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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div 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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Zobacz_też" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zobacz_też"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Zobacz też</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zobacz_też-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linki_zewnętrzne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Linki zewnętrzne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aksum (miasto)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 71 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B1%E1%88%9D" title="አክሱም – amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አክሱም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="أكسوم – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أكسوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum_(ciud%C3%A1)" title="Aksum (ciudá) – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aksum (ciudá)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="اکسوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اکسوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE" title="আকসুম – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আকসুম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Аксум – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аксум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Аксум – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аксум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksoum" title="Aksoum – bretoński" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aksoum" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum" title="Axum – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Axum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80ksum" title="Āksum – cebuański" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Āksum" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aks%C3%BAm" title="Aksúm – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aksúm" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum" title="Axum – walijski" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Axum" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BE%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC" title="Αξούμ – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αξούμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum" title="Axum – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Axum" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum_(ciudad)" title="Axum (ciudad) – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Axum (ciudad)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksumo" title="Aksumo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aksumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="اکسوم – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکسوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksoum" title="Aksoum – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aksoum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – zachodniofryzyjski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zachodniofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum" title="Axum – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Axum" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%85%EC%88%A8" title="악숨 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="악숨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84)" title="Աքսում (քաղաք) – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աքսում (քաղաք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE" title="अक्सुम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अक्सुम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum_(grad)" title="Aksum (grad) – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aksum (grad)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum,_Itiyopiya" title="Axum, Itiyopiya – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Axum, Itiyopiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum" title="Axum – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Axum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אקסום – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקסום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98)" title="აქსუმი (ქალაქი) – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აქსუმი (ქალაქი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum" title="Axum – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Axum" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksuma" title="Aksuma – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aksuma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksumas" title="Aksumas – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aksumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksz%C3%BAm" title="Akszúm – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Akszúm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE" title="अक्सुम – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अक्सुम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="അക്സം – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അക്സം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – maltański" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90)" title="აქსუმი (ნოღა) – megrelski" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აქსუმი (ნოღა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megrelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="اكسوم – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اكسوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အက်ဆမ်မြို့ – birmański" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်ဆမ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum_(stad)" title="Aksum (stad) – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aksum (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE" title="अक्सुम – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अक्सुम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A0" title="アクスム – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アクスム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axom" title="Axom – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Axom" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum" title="Axum – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Axum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum" title="Axum – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Axum" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Аксум (город) – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аксум (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum" title="Axum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Axum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Аксум – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аксум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum_(grad)" title="Aksum (grad) – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aksum (grad)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1" title="อักซุม – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักซุม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Аксум – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аксум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="اکسوم – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اکسوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum" title="Axum – wenecki" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Axum" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="wenecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum" title="Axum – waraj" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Axum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%8B%8F%E5%A7%86" title="阿克苏姆 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿克苏姆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%98%87%E5%A7%86" title="阿克蘇姆 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿克蘇姆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%98%87%E5%A7%86" title="阿克蘇姆 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿克蘇姆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5832#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aksum_(miasto)" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja:Aksum_(miasto)&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Dyskusja o zawartości tej strony (strona nie istnieje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zmień wariant języka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">polski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Widok"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aksum_(miasto)"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&action=history" title="Starsze wersje tej strony [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Narzędzia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Więcej opcji" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Działania </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aksum_(miasto)"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&action=history"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ogólne </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Linkuj%C4%85ce/Aksum_(miasto)" title="Pokaż listę wszystkich stron linkujących do tej strony [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Linkujące</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Zmiany_w_linkowanych/Aksum_(miasto)" rel="nofollow" title="Ostatnie zmiany w stronach, do których ta strona linkuje [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Zmiany w linkowanych</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prześlij_plik" title="Prześlij pliki [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Prześlij plik</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Strony_specjalne" title="Lista wszystkich stron specjalnych [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Strony specjalne</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&oldid=75128752" title="Stały link do tej wersji tej strony"><span>Link do tej wersji</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&action=info" title="Więcej informacji na temat tej strony"><span>Informacje o tej stronie</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Cytuj&page=Aksum_%28miasto%29&id=75128752&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacja o tym jak należy cytować tę stronę"><span>Cytowanie tego artykułu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Skr%C3%B3%C4%87_adres_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAksum_%28miasto%29"><span>Zobacz skrócony adres URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Kod_QR&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAksum_%28miasto%29"><span>Pobierz kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Drukuj lub eksportuj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Aksum+%28miasto%29"><span>Utwórz książkę</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:DownloadAsPdf&page=Aksum_%28miasto%29&action=show-download-screen"><span>Pobierz jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&printable=yes" title="Wersja do wydruku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Wersja do druku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> W innych projektach </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates" class="coordinates plainlinks">Na mapach: <a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&pagename=Aksum_(miasto)&params=14.1218_N_38.7315_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Mapy, zdjęcia satelitarne i inne informacje dotyczące miejsca o współrzędnych geograficznych 14,1218°N 38,7315°E"><span class="latitude">14,1218°N</span> <span class="longitude">38,7315°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Mapy, zdjęcia satelitarne i inne informacje dotyczące miejsca o współrzędnych geograficznych 14,121800 38,731500"><span class="latitude">14,121800</span> <span class="longitude">38,731500</span></span></span></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox"> <caption class="naglowek"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65781301">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Aksum</div><div class="iboxt-2"><span style="font-style: normal;" lang="am">አክሱም</span></div> </caption> <tbody><tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaplica Tablic w Aksum"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg/240px-Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg/360px-Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg/480px-Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="412" /></a></span><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaplica_Tablic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaplica Tablic (strona nie istnieje)">Kaplica Tablic</a> w Aksum </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo" title="Państwo">Państwo</a> </th> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_Etiopii" title="Podział administracyjny Etiopii">Kyllyl</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Tigraj" title="Tigraj">Tigraj</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data założenia </th> <td> <p>ok. V wiek p.n.e. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Populacja<br />• liczba ludności </th> <td> <p><br />66 800<br /><small>(2015)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr class="infobox-locationmap" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:black; text-align:center; border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);"> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align:center;margin:0 auto;width:242px"><div style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);;font-weight:bold">Położenie na mapie Etiopii</div><div class="mapa-lokalizacyjna"><div style="width:238px;padding:0;border:0 solid #aaa;position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mapa lokalizacyjna Etiopii"><img alt="Mapa konturowa Etiopii, blisko górnej krawiędzi nieco na lewo znajduje się punkt z opisem „Aksum”" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ethiopia_adm_location_map.svg/238px-Ethiopia_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ethiopia_adm_location_map.svg/357px-Ethiopia_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ethiopia_adm_location_map.svg/476px-Ethiopia_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1494" /></span></span><div aria-hidden="true" style="top:9.5430107526882%;left:38.675213675214%;margin:0;position:absolute;height:0;padding:0;z-index:2;width:0"><div style="top:-3px;text-align:center;position:relative;line-height:6px;font-size:6px;left:-3px;width:6px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&params=14.116666666667_N_38.733333333333_E_type:landmark_" title="Aksum"><img alt="Aksum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="line-height:15.12px;position:absolute;width:120px;z-index:90;font-size:12.6px;top:-0.5em;float:left;left:5px;text-align:left"><span style="text-shadow:0 0 5px white;;padding:1px">Aksum</span></div></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:black; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);"><span class="coordinates inline inline-and-top plainlinks"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ziemia" title="Ziemia"><img alt="Ziemia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Geographylogo.svg/20px-Geographylogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Geographylogo.svg/30px-Geographylogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Geographylogo.svg/40px-Geographylogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&pagename=Aksum_(miasto)&params=14.116666666667_N_38.733333333333_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Mapy, zdjęcia satelitarne i inne informacje dotyczące miejsca o współrzędnych geograficznych 14°07′N 38°44′E"><span class="latitude">14°07′N</span> <span class="longitude">38°44′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Mapy, zdjęcia satelitarne i inne informacje dotyczące miejsca o współrzędnych geograficznych 14,116667 38,733333"><span class="latitude">14,116667</span> <span class="longitude">38,733333</span></span></span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aksum" class="extiw" title="commons:Aksum">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://pl.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Wikipodróże"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/28px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/42px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/56px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pl.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Aksum" class="extiw" title="voy:Aksum">Informacje w Wikipodróżach</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="infobox"> <caption class="naglowek"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r65781301"><div class="iboxt-1">Aksum<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></sup></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border:1px #aaa solid;">Obiekt z <a href="/wiki/Lista_%C5%9Bwiatowego_dziedzictwa_UNESCO" title="Lista światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO">listy światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO</a> </td></tr> <tr class="grafika iboxs grafika-z-wikidanych"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:ET_Axum_asv2018-01_img34_view_from_hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ET_Axum_asv2018-01_img34_view_from_hill.jpg/240px-ET_Axum_asv2018-01_img34_view_from_hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ET_Axum_asv2018-01_img34_view_from_hill.jpg/360px-ET_Axum_asv2018-01_img34_view_from_hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ET_Axum_asv2018-01_img34_view_from_hill.jpg/480px-ET_Axum_asv2018-01_img34_view_from_hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6246" data-file-height="3904" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo" title="Państwo">Państwo</a> </th> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Typ </th> <td> <p>kulturowy </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C5%9Bwiatowego_dziedzictwa_UNESCO#Kryteria" title="Lista światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO">Spełniane kryterium</a> </th> <td> <p>I, IV </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Numer ref. </th> <td> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/15">15</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C5%9Bwiatowego_dziedzictwa_UNESCO#Obiekty_UNESCO_według_regionów" title="Lista światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO">Region</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></sup> </th> <td> <p>Afryka </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px #aaa solid;">Historia wpisania na listę </td></tr> <tr> <th>Wpisanie na listę </th> <td> <p>1980<br /><small>na 4. <a href="/wiki/Komitet_%C5%9Awiatowego_Dziedzictwa#Lista_sesji_Komitetu_Światowego_Dziedzictwa" title="Komitet Światowego Dziedzictwa">sesji</a></small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="refsection refsection-infobox"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list">Oficjalna nazwa wpisana na listę UNESCO</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=&search_by_country=&type=&media=&region=&order=region">Oficjalny podział dokonany przez UNESCO</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Aksum</b><sup id="cite_ref-ksng_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ksng-3">[1]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_amharski" title="Język amharski">amh.</a> አክሱም) – miasto w północnej <a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopii</a>, w regionie <a href="/wiki/Tigraj" title="Tigraj">Tigraj</a>, w odległości ok. 50 km od granicy z <a href="/wiki/Erytrea" title="Erytrea">Erytreą</a>; 41 tys. mieszkańców, z czego znaczna większość wyznaje <a href="/wiki/Chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84stwo" title="Chrześcijaństwo">chrześcijaństwo</a> i należy do <a href="/wiki/Etiopski_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Ortodoksyjny" title="Etiopski Kościół Ortodoksyjny">Kościoła etiopskiego</a>. Aksum jest także świętym miastem tego Kościoła. Zostało założone ok. V wieku p.n.e.; było stolicą królestwa <a href="/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum">Aksum</a> – pierwszego państwa etiopskiego, a także miejscem koronacji <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adcy_Etiopii" title="Władcy Etiopii">cesarzy Etiopii</a>. Ze względu na wartość historyczną, pozostałości starożytnego miasta zostały w 1980 roku wpisane na <a href="/wiki/Lista_%C5%9Bwiatowego_dziedzictwa_UNESCO" title="Lista światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO">listę światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO</a><sup id="cite_ref-unesco1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco1-4">[2]</a></sup>. </p><p>Według tradycji etiopskiego kościoła w <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaplica_Tablic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaplica Tablic (strona nie istnieje)">kaplicy Tablic</a> w Aksum przechowywana jest <a href="/wiki/Arka_Przymierza" title="Arka Przymierza">Arka Przymierza</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brockman29_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockman29-5">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Russell45_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell45-6">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethiopianorthodox_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethiopianorthodox-7">[5]</a></sup>. Według przekazów z XIV wieku, <a href="/wiki/Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik I</a> – pierwszy <a href="/wiki/Negus" class="mw-redirect" title="Negus">król Etiopii</a> i zgodnie z legendą syn <a href="/wiki/Makeda" title="Makeda">królowej Saby</a> i króla <a href="/wiki/Salomon_(kr%C3%B3l_Izraela)" title="Salomon (król Izraela)">Salomona</a> – miał przywieźć arkę z <a href="/wiki/Izrael" title="Izrael">Izraela</a> do Etiopii<sup id="cite_ref-Brockman30_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockman30-8">[6]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zobacz_też"><span id="Zobacz_te.C5.BC"></span>Zobacz też</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zobacz też" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zobacz też"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_z_Aksum" title="Obelisk z Aksum">Obelisk z Aksum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ksng-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ksng_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Komisja Standaryzacji Nazw Geograficznych poza granicami Polski przy Głównym Geodecie Kraju: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/pliki/zeszyty/zeszyt_03.pdf">Afryka</a></i>. Warszawa: Główny Urząd Geodezji i Kartografii, 2004, s. 65, seria: Nazewnictwo Geograficzne Świata. [dostęp 2016-01-16].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afryka&rft.au=Komisja+Standaryzacji+Nazw+Geograficznych+poza+granicami+Polski+przy+G%C5%82%C3%B3wnym+Geodecie+Kraju&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Geodezji+i+Kartografii&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=65&rft.series=Nazewnictwo+Geograficzne+%C5%9Awiata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fksng.gugik.gov.pl%2Fpliki%2Fzeszyty%2Fzeszyt_03.pdf"></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-unesco1_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">UNESCO: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/15/">Aksum</a>. [dostęp 2016-01-10]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockman29-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brockman29_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Norbert Brockman: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.be/books?id=JkSk4euA-TEC&pg=PA30&dq=Church+of+Our+Lady+Mary+of+Zion+Aksum&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiy1OHf0p_KAhXEdQ8KHeLICCAQ6AEIXzAJ#v=onepage&q=Church%20of%20Our%20Lady%20Mary%20of%20Zion%20Aksum&f=false">Encyclopedia of Sacred Places</a></i>. ABC-CLIO, 2011, s. 29. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9781598846546" title="Specjalna:Książki/9781598846546">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-1-59884-654-6</span></a>. [dostęp 2016-01-10].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sacred+Places&rft.au=Norbert+Brockman&rft.date=2011&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.pages=29&rft.isbn=9781598846546&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.be%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJkSk4euA-TEC%26pg%3DPA30%26dq%3DChurch%2Bof%2BOur%2BLady%2BMary%2Bof%2BZion%2BAksum%26hl%3Dnl%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwiy1OHf0p_KAhXEdQ8KHeLICCAQ6AEIXzAJ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DChurch%2520of%2520Our%2520Lady%2520Mary%2520of%2520Zion%2520Aksum%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell45-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Russell45_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thomas Arthur Russell: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.be/books?id=FmMarHDbglgC&pg=PT46&dq=Church+of+Our+Lady+Mary+of+Zion+Aksum&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1jK6_4p_KAhUF_g4KHQBvBGcQ6AEITzAH#v=onepage&q=Church%20of%20Our%20Lady%20Mary%20of%20Zion%20Aksum&f=false">Comparative Christianity: A Student's Guide to a Religion and Its Diverse Traditions</a></i>. Universal-Publishers, 2010, s. 45-46. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9781599428772" title="Specjalna:Książki/9781599428772">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-1-59942-877-2</span></a>. [dostęp 2016-01-10].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Christianity%3A+A+Student%27s+Guide+to+a+Religion+and+Its+Diverse+Traditions&rft.au=Thomas+Arthur+Russell&rft.date=2010&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.pages=45-46&rft.isbn=9781599428772&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.be%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFmMarHDbglgC%26pg%3DPT46%26dq%3DChurch%2Bof%2BOur%2BLady%2BMary%2Bof%2BZion%2BAksum%26hl%3Dnl%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwi1jK6_4p_KAhUF_g4KHQBvBGcQ6AEITzAH%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DChurch%2520of%2520Our%2520Lady%2520Mary%2520of%2520Zion%2520Aksum%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethiopianorthodox-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ethiopianorthodox_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bernard Leeman: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethiopianorthodox.org/amharic/holybooks/arkofthecovenent.pdf">The Ark Of The Covenant. Evidence supporting the Ethiopian Traditions</a>. [w:] <i>Ethiopianorthodox.com</i> [on-line]. 2010. [dostęp 2016-01-10]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockman30-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brockman30_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Norbert Brockman: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.be/books?id=JkSk4euA-TEC&pg=PA30&dq=Church+of+Our+Lady+Mary+of+Zion+Aksum&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiy1OHf0p_KAhXEdQ8KHeLICCAQ6AEIXzAJ#v=onepage&q=Church%20of%20Our%20Lady%20Mary%20of%20Zion%20Aksum&f=false">Encyclopedia of Sacred Places</a></i>. ABC-CLIO, 2011, s. 30. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9781598846546" title="Specjalna:Książki/9781598846546">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-1-59884-654-6</span></a>. [dostęp 2016-01-10].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sacred+Places&rft.au=Norbert+Brockman&rft.date=2011&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.pages=30&rft.isbn=9781598846546&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.be%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJkSk4euA-TEC%26pg%3DPA30%26dq%3DChurch%2Bof%2BOur%2BLady%2BMary%2Bof%2BZion%2BAksum%26hl%3Dnl%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwiy1OHf0p_KAhXEdQ8KHeLICCAQ6AEIXzAJ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DChurch%2520of%2520Our%2520Lady%2520Mary%2520of%2520Zion%2520Aksum%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linki_zewnętrzne"><span id="Linki_zewn.C4.99trzne"></span>Linki zewnętrzne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Linki zewnętrzne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Linki zewnętrzne"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web open-access"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3867016"><i>Aksum</i></a>, [w:] <i><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">Encyklopedia PWN</a></i> [online], <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2011-02-01]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=unknown&rft.atitle=Aksum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo%2F%3B3867016" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02163a.htm">Axum, Catholic Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151206094028/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/aksum.html">World Heritage Site, Axum</a>. worldheritagesite.org. [zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/aksum.html">tego adresu</a> (2015-12-06)].</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412093319/http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/um/umn.html">Zdjęcia z opisem angielskim z Aksum</a>. hp.uab.edu. [zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/um/umn.html">tego adresu</a> (2008-04-12)].</cite></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/aksu_2/hd_aksu_2.htm">The Monumetal Stelae of Aksum (3rd-4th century A.D.), The Metropolitam Museum of Art</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin:auto;text-align:center;padding:3px;margin-top:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output table.navbox:not(.pionowy){width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{border-top:0;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy{width:250px;float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 0.4em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .before,.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .after{padding:0.5em 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.navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}</style><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Obiekty_UNESCO_w_Etiopii" title="Szablon:Obiekty UNESCO w Etiopii"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Obiekty_UNESCO_w_Etiopii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Obiekty UNESCO w Etiopii (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Obiekty_UNESCO_w_Etiopii&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption">Obiekty z <a href="/wiki/Lista_%C5%9Bwiatowego_dziedzictwa_UNESCO" title="Lista światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO">listy Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO</a> w <a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopii</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content flex"><div class="navbox-before before"> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Flag_of_UNESCO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/60px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/90px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/120px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> </div><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ruiny miasta Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auasz" title="Auasz">Dolina rzeki Auasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasil_Ghebbi" title="Fasil Ghebbi">Warowne miasto Fasil Ghebbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harer" title="Harer">Ufortyfikowane miasto Harar Jugol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konso" title="Konso">Krajobraz kulturowy Konso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82y_skalne_w_Lalibeli" title="Kościoły skalne w Lalibeli">Kościoły skalne w Lalibeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omo_(rzeka)" title="Omo (rzeka)">Dolina rzeki Omo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Narodowy_Simien" title="Park Narodowy Simien">Park Narodowy Simien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyja" title="Tyja">Stanowisko archeologiczne Tyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Narodowy_Bale" title="Park Narodowy Bale">Park Narodowy Bale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krajobraz_kulturowy_Gedeo" title="Krajobraz kulturowy Gedeo">Krajobraz kulturowy Gedeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melka_Kunture" title="Melka Kunture">Melka Kunture</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balchit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balchit (strona nie istnieje)">Balchit</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-after after"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia"><img alt="Etiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </p> </div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description"><a href="/wiki/Miasto" title="Miasto">miasto</a></span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/134898301">134898301</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/n82225747">n82225747</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4068499-4">4068499-4</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119413989">119413989</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Universitaire_de_Documentation" title="Système Universitaire de Documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/027353850">027353850</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ge646917">ge646917</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555241905171">987007555241905171</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">PWN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3867016.html">3867016</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksum-ancient-kingdom-Africa">place/Aksum-ancient-kingdom-Africa</a></span>, <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksum-Ethiopia">place/Aksum-Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/aksum">aksum</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielka_Encyklopedia_Rosyjska" title="Wielka Encyklopedia Rosyjska">БРЭ</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/1807582">1807582</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=Aksum">Aksum</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0006337.xml">0006337</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=Aksum">Aksum</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatska_enciklopedija" title="Hrvatska enciklopedija">Hrvatska enciklopedija</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=1196">1196</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&oldid=75128752">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aksum_(miasto)&oldid=75128752</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Aksum_(miasto)" title="Kategoria:Aksum (miasto)">Aksum (miasto)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Obiekty_z_listy_dziedzictwa_UNESCO_w_Etiopii" title="Kategoria:Obiekty z listy dziedzictwa UNESCO w Etiopii">Obiekty z listy dziedzictwa UNESCO w Etiopii</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Zabytki_Etiopii" title="Kategoria:Zabytki Etiopii">Zabytki Etiopii</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Stanowiska_archeologiczne_w_Etiopii" title="Kategoria:Stanowiska archeologiczne w Etiopii">Stanowiska archeologiczne w Etiopii</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Miasta_w_Regionie_Tigraj" title="Kategoria:Miasta w Regionie Tigraj">Miasta w Regionie Tigraj</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 3 lis 2024, 21:54.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst udostępniany na licencji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl">Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na tych samych warunkach</a>, z możliwością obowiązywania dodatkowych ograniczeń. 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-hllr7","wgBackendResponseTime":174,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.744","walltime":"1.032","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6629,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":54404,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13158,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":19446,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":10,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 972.054 1 -total"," 33.35% 324.158 1 Szablon:Miejscowość_infobox"," 18.40% 178.864 1 Szablon:Kontrola_autorytatywna"," 15.92% 154.765 1 Szablon:UNESCO_infobox"," 14.07% 136.780 1 Szablon:Obiekty_UNESCO_w_Etiopii"," 13.66% 132.808 1 Szablon:Szablon_nawigacyjny"," 13.17% 128.042 1 Szablon:Przypisy"," 12.19% 118.531 2 Szablon:Infobox_państwo"," 10.45% 101.546 1 Szablon:Infobox_państwo_nie_iso"," 8.66% 84.221 4 Szablon:Cytuj_książkę"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.510","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6637177,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n [\"P582\"] = table#2 {\n [\"before\"] = true,\n [\"missing\"] = true,\n },\n}\nsnaktype = table#1 {\n [\"value\"] = true,\n}\nJednostka nie zawiera poszukiwanej właściwości 'P94'\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n [\"P582\"] = table#2 {\n [\"before\"] = true,\n [\"missing\"] = true,\n },\n}\nsnaktype = table#1 {\n [\"value\"] = true,\n}\nJednostka nie zawiera poszukiwanej właściwości 'P41'\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = \"preferowana lub zwykła\"\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n [\"group\"] = function#2,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n}\nsnaktype = nil\n#prop A = 1\n#prop B = 1\n{{#invoke:Moduł:Mapa|Infobox}}\nwspółrzędne = \"14°7′N 38°44′E\"\nargumenty = table#1 {\n [\"category\"] = \"Miejscowość infobox\",\n [\"geohack\"] = \"type:landmark\",\n}\nmap = \"ETH\"\nmap = \"ETH\"\ntable#1 {\n [\"autoAlt\"] = \"punkt z opisem „Aksum”\",\n [\"description\"] = \"Aksum\",\n [\"latitude\"] = 14.116666666667,\n [\"link\"] = \"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl\u0026params=14.116666666667_N_38.733333333333_E_type:landmark_\",\n [\"longitude\"] = 38.733333333333,\n [\"mark\"] = \"Red pog.svg\",\n [\"posDesc\"] = \"blisko górnej krawiędzi nieco na lewo\",\n [\"rx\"] = 92.047008547009,\n [\"ry\"] = 18.41143472249,\n [\"size\"] = 6,\n [\"x\"] = 38.675213675214,\n [\"y\"] = 9.5430107526882,\n}\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = \"najlepsza\"\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n [\"P582\"] = table#2 {\n [\"missing\"] = true,\n },\n}\nsnaktype = nil\nJednostka nie zawiera poszukiwanej właściwości 'P856'\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nsecondary = nil\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n}\nsnaktype = nil\n#prop A = 1\nbigImage = table#1 {\n \"[[Plik:ET Axum asv2018-01 img34 view from hill.jpg|240x240px|alt=ilustracja]]\",\n}\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n [\"P582\"] = table#2 {\n [\"before\"] = true,\n [\"missing\"] = true,\n },\n}\nsnaktype = nil\n#prop A = 1\n#prop B = 1\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n [\"P582\"] = table#2 {\n [\"before\"] = true,\n [\"missing\"] = true,\n },\n}\nsnaktype = nil\n#prop A = 1\n#prop B = 1\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n [\"P582\"] = table#2 {\n [\"before\"] = true,\n [\"missing\"] = true,\n },\n}\nsnaktype = nil\n#prop A = 1\n#prop B = 1\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n [\"P582\"] = table#2 {\n [\"before\"] = true,\n [\"missing\"] = true,\n },\n}\nsnaktype = nil\n#prop A = 1\n#prop B = 1\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n [\"P582\"] = table#2 {\n [\"before\"] = true,\n [\"missing\"] = true,\n },\n}\nsnaktype = nil\n#prop A = 1\n#prop B = 1\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n [\"P582\"] = table#2 {\n [\"before\"] = true,\n [\"missing\"] = true,\n },\n}\nsnaktype = nil\n#prop A = 1\n#prop B = 1\n{{#invoke:Moduł:Mapa|Infobox}}\ninfobox może wyszukać współrzędne w wikidanych\nargumenty = table#1 {\n [\"category\"] = \"UNESCO infobox\",\n}\nbrak punktów na mapę i współrzędnych, nadszedł czas na Wikidane\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\n\n== Szablon:Szablon nawigacyjny ==\n\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-864bbfd546-62gtk","timestamp":"20241129202655","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Aksum (miasto)","url":"https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aksum_(miasto)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5832","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5832","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wsp\u00f3\u0142tw\u00f3rcy projekt\u00f3w Fundacji Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-01-19T20:23:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/16\/Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg","headline":"miejscowo\u015b\u0107 w Etiopii"}</script> </body> </html>