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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istorija_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorija_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istorija medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istorija_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klinička_praksa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klinička_praksa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Klinička praksa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klinička_praksa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institucije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institucije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Institucije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institucije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isporuka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isporuka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Isporuka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isporuka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osnovne_nauke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osnovne_nauke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Osnovne nauke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osnovne_nauke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicina_kao_specijalnost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicina_kao_specijalnost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Medicina kao specijalnost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicina_kao_specijalnost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Vanjske veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Medicina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 190 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-190" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">190 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneeskunde" title="Geneeskunde — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geneeskunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medizin" title="Medizin — Švajcarsko nemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Medizin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Švajcarsko nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%95%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%93" title="ሕክምና — Amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሕክምና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Medicina" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="طب — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܐܣܝܘܬܐ — Armajski" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܣܝܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Armajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="طب — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="طب — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="চিকিৎসা-বিজ্ঞান — Asemijski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চিকিৎসা-বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asemijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Medicina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина — Avarski" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Медицина" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qulla" title="Qulla — Ajmara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qulla" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Ajmara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibb" title="Tibb — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tibb" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="طیب — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="طیب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина — Baškir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Медицина" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baškir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med%C4%97c%C4%97na" title="Medėcėna — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Medėcėna" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagbulong" title="Pagbulong — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagbulong" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медыцына — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Медыцына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мэдыцына — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэдыцына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Медицина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE)" title="डाक्टरी (बिद्या) — Biharski" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="डाक्टरी (बिद्या)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Biharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medisin" title="Medisin — Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Medisin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%94k%C9%94t%C9%94r%C9%94ya" title="Dɔkɔtɔrɔya — Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Dɔkɔtɔrɔya" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞান — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="གསོ་རིག — Tibetanski" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གསོ་རིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞান — Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezegiezh" title="Mezegiezh — Bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mezegiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Medicina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Анагааха ухаан — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Анагааха ухаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Medicina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AC-h%C5%8Fk" title="Ĭ-hŏk — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ĭ-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина — Čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Медицина" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Čečenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medisina" title="Medisina — Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Medisina" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%98" title="ᏅᏬᏘ — Čeroki" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏅᏬᏘ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Čeroki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="پزیشکی — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پزیشکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina — Korzikanski" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Medicina" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korzikanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ka%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Lékařství — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lékařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medic%C3%ABna" title="Medicëna — Kašubijanski" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Medicëna" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kašubijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Медицина" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meddygaeth" title="Meddygaeth — Velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meddygaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6gevidenskab" title="Lægevidenskab — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lægevidenskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medizin" title="Medizin — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Medizin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1b" title="Tıb — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tıb" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ιατρική — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιατρική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Medicine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicino" title="Medicino — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Medicino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medicina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditsiin" title="Meditsiin — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Meditsiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medikuntza" title="Medikuntza — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Medikuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medecina" title="Medecina — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Medecina" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="پزشکی — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پزشکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ketiede" title="Lääketiede — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lääketiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arstitiid%C3%BCs" title="Arstitiidüs — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Arstitiidüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6knafr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Læknafrøði — Farski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Læknafrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Farski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decine" title="Médecine — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Médecine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8decina" title="Mèdecina — Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mèdecina" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medisine" title="Medisine — Friulijski" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Medisine" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%AAskunde" title="Genêskunde — Frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Genêskunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADochaine" title="Míochaine — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Míochaine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dsin" title="Médsin — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Médsin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B2las-leighis" title="Eòlas-leighis — Škotski Galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eòlas-leighis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Škotski Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Medicina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poh%C3%A3nokuaa" title="Pohãnokuaa — Gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pohãnokuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Gvarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedokteran" title="Kedokteran — Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Kedokteran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lheeys" title="Lheeys — Manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lheeys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AE-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Yî-ho̍k — hakka kineski" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yî-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="רפואה — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="आयुर्विज्ञान — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयुर्विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctori" title="Doctori — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Doctori" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Medicina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medsin" title="Medsin — Haićanski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Medsin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haićanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orvostudom%C3%A1ny" title="Orvostudomány — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orvostudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բժշկություն — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բժշկություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բժշկութիւն — Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բժշկութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina — Interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Medicina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedokteran" title="Kedokteran — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kedokteran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina — Interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Medicina" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medisina" title="Medisina — Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Medisina" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Лорал — Ingušetski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Лорал" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingušetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicino" title="Medicino — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Medicino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6knisfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Læknisfræði — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Læknisfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Medicina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%96%E1%92%83%E1%91%8E" title="ᑖᒃᑎ — Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑖᒃᑎ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="医学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medisn" title="Medisn — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Medisn" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedhokteran" title="Kedhokteran — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kedhokteran" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მედიცინა — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მედიცინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina — Kara-kalpaški" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Medicina" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-kalpaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnujjya" title="Tasnujjya — Kabile" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasnujjya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabile" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Медицина" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ವೈದ್ಯವಿಜ್ಞಾನ — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೈದ್ಯವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99" title="의학 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="의학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%8E%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یێلاج زان — Kašmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="یێلاج زان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kašmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bij%C3%AE%C5%9Fk%C3%AE" title="Bijîşkî — Kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bijîşkî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medhegneth" title="Medhegneth — Korniški" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Medhegneth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Korniški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Медицина" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Medicina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medisina" title="Medisina — Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Medisina" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medezin" title="Medezin — Luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Medezin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medica" title="Medica — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Medica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genaesk%C3%B3nde" title="Genaeskónde — Limburgiš" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Genaeskónde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABxinn-a" title="Mëxinn-a — ligurski" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mëxinn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ແພດສາດ — Laoški" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແພດສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Medicina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medic%C4%ABna" title="Medicīna — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Medicīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Медицин — Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Медицин" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadokteran" title="Kadokteran — Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kadokteran" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Медицина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="വൈദ്യശാസ്ത്രം — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈദ്യശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Анагаах ухаан — Mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Анагаах ухаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯍꯤꯗꯥꯛꯂꯣꯟ — Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯤꯗꯥꯛꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="वैद्यकशास्त्र — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वैद्यकशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perubatan" title="Perubatan — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perubatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medi%C4%8Bina" title="Mediċina — Melteški" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mediċina" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Melteški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medecina" title="Medecina — Mirandeški" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Medecina" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="ဆေးပညာ — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆေးပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mericina" title="Mericina — Neapolitanski" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mericina" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medizin" title="Medizin — Niski nemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Medizin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Niski nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genaeskeunde" title="Genaeskeunde — donjosaksonski" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Genaeskeunde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="donjosaksonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="चिकित्सा विज्ञान — Nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चिकित्सा विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%83" title="वासः — Nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वासः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneeskunde" title="Geneeskunde — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geneeskunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medisin" title="Medisin — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Medisin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medisin" title="Medisin — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Medisin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medisine" title="Medisine — Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Medisine" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medecina" title="Medecina — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Medecina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଚିକିତ୍ସା ବିଜ୍ଞାନ — Orijski" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚିକିତ୍ସା ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Orijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Медицинæ — Osetski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Медицинæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮੈਡੀਸਿਨ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਡੀਸਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decinne" title="Médecinne — Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Médecinne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="चिकित्सा विज्ञान — Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="चिकित्सा विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medisin" title="Medisin — Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Medisin" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medycyna" title="Medycyna — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Medycyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="طب — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="طب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="درملگري — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="درملگري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Medicina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampi_yachay" title="Hampi yachay — Kvenča" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hampi yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kvenča" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medischina" title="Medischina — Reto-Romanski" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Medischina" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicin%C4%83" title="Medicină — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Medicină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Медицина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медіціна — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Медіціна" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="आयुर्विज्ञानम् — Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आयुर्विज्ञानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина — Jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Медицина" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ — Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meighina" title="Meighina — Sardinijski" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Meighina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midicina" title="Midicina — Sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Midicina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicin" title="Medicin — Škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Medicin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="طب — Sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="طب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnijjit" title="Tasnijjit — tahelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnijjit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tahelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාව — Singaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Medicine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medic%C3%ADna" title="Medicína — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medicína" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Medicina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wumuti" title="Wumuti — Šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Wumuti" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daawo" title="Daawo — Somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Daawo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjek%C3%ABsia" title="Mjekësia — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mjekësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Медицина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heelkunde" title="Heelkunde — Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Heelkunde" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatamba" title="Tatamba — Sudanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tatamba" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sudanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicin_(vetenskap)" title="Medicin (vetenskap) — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medicin (vetenskap)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiba" title="Tiba — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tiba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மருத்துவம் — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மருத்துவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="వైద్యశాస్త్రం — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వైద్యశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%A3" title="Пизишкӣ — Tađik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пизишкӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tađik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="แพทยศาสตร์ — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แพทยศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%95%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%93" title="ሕክምና — Tigrinja" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሕክምና" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medisina" title="Medisina — Tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Medisina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99bob%C9%99t" title="Təbobət — Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Təbobət" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1p" title="Tıp — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tıp" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vutshunguri" title="Vutshunguri — Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vutshunguri" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Медицина" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mankhwala" title="Mankhwala — Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Mankhwala" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%8A%D8%BA%DB%87%D8%B1_%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="ئۇيغۇر تېبابىتى — Ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۇيغۇر تېبابىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Медицина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="طب — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibbiyot" title="Tibbiyot — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tibbiyot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medezina" title="Medezina — venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Medezina" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicin" title="Medicin — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Medicin" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Y học — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Y học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanav" title="Sanav — Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sanav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medcene" title="Medcene — Valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Medcene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Valun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medisina" title="Medisina — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Medisina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paj" title="Paj — Volof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Paj" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Volof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="醫學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მედიცინა — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მედიცინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Asklepios_-_Epidauros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Asklepios_-_Epidauros.jpg/220px-Asklepios_-_Epidauros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Asklepios_-_Epidauros.jpg/330px-Asklepios_-_Epidauros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Asklepios_-_Epidauros.jpg/440px-Asklepios_-_Epidauros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Asklepije" title="Asklepije">Asklepije</a>, bog medicine i lečenja u <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dka_mitologija" title="Grčka mitologija">grčkoj mitologiji</a>. Prikaz zmijom obavijenog štapa Asklepija se frekventno koristi za označavanje medicine.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Medicina</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">lat</a>. <i>ars medicina</i> — "umetnost lečenja") bavi se <a href="/wiki/Dijagnostika" title="Dijagnostika">dijagnostikom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preventivna_zdravstvena_za%C5%A1tita" title="Preventivna zdravstvena zaštita">preventivom</a> i <a href="/wiki/Terapija" title="Terapija">terapijom</a> fizičke i psihičke <a href="/wiki/Bolest" title="Bolest">bolesti</a> čoveka.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medicina označava i nauku bolesti i praktičnu primenu. Reč <i>medicina</i> je izvedena iz <a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">latinske</a> reči <i>ars medicina</i>, sa značenjem <i>umetnost lečenja</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medicina obuhvata raznovrsne aktivnosti <a href="/wiki/Zdravstvena_za%C5%A1tita" title="Zdravstvena zaštita">zdravstvene zaštite</a> kojima se održava i obnavlja <a href="/wiki/Zdravlje" title="Zdravlje">zdravlje</a> putem <a href="/wiki/Preventivna_zdravstvena_za%C5%A1tita" title="Preventivna zdravstvena zaštita">prevencije</a> i <a href="/wiki/Terapija" title="Terapija">tretmana</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolest" title="Bolest">bolesti</a>. </p><p>Savremena medicina primenjuje <a href="/wiki/Biomedicinske_nauke" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedicinske nauke">biomedicinske nauke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicinsko_istra%C5%BEivanje" title="Medicinsko istraživanje">biomedicinska istraživanja</a>, kao i <a href="/wiki/Medicinska_genetika" title="Medicinska genetika">genetičku</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicinska_tehnologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medicinska tehnologija (stranica ne postoji)">medicinsku tehnologiju</a> do <a href="/wiki/Medicinska_dijagnoza" title="Medicinska dijagnoza">diagnozira</a>, tretira, i spreči povrede i bolesti, tipično <a href="/wiki/Lek" class="mw-redirect" title="Lek">farmaceutskim</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Hirurgija" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirurgija">hirurškim</a> putem, ali i putem niza raznovrsnih terapija kao što su <a href="/wiki/Psihoterapija" title="Psihoterapija">psihoterapija</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Udlaga_(medicina)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udlaga (medicina) (stranica ne postoji)">ortopedska sredstva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteza" title="Proteza">prostetika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biolo%C5%A1ki_medicinski_proizvod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biološki medicinski proizvod (stranica ne postoji)">biološki medicinski proizvodi</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Radijaciona_terapija" title="Radijaciona terapija">jonizaciona radijacija</a>, između ostalog.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medicina je postojala hiljadama godina, i tokom najvećeg dela tog perioda ona je smatrana umetnošću (oblašću veštine i znanja) koja je frekventno bila povezana sa <a href="/wiki/Religija" title="Religija">religioznim</a> i <a href="/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija">filozofskim</a> gledištima lokalne kulture. Na primer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vra%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vrač (stranica ne postoji)">vrač</a> bi primenjivao lekovite biljke i izricao <a href="/wiki/Molitva" title="Molitva">molitve</a> za ozdravljenje, ili antički filozof i <a href="/wiki/Lekar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekar">lekar</a> bi primenio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ispu%C5%A1tanje_krvi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ispuštanje krvi (stranica ne postoji)">ispuštanje krvi</a> saglasno sa teorijama <a href="/wiki/Humoralna_teorija" title="Humoralna teorija">humoralizma</a>. U nedavnim vekovima, od vremena <a href="/wiki/Istorija_nauke" class="mw-redirect" title="Istorija nauke">napretka nauke</a>, najveći deo medicine je postao kombinacija umetnosti i nauke (<a href="/wiki/Fundamentalna_nauka" title="Fundamentalna nauka">fundamentalne</a> i <a href="/wiki/Primenjena_nauka" title="Primenjena nauka">primenjene</a>, pod okriljem <b>medicinske nauke</b>). Dok su tehnike hirurškog zašivanja zanat koji se uči putem prakse, poznavanje toga što se događa na <a href="/wiki/Citologija" class="mw-redirect" title="Citologija">ćelijskom</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekulska_medicina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekulska medicina (stranica ne postoji)">molekulskom</a> nivou u tkivima koja se zašivaju proističe iz nauke. </p><p>Prethodnici naučne forme medicine su u današnje vreme poznati kao <a href="/wiki/Tradicionalna_medicina" title="Tradicionalna medicina">tradicionalna</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Narodna_medicina" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodna medicina">narodna medicina</a>. Ona se i dalje koristi zajedno ili umesto naučne medicine, i stoga se naziva <a href="/wiki/Alternativna_medicina" title="Alternativna medicina">alternativnom medicinom</a>. Na primer, evidencija o efektivnosti <a href="/wiki/Akupunktura" title="Akupunktura">akupunkture</a> je „varijablna i nekonzistentna“ za bilo koje oboljenje,<sup id="cite_ref-Colquhoun2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colquhoun2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ali je generalno bezbedna kad je izvodi adekvatno obrazana osoba.<sup id="cite_ref-nciacupuncture_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nciacupuncture-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U kontrastu s tim, tretmani izvan opsega bezbednosti i efikasnosti se nazivaju <a href="/wiki/Nadrilekarstvo" title="Nadrilekarstvo">nadrilekarstvom</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorija_medicine">Istorija medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Istorija medicine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Istorija medicine"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Istorija_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Istorija medicine">Istorija medicine</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Medicine_aryballos_Louvre_CA1989-2183.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Medicine_aryballos_Louvre_CA1989-2183.jpg/220px-Medicine_aryballos_Louvre_CA1989-2183.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Medicine_aryballos_Louvre_CA1989-2183.jpg/330px-Medicine_aryballos_Louvre_CA1989-2183.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Medicine_aryballos_Louvre_CA1989-2183.jpg/440px-Medicine_aryballos_Louvre_CA1989-2183.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1892" /></a><figcaption>Antički grčki pacijent prima medicinski tretman: ova boca (<i>circa</i> 480–470 p.n.e, se čuva u pariškom <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">muzeju Luvr</a>) verovatno je svojevremeno sadržala lekovito ulje</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Hippocrates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hippocrates.jpg/220px-Hippocrates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hippocrates.jpg/330px-Hippocrates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hippocrates.jpg/440px-Hippocrates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti%C4%8Dka_gr%C4%8Dka_medicina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antička grčka medicina (stranica ne postoji)">Grčki</a> lekar <a href="/wiki/Hipokrat" title="Hipokrat">Hipokrat</a> (ca. 460 p.n.e – ca. 370 p.n.e), se smatra ocem medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18392218_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18392218-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blackwellpublishing.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackwellpublishing.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Praistorijska medicina vezana je za biljke, delove životinja i minerala. U mnogim slučajevima ovi materijali su ritualno korišćeni kao magične supstance od strane sveštenika, šamana, ili ljudi koji su lečili. Dobro poznati duhovni sistemi uključuju animizam (pojam nežive stvari imaju duhovi) , spiritualizam (apel bogovima ili opštenje sa duhovima predaka), šamanizam (sticanja od pojedinca sa mističnim moćima) i gatanje (magično dobijanje istine). Oblasti medicinske antropologije ispituju načine na koje se kultura i društvo organizovalo oko, ili uticalo na pitanja zdravlja, zdravstvene zaštite i srodna pitanja.<sup id="cite_ref-Acker_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acker-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rane podatke o medicini dobijamo od drevnih Egipćana, vavilonskih medicinara, Aiurvedska medicinara (u Indijskom potkontinentu), iz klasične kineske medicine (prethodnica današnje moderne tradicionalne kineske medicine), kao i iz drevne grčke i rimske medicine. Egipatski <a href="/wiki/Imhotep" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a> (3. milenijum pre nove ere) je prvi lekar u istoriji poznat po imenu. Najranije podatke o posvećenim bolnicama dolaze iz Mihintale u Šri Lanki, gde se nalaze dokazi od prosvećenim lekovitim dejstvima na pacijente. Indijski hirurg Sušruta opisao brojne hirurške operacije, uključujući najranije oblike plastične hirurgije. </p><p>U Kini, arhaeološka evidencija primene medicine kod kineza datira do <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_Shang" title="Dinastija Shang">Šang dinastije</a> iz <a href="/wiki/Bronzano_doba" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronzano doba">Bronzanog doba</a>, sudeći po herbalističkom semenu i alatima za koje se smatra da su korišteni za operacije.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huangdi_Neijing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huangdi Neijing (stranica ne postoji)">Huangdi Neijing</a></i>, preteča kineske medicine, je medicinski tekst koji je napisan početkom 2. veka p.n.e. i sakupljen u 3. veku.<sup id="cite_ref-Unsc_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unsc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U Indiji, hirurg <a href="/wiki/Mahari%C5%A1i_Su%C5%A1ruta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahariši Sušruta">Sushruta</a> je opisao brojne operacije, uključujući najranije forme <a href="/wiki/Plasti%C4%8Dna_hirurgija" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastična hirurgija">plastične hirurgije</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Longfellow_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longfellow-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Najraniji zapisi o namenskim bolnicama potiču iz Mihintale u <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ri_Lanka" title="Šri Lanka">Šri Lanci</a>, gde su nađeni dokazi o objektima za medicinski tretman pacijenata.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grčki lekar <a href="/wiki/Hipokrat" title="Hipokrat">Hipokrat</a> (oko 460. pne, - cca. 370. pne-), se smatra ocem zapadne medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18392218_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18392218-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blackwellpublishing.com_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackwellpublishing.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On je postavio temelje za racionalan pristup medicini. Hipokrat je uveo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipokratova_zakletva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipokratova zakletva (stranica ne postoji)">Hipokratovu zakletvu</a> za lekare, koji je još uvek relevantna i danas u upotrebi i bio je prvi koji kategorizuje bolesti kao akutne, hronične, endemične i epidemijalne i koristi termine kao što su, "pogoršanje, recidiv, rezolucije, kriza, paroksizma, vrhunac, i oporavak."<sup id="cite_ref-garrison97_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garrison97-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mart90_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mart90-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grčki lekar <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> je takođe bio jedan od najvećih hirurga antičkog sveta i izveo je mnoge ozbiljne operacije, uključujući i operacije mozga i očiju. Nakon pada Zapadnog rimskog carstva i početka ranog srednjeg veka, grčka tradicija medicine propada u zapadnoj Evropi, mada se i dalje neprekidno razvija u Istočnom Rimskom (Vizantijskom) carstvu. </p><p>Posle 750. godine muslimanski i arapski svet su dela Hipokrata, Galena i Sušruta preveli na arapski i islamski jezik i lekari su započeli bavljenje nekim značajnim medicinskim istraživanjima. Među poznazim islamskim medicinarima nalaze se ljudi višestranog znanja, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina">Avicena</a>, koji je, zajedno sa Imotepom i Hipokratom, takođe nazvan " ocem medicine ". On je pisao Kanon medicine, koji se smatra jednom od najpoznatijih knjiga u svetu. Drugi su Abulkasis, Avenzoar, Ibn al - Nafis i Averroes. Rhazes je bio jedan od prvih koji je odgovorio na pitanje grčke teorije humorisma, koja je ipak ostala uticajna i u srednjovekovnoj Zapadnoj i srednjovekovnoj islamskoj medicini. Islamske Bimaristan bolnice su rani primer državnih bolnica.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rabie2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabie2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tschanz_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tschanz-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-al_islam_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al_islam-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barrett_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrett-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U moderno doba počinju u medicini da se pojavljuju važni ljudi poput <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Falloppio" title="Gabriele Falloppio">Gabrileja Falopija</a> i <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">Vilijama Harvija</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius" title="Andreas Vesalius">Andreas Vesalius</a> je bio autor jedne od najuticajnijih knjiga o anatomiji, . Francuski hirurg <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Par%C3%A9" title="Ambroise Paré">Ambroaz Pare</a> se smatra jednim od otaca operacije. Bakterije i mikroorganizmi prvi put je pod mikroskopom posmatrao <a href="/wiki/Antoni_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antoni van Leeuwenhoek">Antoni van Levenhuk</a> 1676. što je predstavljalo važno dostignuće u oblasti <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologija" title="Mikrobiologija">mikrobiologije</a>, engleski lekar Vilijam Harvi opisao <a href="/wiki/Krvni_sistem" class="mw-redirect" title="Krvni sistem">krvotok</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_Boerhev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman Boerhev (stranica ne postoji)">Herman Boerhev</a> se ponekad naziva " ocem fiziologije " zbog primerne nastave u Lajdenu i udžbenika " Institutiones Medicae ' ( 1708 ). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pjer_Fauchard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pjer Fauchard (stranica ne postoji)">Pjer Fauchard</a> je nazvan ocem moderne stomatologije. </p><p>Modernom dobu počinje sa otkrićem <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edvarda Dženera</a> koji je otkrio vakcinu protiv velikih boginja krajem 18. veka, otkrićem <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Roberta Koha</a> o prenosu bolesti putem bakterija i otkrivanjem <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotik">antibiotika</a>. </p><p>Posle modernog doba dolazi sve više revolucionarnih istraživača iz Evrope. Iz Nemačke i Austrije dolaze <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virhov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Konrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen">Vilhelm Rendgen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Landsteiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Landsteiner (stranica ne postoji)">Karl Landsteiner</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto_Levi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oto Levi (stranica ne postoji)">Oto Levi</a>. Iz Velike Britanije dolaze <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Aleksandar Fleming</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jozef_Lister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jozef Lister (stranica ne postoji)">Jozef Lister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fransis_Krik" class="mw-redirect" title="Fransis Krik">Fransis Krik</a> i <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florens Najtingejl</a>. Španski doktor <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santijago Ramon i Kahal</a> smatra se ocem moderne <a href="/wiki/Neuronauka" title="Neuronauka">neuronauke</a>. Sa Novog Zelanda i iz Australije dolaze <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauris_Vilkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauris Vilkins (stranica ne postoji)">Mauris Vilkins</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hovard_Florej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hovard Florej (stranica ne postoji)">Hovard Florej</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Burnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Burnet (stranica ne postoji)">Frank Burnet</a>. Amerikanci, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilijam_Vilijams_Ken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilijam Vilijams Ken (stranica ne postoji)">Vilijam Vilijams Ken</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvi_Vilijams_Ka%C5%A1ing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvi Vilijams Kašing (stranica ne postoji)">Harvi Vilijams Kašing</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilijam_Bredli_Kolej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilijam Bredli Kolej (stranica ne postoji)">Vilijam Bredli Kolej</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%BEejms_Votson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Džejms Votson (stranica ne postoji)">Džejms Votson</a>, Italijan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvador_Lurija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salvador Lurija (stranica ne postoji)">Salvador Lurija</a>, Švajcarac, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandar_Ijerzin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksandar Ijerzin (stranica ne postoji)">Aleksandar Ijerzin</a>, Japanac, <a href="/wiki/Kitasato_Shibasabur%C5%8D" title="Kitasato Shibasaburō">Kitasato Shibasaburō</a> i Francuzi <a href="/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcot" title="Jean-Martin Charcot">Žan-Marten Šarko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Klod Bernar</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pol_Broka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pol Broka (stranica ne postoji)">Pol Broka</a> takođe su učinili značajna dela. Takođe su značajni i radovi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaj_Korotkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaj Korotkov (stranica ne postoji)">Nikolaja Korotkova</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilijam_Osler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilijam Osler (stranica ne postoji)">Vilijama Oslera</a>. </p><p>Kako su se nauka i tehnologija razvijale, medicina se sve više oslanjala na lekove.<sup id="cite_ref-Ezzo2001_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ezzo2001-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Do kraja 18. veka nisu se samo biljke i životinjski delovi tela koristili kao lekovi, već i delovi ljudskog tela i tečnosti. <a href="/wiki/Farmacija" title="Farmacija">Farmacija</a> je i dalje većinu lekova izvodila iz biljaka. Vakcinu su otkrili <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edvard Džener</a> i <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Luj Paster</a>. </p><p>Prvi <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotik">antibiotik</a> <a href="/wiki/Salvarsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvarsan">Salvarsan</a><sup id="cite_ref-ITOM_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITOM-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-acs_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acs-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> otkrio je <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Erlih</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klinička_praksa"><span id="Klini.C4.8Dka_praksa"></span>Klinička praksa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Klinička praksa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Klinička praksa"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U kliničkoj praksi lekar ispituje pacijenta kako bi izveo dijagnozu, odredio prevenciju ili lečenje bolesti. Lekar-pacijent odnos najpre se započinje proveravanjem medicinske istorije i kartona pacijenta, zatim intervju pacijentai fizički pregled. Nakon pregleda lekar odlučuje da li će se raditi biopsija, medicinski testovi ili će prepisati lek odnosno terapiju pacijentu. Pravilno informisanje pacijenta o činjenicama je važno za razvoj poverenja.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Komponente medicinskog intervjua su:<sup id="cite_ref-Coulehan_2005_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulehan_2005-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AHIMA2005_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHIMA2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>iznošenje simptoma - razlog medicinske posete</li> <li>istorija bolesti - hronološki poređani simptomi sa njihovim objašnjenjem</li> <li>aktivnost pacijenta</li> <li>lekovi koje pacijent koristi - važno je izneti i alergije</li> <li>provera ranijih zdravstvenih problema</li> <li>socijalna istorija - podaci o navikama, ishrani, alkoholu, lekovima itd.</li> <li>porodična istorija - spisak bolesti koje su se pojavljivale u porodici</li> <li>pitanja lekara o stanju pacijenta</li></ul> <p>Tokom fizičkog pregleda pacijenta doktor proverava simptome čulom dodira, vida, sluha ili mirisa. Postoje četiri akcije koje se koriste tokom ovog pregleda: inspekcija, palpacija (dodir), udaraljke i auskultacije.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Klinički pregled podrazumeva proučavanje : </p> <ul><li>Vitalne znake, uključujući visinu, težinu, telesnu temperaturu, <a href="/wiki/Krvni_pritisak" title="Krvni pritisak">krvni pritisak</a>, puls, disanje stopa, zasićenja hemoglobina kiseonikom</li> <li>Opšti izgled pacijenta i specifične indikatore bolesti (uhranjenosti, prisustvo žutice, bledilo)</li> <li>Koža</li> <li>Glava, oko, uho, nos i grlo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirkulatorni_sistem" title="Cirkulatorni sistem">Kardiovaskularni sistem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Srce" title="Srce">srce</a> i <a href="/wiki/Krvni_sudovi" title="Krvni sudovi">krvni sudovi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di%C5%A1ni_sistem" class="mw-redirect" title="Dišni sistem">Respiratorni sistem</a> (disajni putevi i <a href="/wiki/Plu%C4%87a" title="Pluća">pluća</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trbuh" title="Trbuh">Abdomen</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rektum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rektum">rektum</a></li> <li>Genitalije (i trudnoća ukoliko je pacijent u drugom stanju, ili može biti u drugom stanju)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%C5%A1i%C4%87no-skeletni_sistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mišićno-skeletni sistem (stranica ne postoji)">Mišićno-skeletni sistem</a> (uključujući kičmu i ekstremitete)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolo%C5%A1ki_sistem" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurološki sistem">Neurološki sistem</a> (svest, mozak, vid, <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEdani_%C5%BEivci" title="Moždani živci">kranijalnih nerava</a>, kičmene moždine i <a href="/wiki/Periferni_nervni_sistem" title="Periferni nervni sistem">perifernih nerava</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psihijatrija" title="Psihijatrija">Psihijatrijska</a> provera (orijentacija, mentalno stanje, dokaz o abnormalnim opažanjima ili mislima)</li></ul> <p>Laboratorijske analize se mogu tražiti ukoliko je potrebno.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medicinska odlučivanja predstavljaju analizu rezultata i postavljanja dijagnoze zajedno sa idejom šta bi se moglo preduzeti po pitanju lečenja. Može se koristiti od strane primarne zdravstvene zaštite, kao i od specijalista i može se postaviti u roku od nekoliko minuta, ali može i potrajati u zavisnosti od toga da li je pacijent hospitalizovan i koje su analize potrebne da se izvrše. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institucije">Institucije</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Institucije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Institucije"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Savremena medicina se generalno sprovodi u okviru sistema zdravstvene zaštite. Finansirana je od strane pojedinih vlada i ponekad potpomognuta od strane drugih organizacija.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naprednim industrijskim zemljama (sa izuzetkom SAD)<sup id="cite_ref-IOM_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOM-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ccuhc_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccuhc-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i mnoge zemlje u razvoju pružaju medicinske usluge kroz sistem univerzalne zdravstvene zaštite, čiji je cilj da garantuju zaštitu za sve preko jednog obveznika sistema zdravstvene zaštite ili preko zadruge zdravstvenog osiguranja. Namera je da se obezbedi da celokupno stanovništvo ima pristup zdravstvenoj nezi na osnovu potreba, a ne sposobnost da se plati. Isporuka može biti putem privatne lekarske prakse ili od strane drzavnih bolnica i klinika, ili dobrotvornih organizacija. </p><p>Većina plemenskih društava, a i neke komunističke zemlje (Kina) i SAD ne pružaju zdravstvenu zaštitu svim stanovnicima u celini već samo onima koji za to mogu da plate, ili su ga sami osigurani (bilo direktno ili kao deo ugovora o radu) ili koji mogu biti pokriveni od strane finansirajuće vlade ili plemena direktno. Transparentnost informacija je još jedan faktor koji definiše sistem za isporuku. Pristup informacijama o uslovima, lečenje, kvalitet i cene u velikoj meri utiče na izbor za pacijente/potrošače i samim tim podsticajima medicinskih stručnjaka.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isporuka">Isporuka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Isporuka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Isporuka"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pružanje zdravstvene zaštite je klasifikovano u primarne, sekundarne i tercijarne zaštitne kategorije. Primarne zdravstvene zaštitne medicinske usluge pružaju lekari, asistenti, medicinske sestre, praktikanti ili drugi zdravstveni radnici koji imaju prvi kontakt sa pacijentom koji traži medicinsko lečenje ili negu. Dešavaju se u kancelarijama doktora, klinike, u domovima, školama, kućnim posetama i drugim mestima blizu pacijenata. Oko 90% medicinske posete može da se leči od zaposlenika primarne zdravstvene zaštite. To uključuje lečenje akutnih i hroničnih bolesti, preventivne zaštite i zdravstvenog obrazovanja za sve uzraste i oba pola.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sekundarnu medicinsku negu pružaju medicinski specijalisti u njihovim kancelarijama ili na klinikama ili u lokalnim zajednicama bolnice za pacijenta koje je zaposlenik primarne zdravstvene zaštite uputio na dalje lečenje. Preporuke su za one pacijente koji zahteva stručnost i procedure koje obavljaju stručnjaci. Ovo uključuje i ambulantna nega bolničkih službi, intenzivna nega, usluge hirurgije, fizikalna terapija, radne snage i isporuke, endoskopija, laboratorija i medicinske usluge itd. </p><p>Tercijarne zaštitne medicinske usluge pružaju specijalisti u bolnicama ili regionalnim centrima koji su opremljeni dijagnostičkim postrojenjima za tretmane koji nisu dostupni u lokalnim bolnicama. Ovo uključuje trauma centre, centri za lečenje opekotina, napredne usluge neonatologije, transplantacija organa, održavanje trudnoće visokog rizika, onkologija zračenja itd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Osnovne_nauke">Osnovne nauke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Osnovne nauke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Osnovne nauke"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomija" title="Anatomija">Anatomija</a> je nauka koja za cilj ima izučavanje strukture i organizaciju živih <a href="/wiki/Organizam" title="Organizam">organizama</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biohemija" title="Biohemija">Biohemija</a> je most između biologije i hemije, proučava kako kompleksne hemijske reakcije stvaraju život.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomehanika" title="Biomehanika">Biomehanika</a> istražuje strukture i funkcije bioloških sistema pomoću metoda <a href="/wiki/Mehanika" title="Mehanika">mehanike</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biostatistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biostatistika (stranica ne postoji)">Biostatistika</a> je primena statistike bioloških polja u najširem smislu. Poznavanje biostatistike je od suštinskog značaja u planiranju, evaluaciji i tumačenju medicinskih istraživanja. Takođe je fundamentalna za <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologija" title="Epidemiologija">epidemiologiju</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofizika" title="Biofizika">Biofizika</a> je interdisciplinarna nauka koja koristi metode <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizike</a> i <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dka_hemija" title="Fizička hemija">fizičke hemije</a> za proučavanje bioloških sistema.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citologija" class="mw-redirect" title="Citologija">Citologija</a> se bavi mikroskopskim izučavanjem pojedinačnih <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija)">ćelija</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embriologija" title="Embriologija">Embriologija</a> je studija ranog razvoja organizama.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endokrinologija" title="Endokrinologija">Endokrinologija</a> je nauka o hormonima i njihovom uticaju u celom telu čoveka.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiologija" title="Epidemiologija">Epidemiologija</a> je nauka o demografiji bolesti i uključuje, ali nije ograničeno na, proučavanje epidemija.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">Genetika</a> je proučavanje gena i njihove uloge u <a href="/wiki/Naslje%C4%91ivanje_(biologija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasljeđivanje (biologija)">biološkom nasleđu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histologija" title="Histologija">Histologija</a> se bavi proučavanjem struktura <a href="/wiki/Tkivo" title="Tkivo">bioloških tkiva</a> pod uticajem svetlosti <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskopije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektronski_mikroskop" title="Elektronski mikroskop">elektronske mikroskopije</a> i <a href="/wiki/Imunohistohemija" title="Imunohistohemija">imunohistohemije</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imunologija" title="Imunologija">Imunologija</a> je nauka koja proučava <a href="/wiki/Imunski_sistem" title="Imunski sistem">imunološki sistem</a>, koji uključuje urođeni i adaptivni imuni sistem kod ljudi.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicinska_fizika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medicinska fizika (stranica ne postoji)">Medicinska fizika</a> je nauka koja proučava primene principa fizike u medicini.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologija" title="Mikrobiologija">Mikrobiologija</a> se bavi proučavanjem <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganizmi" title="Mikroorganizmi">mikroorganizama</a>, uključujući i <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija">bakterije</a>, gljivice i <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologija)" title="Virus (biologija)">viruse</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molekularna_biologija" title="Molekularna biologija">Molekularna biologija</a> je izučavanje molekularne osnove procesa <a href="/wiki/Replikacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Replikacija">replikacije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transkripcija_(genetika)" title="Transkripcija (genetika)">transkripcije</a> i <a href="/wiki/Translacija_(biologija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Translacija (biologija)">translacije</a> genetskog materijala.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuronauka" title="Neuronauka">Neuronauka</a> uključuje one discipline nauke koje se odnose na proučavanje <a href="/wiki/Nervni_sistem" title="Nervni sistem">nervnog sistema</a>. Glavni fokus neuronauke je biologija i fiziologija ljudskog mozga i kičmene moždine. Povezana je sa kliničkim specijalnostima poput <a href="/wiki/Neurologija" title="Neurologija">neurologije</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurohirurgija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurohirurgija (stranica ne postoji)">neurohirurgije</a> i <a href="/wiki/Psihijatrija" title="Psihijatrija">psihijatrije</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehrana" title="Prehrana">Nauka o ishrani</a> (teorijski fokus) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dijetetika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dijetetika (stranica ne postoji)">dijetetici</a> (praktični fokus) predstavljaju proučavanje odnosa hrane i pića na zdravlje i bolesti, naročito pri određivanju optimalne ishrane. Terapiju medicinske ishrane prepisuju dijetetičari za razne bolesti poput <a href="/wiki/Dijabetes" title="Dijabetes">dijebetesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kardiovaskularne_bolesti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kardiovaskularne bolesti">kardiovaskularnih bolesti</a>, problema u težini i u poremećaju ishrane, alergije i <a href="/wiki/Neishranjenost" class="mw-redirect" title="Neishranjenost">neuhranjenosti</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patologija" title="Patologija">Patologija</a> kao nauka proučava bolesti - njihove izazivače, napredovanje bolesti i rešavanje istih.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmakologija" title="Farmakologija">Farmakologija</a> je grana <a href="/wiki/Farmacija" title="Farmacija">farmacije</a> koja pručava <a href="/wiki/Lijek" title="Lijek">lekove</a> i njihovo delovanje.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotobiologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotobiologija (stranica ne postoji)">Fotobiologija</a> je nauka koja se bavi proučavanjem interakcija između nejonizujućeg zračenja i živih organizama.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiziologija" title="Fiziologija">Fiziologija</a> je nauka koja proučava normalno funkcionisanje tela i osnovne regulatorne mehanizme.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiobiologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiobiologija (stranica ne postoji)">Radiobiologija</a> je proučavanje interakcija između <a href="/wiki/Jonizuju%C4%87e_zra%C4%8Denje" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonizujuće zračenje">jonizujućih zračenja</a> i živih organizama.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toksikologija" title="Toksikologija">Toksikologija</a> je nauka koja se bavi istraživanjem opasnih efekata lekova i <a href="/wiki/Otrov" title="Otrov">otrova</a> na organizam.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medicina_kao_specijalnost">Medicina kao specijalnost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Medicina kao specijalnost" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Medicina kao specijalnost"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specijalističke grane medicine su:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41379810">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interna_medicina" title="Interna medicina">Interna medicina</a> sa subspecijalnostima: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kardiologija" title="Kardiologija">Kardiologija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endokrinologija" title="Endokrinologija">Endokrinologija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterologija" title="Gastroenterologija">Gastroenterologija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematologija" title="Hematologija">Hematologija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hepatologija (stranica ne postoji)">Hepatologija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefrologija" title="Nefrologija">Nefrologija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internisti%C4%8Dka_onkologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internistička onkologija (stranica ne postoji)">Internistička onkologija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmologija" title="Pulmologija">Pulmologija</a>/Pneumologija/Respirologija</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reumatologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reumatologija (stranica ne postoji)">Reumatologija</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerijatrija" title="Gerijatrija">Gerijatrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginekologija" title="Ginekologija">Ginekologija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infektologija" title="Infektologija">Infektologija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirurgija" title="Kirurgija">Kirurgija</a> sa subspecijalnostima: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominalna_kirurgija" title="Abdominalna kirurgija">Abdominalna kirurgija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratna_kirurgija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratna kirurgija (stranica ne postoji)">Ratna kirurgija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kardijalna_kirurgija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kardijalna kirurgija (stranica ne postoji)">Kardijalna kirurgija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaskularna_kirurgija" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaskularna kirurgija">Vaskularna kirurgija</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksilofacijalna_kirurgija" class="mw-redirect" title="Maksilofacijalna kirurgija">Maksilofacijalna kirurgija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina_spavanja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medicina spavanja (stranica ne postoji)">Medicina spavanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina_sporta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medicina sporta (stranica ne postoji)">Medicina sporta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicina_rada" title="Medicina rada">Medicina rada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazduhoplovna_medicina" title="Vazduhoplovna medicina">Vazduhoplovna medicina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiperbari%C4%8Dna_medicina" title="Hiperbarična medicina">Hiperbarična medicina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmi%C4%8Dka_medicina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmička medicina">Kosmička medicina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiologija" title="Epidemiologija">Epidemiologija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oftalmologija" title="Oftalmologija">Oftalmologija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkologija" title="Onkologija">Onkologija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Radioterapija" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioterapija">radioterapija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORL (stranica ne postoji)">ORL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurokirugija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurokirugija (stranica ne postoji)">Neurokirugija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurologija" title="Neurologija">Neurologija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedijatrija" title="Pedijatrija">Pedijatrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psihijatrija" title="Psihijatrija">Psihijatrija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palijativna_medicina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palijativna medicina (stranica ne postoji)">Palijativna medicina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiologija" title="Epidemiologija">Epidemiologija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dermatovenerologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dermatovenerologija (stranica ne postoji)">Dermatovenerologija</a> sa subspecijalizacijama: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Op%C4%87a_dermatologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opća dermatologija (stranica ne postoji)">Opća dermatologija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venerologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venerologija (stranica ne postoji)">Venerologija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dermatolo%C5%A1ka_onkologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dermatološka onkologija (stranica ne postoji)">Dermatološka onkologija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmetologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kozmetologija (stranica ne postoji)">Kozmetologija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flebologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flebologija (stranica ne postoji)">Flebologija</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizijatrija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fizijatrija (stranica ne postoji)">Fizijatrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiologija" title="Radiologija">Radiologija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urologija" title="Urologija">Urologija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klini%C4%8Dka_farmakologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klinička farmakologija (stranica ne postoji)">Klinička farmakologija</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Obuka u internoj medicini, za razliku od hirurške obuke, razlikuje se širom sveta. U Americi potrebne su tri godine specijalizacije posle škole medicine. U proseku u SAD-u, doktori interne medicine rade oko 60 sati nedeljno, dok u Velikoj Britaniji po zakonu sada rade oko 48 sati nedeljno. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41556849">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/115715?result=1&rskey=YZWqVc&">„Medicine, n.1”</a>. <i>OED Online</i>. Oxford University Press. September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 8 November 2014</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medicine%2C+n.1&rft.atitle=OED+Online&rft.date=September+2014&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F115715%3Fresult%3D1%26rskey%3DYZWqVc%26&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/medicine?q=medicine">„Medicine”</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries Online</i>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 8 November 2014</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medicine&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fmedicine%3Fq%3Dmedicine&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818030846/https://languages.oup.com/">Arhivirano</a> 2021-08-18 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818030846/https://languages.oup.com/">„Archive copy”</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://languages.oup.com/">originala</a> na datum 2021-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2022-10-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Archive+copy&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210818030846%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Flanguages.oup.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Etymology: <a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">latinski</a>: <span lang="la"><i>medicina</i></span>, from <i>ars medicina</i> "the medical art", from <i>medicus</i> "physician". (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=medicine">Etym.Online</a>) Cf. <i>mederi</i> "to heal", etym. "know the best course for," from Proto-Indo-European language base *med- "to measure, limit. Cf. <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">Greek</a> <i>medos</i> "counsel, plan", <a href="/wiki/Avestanski_jezik" title="Avestanski jezik">Avestan</a> <i>vi-mad</i> "physician"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=medicine">"Medicine"</a> <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/medicine">„Dictionary, medicine”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2 December 2013</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Dictionary%2C+medicine&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmedicine&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colquhoun2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Colquhoun2013_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Colquhoun, D; Steven Novella (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcscience.net/Colquhoun-Novella-A&A-2013.pdf">„Acupuncture is a theatrical placebo: the end of a myth”</a> (PDF). <i>Anesthesia & Analgesia</i> <b>116</b> (6): 1360–1363. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1213%2FANE.0b013e31828f2d5e">10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828f2d5e</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-2999">0003-2999</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23709076">23709076</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Acupuncture+is+a+theatrical+placebo%3A+the+end+of+a+myth&rft.jtitle=Anesthesia+%26+Analgesia&rft.aulast=Colquhoun&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Colquhoun%2C%26%2332%3BD&rft.au=Steven+Novella&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1360%E2%80%931363&rft_id=info:doi/10.1213%2FANE.0b013e31828f2d5e&rft.issn=0003-2999&rft_id=info:pmid/23709076&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcscience.net%2FColquhoun-Novella-A%26A-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nciacupuncture-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nciacupuncture_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/acupuncture/healthprofessional/page6">„Acupuncture (PDQ®)”</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 15 September 2013</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Acupuncture+%28PDQ%C2%AE%29&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BNational+Cancer+Institute%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fcancertopics%2Fpdq%2Fcam%2Facupuncture%2Fhealthprofessional%2Fpage6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18392218-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18392218_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18392218_8-1">8,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Grammaticos PC, Diamantis A (2008). „Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus”. <i>Hell J Nucl Med</i> <b>11</b> (1): 2–4. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18392218">18392218</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Useful+known+and+unknown+views+of+the+father+of+modern+medicine%2C+Hippocrates+and+his+teacher+Democritus&rft.jtitle=Hell+J+Nucl+Med&rft.aulast=Grammaticos+PC%2C+Diamantis+A&rft.au=Grammaticos+PC%2C+Diamantis+A&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2%E2%80%934&rft_id=info:pmid/18392218&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blackwellpublishing.com-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-blackwellpublishing.com_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-blackwellpublishing.com_9-1">9,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/eccmid16/abstract.asp?id=50854">The father of modern medicine: the first research of the physical factor of tetanus</a>, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acker-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Acker_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Ackerknecht, Erwin (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Btx3M5t6lDEC&pg=PA22"><i>A Short History of Medicine</i></a>. JHU Press. str. 22. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-8018-2726-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-8018-2726-6">978-0-8018-2726-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Medicine&rft.aulast=Ackerknecht&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft.au=Ackerknecht%2C%26%2332%3BErwin&rft.date=1982&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B22&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-2726-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBtx3M5t6lDEC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hong, Francis (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131201231218/http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/MJM/issues/v08n01/crossroads/hong.pdf">„History of Medicine in China”</a>. <i>McGill Journal of Medicine</i> <b>8</b> (1): 7984. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/MJM/issues/v08n01/crossroads/hong.pdf">originala</a> na datum 2013-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2015-06-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=History+of+Medicine+in+China&rft.jtitle=McGill+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Hong%2C%26%2332%3BFrancis&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20131201231218%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicine.mcgill.ca%2FMJM%2Fissues%2Fv08n01%2Fcrossroads%2Fhong.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unsc-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Unsc_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Unschuld, Pual (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=N2ZdrPCbpNIC&pg=PR9"><i>Huang Di Nei Jing: Nature, Knowledge, Imagery in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text</i></a>. University of California Press. str. ix. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-520-92849-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-520-92849-7">978-0-520-92849-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Huang+Di+Nei+Jing%3A+Nature%2C+Knowledge%2C+Imagery+in+an+Ancient+Chinese+Medical+Text&rft.aulast=Unschuld&rft.aufirst=Pual&rft.au=Unschuld%2C%26%2332%3BPual&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3Bix&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92849-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN2ZdrPCbpNIC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Singh, A. and Sarangi, D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijps.org/text.asp?2003/36/1/53/5785">„We need to think and act”</a>. <i>Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery</i> <b>36</b> (1): 53–54.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=We+need+to+think+and+act&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Plastic+Surgery&rft.aulast=Singh%2C+A.+and+Sarangi%2C+D.&rft.au=Singh%2C+A.+and+Sarangi%2C+D.&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53%E2%80%9354&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijps.org%2Ftext.asp%3F2003%2F36%2F1%2F53%2F5785&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Longfellow-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Longfellow_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Rana RE, Arora BS (2002). „History of Plastic Surgery in India”. <i>Journal of Postgraduate Medicine</i> <b>48</b> (1): 76–8. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12082339">12082339</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=History+of+Plastic+Surgery+in+India&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Postgraduate+Medicine&rft.aulast=Rana+RE%2C+Arora+BS&rft.au=Rana+RE%2C+Arora+BS&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76%E2%80%938&rft_id=info:pmid/12082339&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Saraf, Sanjay; Ravi S. Parihar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-plastic-surgery/volume-4-number-2/sushruta-the-first-plastic-surgeon-in-600-b-c.html#sthash.mkTSe3sP.dpbs">„Sushruta: The first Plastic Surgeon in 600 B.C”</a>. <i>The Internet Journal of Plastic Surgery</i> <b>4</b>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5580%2F1456%23sthash.mkTSe3sP.dpuf">10.5580/1456#sthash.mkTSe3sP.dpuf</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1528-8293">1528-8293</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 12 November 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sushruta%3A+The+first+Plastic+Surgeon+in+600+B.C&rft.jtitle=The+Internet+Journal+of+Plastic+Surgery&rft.aulast=Saraf&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft.au=Saraf%2C%26%2332%3BSanjay&rft.au=Ravi+S.+Parihar&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=4&rft_id=info:doi/10.5580%2F1456%23sthash.mkTSe3sP.dpuf&rft.issn=1528-8293&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ispub.com%2Fjournal%2Fthe-internet-journal-of-plastic-surgery%2Fvolume-4-number-2%2Fsushruta-the-first-plastic-surgeon-in-600-b-c.html%23sthash.mkTSe3sP.dpbs&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aluvihare, Arjuna (November 1993) "Rohal Kramaya Lovata Dhayadha Kale Sri Lankikayo" <i>Vidhusara Science Magazine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ihsg/publications/pdf/No-42.PDF">Resource Mobilization in Sri Lanka's Health Sector</a></i> – Rannan-Eliya, Ravi P. & De Mel, Nishan, Harvard School of Public Health & Health Policy Programme, Institute of Policy Studies, February 1997, Page 19. Accessed 22 February 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garrison97-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-garrison97_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Garrison, Fielding H. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000fiel"><i>History of Medicine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>: W.B. Saunders Company. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000fiel/page/97">97</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medicine&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Fielding+H.&rft.au=Garrison%2C%26%2332%3BFielding+H.&rft.date=1966&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000fiel%2Fpage%2F97+97%5D&rft.place=%5B%5BPhiladelphia%5D%5D&rft.pub=W.B.+Saunders+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000fiel&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mart90-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mart90_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Martí-Ibáñez, Félix (1961). <i>A Prelude to Medical History</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>: MD Publications, Inc.. str. 90. Library of Congress ID: 61-11617.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Prelude+to+Medical+History&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%AD-Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez&rft.aufirst=F%C3%A9lix&rft.au=Mart%C3%AD-Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez%2C%26%2332%3BF%C3%A9lix&rft.date=1961&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B90&rft.place=%5B%5BNew+York%5D%5D&rft.pub=MD+Publications%2C+Inc.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Becka J (1980). „The father of medicine, Avicenna, in our science and culture: Abu Ali ibn Sina (980–1037) (Czech title: Otec lékarů Avicenna v nasí vĕdĕ a kulture)”. <i>Cas Lek Cesk</i> <b>119</b> (1): 17–23. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6989499">6989499</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+father+of+medicine%2C+Avicenna%2C+in+our+science+and+culture%3A+Abu+Ali+ibn+Sina+%28980%E2%80%931037%29+%28Czech+title%3A+Otec+l%C3%A9kar%C5%AF+Avicenna+v+nas%C3%AD+v%C4%95d%C4%95+a+kulture%29&rft.jtitle=Cas+Lek+Cesk&rft.aulast=Becka+J&rft.au=Becka+J&rft.date=1980&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17%E2%80%9323&rft_id=info:pmid/6989499&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-92902/The-Canon-of-Medicine">„"The Canon of Medicine" (work by Avicenna)”</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 11 June 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%22The+Canon+of+Medicine%22+%28work+by+Avicenna%29&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=%27%27%5B%5BEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%5D%5D%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Ftopic-92902%2FThe-Canon-of-Medicine&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ahmad, Z. (St Thomas' Hospital) (2007). „Al-Zahrawi – The Father of Surgery”. <i>ANZ Journal of Surgery</i> <b>77</b> (Suppl. 1): A83. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x">10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Al-Zahrawi+%E2%80%93+The+Father+of+Surgery&rft.jtitle=ANZ+Journal+of+Surgery&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Z.+%28St+Thomas%27+Hospital%29&rft.au=Ahmad%2C%26%2332%3BZ.+%28St+Thomas%27+Hospital%29&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=Suppl.+1&rft.pages=A83&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabie2006-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rabie2006_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Abdel-Halim RE (2006). „Contributions of Muhadhdhab Al-Deen Al-Baghdadi to the progress of medicine and urology. A study and translations from his book Al-Mukhtar”. <i>Saudi medical journal</i> <b>27</b> (11): 1631–1641. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17106533">17106533</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Contributions+of+Muhadhdhab+Al-Deen+Al-Baghdadi+to+the+progress+of+medicine+and+urology.+A+study+and+translations+from+his+book+Al-Mukhtar&rft.jtitle=Saudi+medical+journal&rft.aulast=Abdel-Halim+RE&rft.au=Abdel-Halim+RE&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1631%E2%80%931641&rft_id=info:pmid/17106533&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/78110223/Traditional-Medicine-Among-Gulf-Arabs">„Chairman's Reflections: Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting”</a>. <i>Heart Views</i> <b>5</b> (2): 74–85 [80]. 2004.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chairman%27s+Reflections%3A+Traditional+Medicine+Among+Gulf+Arabs%2C+Part+II%3A+Blood-letting&rft.jtitle=Heart+Views&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=74%E2%80%9385+%5B80%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F78110223%2FTraditional-Medicine-Among-Gulf-Arabs&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Martín-Araguz A, Bustamante-Martínez C, Fernández-Armayor Ajo V, Moreno-Martínez JM (1 May 2002). „Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine”. <i>Revista de neurología</i> <b>34</b> (9): 877–892. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12134355">12134355</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Neuroscience+in+al-Andalus+and+its+influence+on+medieval+scholastic+medicine&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+neurolog%C3%ADa&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADn-Araguz+A%2C+Bustamante-Mart%C3%ADnez+C%2C+Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armayor+Ajo+V%2C+Moreno-Mart%C3%ADnez+JM&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn-Araguz+A%2C+Bustamante-Mart%C3%ADnez+C%2C+Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armayor+Ajo+V%2C+Moreno-Mart%C3%ADnez+JM&rft.date=1+May+2002&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=877%E2%80%93892&rft_id=info:pmid/12134355&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tschanz-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tschanz_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tschanz, David W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040503004153/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199703/the.arab.roots.of.european.medicine.htm">„Arab(?) Roots of European Medicine”</a>. <i>Heart Views</i> <b>4</b> (2). Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199703/the.arab.roots.of.european.medicine.htm">originala</a> na datum 2004-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2015-06-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arab%28%3F%29+Roots+of+European+Medicine&rft.jtitle=Heart+Views&rft.aulast=Tschanz%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Tschanz%2C+David+W.&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20040503004153%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F199703%2Fthe.arab.roots.of.european.medicine.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst372/readings/tschanz.html">copy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Pormann, Peter E.; Smith, E. Savage (2007). <i>Medieval Islamic medicine</i>. Washington DC: Georgetown University. str. 10, 43–45. <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openlibrary.org/works/OL12911905W">12911905W</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+medicine&rft.aulast=Pormann%2C+Peter+E.%3B+Smith%2C+E.+Savage&rft.au=Pormann%2C+Peter+E.%3B+Smith%2C+E.+Savage&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B10%2C+43%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Georgetown+University&rft_id=info:olnum/12911905W&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al_islam-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-al_islam_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Muhammad Jawad Fadlallah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/imam-ar-ridha-a-historical-and-biographical-research-muhammad-jawad-fadlallah"><i>Imam ar-Ridha', A Historical and Biographical Research</i></a>. Yasin T. Al-Jibouri<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 18 June 2014</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imam+ar-Ridha%27%2C+A+Historical+and+Biographical+Research&rft.aulast=Muhammad+Jawad+Fadlallah&rft.au=Muhammad+Jawad+Fadlallah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fimam-ar-ridha-a-historical-and-biographical-research-muhammad-jawad-fadlallah&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Micheau, Françoise. <i>The Scientific Institutions in the Medieval Near East</i>. pp. 991–2.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Institutions+in+the+Medieval+Near+East&rft.aulast=Micheau&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.au=Micheau%2C%26%2332%3BFran%C3%A7oise&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B991%E2%80%932&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>, in (<a href="#CITEREFMorelonRashed1996">Morelon & Rashed 1996</a>, pp. 985–1007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrett-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Barrett_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Peter Barrett (2004). <i>Science and Theology Since Copernicus: The Search for Understanding</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group. str. 18. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-567-08969-X" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-567-08969-X">0-567-08969-X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Theology+Since+Copernicus%3A+The+Search+for+Understanding&rft.aulast=Peter+Barrett&rft.au=Peter+Barrett&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B18&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.isbn=0-567-08969-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Cooper, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203131508/http://www.pharmj.com/Editorial/20041218/christmas/p900bodyparts.html">„Medicinal properties of body parts”</a>. <i>The Pharmaceutical Journal</i> <b>273</b> (7330): 900–902. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pharmj.com/editorial/20041218/christmas/p900bodyparts.html">originala</a> na datum 2008-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2015-06-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Medicinal+properties+of+body+parts&rft.jtitle=The+Pharmaceutical+Journal&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Cooper%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=273&rft.issue=7330&rft.pages=900%E2%80%93902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20081203131508%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharmj.com%2FEditorial%2F20041218%2Fchristmas%2Fp900bodyparts.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ezzo2001-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ezzo2001_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ezzo J, Bausell B, Moerman DE, Berman B, Hadhazy V (2001). „Reviewing the reviews. How strong is the evidence? How clear are the conclusions?”. <i>Int J Technol Assess Health Care</i> <b>17</b> (4): 457–466. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11758290">11758290</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reviewing+the+reviews.+How+strong+is+the+evidence%3F+How+clear+are+the+conclusions%3F&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Technol+Assess+Health+Care&rft.aulast=Ezzo+J%2C+Bausell+B%2C+Moerman+DE%2C+Berman+B%2C+Hadhazy+V&rft.au=Ezzo+J%2C+Bausell+B%2C+Moerman+DE%2C+Berman+B%2C+Hadhazy+V&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=457%E2%80%93466&rft_id=info:pmid/11758290&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITOM-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ITOM_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Gibaud, Stéphane; Jaouen, Gérard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-13185-1_1">„Arsenic - based drugs: from Fowler's solution to modern anticancer chemotherapy”</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springer.com/series/3418">Topics in Organometallic Chemistry</a></i>. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry <b>32</b>: 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-13185-1_1">10.1007/978-3-642-13185-1_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-3-642-13184-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-3-642-13184-4">978-3-642-13184-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arsenic+-+based+drugs%3A+from+Fowler%27s+solution+to+modern+anticancer+chemotherapy&rft.jtitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fseries%2F3418+Topics+in+Organometallic+Chemistry%5D&rft.aulast=Gibaud&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Gibaud%2C%26%2332%3BSt%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Jaouen%2C%26%2332%3BG%C3%A9rard&rft.date=2010&rft.series=Topics+in+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9320&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2F978-3-642-13185-1_1&rft.isbn=978-3-642-13184-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%252F978-3-642-13185-1_1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acs-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-acs_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325salvarsan.html">„Salvarsan”</a>. Chemical & Engineering News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2010-02-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Salvarsan&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fcen%2Fcoverstory%2F83%2F8325%2F8325salvarsan.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/American-Medical-Association/A-Handbook-of-Useful-Drugs/Salvarsan-Salvarsan-N-N-R.html">„A Handbook of Useful Drugs”</a>. American Medical Association. 1913<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2010-08-17</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Useful+Drugs&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1913&rft.pub=American+Medical+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchestofbooks.com%2Fhealth%2Fmateria-medica-drugs%2FAmerican-Medical-Association%2FA-Handbook-of-Useful-Drugs%2FSalvarsan-Salvarsan-N-N-R.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/ehrlich-bio.html">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908, Paul Erlich - Biography</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">WHO Dept. of Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/67294">„Traditional medicine: growing needs and potential”</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Traditional+medicine%3A+growing+needs+and+potential&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=WHO+Dept.+of+Essential+Drugs+and+Medicines+Policy&rft.au=WHO+Dept.+of+Essential+Drugs+and+Medicines+Policy&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=%5B%5BWorld+Health+Organization%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F67294&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coulehan_2005-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Coulehan_2005_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Coulehan JL, Block MR (2005). <i>The Medical Interview: Mastering Skills for Clinical Practice</i> (5th izd.). F. A. Davis. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-8036-1246-X" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-8036-1246-X">0-8036-1246-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/232304023">232304023</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medical+Interview%3A+Mastering+Skills+for+Clinical+Practice&rft.aulast=Coulehan+JL%2C+Block+MR&rft.au=Coulehan+JL%2C+Block+MR&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=F.+A.+Davis&rft.isbn=0-8036-1246-X&rft_id=info:oclcnum/232304023&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHIMA2005-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AHIMA2005_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Addison K, Braden JH, Cupp JE, Emmert D, Hall LA, Hall T, Hess B, Kohn D, Kruse MT, McLendon K, McQueary J, Musa D, Olenik KL, Quinsey CA, Reynolds R, Servais C, Watters A, Wiedemann LA, Wilkins M, Wills M, Vogt NE (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080309002938/http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_027921.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_027921">„Update: Guidelines for Defining the Legal Health Record for Disclosure Purposes”</a>. <i>Journal of AHIMA</i> <b>78</b> (8): 64A–G. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16245584">16245584</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_027921.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_027921">originala</a> na datum 2008-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2015-06-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Update%3A+Guidelines+for+Defining+the+Legal+Health+Record+for+Disclosure+Purposes&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+AHIMA&rft.aulast=Addison+K%2C+Braden+JH%2C+Cupp+JE%2C+Emmert+D%2C+Hall+LA%2C+Hall+T%2C+Hess+B%2C+Kohn+D%2C+Kruse+MT%2C+McLendon+K%2C+McQueary+J%2C+Musa+D%2C+Olenik+KL%2C+Quinsey+CA%2C+Reynolds+R%2C+Servais+C%2C+Watters+A%2C+Wiedemann+LA%2C+Wilkins+M%2C+Wills+M%2C+Vogt+NE&rft.au=Addison+K%2C+Braden+JH%2C+Cupp+JE%2C+Emmert+D%2C+Hall+LA%2C+Hall+T%2C+Hess+B%2C+Kohn+D%2C+Kruse+MT%2C+McLendon+K%2C+McQueary+J%2C+Musa+D%2C+Olenik+KL%2C+Quinsey+CA%2C+Reynolds+R%2C+Servais+C%2C+Watters+A%2C+Wiedemann+LA%2C+Wilkins+M%2C+Wills+M%2C+Vogt+NE&rft.date=September+2005&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=64A%E2%80%93G&rft_id=info:pmid/16245584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080309002938%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Flibrary.ahima.org%2Fxpedio%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2Fahima%2Fbok1_027921.hcsp%3FdDocName%3Dbok1_027921&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.lww.com/nursing/Fulltext/2006/11002/Assessing_patients_effectively__Here_s_how_to_do.5.aspx">„Assessing patients effectively: Here's how to do the basic four techniques”</a>. <i>Nursing2014</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assessing+patients+effectively%3A+Here%27s+how+to+do+the+basic+four+techniques&rft.jtitle=Nursing2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2Fnursing%2FFulltext%2F2006%2F11002%2FAssessing_patients_effectively__Here_s_how_to_do.5.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Grembowski DE, Diehr P, Novak LC, et al. (August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_health-services-research_2000-08_35_3/page/707">„Measuring the "managedness" and covered benefits of health plans”</a>. <i>Health Serv Res</i> <b>35</b> (3): 707–34. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1089144">1089144</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10966092">10966092</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Measuring+the+%22managedness%22+and+covered+benefits+of+health+plans&rft.jtitle=Health+Serv+Res&rft.aulast=Grembowski+DE%2C+Diehr+P%2C+Novak+LC%2C+et+al.&rft.au=Grembowski+DE%2C+Diehr+P%2C+Novak+LC%2C+et+al.&rft.date=August+2000&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=707%E2%80%9334&rft_id=info:pmc/1089144&rft_id=info:pmid/10966092&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_health-services-research_2000-08_35_3%2Fpage%2F707&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Blainey, Geoffrey (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofch0000blai"><i>A Short History of Christianity</i></a>. Penguin Viking. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/793902685">793902685</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Christianity&rft.aulast=Blainey%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Blainey%2C+Geoffrey&rft.date=2011&rft.pub=Penguin+Viking&rft_id=info:oclcnum/793902685&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryofch0000blai&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IOM-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IOM_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091019103757/http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Insuring-Americas-Health-Principles-and-Recommendations.aspx">„Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations”</a>. Institute of Medicine at the National Academies of Science. 14 January 2004. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Insuring-Americas-Health-Principles-and-Recommendations.aspx">originala</a> na datum 2009-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2015-06-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Insuring+America%27s+Health%3A+Principles+and+Recommendations&rft.atitle=&rft.date=14+January+2004&rft.pub=Institute+of+Medicine+at+the+National+Academies+of+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091019103757%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.iom.edu%2FReports%2F2004%2FInsuring-Americas-Health-Principles-and-Recommendations.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccuhc-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ccuhc_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180423105127/http://cthealth.server101.com/the_case_for_universal_health_care_in_the_united_states.htm">„The Case For Single Payer, Universal Health Care for the United States”</a>. Cthealth.server101.com. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cthealth.server101.com/the_case_for_universal_health_care_in_the_united_states.htm">originala</a> na datum 2018-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 4 May 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Case+For+Single+Payer%2C+Universal+Health+Care+for+the+United+States&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Cthealth.server101.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20180423105127%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fcthealth.server101.com%2Fthe_case_for_universal_health_care_in_the_united_states.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation Journal">Martin Sipkoff (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0401/0401.forum.html">„Transparency called key to uniting cost control, quality improvement”</a>. <i>Managed Care</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Transparency+called+key+to+uniting+cost+control%2C+quality+improvement&rft.jtitle=Managed+Care&rft.aulast=Martin+Sipkoff&rft.au=Martin+Sipkoff&rft.date=January+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.managedcaremag.com%2Farchives%2F0401%2F0401.forum.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Laokri S, Weil O, Drabo KM, Dembelé SM, Kafando B, Dujardin B (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3629451/">„Removal of user fees no guarantee of universal health coverage: observations from Burkina Faso”</a>. <i>Bull. World Health Organ.</i> <b>91</b> (4): 277–82. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.12.110015">10.2471/BLT.12.110015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3629451">3629451</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599551">23599551</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Removal+of+user+fees+no+guarantee+of+universal+health+coverage%3A+observations+from+Burkina+Faso&rft.jtitle=Bull.+World+Health+Organ.&rft.aulast=Laokri+S%2C+Weil+O%2C+Drabo+KM%2C+Dembel%C3%A9+SM%2C+Kafando+B%2C+Dujardin+B&rft.au=Laokri+S%2C+Weil+O%2C+Drabo+KM%2C+Dembel%C3%A9+SM%2C+Kafando+B%2C+Dujardin+B&rft.date=April+2013&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=277%E2%80%9382&rft_id=info:doi/10.2471%2FBLT.12.110015&rft_id=info:pmc/3629451&rft_id=info:pmid/23599551&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3629451%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306053048/http://www.racp.edu.au/index.cfm?objectid=49EF1EB5-2A57-5487-D74DBAFBAE9143A3">„The Royal Australasian College of Physicians: What are Physicians?”</a>. Royal Australasian College of Physicians. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racp.edu.au/index.cfm?objectid=49EF1EB5-2A57-5487-D74DBAFBAE9143A3">originala</a> na datum 2008-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 5 February 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Australasian+College+of+Physicians%3A+What+are+Physicians%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Royal+Australasian+College+of+Physicians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080306053048%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.racp.edu.au%2Findex.cfm%3Fobjectid%3D49EF1EB5-2A57-5487-D74DBAFBAE9143A3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medicina"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41379810"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>William DePrez Inlow: <i>Medicine: its nature and definition</i>. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1946.</li> <li>Wolfgang Eckart: <i>Geschichte der Medizin.</i> Springer, 6. Auflage 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-3-540-79215-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-3-540-79215-4">978-3-540-79215-4</a></li> <li>Roy Porter: <i>Cambridge illustrated history: Medicine.</i> Cambridge University Press, 4th. Ed. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-521-00252-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-521-00252-3">978-0-521-00252-3</a></li> <li>Stefan Schulz, Klaus Steigleder, et al. (Hrsg.): <i>Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin.</i> Suhrkamp 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-3-518-29391-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-3-518-29391-1">978-3-518-29391-1</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_veze">Vanjske veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Vanjske veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 300px"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="commons:Category:Medicine"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;"><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Medicine">Medicina</a></b></i> na <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_-_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica - Главна страница">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> </div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zbmed.de/">Fachinformationszentrum: Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Medizin, Köln</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aezq.de/">Ärztliches Zentrum für Qualität in der Medizin (ÄZQ)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/home/">BioMedCentral (englisch) – Open-Access-Projekt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130203559/http://www.biomedcentral.com/home/">Arhivirano</a> 2011-11-30 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.uni-duisburg-essen.de/recherch/fachinfo/medizin/medlinks.shtml">Ausführliche Linksammlung der Universitätsbibliothek Essen zu medizinischen Themen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215134446/http://www.ub.uni-duisburg-essen.de/recherch/fachinfo/medizin/medlinks.shtml">Arhivirano</a> 2008-02-15 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medlibrary.de/index.php?title=Hauptseite">Online-Bibliothek</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215014151/http://medlibrary.de/index.php?title=Hauptseite">Arhivirano</a> 2015-02-15 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>: Datenbank der National Library of Medicine (USA, englisch) − <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez">Website</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medpilot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medpilot (stranica ne postoji)">Medpilot</a>: Suchmaschine der Deutschen Zentralbibliothek für Medizin – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medpilot.de/">Homepage</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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