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<span>CHILL projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CHILL_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ada_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ada_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ada projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ada_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RAISE_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RAISE_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>RAISE projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RAISE_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Danish software research and development centre</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Dansk Datamatik Center</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dansk_Datamatik_Center_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/31/Dansk_Datamatik_Center_logo.png/250px-Dansk_Datamatik_Center_logo.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/31/Dansk_Datamatik_Center_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">DDC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/DDC-I" title="DDC-I">DDC International A/S, DDC-I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">September 1979<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1979-09</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1989</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Research_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Research center">Research and development centre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyngby" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyngby">Lyngby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Services</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Managing director</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Leif Rystrøm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Scientific leader</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dines_Bj%C3%B8rner" title="Dines Bjørner">Dines Bjørner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Manager, Ada projects</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ole N. Oest</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Budget <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1984)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">DKK</a> 13 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">40 (in 1984)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dansk Datamatik Center</b> (DDC) was a Danish software research and development centre that existed from 1979 to 1989. Its main purpose was to demonstrate the value of using modern techniques, especially those involving <a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">formal methods</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">software design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">development</a>. </p><p>Three major projects dominated much of the centre's existence. The first concerned the formal specification and compilation of the <a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">CHILL programming language</a> for use in telecommunication switches. The second involved the formal specification and compilation of the <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada programming language</a>. Both the Ada and CHILL efforts made use of formal methods.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, DDC worked with <a href="/wiki/Meta-IV_(specification_language)" title="Meta-IV (specification language)">Meta-IV</a>, an early version of the specification language of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Development_Method" title="Vienna Development Method">Vienna Development Method</a> (VDM) formal method for the development of computer-based systems. As founded by <a href="/wiki/Dines_Bj%C3%B8rner" title="Dines Bjørner">Dines Bjørner</a>, this represented the "Danish School" of VDM.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This use of VDM led in 1984 to the DDC Ada compiler becoming the first European Ada compiler to be validated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third major project was dedicated towards creation of a new formal method, <a href="/wiki/Rigorous_Approach_to_Industrial_Software_Engineering" title="Rigorous Approach to Industrial Software Engineering">RAISE</a>. </p><p>The success of the Ada compiler system would lead to creation of the commercial company <a href="/wiki/DDC-I" title="DDC-I">DDC International A/S (DDC-I, Inc. in the US)</a> in 1985, which would develop, productise, and market it both directly to customers and to other companies which would use it as the basis for their own Ada compiler products. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dansk_Datamatik_Center&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DTU_03-05-06_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/DTU_03-05-06_03.jpg/250px-DTU_03-05-06_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/DTU_03-05-06_03.jpg/375px-DTU_03-05-06_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/DTU_03-05-06_03.jpg/500px-DTU_03-05-06_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>DDC's origins were in the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Denmark" title="Technical University of Denmark">Technical University of Denmark</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In spring 1979, Christian Gram, a computer scientist at the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Denmark" title="Technical University of Denmark">Technical University of Denmark</a> (DTU)—located in <a href="/wiki/Kongens_Lyngby" title="Kongens Lyngby">Kongens Lyngby</a>, north of Copenhagen—suggested to his colleague <a href="/wiki/Dines_Bj%C3%B8rner" title="Dines Bjørner">Dines Bjørner</a> the idea of building an advanced software institute.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-350_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-350-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Looking at the <a href="/wiki/Software_crisis" title="Software crisis">software crisis</a> of the time, they felt that <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> had created foundational and theoretical approaches that if applied could make <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> a more professional process and permit the development of large software systems on schedule and with quality.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They approached the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akademiet_for_de_Tekniske_Videnskaber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber (page does not exist)">Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber</a> (ATV, the Danish Academy for Technical Sciences) with this idea, and in September 1979, Dansk Datamatik Center was formed as an ATV institute for advanced software development.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-351_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-351-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (It was also referred to as the Danish Datamatics Centre in some early documents.<sup id="cite_ref-bo-loc_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bo-loc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Ten large producers or users of <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> in Denmark became paying members of the new entity: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Rovsing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Rovsing (page does not exist)">Christian Rovsing</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Rovsing_(virksomhed)" class="extiw" title="da:Christian Rovsing (virksomhed)">da</a>]</span>, Crone & Koch, the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Research_Establishment" title="Danish Defence Research Establishment">Danish Defence Research Establishment</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Datacentralen_af_1959&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datacentralen af 1959 (page does not exist)">Datacentralen af 1959</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datacentralen_I/S_af_1959" class="extiw" title="da:Datacentralen I/S af 1959">da</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jydsk_Telefon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jydsk Telefon (page does not exist)">Jydsk Telefon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jydsk_Telefon" class="extiw" title="da:Jydsk Telefon">da</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/KMD_(company)" title="KMD (company)">Kommunedata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regnecentralen" title="Regnecentralen">Regnecentralen af 1979</a>, Sparekassernes Datacenter, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleteknisk_Forskningslaboratorium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleteknisk Forskningslaboratorium (page does not exist)">Teleteknisk Forskningslaboratorium</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleteknisk_Forskningslaboratorium" class="extiw" title="da:Teleteknisk Forskningslaboratorium">da</a>]</span> (TFL), and ØK Data, with each member paying <a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">DKK</a> 100,000 per year.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-351_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-351-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bjørner became the scientific leader of the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The managing director of DDC was Leif Rystrøm.<sup id="cite_ref-dibj_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dibj-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-act-contr_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-act-contr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it reached its greatest size around 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-gram-s3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gram-s3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some 30–35 professional employees worked at DDC,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with about 40 employees in total.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-357-358_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-357-358-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1984, DDC had a budget of DKK 13 million, a substantial increase from its initial budget of DKK 1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-gram-s3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gram-s3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the engineers hired came from DTU and <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen University">Copenhagen University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dibj_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dibj-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the beginning the centre was housed in a building on the DTU campus,<sup id="cite_ref-bo-loc_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bo-loc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but then it became located in a converted textile mill along the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8lle%C3%A5en" title="Mølleåen">Mølleåen</a>, close to Lyngby centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Mølleåen_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mølleåen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cube-inspired red logo of DDC was designed by Ole Friis, who in 1984 won the <a href="/w/index.php?title=IG_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IG Prize (page does not exist)">IG Prize</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Prisen" class="extiw" title="da:IG Prisen">da</a>]</span> from the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Design_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Design Centre">Danish Design Centre</a> for it.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CHILL_projects">CHILL projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dansk_Datamatik_Center&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: CHILL projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1978, Bjørner became interested in creating a formal definition, using <a href="/wiki/Denotational_semantics" title="Denotational semantics">denotational semantics</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/CHILL_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="CHILL programming language">CHILL programming language</a> then under development.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work on the formal definition of CHILL began that year based upon the request of Teleteknisk Forskningslaboratorium, assigned to a group under the <a href="/wiki/CCITT" class="mw-redirect" title="CCITT">Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique</a> (CCITT) and conducted at DTU,<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-352_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-352-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some eighteen students working on the effort.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once DDC was established, the formal definition was completed there in 1980 and 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-352_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-352-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opinions on the value of the effort differ: Bjørner has stated it discovered a definitional issue that led to the simplification of the language, while Remi Bourgonjon of <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, the convener of the Implementors' Forum organized by the CCITT, thought the formal definition was too complicated and came too late to benefit CHILL compiler designers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, a CHILL compiler was developed, again starting before DDC but completed by it and TFL.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-352_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-352-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed using formal methods. The two organisations made the compiler publicly available and it would have an important role in education concerning the CHILL language.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-352_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-352-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also adapted by British firm <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Software_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperial Software Technology (page does not exist)">Imperial Software Technology</a> with a new code generator and found use by <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Company_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="General Electric Company plc">GEC</a> and others during the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A joint project that <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Company_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="General Electric Company plc">GEC</a> and DDC carried out in the early 1980s was to investigate the incorporation of CHILL into an <a href="/wiki/APSE" class="mw-redirect" title="APSE">Ada Programming Support Environment</a> (APSE), to support projects that used both languages .<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DDC's part of the project used an examination of the denotational semantics of both languages and concluded that such an integration was technically feasible.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DDC continued to be involved in publishing papers at CHILL conferences during the first half of the 1980s, but not after that.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ada_projects">Ada projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dansk_Datamatik_Center&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ada projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dansk_Cardin_and_Textil_Fabrik_building_in_Lyngby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Dansk_Cardin_and_Textil_Fabrik_building_in_Lyngby.jpg/250px-Dansk_Cardin_and_Textil_Fabrik_building_in_Lyngby.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Dansk_Cardin_and_Textil_Fabrik_building_in_Lyngby.jpg/375px-Dansk_Cardin_and_Textil_Fabrik_building_in_Lyngby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Dansk_Cardin_and_Textil_Fabrik_building_in_Lyngby.jpg/500px-Dansk_Cardin_and_Textil_Fabrik_building_in_Lyngby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1084" /></a><figcaption>DDC subsequently located itself in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dansk_Gardin_%26_Textil_Fabrik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dansk Gardin & Textil Fabrik (page does not exist)">Dansk Gardin & Textil Fabrik</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansk_Gardin_%26_Textil_Fabrik" class="extiw" title="da:Dansk Gardin & Textil Fabrik">da</a>]</span> converted textile mill along the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8lle%C3%A5en" title="Mølleåen">Mølleåen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lyngby" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyngby">Lyngby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mølleåen_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mølleåen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The advent of the U.S. Defense Department sponsorship of the <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada programming language</a> during the 1979–80 period led to European interest in the new language as well, and the <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_the_European_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission of the European Communities">Commission of the European Communities</a> (CEC) decided to allocate funding for a European Ada compiler and runtime system.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-353_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-353-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A consortium of <a href="/wiki/Olivetti" title="Olivetti">Olivetti</a> from Italy and DDC and Christian Rovsing from Denmark submitted a bid that in early 1981 won out over a previously favored bid from a French–German consortium; half of the funding would come from the CEC and half from Danish sources.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-353_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-353-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ole N. Oest was transferred from the Danish Defence Research Establishment to DDC to manage the Ada work.<sup id="cite_ref-dibj_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dibj-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DDC was responsible for developing a Portable Ada Programming System.<sup id="cite_ref-co-431_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-co-431-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Requirements included hosting the Ada compiler on small, 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> such as the Christian Rovsing CR80D and Olivetti M40, among other platforms, and being able to fit within 80 <a href="/wiki/Kilobytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobytes">kilobytes</a> code and 110 kilobytes data.<sup id="cite_ref-co-431_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-co-431-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the compiler was constructed <a href="/wiki/Multi-pass_compiler" title="Multi-pass compiler">of many passes</a>, in this case six for the front end alone, with linearized trees stored in files as the representation between passes.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The compiler creation process went through four steps: development of a formal specification of Ada, development of a formal specification of the compiler components; development of more detailed formal specifications of particular compiler passes; implementation of these specifications in Ada itself.<sup id="cite_ref-co-432_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-co-432-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among formal approaches, using the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Development_Method" title="Vienna Development Method">Vienna Development Method</a> (VDM) was advantageous in this project because it was tailored for use with computer languages and compilers and because it allowed stepwise refinement of operations as well as of data representations.<sup id="cite_ref-co-430_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-co-430-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central goal of the process was to prove that the implementation was equivalent to the specification.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases where the static abstract syntax representation needed to have additional constraints incorporated, well-formedness criteria—another aspect of VDM—were defined.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first step in the process, a formal specification for Ada, had already been started by five students at DTU in 1980 as part of their master's theses.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ada was a difficult language to implement and early attempts to build a compiler for it often resulted in disappointment or outright failure.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DDC compiler was validated on a <a href="/wiki/VAX/VMS" class="mw-redirect" title="VAX/VMS">VAX/VMS</a> system in September 1984, being the first European Ada compiler to pass, and proved a success.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-c-22_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-22-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that point about 44 person-years of development work had gone into it.<sup id="cite_ref-bh-48_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh-48-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defect rate and maintenance costs would prove to be significantly lower for the compiler than for the software industry average.<sup id="cite_ref-bh-48_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh-48-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attention regarding DDC's use of VDM in compiler design led to interest from other computer manufacturers and sales were made of what became known as the DDC OEM Compiler Kit<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-354_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-354-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the name being a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">original equipment manufacturer</a> business model). The compiler system offered two points for retargeting, a high-level tree-structured intermediate language and a sequence of instructions for an abstract stack machine; the latter meant shorter project times but usually not the most optimized generated code.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The abstract stack-based virtual machine was also worked on by Christian Rovsing; there was also some idea of possibly implementing it in hardware or firmware.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The first such OEM sale was to Nokia,<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-354_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-354-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for rehosting on the Nokia MPS 10.<sup id="cite_ref-bundgaard-328_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bundgaard-328-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second, with a contract made in February 1984, was with <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_Information_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeywell Information Systems">Honeywell Information Systems</a> in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-c-22_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-22-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bgor-354_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-354-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The compiler was thus rehosted and retargeted to the <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_Level_6" title="Honeywell Level 6">Honeywell DPS6</a> and validated in November 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-bundgaard-328_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bundgaard-328-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Cross_compiler" title="Cross compiler">cross compilers</a> began to be developed, with DDC doing one from VAX/VMS to the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bundgaard-328_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bundgaard-328-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beginning what would become a successful line of products. In December 1984, DDC signed a contract with <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Computer_Techniques" title="Advanced Computer Techniques">Advanced Computer Techniques</a> in New York,<sup id="cite_ref-act-contr_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-act-contr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on a license royalty arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They began using the DDC front end to develop a cross-compiler for the <a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-1750A" title="MIL-STD-1750A">MIL-STD-1750A</a> architecture,<sup id="cite_ref-bundgaard-328_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bundgaard-328-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would become a reasonably successful product with a number of customers.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Success of the Ada project led to a separate company being formed in 1985, called <a href="/wiki/DDC-I" title="DDC-I">DDC International A/S</a>, with the purpose of commercializing the Ada compiler system;<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-351_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-351-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oest was named the managing director of the company.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later a US-based subsidiary of that company, <a href="/wiki/DDC-I" title="DDC-I">DDC-I, Inc.</a>, was formed in the state of Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concurrent with the compiler work, there was a push on various fronts to provide a formal definition of Ada, with several different approaches and metalanguages tried.<sup id="cite_ref-hopl-ii_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopl-ii-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Europeans argued that such a task was critical and that it was the only basis upon which an <a href="/wiki/ISO_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO standard">ISO standard</a> for the language should be published.<sup id="cite_ref-hopl-ii_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopl-ii-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CEC sponsored this work and the contract was won by DDC in partnership with two Italian research institutes, the <a href="/wiki/Istituto_di_Scienza_e_Tecnologie_dell%27Informazione" title="Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione">Istituto di Elaborazione dell’Informazione</a> (IEI) in Pisa and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consorzio_per_la_Ricerca_e_le_Applicazioni_di_Informatica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consorzio per la Ricerca e le Applicazioni di Informatica (page does not exist)">Consorzio per la Ricerca e le Applicazioni di Informatica</a> (CRAI) in Genoa, with work beginning in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-354_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-354-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional consulting on the project was provided by staff at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Genoa" title="University of Genoa">University of Genoa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pisa" title="University of Pisa">University of Pisa</a>, and at DTU.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work built up the previous formal definitions that had been done at DTU and by DDC at the beginning of its Ada compiler project, but further work was needed the define the entire language and Meta-IV had to be extended in places or alternate approaches taken.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effort culminated in the 1987 publication of the full formal definition of Ada, encompassing three separate publications and eight volumes in total.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this effort did lead to a better understanding of the language and a number of clarifications to it being made, in the end the ultimate definition of the language remained the natural language one in the Ada Language Reference Manual.<sup id="cite_ref-hopl-ii_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopl-ii-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="RAISE_projects">RAISE projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dansk_Datamatik_Center&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: RAISE projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of VDM in the CHILL and Ada projects revealed the need for improvements in formal specification techniques, and in 1983 DDC conducted a Formal Methods Appraisal study, producing a number of requirements that a formal specification language should embody.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-355_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-355-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following that DDC was awarded a CEC contract to develop a successor to VDM, which was called <a href="/wiki/Rigorous_Approach_to_Industrial_Software_Engineering" title="Rigorous Approach to Industrial Software Engineering">RAISE</a> (Rigorous Approach to Industrial Software Engineering).<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-355_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-355-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done in consortium with <a href="/wiki/Standard_Telephones_and_Cables" title="Standard Telephones and Cables">STC Technology</a> of Great Britain, which helped in the creation of the new technology, and with <a href="/wiki/Brown,_Boveri_%26_Cie" title="Brown, Boveri & Cie">Nordisk Brown Boveri</a> of Denmark and <a href="/wiki/International_Computers_Limited" title="International Computers Limited">International Computers Limited</a> of Britain, which exercised it in industrial settings.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-george-238_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-george-238-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project involved some 120 person-years of effort and sought to create a <a href="/wiki/Wide-spectrum_language" title="Wide-spectrum language">wide-spectrum language</a> intended to handle every level from the initial, high-level abstract one down to one level above programming.<sup id="cite_ref-george-238_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-george-238-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It sought to remedy VDM's weaknesses with respect to modularity, concurrency, and lack of tools,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it also sought to unify approaches taken in the likes of <a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">Z notation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communicating_sequential_processes" title="Communicating sequential processes">CSP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larch_family" title="Larch family">Larch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OBJ_(programming_language)" title="OBJ (programming language)">OBJ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-355_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-355-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the RAISE Specification language, the project also produced a description of best practices for the RAISE Method,<sup id="cite_ref-george-239_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-george-239-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a RAISE toolset.<sup id="cite_ref-george-239_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-george-239-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_projects">Other projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dansk_Datamatik_Center&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1981 DDC, in conjunction with some of its members, conducted a study of the many <a href="/wiki/Office_automation" title="Office automation">office automation</a> initiatives and products then available and published a taxonomy and terminology guide that analysed the domain. They then specified a generic office automation system using both VDM and informal language.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-355-356_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-355-356-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later during 1983–1987, DDC worked as a subcontractor to member ØK Data on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_Analysis_of_Office_Requirements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Functional Analysis of Office Requirements (page does not exist)">Functional Analysis of Office Requirements</a> (FAOR) project under <a href="/wiki/European_Strategic_Program_on_Research_in_Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="European Strategic Program on Research in Information Technology">ESPRIT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-355-356_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-355-356-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DDC also gave courses and seminars in various software development topics, and starting in 1987, initiated a Danish-language quarterly publication <i>Cubus</i> which discussed various technical and scientific topics in an effort to engage in technology transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conclusion_and_legacy">Conclusion and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dansk_Datamatik_Center&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conclusion and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the centre's existence, some of the constituent members lost interest in its work, with no need for the CHILL or Ada compilers and the RAISE work too ambitious for their use.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-357-358_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-357-358-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General acceptance of Ada as a language underperformed expectations and Ada product sales by DDC-I did not provide sufficient profits to allow money to flow to DDC.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-357-358_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-357-358-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With sustained funding becoming a problem, in 1989 Dansk Datamatik Center was closed down.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-351_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-351-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Work on the Ada products was carried on by DDC-I, where it was used in many high-visibility aerospace and similar projects.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-354_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-354-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known of these was the <a href="/wiki/Airplane_Information_Management_System" title="Airplane Information Management System">Airplane Information Management System</a> flight software for the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a> airliner.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent developers of the DDC-I Ada compiler were often not as well versed in formal methods as the original developers.<sup id="cite_ref-bh-48_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh-48-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ada products would still be generating revenue for DDC-I into the 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-354_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-354-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DDC's work and staff on RAISE were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Computer_Resources_International" title="Computer Resources International">Computer Resources International</a> (CRI) in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-george-238_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-george-238-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They used it as the basis for the European <a href="/wiki/European_Strategic_Program_on_Research_in_Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="European Strategic Program on Research in Information Technology">ESPRIT</a> II LaCoS project in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-351_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-351-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RAISE effort was subsequently sold to <a href="/wiki/Terma_A/S" title="Terma A/S">Terma A/S</a>, who use it as part of work for the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> and various defense industry projects.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-357-358_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-357-358-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DDC had relatively little involvement with the Nordic software world, because it relied on <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>-based partners and funding and Denmark was the only Nordic country in the EU at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-351_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-351-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor did the Danish financial sector ever show an interest in DDC's work.<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-351_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-351-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In looking back, the founders of the centre have stated that, "Where DDC failed was to [convince] major Danish companies of the benefits of using reliable software development based on formal methods. (But, DDC did not try very much.)"<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-357-358_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-357-358-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DDC researchers believed that their work was still beneficial in making Danish technology firms aware of modern software development approaches and in populating those firms with as many as a hundred software designers and developers who had worked at DDC, and that in any case, "DDC completed a large number of projects with better performance and higher product quality than was common in the 1980s."<sup id="cite_ref-bgor-357-358_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgor-357-358-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2014 survey of forty years of formal methods efforts, Bjørner and Klaus Havelund lamented that adoption of formal methods has not become widespread in the software industry and referred to the DDC Ada compiler as an unsung success story of the value of such use.<sup id="cite_ref-bh-48_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh-48-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dansk_Datamatik_Center&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBjørnerOest1980" class="citation book cs1">Bjørner, Dines; Oest, Ole N., eds. (1980). <i>Lecture Notes in Computer Science 98: Towards a Formal Description of Ada</i>. Springer-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science+98%3A+Towards+a+Formal+Description+of+Ada&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADansk+Datamatik+Center" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjørnerGramOestRystrøm2011" class="citation book cs1">Bjørner, Dines; Gram, Christian; Oest, Ole N.; Rystrøm, Leif (2011). "Dansk Datamatik Center". In Impagliazzo, John; Lundin, Per; Wangler, Benkt (eds.). <i>History of Nordic Computing 3: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology</i>. Springer. pp. 350–359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dansk+Datamatik+Center&rft.btitle=History+of+Nordic+Computing+3%3A+IFIP+Advances+in+Information+and+Communication+Technology&rft.pages=350-359&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B8rner&rft.aufirst=Dines&rft.au=Gram%2C+Christian&rft.au=Oest%2C+Ole+N.&rft.au=Rystr%C3%B8m%2C+Leif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADansk+Datamatik+Center" class="Z3988"></span> A slightly expanded version of this chapter is available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221271386_Dansk_Datamatik_Center">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221271386_Dansk_Datamatik_Center</a>. A further expanded version is part of Bjørner's online memoir at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.imm.dtu.dk/~dibj/trivia/node5.html">http://www.imm.dtu.dk/~dibj/trivia/node5.html</a>. A slides presentation by Gram based on the paper is available online as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsv.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.113460.1355384755!/menu/standard/file/GramDDC_History_1.pdf">Why Dansk Datamatik Center?</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjørnerHavelund" class="citation conference cs1">Bjørner, Dines; Havelund, Klaus. "40 Years of Formal Methods: Some Obstacles and Some Possibilities?". <i>FM 2014: Formal Methods: 19th International Symposium, Singapore, May 12–16, 2014. Proceedings</i>. Springer. pp. 42–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=40+Years+of+Formal+Methods%3A+Some+Obstacles+and+Some+Possibilities%3F&rft.btitle=FM+2014%3A+Formal+Methods%3A+19th+International+Symposium%2C+Singapore%2C+May+12%E2%80%9316%2C+2014.+Proceedings&rft.pages=42-61&rft.pub=Springer&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B8rner&rft.aufirst=Dines&rft.au=Havelund%2C+Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADansk+Datamatik+Center" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBundgaard1985" class="citation conference cs1">Bundgaard, Jørgen (May 1985). "The development of an Ada front end for small computers". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=324426.324403&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=714561176&CFTOKEN=13720305"><i>SIGAda '85: Proceedings of the 1985 annual ACM SIGAda international conference on Ada</i></a>. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 321–328.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+development+of+an+Ada+front+end+for+small+computers&rft.btitle=SIGAda+%2785%3A+Proceedings+of+the+1985+annual+ACM+SIGAda+international+conference+on+Ada&rft.pages=321-328&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=1985-05&rft.aulast=Bundgaard&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rgen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D324426.324403%26coll%3DDL%26dl%3DGUIDE%26CFID%3D714561176%26CFTOKEN%3D13720305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADansk+Datamatik+Center" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemmensenOest1984" class="citation conference cs1">Clemmensen, Geert B.; Oest, Ole N. (March 1984). "Formal specification and development of an Ada compiler – a VDM case study". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=800054.802002&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=714561176&CFTOKEN=13720305"><i>ICSE '84 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Software engineering</i></a>. 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"Retargeting and rehosting the DDC Ada compiler system: A case study – the Honeywell DPS 6". <i>ACM SIGAda Ada Letters</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 22–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F382256.382794">10.1145/382256.382794</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16337448">16337448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGAda+Ada+Letters&rft.atitle=Retargeting+and+rehosting+the+DDC+Ada+compiler+system%3A+A+case+study+%E2%80%93+the+Honeywell+DPS+6&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-28&rft.date=1986-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F382256.382794&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16337448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Clemmensen&rft.aufirst=Geert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADansk+Datamatik+Center" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgeraldLarsenVerhoef2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fitzgerald, John S.; Larsen, Peter Gorm; Verhoef, Marcel (2009). "Vienna Development Method". In Wah, Benjamin W. (ed.). <i>Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering</i>. Wiley. pp. 2971–2982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vienna+Development+Method&rft.btitle=Wiley+Encyclopedia+of+Computer+Science+and+Engineering&rft.pages=2971-2982&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Larsen%2C+Peter+Gorm&rft.au=Verhoef%2C+Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADansk+Datamatik+Center" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge" class="citation conference cs1">George, Chris. "The RAISE Specification Language: A Tutorial". <i>VDM '91: Formal Software Development Methods: 4th International Symposium of VDM Europe, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, October 1991, Proceedings</i>. Vol. 2. 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"A portable virtual machine for Ada". <i>Software: Practice and Experience</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 17–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fspe.4380140104">10.1002/spe.4380140104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206508565">206508565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Software%3A+Practice+and+Experience&rft.atitle=A+portable+virtual+machine+for+Ada&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-29&rft.date=1984-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fspe.4380140104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206508565%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ibsen&rft.aufirst=Leif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADansk+Datamatik+Center" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeilingPalm1984" class="citation journal cs1">Meiling, Erik; Palm, Steen U. (January–February 1984). "A comparative study of CHILL and Ada on the basis of denotational descriptions". <i>ACM SIGAda Ada Letters</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 78–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F989954.989959">10.1145/989954.989959</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17168261">17168261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGAda+Ada+Letters&rft.atitle=A+comparative+study+of+CHILL+and+Ada+on+the+basis+of+denotational+descriptions&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=78-91&rft.date=1984-01%2F1984-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F989954.989959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17168261%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meiling&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Palm%2C+Steen+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADansk+Datamatik+Center" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Regan2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Regan, Gerard (2006). <i>Mathematical Approaches to Software Quality</i>. 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Oslo: BI Norwegian Business School.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Betwixt+and+between%3A+Software+in+telecommunications+and+the+programming+language+Chill%2C+1974%E2%80%931999&rft.inst=BI+Norwegian+Business+School&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Paulsen&rft.aufirst=Gard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.bi.no%2Fforskning%255Cpapers.nsf%2FwSeriesDissertation%2F42215F66B6282965C12578DF003A14FF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADansk+Datamatik+Center" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen" class="citation conference cs1">Pedersen, Jan Storbank. "VDM in Three Generations of Ada Formal Descriptions". <i>VDM '87: VDM-A Formal Method at Work: VDM-Europe Symposium 1987, Brussels, Belgium, March 1987, Proceedings</i>. 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Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. 7 May 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interview+with+Oscar+Schachter&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute%2C+University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=2004-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F107622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADansk+Datamatik+Center" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/68568693">WorldCat entry</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker1996" class="citation book cs1">Whitaker, William A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=234286.1057816&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=714561176&CFTOKEN=13720305">"Ada—The Project: The DoD High Order Language Working Group"</a>. In Bergin, Thomas J.; Gibson, Richard G. 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Addison-Wesley Professional. pp. 173–232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ada%E2%80%94The+Project%3A+The+DoD+High+Order+Language+Working+Group&rft.btitle=History+of+Programming+Languages%E2%80%94II&rft.pages=173-232&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D234286.1057816%26coll%3DDL%26dl%3DGUIDE%26CFID%3D714561176%26CFTOKEN%3D13720305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADansk+Datamatik+Center" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dansk_Datamatik_Center&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", pp. 351–352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Regan, <i>Mathematical Approaches to Software Quality</i>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald, Larsen, and Verhoef, "Vienna Development Method".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bgor-350-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bgor-350_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", p. 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", pp. 350–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bgor-351-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-351_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-351_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-351_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-351_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-351_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-351_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-351_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", p. 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bo-loc-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bo-loc_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bo-loc_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner and Oest, <i>Towards a Formal Description of Ada</i>, p. xiii–xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", expanded version, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dibj-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dibj_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dibj_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dibj_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner et al., "Dansk Datamatik Center", further expanded version.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-act-contr-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-act-contr_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-act-contr_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Ada TM Marketing and Distribution Agreement</i>. Dansk Datamatik Center, Advanced Computer Techniques. 20 December 1984.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ada+TM+Marketing+and+Distribution+Agreement&rft.pub=Dansk+Datamatik+Center%2C+Advanced+Computer+Techniques&rft.date=1984-12-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADansk+Datamatik+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gram-s3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gram-s3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gram-s3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gram et al., "Why Dansk Datamatik Center?", presentation version, slide 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", expanded version, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bgor-357-358-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-357-358_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-357-358_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-357-358_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-357-358_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-357-358_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-357-358_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", pp. 357–358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mølleåen-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mølleåen_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mølleåen_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clemmensen, "Retargeting and rehosting the DDC Ada compiler system", author affiliation gives address of Dansk Datamatik Center as Lundtoftevej 1C, DK-2800 Lyngby; for history and location of that structure, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emcon.dk/en/2019/05/06/helge-sommer/">"Julekort 2017"</a> (in Danish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%86resbevisninger&rft.pub=friisgrafik.dk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friisgrafik.dk%2Fom-os&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADansk+Datamatik+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paulsen, <i>Betwixt and between</i>, pp. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bgor-352-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-352_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-352_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-352_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-352_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner and Oest, <i>Towards a Formal Description of Ada</i>, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paulsen, <i>Betwixt and between</i>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paulsen, <i>Betwixt and between</i>, pp. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paulsen, <i>Betwixt and between</i>, pp. 216–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paulsen, <i>Betwixt and between</i>, pp. 180, 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meiling and Palm, "A comparative study of CHILL and Ada on the basis of denotational descriptions", pp. 78, 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paulsen, <i>Betwixt and between</i>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bgor-353-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-353_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-353_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-co-431-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-co-431_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-431_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clemmensen and Oest, "Formal specification and development 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clemmensen and Oest, "Formal specification and development of an Ada compiler", pp. 430–431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clemmensen and Oest, "Formal specification and development of an Ada compiler", pp. 432, 440n.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner and Oest, <i>Towards a Formal Description of Ada</i>, p. vi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitaker, "Ada—The Project", pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundgaard, "The development of an Ada front end for small computers", p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c-22-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c-22_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c-22_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clemmensen, "Retargeting and rehosting the DDC Ada compiler system", p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bh-48-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bh-48_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bh-48_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bh-48_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bh-48_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner and Havelund, "40 Years of Formal Methods", pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bgor-354-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-354_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-354_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-354_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-354_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-354_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-354_38-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clemmensen, "Retargeting and rehosting the DDC Ada compiler system", pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibsen, "A portable virtual machine for Ada", pp. 17, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bundgaard-328-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bundgaard-328_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bundgaard-328_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DDC-I%2C+Inc.&rft.pub=OpenCorporates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopencorporates.com%2Fcompanies%2Fus_az%2F01900368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADansk+Datamatik+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hopl-ii-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hopl-ii_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hopl-ii_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hopl-ii_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitaker, "Ada—The Project", pp. 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedersen, "VDM in Three Generations of Ada Formal Descriptions", p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedersen, "VDM in Three Generations of Ada Formal Descriptions", pp. 44–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitaker, "Ada—The Project", pp. 226–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bgor-355-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-355_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-355_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-355_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", pp. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prehn, "From VDM to RAISE", pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-george-238-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-george-238_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-george-238_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-george-238_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George, "The RAISE Specification Language", p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prehn, "From VDM to RAISE", p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-george-239-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-george-239_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-george-239_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George, "The RAISE Specification Language", p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bgor-355-356-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-355-356_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgor-355-356_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", pp. 355–356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", pp. 356–357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2004" class="citation news cs1">Wolfe, Alexander (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1035608">"There's Still Some Life Left in Ada"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ACM_Queue" title="ACM Queue">ACM Queue</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Queue&rft.atitle=There%27s+Still+Some+Life+Left+in+Ada&rft.date=2004-10&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqueue.acm.org%2Fdetail.cfm%3Fid%3D1035608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADansk+Datamatik+Center" class="Z3988"></span> Also at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/1040000/1035608/p28-wolfe.pdf">http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/1040000/1035608/p28-wolfe.pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; 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