a),o.silent||this.emit("added",e,t,s)}removeResourceBundle(e,t){this.hasResourceBundle(e,t)&&delete this.data[e][t],this.removeNamespaces(t),this.emit("removed",e,t)}hasResourceBundle(e,t){return void 0!==this.getResource(e,t)}getResourceBundle(e,t){return t||(t=this.options.defaultNS),this.getResource(e,t)}getDataByLanguage(e){return this.data[e]}hasLanguageSomeTranslations(e){const t=this.getDataByLanguage(e);return!!(t&&Object.keys(t)||[]).find((e=>t[e]&&Object.keys(t[e]).length>0))}toJSON(){return this.data}}var L={processors:{},addPostProcessor(e){this.processors[e.name]=e},handle(e,t,s,i,n){return e.forEach((e=>{t=this.processors[e]?.process(t,s,i,n)??t})),t}};const R={};class P extends O{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};super(),((e,t,s)=>{e.forEach((e=>{t[e]&&(s[e]=t[e])}))})(["resourceStore","languageUtils","pluralResolver","interpolator","backendConnector","i18nFormat","utils"],e,this),this.options=t,void 0===this.options.keySeparator&&(this.options.keySeparator="."),this.logger=S.create("translator")}changeLanguage(e){e&&(this.language=e)}exists(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{interpolation:{}};if(null==e)return!1;const s=this.resolve(e,t);return void 0!==s?.res}extractFromKey(e,t){let s=void 0!==t.nsSeparator?t.nsSeparator:this.options.nsSeparator;void 0===s&&(s=":");const n=void 0!==t.keySeparator?t.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator;let o=t.ns||this.options.defaultNS||[];const r=s&&e.indexOf(s)>-1,a=!(this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator||t.keySeparator||this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator||t.nsSeparator||((e,t,s)=>{t=t||"",s=s||"";const i=v.filter((e=>t.indexOf(e)<0&&s.indexOf(e)<0));if(0===i.length)return!0;const n=m.getRegExp(`(${i.map((e=>"?"===e?"\\?":e)).join("|")})`);let o=!n.test(e);if(!o){const t=e.indexOf(s);t>0&&!n.test(e.substring(0,t))&&(o=!0)}return o})(e,s,n));if(r&&!a){const t=e.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);if(t&&t.length>0)return{key:e,namespaces:i(o)?[o]:o};const r=e.split(s);(s!==n||s===n&&this.options.ns.indexOf(r[0])>-1)&&(o=r.shift()),e=r.join(n)}return{key:e,namespaces:i(o)?[o]:o}}translate(e,t,s){if("object"!=typeof t&&this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler&&(t=this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler(arguments)),"object"==typeof t&&(t={...t}),t||(t={}),null==e)return"";Array.isArray(e)||(e=[String(e)]);const n=void 0!==t.returnDetails?t.returnDetails:this.options.returnDetails,o=void 0!==t.keySeparator?t.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator,{key:r,namespaces:a}=this.extractFromKey(e[e.length-1],t),l=a[a.length-1],c=t.lng||this.language,u=t.appendNamespaceToCIMode||this.options.appendNamespaceToCIMode;if("cimode"===c?.toLowerCase()){if(u){const e=t.nsSeparator||this.options.nsSeparator;return n?{res:`${l}${e}${r}`,usedKey:r,exactUsedKey:r,usedLng:c,usedNS:l,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(t)}:`${l}${e}${r}`}return n?{res:r,usedKey:r,exactUsedKey:r,usedLng:c,usedNS:l,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(t)}:r}const h=this.resolve(e,t);let p=h?.res;const d=h?.usedKey||r,g=h?.exactUsedKey||r,f=Object.prototype.toString.apply(p),v=void 0!==t.joinArrays?t.joinArrays:this.options.joinArrays,m=!this.i18nFormat||this.i18nFormat.handleAsObject,y=!i(p)&&"boolean"!=typeof p&&"number"!=typeof p;if(!(m&&p&&y&&["[object Number]","[object Function]","[object RegExp]"].indexOf(f)<0)||i(v)&&Array.isArray(p))if(m&&i(v)&&Array.isArray(p))p=p.join(v),p&&(p=this.extendTranslation(p,e,t,s));else{let n=!1,a=!1;const u=void 0!==t.count&&!i(t.count),d=P.hasDefaultValue(t),g=u?this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(c,t.count,t):"",f=t.ordinal&&u?this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(c,t.count,{ordinal:!1}):"",v=u&&!t.ordinal&&0===t.count,m=v&&t[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`]||t[`defaultValue${g}`]||t[`defaultValue${f}`]||t.defaultValue;!this.isValidLookup(p)&&d&&(n=!0,p=m),this.isValidLookup(p)||(a=!0,p=r);const y=(t.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey||this.options.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey)&&a?void 0:p,b=d&&m!==p&&this.options.updateMissing;if(a||n||b){if(this.logger.log(b?"updateKey":"missingKey",c,l,r,b?m:p),o){const e=this.resolve(r,{...t,keySeparator:!1});e&&e.res&&this.logger.warn("Seems the loaded translations were in flat JSON format instead of nested. Either set keySeparator: false on init or make sure your translations are published in nested format.")}let e=[];const s=this.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng,t.lng||this.language);if("fallback"===this.options.saveMissingTo&&s&&s[0])for(let t=0;t<s.length;t++)e.push(s[t]);else"all"===this.options.saveMissingTo?e=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t.lng||this.language):e.push(t.lng||this.language);const i=(e,s,i)=>{const n=d&&i!==p?i:y;this.options.missingKeyHandler?this.options.missingKeyHandler(e,l,s,n,b,t):this.backendConnector?.saveMissing&&this.backendConnector.saveMissing(e,l,s,n,b,t),this.emit("missingKey",e,l,s,p)};this.options.saveMissing&&(this.options.saveMissingPlurals&&u?e.forEach((e=>{const s=this.pluralResolver.getSuffixes(e,t);v&&t[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`]&&s.indexOf(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`)<0&&s.push(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`),s.forEach((s=>{i([e],r+s,t[`defaultValue${s}`]||m)}))})):i(e,r,m))}p=this.extendTranslation(p,e,t,h,s),a&&p===r&&this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey&&(p=`${l}:${r}`),(a||n)&&this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler&&(p=this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler(this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey?`${l}:${r}`:r,n?p:void 0))}else{if(!t.returnObjects&&!this.options.returnObjects){this.options.returnedObjectHandler||this.logger.warn("accessing an object - but returnObjects options is not enabled!");const e=this.options.returnedObjectHandler?this.options.returnedObjectHandler(d,p,{...t,ns:a}):`key '${r} (${this.language})' returned an object instead of string.`;return n?(h.res=e,h.usedParams=this.getUsedParamsDetails(t),h):e}if(o){const e=Array.isArray(p),s=e?[]:{},i=e?g:d;for(const e in p)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(p,e)){const n=`${i}${o}${e}`;s[e]=this.translate(n,{...t,joinArrays:!1,ns:a}),s[e]===n&&(s[e]=p[e])}p=s}}return n?(h.res=p,h.usedParams=this.getUsedParamsDetails(t),h):p}extendTranslation(e,t,s,n,o){var r=this;if(this.i18nFormat?.parse)e=this.i18nFormat.parse(e,{...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...s},s.lng||this.language||n.usedLng,n.usedNS,n.usedKey,{resolved:n});else if(!s.skipInterpolation){s.interpolation&&this.interpolator.init({...s,interpolation:{...this.options.interpolation,...s.interpolation}});const a=i(e)&&(void 0!==s?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables?s.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables);let l;if(a){const t=e.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);l=t&&t.length}let c=s.replace&&!i(s.replace)?s.replace:s;if(this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(c={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...c}),e=this.interpolator.interpolate(e,c,s.lng||this.language||n.usedLng,s),a){const t=e.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);l<(t&&t.length)&&(s.nest=!1)}!s.lng&&n&&n.res&&(s.lng=this.language||n.usedLng),!1!==s.nest&&(e=this.interpolator.nest(e,(function(){for(var e=arguments.length,i=new Array(e),n=0;n<e;n++)i[n]=arguments[n];return o?.[0]!==i[0]||s.context?r.translate(...i,t):(r.logger.warn(`It seems you are nesting recursively key: ${i[0]} in key: ${t[0]}`),null)}),s)),s.interpolation&&this.interpolator.reset()}const a=s.postProcess||this.options.postProcess,l=i(a)?[a]:a;return null!=e&&l?.length&&!1!==s.applyPostProcessor&&(e=L.handle(l,e,t,this.options&&this.options.postProcessPassResolved?{i18nResolved:{...n,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(s)},...s}:s,this)),e}resolve(e){let t,s,n,o,r,a=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};return i(e)&&(e=[e]),e.forEach((e=>{if(this.isValidLookup(t))return;const l=this.extractFromKey(e,a),c=l.key;s=c;let u=l.namespaces;this.options.fallbackNS&&(u=u.concat(this.options.fallbackNS));const h=void 0!==a.count&&!i(a.count),p=h&&!a.ordinal&&0===a.count,d=void 0!==a.context&&(i(a.context)||"number"==typeof a.context)&&""!==a.context,g=a.lngs?a.lngs:this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(a.lng||this.language,a.fallbackLng);u.forEach((e=>{this.isValidLookup(t)||(r=e,R[`${g[0]}-${e}`]||!this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace||this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(r)||(R[`${g[0]}-${e}`]=!0,this.logger.warn(`key "${s}" for languages "${g.join(", ")}" won't get resolved as namespace "${r}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")),g.forEach((s=>{if(this.isValidLookup(t))return;o=s;const i=[c];if(this.i18nFormat?.addLookupKeys)this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys(i,c,s,e,a);else{let e;h&&(e=this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(s,a.count,a));const t=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`,n=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}ordinal${this.options.pluralSeparator}`;if(h&&(i.push(c+e),a.ordinal&&0===e.indexOf(n)&&i.push(c+e.replace(n,this.options.pluralSeparator)),p&&i.push(c+t)),d){const s=`${c}${this.options.contextSeparator}${a.context}`;i.push(s),h&&(i.push(s+e),a.ordinal&&0===e.indexOf(n)&&i.push(s+e.replace(n,this.options.pluralSeparator)),p&&i.push(s+t))}}let r;for(;r=i.pop();)this.isValidLookup(t)||(n=r,t=this.getResource(s,e,r,a))})))}))})),{res:t,usedKey:s,exactUsedKey:n,usedLng:o,usedNS:r}}isValidLookup(e){return!(void 0===e||!this.options.returnNull&&null===e||!this.options.returnEmptyString&&""===e)}getResource(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};return this.i18nFormat?.getResource?this.i18nFormat.getResource(e,t,s,i):this.resourceStore.getResource(e,t,s,i)}getUsedParamsDetails(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};const t=["defaultValue","ordinal","context","replace","lng","lngs","fallbackLng","ns","keySeparator","nsSeparator","returnObjects","returnDetails","joinArrays","postProcess","interpolation"],s=e.replace&&!i(e.replace);let n=s?e.replace:e;if(s&&void 0!==e.count&&(n.count=e.count),this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(n={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...n}),!s){n={...n};for(const e of t)delete n[e]}return n}static hasDefaultValue(e){const t="defaultValue";for(const s in e)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,s)&&t===s.substring(0,12)&&void 0!==e[s])return!0;return!1}}class j{constructor(e){this.options=e,this.supportedLngs=this.options.supportedLngs||!1,this.logger=S.create("languageUtils")}getScriptPartFromCode(e){if(!(e=b(e))||e.indexOf("-")<0)return null;const t=e.split("-");return 2===t.length?null:(t.pop(),"x"===t[t.length-1].toLowerCase()?null:this.formatLanguageCode(t.join("-")))}getLanguagePartFromCode(e){if(!(e=b(e))||e.indexOf("-")<0)return e;const t=e.split("-");return this.formatLanguageCode(t[0])}formatLanguageCode(e){if(i(e)&&e.indexOf("-")>-1){let t=Intl.getCanonicalLocales(e)[0];return t&&this.options.lowerCaseLng&&(t=t.toLowerCase()),t||(this.options.lowerCaseLng?e.toLowerCase():e)}return this.options.cleanCode||this.options.lowerCaseLng?e.toLowerCase():e}isSupportedCode(e){return("languageOnly"===this.options.load||this.options.nonExplicitSupportedLngs)&&(e=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e)),!this.supportedLngs||!this.supportedLngs.length||this.supportedLngs.indexOf(e)>-1}getBestMatchFromCodes(e){if(!e)return null;let t;return e.forEach((e=>{if(t)return;const s=this.formatLanguageCode(e);this.options.supportedLngs&&!this.isSupportedCode(s)||(t=s)})),!t&&this.options.supportedLngs&&e.forEach((e=>{if(t)return;const s=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e);if(this.isSupportedCode(s))return t=s;t=this.options.supportedLngs.find((e=>e===s?e:e.indexOf("-")<0&&s.indexOf("-")<0?void 0:e.indexOf("-")>0&&s.indexOf("-")<0&&e.substring(0,e.indexOf("-"))===s||0===e.indexOf(s)&&s.length>1?e:void 0))})),t||(t=this.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng)[0]),t}getFallbackCodes(e,t){if(!e)return[];if("function"==typeof e&&(e=e(t)),i(e)&&(e=[e]),Array.isArray(e))return e;if(!t)return e.default||[];let s=e[t];return s||(s=e[this.getScriptPartFromCode(t)]),s||(s=e[this.formatLanguageCode(t)]),s||(s=e[this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t)]),s||(s=e.default),s||[]}toResolveHierarchy(e,t){const s=this.getFallbackCodes(t||this.options.fallbackLng||[],e),n=[],o=e=>{e&&(this.isSupportedCode(e)?n.push(e):this.logger.warn(`rejecting language code not found in supportedLngs: ${e}`))};return i(e)&&(e.indexOf("-")>-1||e.indexOf("_")>-1)?("languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(e)),"languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.getScriptPartFromCode(e)),"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e))):i(e)&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(e)),s.forEach((e=>{n.indexOf(e)<0&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(e))})),n}}const $={zero:0,one:1,two:2,few:3,many:4,other:5},C={select:e=>1===e?"one":"other",resolvedOptions:()=>({pluralCategories:["one","other"]})};class N{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.languageUtils=e,this.options=t,this.logger=S.create("pluralResolver"),this.pluralRulesCache={}}addRule(e,t){this.rules[e]=t}clearCache(){this.pluralRulesCache={}}getRule(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};const s=b("dev"===e?"en":e),i=t.ordinal?"ordinal":"cardinal",n=JSON.stringify({cleanedCode:s,type:i});if(n in this.pluralRulesCache)return this.pluralRulesCache[n];let o;try{o=new Intl.PluralRules(s,{type:i})}catch(s){if(!Intl)return this.logger.error("No Intl support, please use an Intl polyfill!"),C;if(!e.match(/-|_/))return C;const i=this.languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(e);o=this.getRule(i,t)}return this.pluralRulesCache[n]=o,o}needsPlural(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},s=this.getRule(e,t);return s||(s=this.getRule("dev",t)),s?.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.length>1}getPluralFormsOfKey(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};return this.getSuffixes(e,s).map((e=>`${t}${e}`))}getSuffixes(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},s=this.getRule(e,t);return s||(s=this.getRule("dev",t)),s?s.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.sort(((e,t)=>$[e]-$[t])).map((e=>`${this.options.prepend}${t.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${e}`)):[]}getSuffix(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const i=this.getRule(e,s);return i?`${this.options.prepend}${s.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${i.select(t)}`:(this.logger.warn(`no plural rule found for: ${e}`),this.getSuffix("dev",t,s))}}const E=function(e,t,s){let n=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:".",o=!(arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4])||arguments[4],r=((e,t,s)=>{const i=h(e,s);return void 0!==i?i:h(t,s)})(e,t,s);return!r&&o&&i(s)&&(r=y(e,s,n),void 0===r&&(r=y(t,s,n))),r},A=e=>e.replace(/\$/g,"$$$$");class T{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=S.create("interpolator"),this.options=e,this.format=e?.interpolation?.format||(e=>e),this.init(e)}init(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};e.interpolation||(e.interpolation={escapeValue:!0});const{escape:t,escapeValue:s,useRawValueToEscape:i,prefix:n,prefixEscaped:o,suffix:r,suffixEscaped:a,formatSeparator:l,unescapeSuffix:c,unescapePrefix:u,nestingPrefix:h,nestingPrefixEscaped:p,nestingSuffix:g,nestingSuffixEscaped:v,nestingOptionsSeparator:m,maxReplaces:y,alwaysFormat:b}=e.interpolation;this.escape=void 0!==t?t:f,this.escapeValue=void 0===s||s,this.useRawValueToEscape=void 0!==i&&i,this.prefix=n?d(n):o||"{{",this.suffix=r?d(r):a||"}}",this.formatSeparator=l||",",this.unescapePrefix=c?"":u||"-",this.unescapeSuffix=this.unescapePrefix?"":c||"",this.nestingPrefix=h?d(h):p||d("$t("),this.nestingSuffix=g?d(g):v||d(")"),this.nestingOptionsSeparator=m||",",this.maxReplaces=y||1e3,this.alwaysFormat=void 0!==b&&b,this.resetRegExp()}reset(){this.options&&this.init(this.options)}resetRegExp(){const e=(e,t)=>e?.source===t?(e.lastIndex=0,e):new RegExp(t,"g");this.regexp=e(this.regexp,`${this.prefix}(.+?)${this.suffix}`),this.regexpUnescape=e(this.regexpUnescape,`${this.prefix}${this.unescapePrefix}(.+?)${this.unescapeSuffix}${this.suffix}`),this.nestingRegexp=e(this.nestingRegexp,`${this.nestingPrefix}(.+?)${this.nestingSuffix}`)}interpolate(e,t,s,n){let r,a,l;const c=this.options&&this.options.interpolation&&this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables||{},u=e=>{if(e.indexOf(this.formatSeparator)<0){const i=E(t,c,e,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure);return this.alwaysFormat?this.format(i,void 0,s,{...n,...t,interpolationkey:e}):i}const i=e.split(this.formatSeparator),o=i.shift().trim(),r=i.join(this.formatSeparator).trim();return this.format(E(t,c,o,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure),r,s,{...n,...t,interpolationkey:o})};this.resetRegExp();const h=n?.missingInterpolationHandler||this.options.missingInterpolationHandler,p=void 0!==n?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables?n.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables;return[{regex:this.regexpUnescape,safeValue:e=>A(e)},{regex:this.regexp,safeValue:e=>this.escapeValue?A(this.escape(e)):A(e)}].forEach((t=>{for(l=0;r=t.regex.exec(e);){const s=r[1].trim();if(a=u(s),void 0===a)if("function"==typeof h){const t=h(e,r,n);a=i(t)?t:""}else if(n&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,s))a="";else{if(p){a=r[0];continue}this.logger.warn(`missed to pass in variable ${s} for interpolating ${e}`),a=""}else i(a)||this.useRawValueToEscape||(a=o(a));const c=t.safeValue(a);if(e=e.replace(r[0],c),p?(t.regex.lastIndex+=a.length,t.regex.lastIndex-=r[0].length):t.regex.lastIndex=0,l++,l>=this.maxReplaces)break}})),e}nest(e,t){let s,n,r,a=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const l=(e,t)=>{const s=this.nestingOptionsSeparator;if(e.indexOf(s)<0)return e;const i=e.split(new RegExp(`${s}[ ]*{`));let n=`{${i[1]}`;e=i[0],n=this.interpolate(n,r);const o=n.match(/'/g),a=n.match(/"/g);((o?.length??0)%2==0&&!a||a.length%2!=0)&&(n=n.replace(/'/g,'"'));try{r=JSON.parse(n),t&&(r={...t,...r})}catch(t){return this.logger.warn(`failed parsing options string in nesting for key ${e}`,t),`${e}${s}${n}`}return r.defaultValue&&r.defaultValue.indexOf(this.prefix)>-1&&delete r.defaultValue,e};for(;s=this.nestingRegexp.exec(e);){let c=[];r={...a},r=r.replace&&!i(r.replace)?r.replace:r,r.applyPostProcessor=!1,delete r.defaultValue;let u=!1;if(-1!==s[0].indexOf(this.formatSeparator)&&!/{.*}/.test(s[1])){const e=s[1].split(this.formatSeparator).map((e=>e.trim()));s[1]=e.shift(),c=e,u=!0}if(n=t(l.call(this,s[1].trim(),r),r),n&&s[0]===e&&!i(n))return n;i(n)||(n=o(n)),n||(this.logger.warn(`missed to resolve ${s[1]} for nesting ${e}`),n=""),u&&(n=c.reduce(((e,t)=>this.format(e,t,a.lng,{...a,interpolationkey:s[1].trim()})),n.trim())),e=e.replace(s[0],n),this.regexp.lastIndex=0}return e}}const D=e=>{const t={};return(s,i,n)=>{let o=n;n&&n.interpolationkey&&n.formatParams&&n.formatParams[n.interpolationkey]&&n[n.interpolationkey]&&(o={...o,[n.interpolationkey]:void 0});const r=i+JSON.stringify(o);let a=t[r];return a||(a=e(b(i),n),t[r]=a),a(s)}};class I{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=S.create("formatter"),this.options=e,this.formats={number:D(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.NumberFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)})),currency:D(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.NumberFormat(e,{...t,style:"currency"});return e=>s.format(e)})),datetime:D(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.DateTimeFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)})),relativetime:D(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.RelativeTimeFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e,t.range||"day")})),list:D(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.ListFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)}))},this.init(e)}init(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{interpolation:{}};this.formatSeparator=t.interpolation.formatSeparator||","}add(e,t){this.formats[e.toLowerCase().trim()]=t}addCached(e,t){this.formats[e.toLowerCase().trim()]=D(t)}format(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};const n=t.split(this.formatSeparator);if(n.length>1&&n[0].indexOf("(")>1&&n[0].indexOf(")")<0&&n.find((e=>e.indexOf(")")>-1))){const e=n.findIndex((e=>e.indexOf(")")>-1));n[0]=[n[0],...n.splice(1,e)].join(this.formatSeparator)}return n.reduce(((e,t)=>{const{formatName:n,formatOptions:o}=(e=>{let t=e.toLowerCase().trim();const s={};if(e.indexOf("(")>-1){const i=e.split("(");t=i[0].toLowerCase().trim();const n=i[1].substring(0,i[1].length-1);"currency"===t&&n.indexOf(":")<0?s.currency||(s.currency=n.trim()):"relativetime"===t&&n.indexOf(":")<0?s.range||(s.range=n.trim()):n.split(";").forEach((e=>{if(e){const[t,...i]=e.split(":"),n=i.join(":").trim().replace(/^'+|'+$/g,""),o=t.trim();s[o]||(s[o]=n),"false"===n&&(s[o]=!1),"true"===n&&(s[o]=!0),isNaN(n)||(s[o]=parseInt(n,10))}}))}return{formatName:t,formatOptions:s}})(t);if(this.formats[n]){let t=e;try{const r=i?.formatParams?.[i.interpolationkey]||{},a=r.locale||r.lng||i.locale||i.lng||s;t=this.formats[n](e,a,{...o,...i,...r})}catch(e){this.logger.warn(e)}return t}return this.logger.warn(`there was no format function for ${n}`),e}),e)}}class V extends O{constructor(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};super(),this.backend=e,this.store=t,this.services=s,this.languageUtils=s.languageUtils,this.options=i,this.logger=S.create("backendConnector"),this.waitingReads=[],this.maxParallelReads=i.maxParallelReads||10,this.readingCalls=0,this.maxRetries=i.maxRetries>=0?i.maxRetries:5,this.retryTimeout=i.retryTimeout>=1?i.retryTimeout:350,this.state={},this.queue=[],this.backend?.init?.(s,i.backend,i)}queueLoad(e,t,s,i){const n={},o={},r={},a={};return e.forEach((e=>{let i=!0;t.forEach((t=>{const r=`${e}|${t}`;!s.reload&&this.store.hasResourceBundle(e,t)?this.state[r]=2:this.state[r]<0||(1===this.state[r]?void 0===o[r]&&(o[r]=!0):(this.state[r]=1,i=!1,void 0===o[r]&&(o[r]=!0),void 0===n[r]&&(n[r]=!0),void 0===a[t]&&(a[t]=!0)))})),i||(r[e]=!0)})),(Object.keys(n).length||Object.keys(o).length)&&this.queue.push({pending:o,pendingCount:Object.keys(o).length,loaded:{},errors:[],callback:i}),{toLoad:Object.keys(n),pending:Object.keys(o),toLoadLanguages:Object.keys(r),toLoadNamespaces:Object.keys(a)}}loaded(e,t,s){const i=e.split("|"),n=i[0],o=i[1];t&&this.emit("failedLoading",n,o,t),!t&&s&&this.store.addResourceBundle(n,o,s,void 0,void 0,{skipCopy:!0}),this.state[e]=t?-1:2,t&&s&&(this.state[e]=0);const r={};this.queue.forEach((s=>{((e,t,s,i)=>{const{obj:n,k:o}=c(e,t,Object);n[o]=n[o]||[],n[o].push(s)})(s.loaded,[n],o),((e,t)=>{void 0!==e.pending[t]&&(delete e.pending[t],e.pendingCount--)})(s,e),t&&s.errors.push(t),0!==s.pendingCount||s.done||(Object.keys(s.loaded).forEach((e=>{r[e]||(r[e]={});const t=s.loaded[e];t.length&&t.forEach((t=>{void 0===r[e][t]&&(r[e][t]=!0)}))})),s.done=!0,s.errors.length?s.callback(s.errors):s.callback())})),this.emit("loaded",r),this.queue=this.queue.filter((e=>!e.done))}read(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:0,n=arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4]?arguments[4]:this.retryTimeout,o=arguments.length>5?arguments[5]:void 0;if(!e.length)return o(null,{});if(this.readingCalls>=this.maxParallelReads)return void this.waitingReads.push({lng:e,ns:t,fcName:s,tried:i,wait:n,callback:o});this.readingCalls++;const r=(r,a)=>{if(this.readingCalls--,this.waitingReads.length>0){const e=this.waitingReads.shift();this.read(e.lng,e.ns,e.fcName,e.tried,e.wait,e.callback)}r&&a&&i<this.maxRetries?setTimeout((()=>{this.read.call(this,e,t,s,i+1,2*n,o)}),n):o(r,a)},a=this.backend[s].bind(this.backend);if(2!==a.length)return a(e,t,r);try{const s=a(e,t);s&&"function"==typeof s.then?s.then((e=>r(null,e))).catch(r):r(null,s)}catch(e){r(e)}}prepareLoading(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{},n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;if(!this.backend)return this.logger.warn("No backend was added via i18next.use. Will not load resources."),n&&n();i(e)&&(e=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e)),i(t)&&(t=[t]);const o=this.queueLoad(e,t,s,n);if(!o.toLoad.length)return o.pending.length||n(),null;o.toLoad.forEach((e=>{this.loadOne(e)}))}load(e,t,s){this.prepareLoading(e,t,{},s)}reload(e,t,s){this.prepareLoading(e,t,{reload:!0},s)}loadOne(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"";const s=e.split("|"),i=s[0],n=s[1];this.read(i,n,"read",void 0,void 0,((s,o)=>{s&&this.logger.warn(`${t}loading namespace ${n} for language ${i} failed`,s),!s&&o&&this.logger.log(`${t}loaded namespace ${n} for language ${i}`,o),this.loaded(e,s,o)}))}saveMissing(e,t,s,i,n){let o=arguments.length>5&&void 0!==arguments[5]?arguments[5]:{},r=arguments.length>6&&void 0!==arguments[6]?arguments[6]:()=>{};if(!this.services?.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace||this.services?.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(t)){if(null!=s&&""!==s){if(this.backend?.create){const a={...o,isUpdate:n},l=this.backend.create.bind(this.backend);if(l.length<6)try{let n;n=5===l.length?l(e,t,s,i,a):l(e,t,s,i),n&&"function"==typeof n.then?n.then((e=>r(null,e))).catch(r):r(null,n)}catch(e){r(e)}else l(e,t,s,i,r,a)}e&&e[0]&&this.store.addResource(e[0],t,s,i)}}else this.logger.warn(`did not save key "${s}" as the namespace "${t}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")}}const F=()=>({debug:!1,initAsync:!0,ns:["translation"],defaultNS:["translation"],fallbackLng:["dev"],fallbackNS:!1,supportedLngs:!1,nonExplicitSupportedLngs:!1,load:"all",preload:!1,simplifyPluralSuffix:!0,keySeparator:".",nsSeparator:":",pluralSeparator:"_",contextSeparator:"_",partialBundledLanguages:!1,saveMissing:!1,updateMissing:!1,saveMissingTo:"fallback",saveMissingPlurals:!0,missingKeyHandler:!1,missingInterpolationHandler:!1,postProcess:!1,postProcessPassResolved:!1,returnNull:!1,returnEmptyString:!0,returnObjects:!1,joinArrays:!1,returnedObjectHandler:!1,parseMissingKeyHandler:!1,appendNamespaceToMissingKey:!1,appendNamespaceToCIMode:!1,overloadTranslationOptionHandler:e=>{let t={};if("object"==typeof e[1]&&(t=e[1]),i(e[1])&&(t.defaultValue=e[1]),i(e[2])&&(t.tDescription=e[2]),"object"==typeof e[2]||"object"==typeof e[3]){const s=e[3]||e[2];Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{t[e]=s[e]}))}return t},interpolation:{escapeValue:!0,format:e=>e,prefix:"{{",suffix:"}}",formatSeparator:",",unescapePrefix:"-",nestingPrefix:"$t(",nestingSuffix:")",nestingOptionsSeparator:",",maxReplaces:1e3,skipOnVariables:!0}}),M=e=>(i(e.ns)&&(e.ns=[e.ns]),i(e.fallbackLng)&&(e.fallbackLng=[e.fallbackLng]),i(e.fallbackNS)&&(e.fallbackNS=[e.fallbackNS]),e.supportedLngs?.indexOf?.("cimode")<0&&(e.supportedLngs=e.supportedLngs.concat(["cimode"])),"boolean"==typeof e.initImmediate&&(e.initAsync=e.initImmediate),e),U=()=>{};class H extends O{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;var s;if(super(),this.options=M(e),this.services={},this.logger=S,this.modules={external:[]},s=this,Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Object.getPrototypeOf(s)).forEach((e=>{"function"==typeof s[e]&&(s[e]=s[e].bind(s))})),t&&!this.isInitialized&&!e.isClone){if(!this.options.initAsync)return this.init(e,t),this;setTimeout((()=>{this.init(e,t)}),0)}}init(){var e=this;let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},s=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;this.isInitializing=!0,"function"==typeof t&&(s=t,t={}),!t.defaultNS&&!1!==t.defaultNS&&t.ns&&(i(t.ns)?t.defaultNS=t.ns:t.ns.indexOf("translation")<0&&(t.defaultNS=t.ns[0]));const o=F();this.options={...o,...this.options,...M(t)},this.options.interpolation={...o.interpolation,...this.options.interpolation},void 0!==t.keySeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator=t.keySeparator),void 0!==t.nsSeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator=t.nsSeparator);const r=e=>e?"function"==typeof e?new e:e:null;if(!this.options.isClone){let t;this.modules.logger?S.init(r(this.modules.logger),this.options):S.init(null,this.options),t=this.modules.formatter?this.modules.formatter:I;const s=new j(this.options);this.store=new w(this.options.resources,this.options);const i=this.services;i.logger=S,i.resourceStore=this.store,i.languageUtils=s,i.pluralResolver=new N(s,{prepend:this.options.pluralSeparator,simplifyPluralSuffix:this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix}),!t||this.options.interpolation.format&&this.options.interpolation.format!==o.interpolation.format||(i.formatter=r(t),i.formatter.init(i,this.options),this.options.interpolation.format=i.formatter.format.bind(i.formatter)),i.interpolator=new T(this.options),i.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:this.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(this)},i.backendConnector=new V(r(this.modules.backend),i.resourceStore,i,this.options),i.backendConnector.on("*",(function(t){for(var s=arguments.length,i=new Array(s>1?s-1:0),n=1;n<s;n++)i[n-1]=arguments[n];e.emit(t,...i)})),this.modules.languageDetector&&(i.languageDetector=r(this.modules.languageDetector),i.languageDetector.init&&i.languageDetector.init(i,this.options.detection,this.options)),this.modules.i18nFormat&&(i.i18nFormat=r(this.modules.i18nFormat),i.i18nFormat.init&&i.i18nFormat.init(this)),this.translator=new P(this.services,this.options),this.translator.on("*",(function(t){for(var s=arguments.length,i=new Array(s>1?s-1:0),n=1;n<s;n++)i[n-1]=arguments[n];e.emit(t,...i)})),this.modules.external.forEach((e=>{e.init&&e.init(this)}))}if(this.format=this.options.interpolation.format,s||(s=U),this.options.fallbackLng&&!this.services.languageDetector&&!this.options.lng){const e=this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng);e.length>0&&"dev"!==e[0]&&(this.options.lng=e[0])}this.services.languageDetector||this.options.lng||this.logger.warn("init: no languageDetector is used and no lng is defined");["getResource","hasResourceBundle","getResourceBundle","getDataByLanguage"].forEach((t=>{this[t]=function(){return e.store[t](...arguments)}}));["addResource","addResources","addResourceBundle","removeResourceBundle"].forEach((t=>{this[t]=function(){return e.store[t](...arguments),e}}));const a=n(),l=()=>{const e=(e,t)=>{this.isInitializing=!1,this.isInitialized&&!this.initializedStoreOnce&&this.logger.warn("init: i18next is already initialized. You should call init just once!"),this.isInitialized=!0,this.options.isClone||this.logger.log("initialized",this.options),this.emit("initialized",this.options),a.resolve(t),s(e,t)};if(this.languages&&!this.isInitialized)return e(null,this.t.bind(this));this.changeLanguage(this.options.lng,e)};return this.options.resources||!this.options.initAsync?l():setTimeout(l,0),a}loadResources(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:U;const s=i(e)?e:this.language;if("function"==typeof e&&(t=e),!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages){if("cimode"===s?.toLowerCase()&&(!this.options.preload||0===this.options.preload.length))return t();const e=[],i=t=>{if(!t)return;if("cimode"===t)return;this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t).forEach((t=>{"cimode"!==t&&e.indexOf(t)<0&&e.push(t)}))};if(s)i(s);else{this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng).forEach((e=>i(e)))}this.options.preload?.forEach?.((e=>i(e))),this.services.backendConnector.load(e,this.options.ns,(e=>{e||this.resolvedLanguage||!this.language||this.setResolvedLanguage(this.language),t(e)}))}else t(null)}reloadResources(e,t,s){const i=n();return"function"==typeof e&&(s=e,e=void 0),"function"==typeof t&&(s=t,t=void 0),e||(e=this.languages),t||(t=this.options.ns),s||(s=U),this.services.backendConnector.reload(e,t,(e=>{i.resolve(),s(e)})),i}use(e){if(!e)throw new Error("You are passing an undefined module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");if(!e.type)throw new Error("You are passing a wrong module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");return"backend"===e.type&&(this.modules.backend=e),("logger"===e.type||e.log&&e.warn&&e.error)&&(this.modules.logger=e),"languageDetector"===e.type&&(this.modules.languageDetector=e),"i18nFormat"===e.type&&(this.modules.i18nFormat=e),"postProcessor"===e.type&&L.addPostProcessor(e),"formatter"===e.type&&(this.modules.formatter=e),"3rdParty"===e.type&&this.modules.external.push(e),this}setResolvedLanguage(e){if(e&&this.languages&&!(["cimode","dev"].indexOf(e)>-1))for(let e=0;e<this.languages.length;e++){const t=this.languages[e];if(!(["cimode","dev"].indexOf(t)>-1)&&this.store.hasLanguageSomeTranslations(t)){this.resolvedLanguage=t;break}}}changeLanguage(e,t){var s=this;this.isLanguageChangingTo=e;const o=n();this.emit("languageChanging",e);const r=e=>{this.language=e,this.languages=this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e),this.resolvedLanguage=void 0,this.setResolvedLanguage(e)},a=(e,i)=>{i?(r(i),this.translator.changeLanguage(i),this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,this.emit("languageChanged",i),this.logger.log("languageChanged",i)):this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,o.resolve((function(){return s.t(...arguments)})),t&&t(e,(function(){return s.t(...arguments)}))},l=t=>{e||t||!this.services.languageDetector||(t=[]);const s=i(t)?t:this.services.languageUtils.getBestMatchFromCodes(t);s&&(this.language||r(s),this.translator.language||this.translator.changeLanguage(s),this.services.languageDetector?.cacheUserLanguage?.(s)),this.loadResources(s,(e=>{a(e,s)}))};return e||!this.services.languageDetector||this.services.languageDetector.async?!e&&this.services.languageDetector&&this.services.languageDetector.async?0===this.services.languageDetector.detect.length?this.services.languageDetector.detect().then(l):this.services.languageDetector.detect(l):l(e):l(this.services.languageDetector.detect()),o}getFixedT(e,t,s){var n=this;const o=function(e,t){let i;if("object"!=typeof t){for(var r=arguments.length,a=new Array(r>2?r-2:0),l=2;l<r;l++)a[l-2]=arguments[l];i=n.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler([e,t].concat(a))}else i={...t};i.lng=i.lng||o.lng,i.lngs=i.lngs||o.lngs,i.ns=i.ns||o.ns,""!==i.keyPrefix&&(i.keyPrefix=i.keyPrefix||s||o.keyPrefix);const c=n.options.keySeparator||".";let u;return u=i.keyPrefix&&Array.isArray(e)?e.map((e=>`${i.keyPrefix}${c}${e}`)):i.keyPrefix?`${i.keyPrefix}${c}${e}`:e,n.t(u,i)};return i(e)?o.lng=e:o.lngs=e,o.ns=t,o.keyPrefix=s,o}t(){for(var e=arguments.length,t=new Array(e),s=0;s<e;s++)t[s]=arguments[s];return this.translator?.translate(...t)}exists(){for(var e=arguments.length,t=new Array(e),s=0;s<e;s++)t[s]=arguments[s];return this.translator?.exists(...t)}setDefaultNamespace(e){this.options.defaultNS=e}hasLoadedNamespace(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};if(!this.isInitialized)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18next was not initialized",this.languages),!1;if(!this.languages||!this.languages.length)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18n.languages were undefined or empty",this.languages),!1;const s=t.lng||this.resolvedLanguage||this.languages[0],i=!!this.options&&this.options.fallbackLng,n=this.languages[this.languages.length-1];if("cimode"===s.toLowerCase())return!0;const o=(e,t)=>{const s=this.services.backendConnector.state[`${e}|${t}`];return-1===s||0===s||2===s};if(t.precheck){const e=t.precheck(this,o);if(void 0!==e)return e}return!!this.hasResourceBundle(s,e)||(!(this.services.backendConnector.backend&&(!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages))||!(!o(s,e)||i&&!o(n,e)))}loadNamespaces(e,t){const s=n();return this.options.ns?(i(e)&&(e=[e]),e.forEach((e=>{this.options.ns.indexOf(e)<0&&this.options.ns.push(e)})),this.loadResources((e=>{s.resolve(),t&&t(e)})),s):(t&&t(),Promise.resolve())}loadLanguages(e,t){const s=n();i(e)&&(e=[e]);const o=this.options.preload||[],r=e.filter((e=>o.indexOf(e)<0&&this.services.languageUtils.isSupportedCode(e)));return r.length?(this.options.preload=o.concat(r),this.loadResources((e=>{s.resolve(),t&&t(e)})),s):(t&&t(),Promise.resolve())}dir(e){if(e||(e=this.resolvedLanguage||(this.languages?.length>0?this.languages[0]:this.language)),!e)return"rtl";const t=this.services?.languageUtils||new j(F());return["ar","shu","sqr","ssh","xaa","yhd","yud","aao","abh","abv","acm","acq","acw","acx","acy","adf","ads","aeb","aec","afb","ajp","apc","apd","arb","arq","ars","ary","arz","auz","avl","ayh","ayl","ayn","ayp","bbz","pga","he","iw","ps","pbt","pbu","pst","prp","prd","ug","ur","ydd","yds","yih","ji","yi","hbo","men","xmn","fa","jpr","peo","pes","prs","dv","sam","ckb"].indexOf(t.getLanguagePartFromCode(e))>-1||e.toLowerCase().indexOf("-arab")>1?"rtl":"ltr"}static createInstance(){return new H(arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0)}cloneInstance(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:U;const s=e.forkResourceStore;s&&delete e.forkResourceStore;const i={...this.options,...e,isClone:!0},n=new H(i);void 0===e.debug&&void 0===e.prefix||(n.logger=n.logger.clone(e));return["store","services","language"].forEach((e=>{n[e]=this[e]})),n.services={...this.services},n.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:n.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(n)},s&&(n.store=new w(this.store.data,i),n.services.resourceStore=n.store),n.translator=new P(n.services,i),n.translator.on("*",(function(e){for(var t=arguments.length,s=new Array(t>1?t-1:0),i=1;i<t;i++)s[i-1]=arguments[i];n.emit(e,...s)})),n.init(i,t),n.translator.options=i,n.translator.backendConnector.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:n.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(n)},n}toJSON(){return{options:this.options,store:this.store,language:this.language,languages:this.languages,resolvedLanguage:this.resolvedLanguage}}}const K=H.createInstance();K.createInstance=H.createInstance;K.createInstance,K.dir,K.init,K.loadResources,K.reloadResources,K.use,K.changeLanguage,K.getFixedT,K.t,K.exists,K.setDefaultNamespace,K.hasLoadedNamespace,K.loadNamespaces,K.loadLanguages}},function(e){var t;t=51250,e(e.s=t)}]); //# sourceMappingURL=i18n_init-115e8b97572e00d91d6f.js.map //]]> </script> <script src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/runtime-8563a1641acaeb567def.js"></script> <script>window.tentacles = { apiToken: "zu0fth1pwaw4xbz53mh0yl3ik80ndct1" };</script> <script src="https://tentacles.smartocto.com/ten/tentacle.js" type="text/javascript" data-vendor="c:smartocto-GJ7CA7CP"></script> </body> </html>