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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Early Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Early Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_in_1974" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_1974"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Changes in 1974</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_1974-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Local government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">historic county of England</a>, centred on the county town of <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>. The region was first occupied after the retreat of the ice age around 8000 BC. During the first millennium AD it was inhabited by celtic Britons and occupied by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>. The name comes from "Eborakon" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span>) an old <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brythonic</a> name which probably derives from "Efor" or "the place of the yew-trees."<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eborakon_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eborakon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect_and_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire dialect and accent">Yorkshire dialect</a> words and aspects of pronunciation derive from old Norse<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the Viking influence in this region. The name "Yorkshire", first appeared in writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> in 1065. It was originally composed of three sections called Thrydings, subsequently referred to as <a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">Ridings</a>. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of England in 1066, Yorkshire was subject to the punitive <a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">harrying of the North</a>, which caused great hardship. The Harrying was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocides</a> recorded in world history and was carried out by the Norman conquerors on the native <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scandinavian" title="Anglo-Scandinavian">Anglo-Scandinavians</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The area proved to be notable for uprisings and <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellions</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding</a> became the second most important manufacturing area in the United Kingdom, while the predominant industries of the <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North Ridings</a> remained fishing and agriculture. In modern times, the Yorkshire <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economy</a> suffered from a decline in manufacturing which affected its traditional coal, steel, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> and shipping industries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_context">Geographical context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yorkshire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Topographical_areas_of_Yorkshire" title="Topographical areas of Yorkshire">Topographical areas of Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Yorkshire" title="Geology of Yorkshire">Geology of Yorkshire</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorkshire-Subregions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Yorkshire-Subregions.jpg/300px-Yorkshire-Subregions.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Yorkshire-Subregions.jpg/450px-Yorkshire-Subregions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Yorkshire-Subregions.jpg/600px-Yorkshire-Subregions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption>The natural sub-regions of Yorkshire</figcaption></figure> <p>Yorkshire was not a homogeneous natural or topographical area and the contrasting conditions and natural resources led to differences in the way that the different areas of the county developed over time. These differences manifested themselves in contrasting economic developments as well as the styles of the vernacular architecture of the various areas. The <a href="/wiki/North_York_Moors" title="North York Moors">North York Moors</a> area is even now very different from the <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Coalfield" title="South Yorkshire Coalfield">South Yorkshire Coalfield</a> area of <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding</a> and this differs greatly from <a href="/wiki/Holderness" title="Holderness">Holderness</a>. </p><p>In Yorkshire there is a very close relationship between the major <a href="/wiki/Topographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographical">topographical</a> areas and the underlying geology.<sup id="cite_ref-genukiorg_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genukiorg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennine</a> chain of hills in the west is of <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> origin. The central vale is <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Permo-Triassic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/North_York_Moors" title="North York Moors">North York Moors</a> in the north-east of the county are <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> in age while the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Wolds" title="Yorkshire Wolds">Yorkshire Wolds</a> to the south east are <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> chalk uplands.<sup id="cite_ref-genukiorg_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genukiorg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region is <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drained</a> by several rivers. In eastern and central Yorkshire the many rivers empty their waters into the <a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">River Ouse</a> which reaches the North Sea via the <a href="/wiki/Humber_Estuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Humber Estuary">Humber Estuary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rivers_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivers-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg/300px-Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg/450px-Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg/600px-Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The main rivers of Yorkshire.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most northerly of the rivers in the Ouse system is the Swale, which drains <a href="/wiki/Swaledale" title="Swaledale">Swaledale</a> before passing through <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_North_Yorkshire" title="Richmond, North Yorkshire">Richmond</a> and meandering across the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Mowbray" title="Vale of Mowbray">Vale of Mowbray</a>. Next, draining <a href="/wiki/Wensleydale" title="Wensleydale">Wensleydale</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/River_Ure" title="River Ure">River Ure</a>, which joins the Swale east of Boroughbridge. The <a href="/wiki/River_Nidd" title="River Nidd">River Nidd</a> rises on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales_National_Park" title="Yorkshire Dales National Park">Yorkshire Dales National Park</a> and flows along <a href="/wiki/Nidderdale" title="Nidderdale">Nidderdale</a> before reaching the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_York" title="Vale of York">Vale of York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rivers_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivers-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ouse is the name given to the river after its confluence with the Ure at Ouse Gill Beck. The <a href="/wiki/River_Wharfe" title="River Wharfe">River Wharfe</a>, which drains <a href="/wiki/Wharfedale" title="Wharfedale">Wharfedale</a>, joins the Ouse upstream of Cawood.<sup id="cite_ref-rivers_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivers-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rivers Aire and Calder are more southerly contributors to the River Ouse and the most southerly Yorkshire tributary is the <a href="/wiki/River_Don,_South_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="River Don, South Yorkshire">River Don</a>, which flows northwards to join the main river at <a href="/wiki/Goole" title="Goole">Goole</a>. In the far north of the county the <a href="/wiki/River_Tees" title="River Tees">River Tees</a> flows eastwards through <a href="/wiki/Teesdale" title="Teesdale">Teesdale</a> and empties its waters into the North Sea downstream of Middlesbrough. The smaller <a href="/wiki/River_Esk,_North_Yorkshire" title="River Esk, North Yorkshire">River Esk</a> flows from west to east at the northern foot of the North York Moors to reach the sea at Whitby.<sup id="cite_ref-rivers_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivers-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/River_Derwent,_Yorkshire" title="River Derwent, Yorkshire">River Derwent</a> rises on the North York Moors, flows south then westwards through the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Pickering" title="Vale of Pickering">Vale of Pickering</a> then turns south again to drain the eastern part of the Vale of York. It empties into the River Ouse at Barmby on the Marsh.<sup id="cite_ref-rivers_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivers-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the east of the Yorkshire Wolds the <a href="/wiki/River_Hull" title="River Hull">River Hull</a> flows southwards to join the Humber Estuary at <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a>. The western Pennines are served by the <a href="/wiki/River_Ribble" title="River Ribble">River Ribble</a> which drains westwards into the Irish Sea close to Lytham St Anne's.<sup id="cite_ref-rivers_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivers-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yorkshire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RudstonMonolith(StephenHorncastle)Apr2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/RudstonMonolith%28StephenHorncastle%29Apr2006.jpg/220px-RudstonMonolith%28StephenHorncastle%29Apr2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/RudstonMonolith%28StephenHorncastle%29Apr2006.jpg/330px-RudstonMonolith%28StephenHorncastle%29Apr2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/RudstonMonolith%28StephenHorncastle%29Apr2006.jpg/440px-RudstonMonolith%28StephenHorncastle%29Apr2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The Rudston Monolith, almost 26ft high, close to Rudston Parish Church of all Saints</figcaption></figure> <p>This refers to the period up to the arrival of the Romans, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 71 AD</span> in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-arch_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arch-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appearance of the terrain differed greatly from that which exists today. During the early part of this period there was a <a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">land connection</a> between what is now Germany and eastern England, making it possible for groups of hunters to wander into the area. When the first people arrived the climate would have been sub arctic and the animals that the Paleolithic groups found would have been included the <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woolly_rhinoceros" title="Woolly rhinoceros">woolly rhinoceros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-S&R_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&R-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the <a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">cliffs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Creswell_Crags" title="Creswell Crags">Creswell Crags</a> in neighbouring North East <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a> contain several <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a> that were occupied during the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>, between around 43,000 and 10,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> evidence of human activity in Yorkshire itself is, so far, restricted to that revolving around a <a href="/wiki/Hunter_gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter gatherer">hunter gatherer</a> lifestyle dating from around 8000/7000 BC. In Victoria Cave, <a href="/wiki/Settle,_North_Yorkshire" title="Settle, North Yorkshire">Settle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">late upper palaeolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectile</a> points were found that include the bone head of a <a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a> which was dated to within 110 years of 8270 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 5,000 years following the arrival of the first migrants the climate improved steadily and a richer natural vegetation started to cover the land including birch, hazel, elm, pine and oak trees. By 5000 BC Britain was separated from mainland Europe after rising sea levels had created the southern area of the North Sea. Chapel Cave, near <a href="/wiki/Malham" title="Malham">Malham</a> in the northern Pennines, may have been used as a hunting lookout during the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> period. Trapezoidal <a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">microliths</a> used in wooden shafts as arrows were found in the collection of flint when the cave was excavated. Animal bones which were found there included hare, fox, roe deer, badger and a large bird. Fish scales, particularly perch, were also found.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further south, the Marsden area of the Pennines also became a seasonal hunting ground for early humans in the Mesolithic period. There were seasonal hunting encampments on the high ground by 7000 BC. Stone Age tools have been found at Pule Hill, Warcock Hill, Standedge and March Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the North York Moors relics of this early hunting, gathering and fishing community have been found as a widespread scattering of flint tools and the barbed flint flakes used in arrows and spears.<sup id="cite_ref-Spratt_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spratt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area of the Vale of Pickering dates back to the Mesolithic period, around 7000 BC The most important remaining settlement of this period is that at <a href="/wiki/Star_Carr" title="Star Carr">Star Carr</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near Scarborough, where, due to waterlogged conditions, a considerable quantity of organic remains as well as flint tools, have survived. This is Britain's best-known Mesolithic site. The site, on the eastern shores of glacial <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pickering" title="Lake Pickering">Lake Pickering</a>, was surrounded by birch trees, some of which had been cleared and used to construct a rough platform of branches and brushwood. Lumps of turf and stones had been thrown on top of this construction to make a village site. The site was probably visited from time to time by about four or five families who were engaged in hunting, fishing and gathering wild plants as well as manufacturing tools and weapons and working skins for clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the southern edge of the Vale of Pickering lies <a href="/wiki/West_Heslerton" title="West Heslerton">West Heslerton</a>, where recent excavation has revealed continuous habitation since the Late Mesolithic Age, about 5000 BC. This site has revealed a great deal of dwelling and occupation evidence from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 3000 BC arable farming and the domestication of animals started in the area. Permanent settlements were built by the Neolithic people and their culture involved ceremonial burials of their dead in barrows. The development of farming in the Vale of Pickering during the Neolithic period is evident in the distribution of earth <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrows</a> throughout the area. These early farmers were the first to destroy the forest cover of the North York Moors. Their settlements were concentrated in the fertile parts of the limestone belt and these areas have been continuously farmed ever since. The Neolithic farmers of the moors grew crops, kept animals, made pottery and were highly skilled at making stone implements. They buried their dead in the characteristic long low burial mounds on the moors.<sup id="cite_ref-Spratt_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spratt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historic landscape of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wold_Valley" title="Great Wold Valley">Great Wold Valley</a> provides an insight into the activities of prehistoric peoples in the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Wolds" title="Yorkshire Wolds">Yorkshire Wolds</a>. The valley was an important place of worship in prehistoric times and it houses a number of important scheduled monuments dating back to <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rudston is the centre of a prehistoric landscape and four Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">cursus</a> converge on the village area. <a href="/wiki/Argam" title="Argam">Argham Dyke</a>, a prehistoric earthwork dating from the Bronze Age, crosses the area near Rudston. There is also evidence of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> occupation as revealed by aerial photographs showing traces of fields, trackways and farms.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rudston_Monolith" title="Rudston Monolith">Rudston Monolith</a> at over 25 feet (7.6 metres) is the tallest <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a> or <a href="/wiki/Standing_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing stone">Standing stone</a> in the United Kingdom. It is situated in the churchyard in the village of <a href="/wiki/Rudston" title="Rudston">Rudston</a> in the <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a> and is made from moor grit conglomerate, a material that can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hills" title="Cleveland Hills">Cleveland Hills</a> inland from <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a>. It dates from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Neolithic" title="Late Neolithic">Late Neolithic</a> Period. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thornborough_Henge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Thornborough_Henge.jpg/220px-Thornborough_Henge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Thornborough_Henge.jpg/330px-Thornborough_Henge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Thornborough_Henge.jpg/440px-Thornborough_Henge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Thornborough Henge</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough Henges</a> is an ancient monument complex that includes three aligned <a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">henges</a> that give the site its name. The complex is located near the village of <a href="/wiki/Thornborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Thornborough, North Yorkshire">Thornborough</a>, close to the town of <a href="/wiki/Masham" title="Masham">Masham</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>. The complex includes many large ancient structures including a cursus, henges, burial grounds and settlements. They are thought to have been part of a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> 'ritual landscape' comparable with <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a> and date from between 3500 and 2500 BC. This monument complex has been called 'The Stonehenge of the North' and has been described by <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> as the most important ancient site between Stonehenge and the Orkney Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a dearth of evidence of human occupation in the Vale of York until the early Bronze Age around 2300 BC, when the inhabitants of the Yorkshire region began to use implements made of bronze. The metal was refined from ore and hammered or cast to shape. </p><p>As the Neolithic period gave way to the Bronze Age in the area, people continued to farm, clear forest and use stone tools. They also continued to hunt in the upland areas as finds of their barbed and tanged flint arrowheads show. Only gradually did metal tools and weapons become adopted. The Bronze Age was a time of major changes in burial rituals. The bodies were buried beneath circular mounds of earth which are called <a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">round barrows</a> and they are often accompanied by bronze artefacts.<sup id="cite_ref-Whyman_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whyman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great majority of known barrows are in prominent upland locations such as the Wolds, Moors and Pennine areas of Yorkshire, but some Bronze Age remains have been found on the fringe of the Vale of Pickering and there are a very few in the Vale of York.<sup id="cite_ref-Whyman_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whyman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early Bronze Age, barrow burials were performed on the site of <a href="/wiki/Ferrybridge_Henge" title="Ferrybridge Henge">Ferrybridge Henge</a>. The Street House Long Barrow at Loftus on the Cleveland coastline between Saltburn and Staithes was a Bronze Age mound that had been erected on top of a much earlier burial monument dating from the Neolithic period.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harkerside_Moor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Harkerside_Moor.jpg/220px-Harkerside_Moor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Harkerside_Moor.jpg/330px-Harkerside_Moor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Harkerside_Moor.jpg/440px-Harkerside_Moor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>A prehistoric settlement on Harkerside Moor in Swaledale.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> started around 700 BC in this area. There was a continuation and development of settlement patterns which originated in the Bronze Age. Heavily defended settlements on coastal and inland promontories were established. In East Yorkshire a new burial rite in which the dead were buried within square ditched barrows, and sometimes accompanied by grave goods including carts or chariots, appears from about 500 BC. This is the <a href="/wiki/Arras_culture" title="Arras culture">Arras culture</a> of the Parisii tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-Whyman_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whyman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before their <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">invasion</a> the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> identified three different tribes of people living in the Yorkshire area. The area now covered by Yorkshire was mostly the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Celtic tribes">Celtic tribe</a> who lived between <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">Tyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a>. Another tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Yorkshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parisii (Yorkshire)">Parisii</a>, inhabited what would become the East Riding. The <a href="/wiki/Carvetii" title="Carvetii">Carvetii</a> occupied an area of what is now called <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, but was at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> still part of Yorkshire. Life was centred on agriculture, wheat and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> as the staple foods. The Brigantes lived in small villages, and raised cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses. </p><p>Fortifications were constructed in Brigantia and notable forts can still be discerned on <a href="/wiki/Ingleborough" title="Ingleborough">Ingleborough</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Wincobank_(hill_fort)" title="Wincobank (hill fort)">Wincobank</a>, amongst other places. <a href="/wiki/Stanwick_Iron_Age_Fortifications" title="Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications">Stanwick</a> seems to have been the tribal capital of the Brigantes up until the Roman conquest.<br /> </p><p>In 2017 the remains of a horse and chariot were found in Pocklington.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of an almost 6,000 year-old salt-making complex at a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> site near the <a href="/wiki/Boulby" title="Boulby">Boulby</a> Cliffs in Yorkshire. Researchers revealed three salt-making <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a> and fragments of dozens of ceramic <a href="/wiki/Bowl" title="Bowl">bowls</a> used in the process. According to Dr Stephen Sherlock, this discovery plays a pivotal role in understanding the main aspects of the Neolithic economy. As there is no local source of <a href="/wiki/Rock_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock salt">rock salt</a>, it is probable that the salt was produced by evaporation or sea water.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman">Roman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yorkshire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Fortifications_in_Museum_Gardens_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Roman_Fortifications_in_Museum_Gardens_York.jpg/220px-Roman_Fortifications_in_Museum_Gardens_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Roman_Fortifications_in_Museum_Gardens_York.jpg/330px-Roman_Fortifications_in_Museum_Gardens_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Roman_Fortifications_in_Museum_Gardens_York.jpg/440px-Roman_Fortifications_in_Museum_Gardens_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Roman wall and the west corner tower of the fort at York, with medieval additions</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> between 43 and 410 AD. </p><p>Yorkshire was effectively part of the Roman Empire from 71 AD to about 410 AD. Initially, Roman advances in Britain stopped at the <a href="/wiki/River_Don,_South_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="River Don, South Yorkshire">River Don</a>, the southern boundary of the Brigantian territory. The <a href="/wiki/Templeborough" title="Templeborough">Templeborough</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a>, just south of the Don, takes its name from the remains of the Roman fort found here. This was first built in wood <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 55 AD</span>, and was later rebuilt in stone.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queen <a href="/wiki/Cartimandua" title="Cartimandua">Cartimandua</a>, the last ruler of the Brigantes, depended on Roman support to withstand the forces of her estranged husband, <a href="/wiki/Venutius" title="Venutius">Venutius</a>. The territory remained independent until 69 AD, when the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Legion">Ninth Legion</a> under <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Petillius_Cerialis" title="Quintus Petillius Cerialis">Quintus Petillius Cerialis</a> moved in to quell civil war between Cartimandua and Venutius, bringing an end to British rule in England.<sup id="cite_ref-S&R_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&R-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fort at Danum (<a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a>), at a crossing over the River Don was built around 71 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans advanced along the road that ran along the <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire_Wolds" title="Lincolnshire Wolds">Wolds</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lindum_Colonia" title="Lindum Colonia">Lindum Colonia</a> (Lincoln) and then crossed the <a href="/wiki/Humber_Estuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Humber Estuary">Humber</a> to land at <a href="/wiki/Petuaria" title="Petuaria">Petuaria</a>, (Brough). This was the capital settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Yorkshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parisii (Yorkshire)">Parisii tribe</a>. </p><p>The advancing Romans built roads northwards through the northern terrain to <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> (York), Derventio (Malton) and <a href="/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum" title="Isurium Brigantum">Isurium Brigantum</a> (Aldborough) then onwards to Cataractonium (Catterick). <a href="/wiki/Piercebridge_Roman_Bridge" title="Piercebridge Roman Bridge">Piercebridge</a> in the Tees lowlands is the site of the fortified river crossing where <a href="/wiki/Dere_Street" title="Dere Street">Dere Street</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/River_Tees" title="River Tees">River Tees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-S&R_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&R-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> York was founded in 71 AD as Eboracum, the Roman capital of Northern Britain and a fort was established there. There were still large areas of ill drained lowlands so the main routeways and settlements were built on higher ground on the Wolds and the edges of Holderness, the Vale of Pickering and the central Vales of Mowbray and York. The site of York and its access routes took advantage of the higher ground of the York moraine which crosses the vale from west to east. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Roads_in_Britannia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roman_Roads_in_Britannia.svg/220px-Roman_Roads_in_Britannia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roman_Roads_in_Britannia.svg/330px-Roman_Roads_in_Britannia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roman_Roads_in_Britannia.svg/440px-Roman_Roads_in_Britannia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Roman Britain</figcaption></figure> <p>Within a few years of defeating the Brigantian tribe at <a href="/wiki/Stanwick_Iron_Age_Fortifications" title="Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications">Stanwick</a> in 74 AD the Romans had discovered and were smelting lead at <a href="/wiki/Greenhow" title="Greenhow">Greenhow</a>, in Nidderdale, in the Pennines as evidenced by inscribed pigs of lead found in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-S&R_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&R-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beside the economic benefits of occupying and exploiting the raw materials of this northern region of Britain there were military reasons. The warlike Picts and Scots were kept at bay by stationing the Roman IX Legion in the area and most of the Roman settlements north of the Humber were military stations. The Romans built military settlements in the Pennines at <a href="/wiki/Olicana" class="mw-redirect" title="Olicana">Olicana</a> (Ilkley), <a href="/wiki/Castleshaw_Roman_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Castleshaw Roman fort">Castleshaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slack_Roman_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Slack Roman fort">Slack</a>, which were maintained to stop insurrections by the Brigantians, and temporary Roman military camps on the North York Moors at Cawthorne and Goathland.<sup id="cite_ref-Musgrove_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musgrove-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were, however, clusters of <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villas</a> around Derventio, Petuaria and in the area around present day Bridlington.<sup id="cite_ref-Musgrove_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musgrove-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A line of signal stations, one of which is located at Castle Hill, Scarborough, was built along the North Yorkshire coast warn of the approach of shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-S&R_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&R-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2nd century <a href="/wiki/Hadrians_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrians Wall">Hadrians Wall</a> was completed from the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="River Tyne, England">River Tyne</a> to the shore of the <a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth" title="Solway Firth">Solway Firth</a> and the military threat lessened so more civilian settlements grew to the south of the wall. In the early 3rd century York was granted the honorary rank of a <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity#Roman_colonies" title="Colonies in antiquity">Roman colony</a> and Isurium Brigantum expanded to become the largest civilian settlement in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-S&R_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&R-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time York became the Roman military capital of northern Britain, <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a>, following the province being split. When <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> was further divided in 296, York remained the administrative centre of <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Britannia Secunda</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I (emperor)">Constantine the Great</a> was crowned <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> here in 306 and it would be he who would institute Roman <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>. </p><p>In 402 AD the Roman garrison was recalled from York because of military threats in other parts of the Roman empire. Their most abiding legacy in this area is the road system which they left behind. Many modern main roads in Yorkshire, including parts of the <a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/A59_road" title="A59 road">A59</a>, <a href="/wiki/A166_road" title="A166 road">A166</a> and <a href="/wiki/A1079_road" title="A1079 road">A1079</a>, still follow the routes of Roman roads.<sup id="cite_ref-S&R_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&R-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-Roman">Sub-Roman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yorkshire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sub-Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of Roman rule in the 5th century, Northern Britain may have come under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Romano-British" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-British">Romano-British</a> <a href="/wiki/Coel_Hen" title="Coel Hen">Coel Hen</a>, the last of the Roman-style <i>Duces Brittanniarum</i> (Dukes of the Britons). However, the Romano-British kingdom rapidly broke up into smaller kingdoms and York became the capital of the British kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ebrauc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebrauc">Ebrauc</a>. Most of what became Yorkshire fell under the rule of the kingdom of Ebrauc but Yorkshire also included territory in the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Elmet" title="Elmet">Elmet</a> and an unnamed region ruled by <a href="/wiki/Dunod_Fawr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunod Fawr">Dunod Fawr</a>, which formed at around this time as did <a href="/wiki/Craven_District" title="Craven District">Craven</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_King_Edwin_of_Northumbria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Saint_King_Edwin_of_Northumbria.jpg/150px-Saint_King_Edwin_of_Northumbria.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Saint_King_Edwin_of_Northumbria.jpg/225px-Saint_King_Edwin_of_Northumbria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Saint_King_Edwin_of_Northumbria.jpg/300px-Saint_King_Edwin_of_Northumbria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a> from Sledmere</figcaption></figure><p> In the late 5th century and early 6th century <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> from the Schleswig-Holstein peninsula began colonising the Wolds, North Sea and Humber coastal areas. This was followed by the subjugation of the whole of east Yorkshire and the British kingdom of Ebruac in about 560. The name the Angles gave to the territory was Dewyr, or <a href="/wiki/Deira_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deira (kingdom)">Deira</a>. Early rulers of Deira extended the territory north to the <a href="/wiki/River_Wear" title="River Wear">River Wear</a> and about 600, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfrith_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelfrith of Northumbria">Æthelfrith</a> was able to unite Deira with the northern kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a>, forming the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, whose capital was at Eoforwic, modern day <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>. A later ruler, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a> completed the conquest of the area by his conquest of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Elmet" title="Elmet">Elmet</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hallamshire" title="Hallamshire">Hallamshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, in 617. He converted to the Christian religion, along with his nobles and many of his subjects, in 627 and was baptised at Eoforwic. His defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hatfield_Chase" title="Battle of Hatfield Chase">Battle of Hatfield Chase</a> by <a href="/wiki/Penda" class="mw-redirect" title="Penda">Penda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> in 633 was followed by continuing struggles between Mercia and Northumbria for supremacy over Deira.<sup id="cite_ref-Hey_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hey-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edwin's successor, Oswald, was sympathetic to the Celtic church and around 634 he invited <a href="/wiki/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Aidan of Lindisfarne">Aidan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a> to found a monastery at <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> as a base for converting Northumbria to <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a>. Aidan soon established a monastery on the cliffs above <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hilda_of_Whitby" title="Hilda of Whitby">Hilda</a> as abbess. Further monastic sites were established at Hackness and Lastingham and Celtic Christianity became more influential in Northumbria than the Roman system. This caused conflict within the church until the issue was resolved at the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Whitby" title="Synod of Whitby">Synod of Whitby</a> in 663 by <a href="/wiki/Oswiu_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oswiu of Northumbria">Oswiu of Northumbria</a> opting to adopt the Roman system.<sup id="cite_ref-Hey_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hey-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the kingdom of Northumbria the <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> era opened in 793 with an attack on the monastery at Lindisfarne. Danish Vikings crossed the North Sea to plunder the coast of Northumbria whilst Norwegians raided Orkney, the Western Isles and Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Yngling" title="Yngling">Yngling</a> King <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a> led a Danish <a href="/wiki/Leidang" title="Leidang">Leidang</a> into Northumbria during the mid-9th century, but was captured and executed in a snake pit at the Anglian court. The Danes embarked on a mission of vengeance, but were also part of the greater Scandinavian imperialist movement. In 865 his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a> led younger sons in control of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">army</a> into landing at <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, where they slew King <a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund the Martyr</a>. After their landing in East Anglia, the Danes headed north and took York in 866, eventually conquering the whole of Northumbria and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Kingdom of Strathclyde</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yorkshire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olof_Overselo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Olof_Overselo.jpg/220px-Olof_Overselo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Olof_Overselo.jpg/330px-Olof_Overselo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Olof_Overselo.jpg/440px-Olof_Overselo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>A medieval representation of Saint Olaf</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Danish subjugation of the region, in 875 <a href="/wiki/Guthrum_of_East_Anglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Guthrum of East Anglia">Guthrum</a> became leader of the Danes and he apportioned lands to his followers; however, most of the English population were allowed to retain their lands under the lordship of their Scandinavian conquerors. Ivar the Boneless became "King of all Scandinavians in the British Isles". The <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> changed the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Briton</a> <a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a> name for York from <i>Eoforwic</i>, to <a href="/wiki/Jorvik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorvik">Jorvik</a>. The Vikings destroyed all the early monasteries in the area and took the monastic estates for themselves. Some of the minster churches survived the plundering and eventually the Danish leaders were converted to Christianity. In the late 9th century Jorvik was ruled by the Christian king <a href="/wiki/Guthfrith,_King_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Guthfrith, King of York">Guthfrith</a>. It was under the Danes that the <a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)#Yorkshire" title="Riding (division)">ridings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wapentake" class="mw-redirect" title="Wapentake">wapentakes</a> of Yorkshire and the <a href="/wiki/Five_Burghs" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Burghs">Five Burghs</a> were established. The ridings were arranged so that their boundaries met at Jorvik, which was the administrative and commercial centre of the region. The Swedish Munsö dynasty became overlords of Jorvik because the Danes in Britain had promised loyalty to the Munsö <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Dublin">Kings of Dublin</a>, but this dynasty was focused on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> economy and quarrelled with the native Danish Jelling dynasty (which originated in the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> with Guthrum). The <a href="/wiki/Norse-Gaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse-Gaels">Norse-Gaels</a>, Ostmen or Gallgaidhill became <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Jorvik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Jorvik">Kings of Jorvik</a> after long contests with the Danes over controlling the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, which prompted the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Battle of Brunanburh</a>. Then, in 954, King <a href="/wiki/Eric_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric I of Norway">Eric I of Norway</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fairhair_dynasty" title="Fairhair dynasty">Fairhair dynasty</a> was slain at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Battle of Stainmore</a> by Anglo-Saxons and <a href="/wiki/Edred_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edred of England">Edred of England</a> began overlordship. </p><p>Jorvik was the direct predecessor to the shire of York and received further Danish royal aids after the invasion and takeover of Jorvik by England, from the Munsö descendants, <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_II_of_Denmark" title="Sweyn II of Denmark">Sweyn II of Denmark</a> right down to <a href="/wiki/Canute_IV_of_Denmark" title="Canute IV of Denmark">Canute IV of Denmark</a>'s martyrdom. <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf II of Norway">Saint Olave</a>'s Church in York is a testament to the Norwegian influence in the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yorkshire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1066, after the death of <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">King Edward the Confessor</a>, Yorkshire became the stage for two major battles that would help decide who would succeed to the throne. <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a> was declared King by the English but this was disputed by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hardrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Hardrada">Harold Hardrada</a> King of Norway and <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William</a> Duke of Normandy. In the late summer of 1066 Harold Hardrada, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Tostig_Godwinson" title="Tostig Godwinson">Tostig Godwinson</a>, took a large <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> fleet and army up the <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a> towards York.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were met by the army of the northern earls <a href="/wiki/Edwin,_Earl_of_Mercia" title="Edwin, Earl of Mercia">Edwin of Mercia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morcar_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Morcar of Northumbria">Morcar of Northumbria</a> who they defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Battle of Fulford</a>. Harold Hardrada occupied <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Norwegian Army encamped at <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Bridge,_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire">Stamford Bridge</a>. Harold Godwinson had to travel from London gathering his army as he went to face the invasion. Within five days, on 25 September 1066, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a> had reached Stamford Bridge and defeated the Norwegian Army in a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">battle</a> in which both Harold Hardrada and Tostig Godwinson were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-HOTESP66_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOTESP66-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle at Stamford Bridge can be seen as one of the pivotal battles in English history, it was the last time a Scandinavian army was able to seriously threaten England.<sup id="cite_ref-HOTESP66_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOTESP66-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 September William Duke of Normandy landed on the south coast of England forcing Harold Godwinson to rush south from Yorkshire with his army. They met at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a> where the English army was defeated and Harold Godwinson killed, allowing William to become King of England. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Richmond_Castle_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/View_from_Richmond_Castle_1.jpg/220px-View_from_Richmond_Castle_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/View_from_Richmond_Castle_1.jpg/330px-View_from_Richmond_Castle_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/View_from_Richmond_Castle_1.jpg/440px-View_from_Richmond_Castle_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Richmond castle walls and towers seen from the Keep</figcaption></figure> <p>King William I and the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> did not immediately gain control over the whole of the country, and rebellions in the north of England, including Yorkshire, led to the <a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a>. The Anglo-Norman chronicler <a href="/wiki/Orderic_Vitalis" title="Orderic Vitalis">Orderic Vitalis</a> condemned William the Conqueror for his cruelty in conducting a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> campaign during the winter of 1069–70. Those who escaped initially hid in Yorkshire's woodland but many (some sources say 100,000) then died of famine or exposure when William salted the ground so nothing would grow.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1071 the last native-led rebellion against Norman authority in Yorkshire had been suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalton_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalton-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The severity of the Norman campaign is shown by the fall of land values in Yorkshire by two-thirds between 1069 and 1086.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domesday Book records that 25 continental magnates introduced into Yorkshire by the Conqueror held over 90% of the county's <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manors</a>. The families who had previously held land were either deprived of their holdings or reduced to subtenants.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalton_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalton-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholarship on the "harrying" does contain some dissent from this history. For instance the use of land value data does not confirm a specific policy of harrying. The difficulty experienced by kings administering the North compared to the South, produces a slanted view of land values and Domesday information. </p><p>In the early years of Norman rule the new rulers built ringwork castles. These were circular defensive enclosures formed by the construction of a bank and a ditch. Examples of which are Kippax, near Leeds and Castleton on the North York Moors. Yorkshire at this time was frontier country. It was vulnerable to attack from the north by the Scots and from across the North Sea by the Danes. Soon more complex motte and bailey castles were being built as the ruthless and ambitious barons appointed by King William to rule Yorkshire gained a hold on their territories. The parcels of land bestowed by William to his followers in Yorkshire were fewer and much larger than in more southern counties. Each was able to support a sizeable garrison in a strong castle. Large castles were established at <a href="/wiki/Conisbrough_Castle" title="Conisbrough Castle">Conisbrough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tickhill" title="Tickhill">Tickhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontefract_Castle" title="Pontefract Castle">Pontefract</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Castle" title="Richmond Castle">Richmond</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middleham and <a href="/wiki/Skipsea_Castle" title="Skipsea Castle">Skipsea</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two in <a href="/wiki/York_Castle" title="York Castle">York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time also was established the chain of castles across the southern edge of the North York Moors which included Scarborough, Pickering and Helmsley.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fountains_Abbey,_Yorkshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fountains_Abbey%2C_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Fountains_Abbey%2C_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fountains_Abbey%2C_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-Fountains_Abbey%2C_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fountains_Abbey%2C_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-Fountains_Abbey%2C_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6062" data-file-height="4407" /></a><figcaption>Fountains abbey from the west</figcaption></figure> <p>When the Normans arrived in Yorkshire there were no monastic foundations. The old Northumbrian clifftop abbey of Whitby lay in ruins. In the centuries following the Conquest splendid abbeys and priories were built in Yorkshire. The first of these was Selby Abbey, founded in 1069 and the birthplace of Henry I of England. There followed the abbeys of St Mary's, York, Rievaulx, Fountains, Whitby, Byland, Jervaulx, Kirkstall, Roche, Meaux and many other smaller establishments. During the succeeding 70 years religious orders flourished, particularly after the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Thurstan" title="Thurstan">Thurstan</a> of Bayeux to the <a href="/wiki/Archbishops_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishops of York">archbishopric of York</a> in 1114. Between 1114 and 1135 at least 14 were established.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalton_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalton-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Norman landowners were keen to increase their revenues by establishing new towns and planned villages. Among others, the boroughs of Richmond, Pontefract, Sheffield, Doncaster, Helmsley and Scarborough were established in this way as were the villages of <a href="/wiki/Levisham" title="Levisham">Levisham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appleton-le-Moors" title="Appleton-le-Moors">Appleton-le-Moors</a> on the North York Moors<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wheldrake" title="Wheldrake">Wheldrake</a> in the Vale of York. York was the pre-eminent centre of population before the conquest and was one of only four pre-existing towns. The others included Bridlington and Pocklington. </p><p>The Danish invasions ceased at this time, but the Scots continued their invasions throughout the medieval period. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Standard" title="Battle of the Standard">Battle of the Standard</a> was fought against the Scots near <a href="/wiki/Northallerton" title="Northallerton">Northallerton</a> in 1138. </p><p>During this period the majority of the Yorkshire population was engaged in small scale farming. A growing number of families were living on the margin of subsistence and some of these families turned to crafts and trade or industrial occupations. By 1300 Yorkshire farmers had reached the present-day limits of cultivation on the Pennines.<sup id="cite_ref-Hey_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hey-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both lay and monastic landowners exploited the minerals on their estates. There were forges producing iron, and lead was being mined and smelted in the northern dales. In the West Riding there were numerous small coal workings. Until the late 12th century the cloth industry was mostly urban, focussed on York and Beverley. By 1300 the towns of Hedon, Masham, Northallerton, Ripon, Selby, Whitby and Yarm were also involved in cloth manufacture. Around this time the balance of cloth manufacturing was changing in favour of the West Riding rural communities where it was a cottage industry and free of the restrictions of town <a href="/wiki/Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilds">guilds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hey_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hey-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machines_abbeydale_industrial_hamlet_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Machines_abbeydale_industrial_hamlet_copy.jpg/220px-Machines_abbeydale_industrial_hamlet_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Machines_abbeydale_industrial_hamlet_copy.jpg/330px-Machines_abbeydale_industrial_hamlet_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Machines_abbeydale_industrial_hamlet_copy.jpg/440px-Machines_abbeydale_industrial_hamlet_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Water-powered, belt-driven machinery, <a href="/wiki/Abbeydale_Industrial_Hamlet" title="Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet">Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, situated amongst a number of fast-flowing rivers and streams surrounded by hills containing raw materials such as coal, iron ore, <a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">ganister</a>, and millstone grit for grindstones, made it an ideal place for <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">water-powered</a> industries to develop. <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">Water wheels</a> were often initially built for the milling of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">corn</a>, but many were converted to the manufacture of blades. As early as the 14th century Sheffield was noted for the production of knives, as noted in <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Reeve%27s_Prologue_and_Tale" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reeve's Prologue and Tale">The Reeve's Tale</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a></i>. </p><p>In the early decades of the 14th century Yorkshire suffered from a series of poor harvests, <a href="/wiki/Murrain" title="Murrain">cattle disease</a> and plundering Scottish armies. The <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> reached Yorkshire in the spring of 1349. The population was reduced drastically by these misfortunes and consequently more land became available for the survivors. The following decades saw the rise of relatively wealthy farming families who founded dynasties of yeomen and minor gentlemen. The large <a href="/wiki/Honour_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour (land)">Honours</a> that were created in Yorkshire and the <a href="/wiki/North_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="North of England">North of England</a> by William I after the Conquest made them attractive for succeeding monarchs to give to their sons to support a royal lifestyle. These honours were, in some cases, combined to form <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchies</a>, the most notable of which were the duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of York">York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Lancaster</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Wars of the Roses</dt></dl> <p>When conflict arose between the two Dukes during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> much of the fighting took place in Yorkshire, where their estates were interlocked and woven together.<sup id="cite_ref-Musgrove_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musgrove-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>The leading families in the East and West Ridings supported the House of Lancaster overwhelmingly, but in the North Riding loyalty was divided. The Nevilles of Sheriff Hutton and Middleham, the Scropes of Bolton, the Latimers of Danby and Snape, and the Mowbrays of Thirsk and Burton in Lonsdale supported the House of York. The Nevilles’ great rivals, the Percies, together with the Cliffords of Skipton, Ros of Helmsley, Greystock of Hinderskelfe, Stafford of Holderness and Talbot of Sheffield fought for the Lancastrians. </p> </blockquote><p><sup id="cite_ref-Hey_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hey-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster">John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a> had senior influence over many people in the North of England and consequently, Yorkshiremen fought under his command in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a> held early office in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_North" title="Council of the North">Council of the North</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Middleham_Castle" title="Middleham Castle">Middleham Castle</a> where <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Middleham,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales">Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales</a> was born. The last vestiges of feudal order remain to-date in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a>, founded by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a>. </p><p>Both <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richmondshire" title="Richmondshire">Richmondshire</a> had significant connections with <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and France through the personal connections of their feudal and titular Peers which may have been connected to the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a>. One must consider the historically <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> origins of Yorkshire's population, the local ties of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Balliol" title="House of Balliol">Balliol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce" title="Bruce">Bruce</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Stewart">Stewart</a> monarchs of Scotland, including Scottish royal fiefdom of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> at several times. (See <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Huntingdon" title="Earl of Huntingdon">Earl of Huntingdon</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Modern">Early Modern</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yorkshire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Yorkshire" title="Special:EditPage/History of Yorkshire">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+Yorkshire%22">"History of Yorkshire"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+Yorkshire%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+Yorkshire%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+Yorkshire%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+Yorkshire%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+Yorkshire%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Earl of Richmond</a> became King of England in 1485 <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">his dynasty</a> began systematically to destroy or remove local resistance to their rule by confiscating their religious rights and economic livelihood. </p><p>The <b>Yorkshire rebellion of 1489</b> occurred during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>. Parliament wanted money to help defend <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, which was allied to England, in the <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> against France. Henry sent <a href="/wiki/House_of_Percy" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Percy">Percy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Earl of Northumberland">Earl of Northumberland</a> to collect <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> to help raise some money. However, many of the people in Northumberland and Yorkshire claimed to have already paid their part through local taxes, and were unwilling to give more money to defend a country of no geographical threat to them, as Yorkshire and Northumberland are in <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>, whereas Brittany is closer to <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and London. Rebellion broke out in April 1489. The Earl met the rebels, but a scuffle broke out and he was killed. The rebels then asked for pardon but were denied it by the king who sent a large army to the north, led by the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Surrey" title="Earl of Surrey">Earl of Surrey</a>. The Rebel leader, John á Chambre was hanged for treason, so they found a new leader in Sir John Egremont (an illegitimate member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Percy" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Percy">Percy</a> family). Unfortunately for the rebels, Egrement proved to be unreliable and so fled to the Court of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess of Burgundy">Duchess of Burgundy</a> and a staunch opposer to Henry's rule. The results of this rebellion were that Henry was unable to get enough money to defend Brittany and he became aware of the lawless nature of the North of England. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Humble_Petition_of_The_Gentry_and_Commons_of_the_County_of_York_1642.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_Humble_Petition_of_The_Gentry_and_Commons_of_the_County_of_York_1642.jpg/190px-The_Humble_Petition_of_The_Gentry_and_Commons_of_the_County_of_York_1642.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_Humble_Petition_of_The_Gentry_and_Commons_of_the_County_of_York_1642.jpg/285px-The_Humble_Petition_of_The_Gentry_and_Commons_of_the_County_of_York_1642.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_Humble_Petition_of_The_Gentry_and_Commons_of_the_County_of_York_1642.jpg/380px-The_Humble_Petition_of_The_Gentry_and_Commons_of_the_County_of_York_1642.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>The Humble Petition of The Gentry and Commons of the County of York, presented to His Majestie at York, 22 April 1642 : and His Majesties message sent to the Parliament, 24 April 1642 : concerning Sir John Hothams Refusall to give His Majestie entrance into Hull</i>. Printed at London, 1642</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1536 and 1540, the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> had a profound and permanent effect on the Yorkshire landscape. Thousands of acres of monastic property was divided and sold to form the estates of the gentry and the newly rich industrial entrepreneurs. This happened right across the county from <a href="/wiki/Guisborough_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Guisborough Priory">Guisborough Priory</a> in the north through to <a href="/wiki/Rievaulx_Abbey" title="Rievaulx Abbey">Rievaulx Abbey</a> on the North York Moors, <a href="/wiki/Jervaulx_Abbey" title="Jervaulx Abbey">Jervaulx Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains Abbey</a> in the dales and <a href="/wiki/Roche_Abbey" title="Roche Abbey">Roche Abbey</a> in the south. In all 120 religious institutions were closed in Yorkshire.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unpopularity of the Tudor royals resonated in the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_of_Grace" title="Pilgrimage of Grace">Pilgrimage of Grace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rising_of_the_North" title="Rising of the North">Rising of the North</a>. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth</a> Yorkshire saw a steady rise in population. New industries created employment and wealth, and improved farming methods and imports of corn stopped food shortages. The steady rise in population created pressure to enclose common land for agriculture and the farming communities turned increasingly to cottage industries to make a living. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a> of 1605 had Yorkshire associations, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a> was born in York where he was educated at St Peters School. Nevertheless, a government inquiry of 1605-6 revealed that the plot lacked significant support in the county.<sup id="cite_ref-Binns_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binns-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy and character of many West Riding settlements became markedly different from the other areas of the county in the 17th century. Farmers combined mining, metal working, weaving, tanning and other crafts with agriculture in these towns which were not subject to the restrictive practices of <a href="/wiki/Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilds">guilds</a>.By 1600 Sheffield was the main centre of cutlery production in England, and in 1624 <a href="/wiki/Company_of_Cutlers_in_Hallamshire" title="Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire">The Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire</a> was formed to oversee the trade.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Leeds in 1629 manufacturers were employing men full-time as clothiers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helmsley_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Helmsley_Castle.jpg/220px-Helmsley_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Helmsley_Castle.jpg/330px-Helmsley_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Helmsley_Castle.jpg/440px-Helmsley_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1511" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Helmsley_Castle" title="Helmsley Castle">Helmsley Castle</a> was destroyed at the end of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many local families were <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> and some fled to American colonies during the usurping <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a>. Most were either neutral, divided or changed sides.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an early stage in the conflict <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles</a> attempted to establish a garrison at <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a> but was denied entry. After some initial successes the Parliamentary forces were defeated across most of Yorkshire but they staged a comeback and in 1644 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marston_Moor" title="Battle of Marston Moor">Battle of Marston Moor</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>'s cavalry routed Prince Rupert's forces and during the next few months the remaining royalist garrisons in the north fell. At the end of the war many of the old castles of Yorkshire such as <a href="/wiki/Helmsley_Castle" title="Helmsley Castle">Helmsley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontefract_Castle" title="Pontefract Castle">Pontefract</a> were dismantled so that they could never again be fortified. </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a> was owner of colonial New York as the Duke of York, as well as governor of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company">Royal African Company</a>. </p><p>Some locals were closet <a href="/wiki/Recusancy" title="Recusancy">Recusants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> in political orientation, not happy being used against their Scottish neighbours. National government conceded to their sensitivities by appointing a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_North" title="Council of the North">Council of the North</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Northern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Northern Department">Secretary of State for the Northern Department</a>, but these were abolished upon the government suspecting its link with independent Northern influence on national affairs, especially in connection to the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_4th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond">Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of British North America</a>, after his father had pioneered the peace settlement with the Americans and pressed for a "Union of Hearts" with the Irish. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Irish Catholics</a> dispossessed of their lands and experiencing discrimination at home, found a warm welcome from Yorkshiremen in the cities of the West Riding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern">Modern</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yorkshire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall%27s_flax-mill,_Holbeck,_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg/220px-Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg/330px-Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg/440px-Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption>The 19th-century interior of Marshall's <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> mill, <a href="/wiki/Holbeck" title="Holbeck">Holbeck</a>, Leeds</figcaption></figure> <p>The 19th century was a time of rapid urbanisation and industrialisation in Yorkshire. Yorkshire was already a centre of industry in textiles, concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding</a>. Steel continued to be concentrated around Sheffield, as was the production of coal. The <a href="/wiki/Worsted" title="Worsted">worsted</a> sector of the textile industry was the first to adapt the machinery developed by the Lancashire cotton industry and had become completely factory based by the 1860s including large horizontally integrated <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">mills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steel production at this time involved long working hours, in unpleasant conditions that offered little or no safety protection. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England_in_1844" class="mw-redirect" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844">The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844</a></i> described the conditions prevalent in Sheffield at that time. The city became one of the main centres for <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> organisation and agitation in the UK. By the 1860s, the growing conflict between capital and labour provoked the so-called '<a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Outrages" title="Sheffield Outrages">Sheffield Outrages</a>', which culminated in a series of explosions and murders carried out by union militants. The <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Trades_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Trades Council">Sheffield Trades Council</a> organised a meeting in Sheffield in 1866 at which the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Alliance_of_Organised_Trades" title="United Kingdom Alliance of Organised Trades">United Kingdom Alliance of Organised Trades</a> — a forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> (TUC) — was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, was a prominent abolitionist in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwardian period">Edwardian period</a> in Yorkshire brought the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> into focus, as it tried to mobilise further reform. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell,_1st_Baron_Baden-Powell" title="Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell">Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell</a> commanded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Territorial_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Territorial Army (page does not exist)">Northern Territorial Army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Castle" title="Richmond Castle">Richmond Castle</a> until 1910. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changes_in_1974">Changes in 1974</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yorkshire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Changes in 1974"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Yorkshire" title="History of local government in Yorkshire">History of local government in Yorkshire</a></div> <p>Local government in England was reformed in 1974 by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-elcock_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elcock-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the act, the ridings lost their lieutenancies and shrievalties and the administrative counties, county boroughs and their councils were abolished. The area of Yorkshire was divided between a number of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-mw_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some areas of the historic county were transferred to other counties: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedbergh" title="Sedbergh">Sedbergh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dent,_South_Lakeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dent, South Lakeland">Dent</a> and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Sedbergh_Rural_District" title="Sedbergh Rural District">Sedbergh Rural District</a> was transferred from the West Riding to <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaidburn" title="Slaidburn">Slaidburn</a> and the rest of <a href="/wiki/Bowland_Rural_District" title="Bowland Rural District">Bowland Rural District</a> was transferred from the West Riding to <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnoldswick" title="Barnoldswick">Barnoldswick</a> and other places in <a href="/wiki/West_Craven" title="West Craven">West Craven</a> were transferred from the West Riding to Lancashire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddleworth" title="Saddleworth">Saddleworth</a> was transferred from the West Riding to <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowes" title="Bowes">Bowes</a> and the rest of <a href="/wiki/Startforth_Rural_District" title="Startforth Rural District">Startforth Rural District</a> was transferred from the North Riding to <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redcar" title="Redcar">Redcar</a> and nearby areas were transferred from the North Riding to <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, England">Cleveland</a>. The area was returned to Yorkshire in 1996 as part of the ceremonial county of <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>.</li> <li>most of the East Riding was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Humberside" title="Humberside">Humberside</a>. The area became the larger part of the new ceremonial county of the <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a> in 1996.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goole" title="Goole">Goole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goole_Rural_District" title="Goole Rural District">Goole Rural District</a> was transferred from the West Riding to Humberside. The area became part of the East Riding of Yorkshire in 1996.</li></ul> <p>The remaining areas of the East Riding and the North Riding, the city of York and northern and eastern areas of the West Riding became North Yorkshire. </p><p>The remaining areas of the West Riding became the metropolitan counties of <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_government">Local government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yorkshire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Local government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Yorkshire" title="History of local government in Yorkshire">History of local government in Yorkshire</a></div> <p>The history of local government in Yorkshire is both unique and complex, largely due to its size, being the largest <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">historic</a> <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">English county</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vision_ancient_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vision_ancient-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an extended period of little change, it was subject to a number of significant reforms of local government structures in the 20th century, some of which were controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-hmso_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmso-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant of these was the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a><sup id="cite_ref-arnold_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnold-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/1990s_UK_local_government_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="1990s UK local government reform">1990s UK local government reform</a>. It currently corresponds to several <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">counties and districts</a> and is mostly contained within the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a> region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yorkshire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yorkshire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-etymonline-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etymonline_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=y&p=2&allowed_in_frame=0">"York"</a>. <i>etymonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft.atitle=York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fl%3Dy%26p%3D2%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eborakon-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eborakon_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140602200604/http://blogs.bbk.ac.uk/artsresearch/2014/02/27/eborakon-poetry-magazine-deadline-31st-march-2014/">"Eborakon poetry magazine – deadline 31st March 2014"</a>. <i>University of York</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+York&rft.atitle=Eborakon+poetry+magazine+%E2%80%93+deadline+31st+March+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.bbk.ac.uk%2Fartsresearch%2F2014%2F02%2F27%2Feborakon-poetry-magazine-deadline-31st-march-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viking.no/e/england/e-yorkshire_norse.htm">"Yorkshire Dialect Words of Old Norse Origin"</a>. <i>The Vikings</i>. The Viking Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Vikings&rft.atitle=Yorkshire+Dialect+Words+of+Old+Norse+Origin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viking.no%2Fe%2Fengland%2Fe-yorkshire_norse.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-genukiorg-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genukiorg_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-genukiorg_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/">"Yorkshire Geology"</a>. Genuki.org. 24 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yorkshire+Geology&rft.date=2007-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genuki.org.uk%2Fbig%2Feng%2FYKS%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rivers-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rivers_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivers_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivers_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivers_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivers_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivers_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Canoe_Union,_YorkshireHumberside_Region,_Access_and_Recreation_Committeesprepared_by_Mike_TwiggsDavid_Taylor1992" class="citation book cs1">British Canoe Union, Yorkshire; Humberside Region, Access and Recreation Committees; prepared by Mike Twiggs; David Taylor (1 March 1992). <i>Yorkshire Rivers: A Canoeists Guide</i>. Menasha Ridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871890-16-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-871890-16-7"><bdi>978-1-871890-16-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27687324">27687324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yorkshire+Rivers%3A+A+Canoeists+Guide&rft.pub=Menasha+Ridge+Press&rft.date=1992-03-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27687324&rft.isbn=978-1-871890-16-7&rft.au=British+Canoe+Union%2C+Yorkshire&rft.au=Humberside+Region%2C+Access+and+Recreation+Committees&rft.au=prepared+by+Mike+Twiggs&rft.au=David+Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arch-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arch_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429100229/http://www.driffield.co.uk/wolds_arch_intro.htm">"The History and Archaeology of The Yorkshire Wolds"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.driffield.co.uk/wolds_arch_intro.htm">the original</a> on 29 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Archaeology+of+The+Yorkshire+Wolds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.driffield.co.uk%2Fwolds_arch_intro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S&R-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S&R_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S&R_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S&R_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S&R_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S&R_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S&R_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S&R_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingletonRawnsley1986" class="citation book cs1">Singleton, F. B.; Rawnsley, S. (1986). <i>A History of Yorkshire</i>. Chichester: Phillimore & Co Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-619-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85033-619-8"><bdi>0-85033-619-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18462583">18462583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Yorkshire&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18462583&rft.isbn=0-85033-619-8&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=F.+B.&rft.au=Rawnsley%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/nottinghamshire/3890113.stm">"Sistine Chapel of the Ice Age"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 13 July 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Late+Upper+Palaeolithic+%288%2C000+BC%29%3A+Victoria+Cave+Harpoon&rft.pub=Yorkshire+Archaeological+Society&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prehistory.yas.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fvictoria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outofoblivion.org.uk/record.asp?id=173">"Chapel Cave"</a>. Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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WYAS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870453-29-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-870453-29-8"><bdi>1-870453-29-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51741694">51741694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+People+of+the+Pennines&rft.pub=WYAS&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51741694&rft.isbn=1-870453-29-8&rft.aulast=Spikins&rft.aufirst=Penny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spratt-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spratt_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spratt_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSprattHarrison1989" class="citation book cs1">Spratt, D. A.; Harrison (1989). <i>The North York Moors Landscape Heritage</i>. Helmsley, Yorkshire: North York Moors National Park. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907480-58-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-907480-58-6"><bdi>0-907480-58-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41335219">41335219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+York+Moors+Landscape+Heritage&rft.place=Helmsley%2C+Yorkshire&rft.pub=North+York+Moors+National+Park&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41335219&rft.isbn=0-907480-58-6&rft.aulast=Spratt&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft.au=Harrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilner2006" class="citation web cs1">Milner, Nicky (13 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/arch/Projects/StarCarrWebsite/index.htm">"Star Carr. 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London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15151-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-15151-1"><bdi>0-415-15151-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38948627">38948627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-02-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38948627&rft.isbn=0-415-15151-1&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowlesland" class="citation book cs1">Powlesland, Dominic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601203936/http://www.landscaperesearchcentre.org/AA%20Tier%201%20Primary%20Headings/Publications.htm"><i>25 years of archaeological research on the sands and gravels of Heslerton</i></a>. 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York: York Archaeological Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874454-32-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-874454-32-9"><bdi>1-874454-32-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64310431">64310431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Landscape+in+the+Vale+of+York&rft.place=York&rft.pub=York+Archaeological+Trust&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64310431&rft.isbn=1-874454-32-9&rft.aulast=Whyman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Howard%2C+Andy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509165728/http://www.teesarchaeology.com/projects/street_house_long_cairn/index.html">"Street House Long Cairn"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Street+House+Long+Cairn&rft.pub=Tees+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teesarchaeology.com%2Fprojects%2Fstreet_house_long_cairn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/03/30/iron-age-chariot-horse-found-buried-together-yorkshire/">"Iron Age chariot and horse found buried together in Yorkshire"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. 30 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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A History from Roman Times to the Present</i>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-16273-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-16273-9"><bdi>0-631-16273-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123120612">123120612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+of+England.+A+History+from+Roman+Times+to+the+Present&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell+Ltd&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123120612&rft.isbn=0-631-16273-9&rft.aulast=Musgrove&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hey-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hey_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hey_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hey_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hey_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hey_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hey" title="David Hey">Hey, David</a> (2005). <i>A History of Yorkshire. 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London: Cassell. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35133-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35133-4"><bdi>0-304-35133-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41504512">41504512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English-Speaking+Peoples%3A+A+new+one-volume+abridgement+by+Christopher+Lee&rft.place=London&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41504512&rft.isbn=0-304-35133-4&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalton-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalton_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalton_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalton_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalton2002" class="citation book cs1">Dalton, Paul (2002). <i>Conquest, Anarchy and Lordship. Yorkshire, 1066 -1154</i>. Cambridge: CUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52464-4"><bdi>0-521-52464-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49784998">49784998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquest%2C+Anarchy+and+Lordship.+Yorkshire%2C+1066+-1154&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49784998&rft.isbn=0-521-52464-4&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2000" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Kenneth O., ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00kenn/page/105"><i>The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 1984). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00kenn/page/105">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-289326-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-289326-2"><bdi>0-19-289326-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44694675">44694675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+Britain&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44694675&rft.isbn=0-19-289326-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordillustrate00kenn%2Fpage%2F105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England54370" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=54370&resourceID=19191">"Pontefract Castle (54370)"</a>. <i>Research records (formerly PastScape)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+records+%28formerly+PastScape%29&rft.atitle=Pontefract+Castle+%2854370%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagegateway.org.uk%2FGateway%2FResults_Single.aspx%3Fuid%3D54370%26resourceID%3D19191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England21618" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=21618&resourceID=19191">"Richmond Castle (21618)"</a>. <i>Research records (formerly PastScape)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+records+%28formerly+PastScape%29&rft.atitle=Richmond+Castle+%2821618%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagegateway.org.uk%2FGateway%2FResults_Single.aspx%3Fuid%3D21618%26resourceID%3D19191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England80781" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=80781&resourceID=19191">"Skipsea Castle (80781)"</a>. <i>Research records (formerly PastScape)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+records+%28formerly+PastScape%29&rft.atitle=Skipsea+Castle+%2880781%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagegateway.org.uk%2FGateway%2FResults_Single.aspx%3Fuid%3D80781%26resourceID%3D19191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England58151" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=58151&resourceID=19191">"York Castle (58151)"</a>. <i>Research records (formerly PastScape)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+records+%28formerly+PastScape%29&rft.atitle=York+Castle+%2858151%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagegateway.org.uk%2FGateway%2FResults_Single.aspx%3Fuid%3D58151%26resourceID%3D19191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418191631/http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/output/page32.asp">"History and Records of the Duchy of Lancaster"</a>. Duchy of Lancaster Estate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/output/page32.asp">the original</a> on 18 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+and+Records+of+the+Duchy+of+Lancaster&rft.pub=Duchy+of+Lancaster+Estate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duchyoflancaster.co.uk%2Foutput%2Fpage32.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Katy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2007/02/21/medieval_villages_feature.shtml">"Revelations of Levisham"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revelations+of+Levisham&rft.pub=BBC&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Katy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnorthyorkshire%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2007%2F02%2F21%2Fmedieval_villages_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHey1986" class="citation book cs1">Hey, David (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yorkshirefromad10000heyd/page/125">"3"</a>. <i>Yorkshire from AD 1000</i>. Regional History of England. London: Longman. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yorkshirefromad10000heyd/page/125">125–126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49212-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49212-2"><bdi>0-582-49212-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=Yorkshire+from+AD+1000&rft.place=London&rft.series=Regional+History+of+England&rft.pages=125-126&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-582-49212-2&rft.aulast=Hey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyorkshirefromad10000heyd%2Fpage%2F125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Binns-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Binns_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinns2007" class="citation book cs1">Binns, Jack (2007). <i>Yorkshire in the 17th Century</i>. Blackthorne History of Yorkshire. Vol. 7. Pickering, Yorkshire: Blackthorne Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9546300-7-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9546300-7-2"><bdi>978-0-9546300-7-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yorkshire+in+the+17th+Century&rft.place=Pickering%2C+Yorkshire&rft.series=Blackthorne+History+of+Yorkshire&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Blackthorne+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9546300-7-2&rft.aulast=Binns&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinfieldHey1997" class="citation book cs1">Binfield, Clyde; Hey, David (1997). "Introduction: The Cutlers' Company and the Town". In Clyde Binfield and David Hey (ed.). <i>Mesters to Masters: A History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-828997-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-828997-9"><bdi>0-19-828997-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36430584">36430584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Cutlers%27+Company+and+the+Town&rft.btitle=Mesters+to+Masters%3A+A+History+of+the+Company+of+Cutlers+in+Hallamshire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36430584&rft.isbn=0-19-828997-9&rft.aulast=Binfield&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rft.au=Hey%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHey1986" class="citation book cs1">Hey, David (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yorkshirefromad10000heyd/page/1277">"3"</a>. <i>Yorkshire from AD 1000</i>. Regional History of England. London: Longman. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yorkshirefromad10000heyd/page/1277">1277</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49212-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49212-2"><bdi>0-582-49212-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=Yorkshire+from+AD+1000&rft.place=London&rft.series=Regional+History+of+England&rft.pages=1277&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-582-49212-2&rft.aulast=Hey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyorkshirefromad10000heyd%2Fpage%2F1277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHudson2002" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Pat (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newdirectionsine0000unse_l0b9/page/71"><i>The Genesis of Industrial Capital: A Study of West Riding Wool Textile Industry, c. 1750-1850</i></a>. Cambridge University Press (published 1986). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newdirectionsine0000unse_l0b9/page/71">71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-89089-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-89089-6"><bdi>0-521-89089-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185306560">185306560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+of+Industrial+Capital%3A+A+Study+of+West+Riding+Wool+Textile+Industry%2C+c.+1750-1850&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185306560&rft.isbn=0-521-89089-6&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewdirectionsine0000unse_l0b9%2Fpage%2F71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222041300/http://www.tuc.org.uk/the_tuc/tuc-2878-f6.cfm">"Events that led to the first TUC"</a>. <i>TUC website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuc.org.uk/the_tuc/tuc-2878-f6.cfm">the original</a> on 22 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TUC+website&rft.atitle=Events+that+led+to+the+first+TUC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuc.org.uk%2Fthe_tuc%2Ftuc-2878-f6.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elcock-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elcock_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elcock, H., <i>Local Government</i>, (1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mw_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Redcliffe-Maud & Wood, B., <i>English Local Government Reformed</i>, (1974)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vision_ancient-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vision_ancient_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vision of Britain - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit_page.jsp?u_id=10134640&c_id=10001043">Yorkshire ancient county</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/bound_map_page.jsp?first=true&u_id=10134640&c_id=10001043">historic map</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hmso-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hmso_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HMSO, <i>Aspects of Britain: Local Government</i>, (1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arnold-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arnold_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold-Baker, C., <i>Local Government Act 1972</i>, (1973)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yorkshire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTymms1837" class="citation book cs1">Tymms, Samuel (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/familytopograph00tymmgoog#page/n209/mode/2up">"Yorkshire"</a>. <i>Northern Circuit</i>. The Family Topographer: Being a Compendious Account of the ... Counties of England. Vol. 6. London: J.B. Nichols and Son. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2127940">2127940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yorkshire&rft.btitle=Northern+Circuit&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Family+Topographer%3A+Being+a+Compendious+Account+of+the+...+Counties+of+England&rft.pub=J.B.+Nichols+and+Son&rft.date=1837&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2127940&rft.aulast=Tymms&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffamilytopograph00tymmgoog%23page%2Fn209%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHey2005" class="citation book cs1">Hey, David (2005). <i>A history of Yorkshire, 'County of the Broad Acres'<span></span></i>. Carnegie Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85936-122-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85936-122-6"><bdi>1-85936-122-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Yorkshire%2C+%27County+of+the+Broad+Acres%27&rft.pub=Carnegie+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85936-122-6&rft.aulast=Hey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yorkshire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofyork.co.uk">History of York</a>: From Prehistory to modern day</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/YorkshireHistoryMap.htm">Yorkshire History at the North East England History Pages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060205152849/http://www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/YorkshireHistoryMap.htm">Archived</a> 5 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorkshirehistory.com/">A mixed bag of information related to Yorkshire History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regia.org/clanivar.htm">Regia's Clan Ivarr</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicaldirectories.org/hd/findbylocation.asp">"Yorkshire"</a>, <i>Historical Directories</i>, UK: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Directories&rft.atitle=Yorkshire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicaldirectories.org%2Fhd%2Ffindbylocation.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yorkshire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yorkshire" title="Template:Yorkshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yorkshire" title="Template talk:Yorkshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yorkshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yorkshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=_Yorkshire551" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yorkshire_rose.svg/15px-Yorkshire_rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yorkshire_rose.svg/23px-Yorkshire_rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yorkshire_rose.svg/30px-Yorkshire_rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="264" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Yorkshire" title="History of local government in Yorkshire">Historic divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainsty" title="Ainsty">Ainsty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wapentakes_in_Yorkshire" title="List of wapentakes in Yorkshire">Wapentakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sheriff of Yorkshire">High Sheriffs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Yorkshire" title="Geology of Yorkshire">Geology of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topographical_areas_of_Yorkshire" title="Topographical areas of Yorkshire">Topographical areas of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Yorkshire" title="List of places in Yorkshire">Cities, towns and villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Yorkshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parisii (Yorkshire)">Parisiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmet" title="Elmet">Elmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_York" title="History of York">Ebrauc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deira" title="Deira">Deira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">Jórvík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Dogger_Bank_earthquake" title="1931 Dogger Bank earthquake">Dogger Bank earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yorkshire" title="Culture of Yorkshire">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Yorkshire" title="Tourism in Yorkshire">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Ilkla_Moor_Baht_%27at" title="On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at">On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Yorkshire" title="List of people from Yorkshire">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_and_symbols_of_Yorkshire" title="Flags and symbols of Yorkshire">Flags and symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Day" title="Yorkshire Day">Yorkshire Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Own_Country#Yorkshire" title="God's Own Country">God's Own County/Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Yorkshire" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Yorkshire">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Yorkshire" title="Portal:Yorkshire">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_England" title="Template:History of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_England" title="Template talk:History of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_England301" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">Medieval period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England#English_unification_.2810th_century.29" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">English unification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England#Norman_England" title="History of England">Norman period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">Black Death in England</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">Postwar Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">Social history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English overseas possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">English society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Government in medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_England" title="History of education in England">History of education in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="History of monarchy in the United Kingdom">History of monarchy in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England#History" title="Economy of England">History of the economy of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England#Political_history" title="Politics of England">History of the politics of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_England" title="List of wars involving England">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_riots_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="England riots (disambiguation)">Riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">By county</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bedfordshire" title="History of Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Berkshire" title="History of Berkshire">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bristol" title="History of Bristol">City of Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buckinghamshire" title="History of Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambridgeshire" title="History of Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cheshire" title="History of Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cornwall" title="History of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cumbria" title="History of Cumbria">Cumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Derbyshire" title="History of Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Devon" title="History of Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dorset" title="History of Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Durham">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="History of the East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="History of East Sussex">East Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Essex" title="History of Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gloucestershire" title="History of Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greater_London" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greater London">Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hampshire" title="History of Hampshire">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Herefordshire" title="History of Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hertfordshire" title="History of Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Wight" title="History of the Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kent" title="History of Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lancashire" title="History of Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Leicestershire" title="History of Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lincolnshire" title="History of Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Merseyside" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk" title="History of Norfolk">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northamptonshire" title="History of Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northumberland" title="History of Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottinghamshire" title="History of Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oxfordshire" title="History of Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rutland" title="History of Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shropshire" title="History of Shropshire">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somerset" title="History of Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Staffordshire" title="History of Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Suffolk" title="History of Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Surrey">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Warwickshire" title="History of Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_West_Midlands" title="History of the West Midlands">West Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="History of West Sussex">West Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wiltshire" title="History of Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Worcestershire" title="History of Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">By city or town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Birmingham" title="History of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bournemouth" title="History of Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brighton" title="History of Brighton">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bristol" title="History of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chester" title="History of Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christchurch,_Dorset" title="History of Christchurch, Dorset">Christchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colchester" title="History of Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Coventry" title="History of Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dover" title="History of Dover">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Folkestone" title="History of Folkestone">Folkestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Leeds" title="History of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liverpool" title="History of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maidstone" title="History of Maidstone">Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manchester" title="History of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Margate" title="History of Margate">Margate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Milton_Keynes" title="History of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="History of Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottingham" title="History of Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oxford" title="History of Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Plymouth" title="History of Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poole" title="History of Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portsmouth" title="History of Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reading,_Berkshire" title="History of Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_Kent" title="History of Rochester, Kent">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sheffield" title="History of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shrewsbury" title="History of Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southampton" title="History of Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_St_Albans" title="History of St 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