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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hayy+ibn+Yaqdhan%22">"Hayy ibn Yaqdhan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hayy+ibn+Yaqdhan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hayy+ibn+Yaqdhan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hayy+ibn+Yaqdhan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hayy+ibn+Yaqdhan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hayy+ibn+Yaqdhan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><i><b>Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حي بن يقظان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Alive son of Awake'; also known as <b>Hai Eb'n Yockdan</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical novel">philosophical novel</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Allegorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegorical">allegorical</a> tale written by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1105</span> – 1185) in the early 12th century in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Names by which the book is also known include the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la"><b>Philosophus Autodidactus</b></i> ('The Self-Taught Philosopher'); and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: <i><b>The Improvement of Human Reason: Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan</b></i>. Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān was named after an earlier <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> philosophical <a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a> of the same name, written by <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> during his imprisonment in the early 11th century,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though both tales had different stories.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel greatly inspired <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a> as well as major <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thinkers.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell-228_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-228-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the third most translated text from Arabic, after the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</i></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Arabic-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22ar-Latn%22%3EHayy+ibn+Yaqdhan%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%5B%5BCategory%3AArticles+containing+Arabic-language+text%5D%5D&rft.author=%5B%5BIbn+Tufail%5D%5D&rft.date=around+1160+CE+%28555+AH%29"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_History_of_Hayy_Ibn_Yaqzan_(page_13_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_History_of_Hayy_Ibn_Yaqzan_%28page_13_crop%29.jpg/220px-The_History_of_Hayy_Ibn_Yaqzan_%28page_13_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_History_of_Hayy_Ibn_Yaqzan_%28page_13_crop%29.jpg/330px-The_History_of_Hayy_Ibn_Yaqzan_%28page_13_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_History_of_Hayy_Ibn_Yaqzan_%28page_13_crop%29.jpg/440px-The_History_of_Hayy_Ibn_Yaqzan_%28page_13_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2353" data-file-height="3718"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Frontispiece of the <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ockley" title="Simon Ockley">Simon Ockley</a> translation from 1708 (re-published in 1929)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حي بن يقظان</span></span></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">around 1160 CE (555 AH)</td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Plot"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Plot</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Concepts"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Concepts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Translations"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Translations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#English_translations"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">English translations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Other_translations"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other translations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</i></span>, along with three poems, is all that remains of the writings of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1105</span> – 1185), who lived under the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> and served Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Abu Yaqub Yusuf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was influential among medieval Jewish scholars at the <a href="/wiki/Toledo_School_of_Translators" title="Toledo School of Translators">Toledo School of Translators</a> run by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_de_Sauvet%C3%A2t" title="Raymond de Sauvetât">Raymond de Sauvetât</a>, and its impact can be seen in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">The Guide for the Perplexed</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was "discovered" in the West after <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pococke" title="Edward Pococke">Edward Pococke</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, while visiting a market in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, found a manuscript of <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</i></span> made in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in 1303 containing commentary in Hebrew.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Pococke_Junior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Pococke Junior (page does not exist)">Edward Pococke Jr.</a> published a Latin translation in 1671, subtitled "The Self-Taught Philosopher."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Keith_(missionary)" title="George Keith (missionary)">George Keith</a> the <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> translated it into English in 1674, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> called for a Dutch translation, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> championed the book in German circles, and a copy of the book went to the <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1660</span> – 1731), author of <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i>, was heavily influenced by the work as well as by the memoir of the Scottish castaway <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Selkirk" title="Alexander Selkirk">Alexander Selkirk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Muslim world, the book is an honored <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> text.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Plot" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The story revolves around Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān, a little boy who grew up on an island in the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">Indies</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, isolated from the people, in the bosom of an <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a> that raised him, feeding him with her milk. Ḥayy has just learned to walk and imitates the sounds of antelopes, birds, and other animals in his surroundings. He learns their languages, and he learns to follow the actions of animals by imitating their <a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">instinct</a>. </p><p>He makes his own shoes and clothes from the skins of animals, and studies the stars. He reaches a higher level of knowledge, of the finest of <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrologists</a>. His continuous explorations and observation of creatures and the environment lead him to gain great knowledge in natural science, philosophy, and religion. He concludes that, at the basis of the creation of the universe, a great creator must exist. Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān lived a humble modest life as <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> and forbade himself from eating meat. </p><p>Once 30 years old, he meets his first human, who has landed on his isolated Island. By the age of 49, he is ready to teach other people about the knowledge he gained throughout his life. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Concepts">Concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Concepts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</i></span> is an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> novel in which Ibn Tufail expresses philosophical and mystical teachings in a <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_language_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic language (literature)">symbolic language</a> in order to provide better understanding of such concepts. This novel is thus the most important work of Ibn Tufail, containing the main ideas that form his system. </p><p>Ibn Tufail was familiar with the differences in the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> and those of the "<a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianists</a>" <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina">Ibn Sina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</i></span>, Ibn Tufail sought to present "a conciliating synthesis of the Islamic speculative tradition with al-Ghazālī's Sufi-influenced recasting of Islamic mysticism and pietism."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Tufail borrows from Ibn Sina, using the title of one of his allegories and drawing inspiration from his <a href="/wiki/Floating_man" title="Floating man">Floating Man</a> thought experiment, but transforming the subject's sensory deprivation to social isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With this novel, Tufail focuses on finding solutions to the three main problems discussed during his period:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Humans, on their own, are able to reach the level of <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></i> by merely observing nature and thinking, without any education.</li> <li>The information that is obtained through observation, experiment, and reasoning does not contradict <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>. Religion and philosophy (or science) are compatible rather than contradictory.</li> <li>Reaching the absolute information is individual and simply any human being is able to achieve that.</li></ol> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Beyond leaving an enormous impact on <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_al-Andalus" title="Literature of al-Andalus">Andalusi literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">classical Islamic philosophy</a>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</i></span> influenced later <a href="/wiki/European_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="European literature">European literature</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, turning into a best-seller during the 17th-18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Russell-228_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-228-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel particularly influenced the philosophies and scientific thought of vanguards of <a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">modern</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Attar_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond foreshadowing <a href="/wiki/Molyneux%27s_Problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Molyneux's Problem">Molyneux's Problem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the novel specifically inspired John Locke's concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">tabula rasa</a></i> as propounded in <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Essay Concerning Human Understanding">An Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a></i> (1690),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subsequently inspiring the philosophies of later modern <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a>. The novel's notion of <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a> also has similarities to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Urvoy_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urvoy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first English translation by <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ockley" title="Simon Ockley">Simon Ockley</a> inspired the <a href="/wiki/Desert_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert island">desert island</a> narrative of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>'s classic <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amber_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amber-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: English translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In chronological order, with translators names: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Keith_(missionary)" title="George Keith (missionary)">George Keith</a>. 1674.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ockley" title="Simon Ockley">Ockley, Simon</a>. 1708. <i><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16831" class="extiw" title="gutenberg:16831">The Improvement of Human Reason: Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan</a></i>. London: E. Powell. <ul><li>Directly translated from the original Arabic, with an appendix in which the possibility of man's attaining the true knowledge of God, and things necessary to salvation, without instruction, is briefly considered.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051210130856/http://umcc.ais.org/~maftab/ip/pdf/bktxt/hayy.pdf">The History of Hayy Ibn Yaqzan</a></i> (1929 – revised ed.), with an introduction by A. S. Fulton. London: <a href="/wiki/Chapman_%26_Hall" title="Chapman & Hall">Chapman & Hall</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Goodman, Lenn Evan. 1972. <i>Ibn Tufayl's Hayy ibn Yaqzān: A Philosophical Tale</i>, translated with introduction and notes by L. E. Goodman. New York: <a href="/wiki/Twayne" class="mw-redirect" title="Twayne">Twayne</a>.</li> <li>Kocache, Riad. 1982. <i>The journey of the soul: the story of Hai bin Yaqzan</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Octagon_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Octagon Books">Octagon</a>.</li> <li>Colville, Jim. 1999. <i>Two Andalusian Philosophers</i>, with an introduction and notes by J. Colville. London: <a href="/wiki/Kegan_Paul,_Trench_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Kegan Paul, Trench and Company">Kegan Paul</a>.</li> <li>Khalidi, Muhammad Ali, ed. 2005. <i>Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <ul><li>Omits the introductory section; omits the conclusion beginning with the protagonist's acquaintance with Asal; and includes §§1-98 of 121 as numbered in the Ockley version.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_translations">Other translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><b>Dutch</b>: <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Reelant" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriaan Reelant">Reelant, Adriaan</a>. 1701. <i>De natuurlijke wijsgeer</i>. Netherlands: Willem Lamsveld.</li> <li><b>German</b>: Schaerer, Patric O. 2004. <i>Der Philosoph als Autodidakt</i>. Hamburg: Meiner. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7873-1797-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7873-1797-4">978-3-7873-1797-4</a></li> <li><b>German</b>: Abdeljelil, Jameleddine Ben, and Viktoria Frysak, eds. 2007. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102150934/http://editionviktoria.at/wiki/index.php/Hayy_Ibn_Yaqdhan">Hayy Ibn Yaqdhan. Ein muslimischer Inselroman</a></i>. Vienna: Edition Viktoria. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902591-01-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902591-01-2">978-3-902591-01-2</a>.</li> <li><b>Modern Greek</b>: Kalligas, Pavlos. 2018. <i>Ο δρόμος του λόγου: Χάυυ Ιμπν Γιακζάν ή Τα μυστικά της φιλοσοφίας της Ανατολής</i>. Athens: Ekkremes Publishing House. 264. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-618-5076-22-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-618-5076-22-1">978-618-5076-22-1</a>.</li> <li><b>Portuguese</b>: Loureiro, Isabel. 2005. <i>O filósofo autodidata</i>. São Paulo: UNESP. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-7139-599-3" title="Special:BookSources/85-7139-599-3">85-7139-599-3</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_al-Andalus" title="Literature of al-Andalus">Andalusi literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_epic_literature" title="Arabic epic literature">Arabic epic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_deprivation_experiments" title="Language deprivation experiments">The forbidden experiment (linguistics)</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_ṬufaylBaconAshwellPococke1686" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Ṭufayl, Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd al-Malik; Bacon, Ed; Ashwell, George; Pococke, Edward (1686). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001914037"><i>The history of Hai eb'n Yockdan, an Indian prince: or, The self-taught philosopher</i></a>. London: Printed for R. Chiswell etc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Hai+eb%27n+Yockdan%2C+an+Indian+prince%3A+or%2C+The+self-taught+philosopher.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+for+R.+Chiswell+etc.&rft.date=1686&rft.aulast=Ibn+%E1%B9%ACufayl&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+%CA%BBAbd+al-Malik&rft.au=Bacon%2C+Ed&rft.au=Ashwell%2C+George&rft.au=Pococke%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001914037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHayy+ibn+Yaqdhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKukkonen2016" class="citation book cs1">Kukkonen, Taneli (November 2016). "Ibn Ṭufayl's (d. 1185) Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓan". In El-Rouayheb, Khaled; Schmidtke, Sabine (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199917389.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199917389-e-35"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199917389.013.35">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199917389.013.35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991738-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991738-9"><bdi>978-0-19-991738-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+%E1%B9%ACufayl%E2%80%99s+%28d.+1185%29+%E1%B8%A4ayy+ibn+Yaq%E1%BA%93an&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199917389.013.35&rft.isbn=978-0-19-991738-9&rft.aulast=Kukkonen&rft.aufirst=Taneli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199917389.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780199917389-e-35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHayy+ibn+Yaqdhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrLeaman1996" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed; Leaman, Oliver (1996). <i>History of Islamic philosophy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415131596" title="Special:BookSources/0415131596"><bdi>0415131596</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Islamic+philosophy&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0415131596&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed&rft.au=Leaman%2C+Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHayy+ibn+Yaqdhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1992" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Herbert Alan (1992). <i>Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroes, on Intellect Their Cosmologies, Theories of the Active Intellect and Theories of Human Intellect</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195074239" title="Special:BookSources/9780195074239"><bdi>9780195074239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfarabi%2C+Avicenna%2C+and+Averroes%2C+on+Intellect+Their+Cosmologies%2C+Theories+of+the+Active+Intellect+and+Theories+of+Human+Intellect&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780195074239&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHayy+ibn+Yaqdhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-228-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russell-228_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell-228_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. A. Russell (1994), <i>The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England</i>, p. 228, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09888-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09888-6">978-90-04-09888-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/mar/22/featuresreviews.guardianreview1">"Desert island scripts"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 22 March 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Desert+island+scripts&rft.date=2003-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2003%2Fmar%2F22%2Ffeaturesreviews.guardianreview1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHayy+ibn+Yaqdhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkyol2021" class="citation news cs1">Akyol, Mustafa (5 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/05/opinion/enlightenment-islam-robinson-crusoe.html">"Opinion | The Muslims Who Inspired Spinoza, Locke and Defoe"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+The+Muslims+Who+Inspired+Spinoza%2C+Locke+and+Defoe&rft.date=2021-04-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Akyol&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F04%2F05%2Fopinion%2Fenlightenment-islam-robinson-crusoe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHayy+ibn+Yaqdhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2000" class="citation cs2">Goodman, Lenn (31 August 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521471596.020">"Ibn Ṭufayl"</a>, <i>The Literature of Al-Andalus</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 318–330, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521471596.020">10.1017/chol9780521471596.020</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47159-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47159-6"><bdi>978-0-521-47159-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Literature+of+Al-Andalus&rft.atitle=Ibn+%E1%B9%ACufayl&rft.pages=318-330&rft.date=2000-08-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521471596.020&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47159-6&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Lenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521471596.020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHayy+ibn+Yaqdhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzalp1996" class="citation book cs1">Özalp, N. Ahmet (1996). <i>Hay bin Yakzan</i>. Yapı Kredi Yayınları. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-363-475-7" title="Special:BookSources/975-363-475-7"><bdi>975-363-475-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hay+bin+Yakzan&rft.pub=Yap%C4%B1+Kredi+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=975-363-475-7&rft.aulast=%C3%96zalp&rft.aufirst=N.+Ahmet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHayy+ibn+Yaqdhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avner Ben-Zaken, Reading Hayy Ibn-Yaqzan: A Cross-Cultural History of Autodidacticism (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801897399" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801897399">978-0801897399</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Attar-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Attar_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Samar_Attar" class="mw-redirect" title="Samar Attar">Samar Attar</a>, <i>The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought</i>, Lexington Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-1989-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-1989-3">0-7391-1989-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a> and Léon Gauthier (1981), <i>Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan</i>, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"If you want a comparison that will make you clearly grasp the difference between the <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, such as it is understood by that sect [the Sufis] and the perception as others understand it, imagine a person born <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blind</a>, endowed however with a happy natural <a href="/wiki/Temperament" title="Temperament">temperament</a>, with a lively and firm <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a>, a sure <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, a straight sprite, who grew up from the time he was an infant in a city where he never stopped learning, by means of the <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">senses</a> he did dispose of, to know the inhabitants individually, the numerous species of beings, living as well as non-living, there, the streets and sidestreets, the houses, the steps, in such a manner as to be able to cross the city without a guide, and to recognize immediately those he met; the <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colors</a> alone would not be known to him except by the names they bore, and by certain definitions that designated them. Suppose that he had arrived at this point and suddenly, his eyes were opened, he recovered his view, and he crosses the entire city, making a tour of it. He would find no object different from the idea he had made of it; he would encounter nothing he didn’t recognize, he would find the colors conformable to the descriptions of them that had been given to him; and in this there would only be two new important things for him, one the consequence of the other: a clarity, a greater <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">brightness</a>, and a great voluptuousness."</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. A. Russell (1994), <i>The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England</i>, pp. 224–239, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09888-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09888-6">978-90-04-09888-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urvoy-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urvoy_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), <i>The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān</i>, pp. 38–46, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09300-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09300-1">90-04-09300-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrabble1996" class="citation book cs1">Drabble, Margaret, ed. (1996). "Defoe". <i>The Oxford Companion to English Literature</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 265.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defoe&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+English+Literature&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHayy+ibn+Yaqdhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980), <i>Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature</i>, Al-Rashid House for Publication.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyril Glasse (2001), <i>New <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a></i>, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6">0-7591-0190-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amber-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amber_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", <i>Journal of Religion and Health</i> <b>43</b> (4): 357–377 [369].</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" 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<h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حي بن يقظان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حي بن يقظان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_fil%C3%B2sof_autodidacte" title="El filòsof autodidacte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="El filòsof autodidacte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Philosoph_als_Autodidakt" title="Der Philosoph als Autodidakt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Der Philosoph als Autodidakt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_fil%C3%B3sofo_autodidacta" title="El filósofo autodidacta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El filósofo autodidacta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_a%C5%ADtodidakta_filozofo" title="La aŭtodidakta filozofo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="La aŭtodidakta filozofo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حی بن یقظان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حی بن یقظان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqzhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqzhan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hayy ibn Yaqzhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_bin_Yeqzan" title="Hey bin Yeqzan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hey bin Yeqzan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حی بن یقظان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حی بن یقظان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Fil%C3%B3sofo_Autodidata" title="O Filósofo Autodidata – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="O Filósofo Autodidata" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хай ибн Якзан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хай ибн Якзан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayy_bin_Yakzan" title="Hayy bin Yakzan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hayy bin Yakzan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хай ібн Якзан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хай ібн Якзан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حی بن یقظان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حی بن یقظان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%B9%89%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E5%8F%B6%E6%A0%BC%E8%B5%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B" title="哈义·本·叶格赞的故事 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈义·本·叶格赞的故事" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div 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