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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history_in_China_and_migration_to_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history_in_China_and_migration_to_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early history in China and migration to Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history_in_China_and_migration_to_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_city-states_in_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_city-states_in_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early city-states in Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_city-states_in_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ming_dynasty_Tai_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ming_dynasty_Tai_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ming dynasty Tai history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming_dynasty_Tai_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Ming_communication_with_Yunnan_(1369)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Ming_communication_with_Yunnan_(1369)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>First Ming communication with Yunnan (1369)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Ming_communication_with_Yunnan_(1369)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_Ming_attempts_to_win_Yunnan_over_(1369–1380)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_Ming_attempts_to_win_Yunnan_over_(1369–1380)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Initial Ming attempts to win Yunnan over (1369–1380)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_Ming_attempts_to_win_Yunnan_over_(1369–1380)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>External relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Southwestern_Tai_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Southwestern_Tai_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of Southwestern Tai peoples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_Southwestern_Tai_peoples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of Southwestern Tai peoples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_Southwestern_Tai_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Northern branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chiang_Saen_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chiang_Saen_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Chiang Saen branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chiang_Saen_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Southern group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southwestern_Tai_groups_and_names_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southwestern_Tai_groups_and_names_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Southwestern Tai groups and names in China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southwestern_Tai_groups_and_names_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Tai_peoples_and_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Tai_peoples_and_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other Tai peoples and languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Tai_peoples_and_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tai peoples</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="টাই জাতি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="টাই জাতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tais" title="Tais – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tais" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai-V%C3%B6lker" title="Tai-Völker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tai-Völker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_tai" title="Pueblos tai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblos tai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_(peuple)" title="Tai (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tai (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="타이족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타이족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D5%B6-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Քոն-թայ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քոն-թայ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="ताई लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ताई लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajski_narodi" title="Tajski narodi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tajski narodi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_suku_bangsa_Tai" title="Rumpun suku bangsa Tai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun suku bangsa Tai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popoli_tai" title="Popoli tai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Popoli tai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Tai" title="Wong Tai – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Tai" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ტაიები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტაიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Тай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B8%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%97-%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%94" title="ກຸ່ມຊາດພັນໄທ-ກະໄດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກຸ່ມຊາດພັນໄທ-ກະໄດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajai_(grup%C4%97)" title="Tajai (grupė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tajai (grupė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Tai" title="Orang Tai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Tai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="တိုင်လူမျိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိုင်လူမျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai-volkeren" title="Tai-volkeren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tai-volkeren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E6%97%8F" title="タイ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タイ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_(etnisk_gruppe)" title="Tai (etnisk gruppe) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tai (etnisk gruppe)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%83" title="ជនជាតិតៃ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជនជាតិតៃ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludy_tajskie" title="Ludy tajskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludy tajskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Тай (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тай (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajski_narodi" title="Tajski narodi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tajski narodi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97" title="ชาวไท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวไท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_halklar%C4%B1" title="Tay halkları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tay halkları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the ethnic group in Thailand, <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai people</a>, which is one member of this group.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Tai</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taikadai-en1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Taikadai-en1.png/300px-Taikadai-en1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Taikadai-en1.png/450px-Taikadai-en1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Taikadai-en1.png/600px-Taikadai-en1.png 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Distribution of Tai people</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tai_Yai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Yai">Tai Yai</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khamti_people" title="Khamti people">Tai Khamti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahom_people" title="Ahom people">Tai Ahom</a>, Tai Kassay, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Phake_people" title="Tai Phake people">Tai Phake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Aiton_people" title="Tai Aiton people">Tai Aiton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khamyang_people" title="Khamyang people">Tai Khamyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turung_people" title="Turung people">Tai Turung</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-Tun_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tun-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hannay_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannay-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lai_people" title="Lai people">Tai Lai</a> )<br /> <b><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei people</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Tai folk religion</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tai peoples</b> are the populations who speak (or formerly spoke) the <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a>. There are a total of about 93 million people of Tai ancestry worldwide, with the largest <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> being <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isan_people" title="Isan people">Isan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Yai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Yai people">Tai Yai</a> (Shan), <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahom_people" title="Ahom people">Tai Ahom</a>, Tai Kassay and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_people" title="Northern Thai people">some Northern Thai peoples</a>. </p><p>The Tai are scattered through much of <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, with some (<i>e.g.</i> <a href="/wiki/Ahom_people" title="Ahom people">Tai Ahom</a>, Tai Kassay, <a href="/wiki/Khamyang_people" title="Khamyang people"> Tai Khamyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khamti_people" title="Khamti people">Tai Khamti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Phake_people" title="Tai Phake people">Tai Phake</a>, Tai Aiton) inhabiting parts of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a>. Tai peoples are both culturally and genetically very similar and therefore primarily identified through their language. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Speakers of the many languages in the Tai branch of the <a href="/wiki/Tai%E2%80%93Kadai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai–Kadai languages">Tai–Kadai language family</a> are spread over many countries in <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">Southern China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a>. Unsurprisingly, there are many terms used to describe the distinct Tai peoples of these regions. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ferlus" title="Michel Ferlus">Michel Ferlus</a>, the ethnonyms Tai/Thai (or Tay/Thay) evolved from the etymon <b>*k(ə)ri:</b> 'human being' through the following chain: <b>kəri:</b> > <b>kəli:</b> > <b>kədi:/kədaj</b> (<b>-l-</b> > <b>-d-</b> shift in tense sesquisyllables and probable diphthongization of <b>-i:</b> > <b>-aj</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerlus20093_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerlus20093-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPain2008646_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPain2008646-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in turn changed to <b>di:/daj</b> (presyllabic truncation and probable diphthongization <b>-i:</b> > <b>-aj</b>). And then to <b>*daj<sup>A</sup></b> (Proto-Southwestern Tai) > <b>tʰaj<sup>A2</sup></b> (in Siamese and Lao) or > <b>taj<sup>A2</sup></b> (in the other Southwestern and Central Tai languages by <a href="/wiki/Li_Fang-Kuei" title="Li Fang-Kuei">Li Fangkuei</a>). <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ferlus" title="Michel Ferlus">Michel Ferlus</a>' work is based on some simple rules of phonetic change observable in the Sinosphere and studied for the most part by <a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" title="William H. Baxter">William H. Baxter</a> (1992).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPain2008646_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPain2008646-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ethnonym and autonym of the <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao people</a> (lǎo 獠) together with the ethnonym <a href="/wiki/Gelao_people" title="Gelao people">Gelao</a> (Gēlǎo 仡佬), a <a href="/wiki/Kra_languages" title="Kra languages">Kra population</a> scattered from <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guìzhōu</a> (China) to North Vietnam, and Sino-Vietnamese 'Jiao' as in <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Jiaozhi</a> (jiāo zhǐ 交趾), the name of North Vietnam given by the ancient Chinese, would have emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austro-Asiatic</a> <b>*k(ə)ra:w</b> 'human being'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerlus20093–4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerlus20093–4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPain2008646_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPain2008646-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:28%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><i>lǎo</i> <b>獠</b> < <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">MC</a> lawX < <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">OC</a> *C-rawʔ [C.<b>rawˀ</b>] </p> </blockquote> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:28%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><i>jiāo</i> <b>交</b> < <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">MC</a> kæw < <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">OC</a> *kraw [<b>k.raw</b>] </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>The etymon <b>*k(ə)ra:w</b> would have also yielded the ethnonym Keo/ Kæw <i>kɛːw<sup>A1</sup></i>, a name given to the Vietnamese by Tai speaking peoples, currently slightly derogatory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerlus20094_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerlus20094-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Keo/ Kæw <i>kɛːw<sup>A1</sup></i> was an exonym used to refer to Tai speaking peoples, as in the epic poem of <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Laos#The_epic_poem_of_Thao_Hung_Thao_Cheuang" title="Literature of Laos">Thao Cheuang</a>, and was only later applied to the Vietnamese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain201669–70_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain201669–70-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Pupeo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kra_languages" title="Kra languages">Kra branch</a>), <i>kew</i> is used to name the <a href="/wiki/Tay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tay people">Tay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central Tai</a>) of North Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerlus20093_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerlus20093-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Lao" is used almost exclusively by the majority population of <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao people</a>, and two of the three other members of the Lao-Phutai subfamily of Southwestern Tai: <a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan speakers</a> (occasionally), the <a href="/wiki/Nyaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaw language">Nyaw or Yaw</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a> in China do not constitute an autonymic unity. In various areas in Guangxi, they refer to themselves as <i>pow<sup>C2</sup></i> <i>ɕu:ŋ<sup>B2</sup></i>, <i>pʰo<sup>B2</sup></i> <i>tʰaj<sup>A2</sup></i>, <i>pow<sup>C2</sup></i> <i>ma:n<sup>A2</sup></i>, <i>pow<sup>C2</sup></i> <i>ba:n<sup>C1</sup></i>, or <i>pow<sup>C2</sup></i> <i>law<sup>A2</sup></i>, while those in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> use the following autonyms: <i>pu<sup>C2</sup></i> <i>noŋ<sup>A2</sup></i>, <i>bu<sup>B2</sup></i> <i>daj<sup>A2</sup></i>, or <i>bu<sup>C2</sup></i> <i>jaj<sup>C1</sup></i> (=<a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a>, bùyi 布依).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPain2008642_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPain2008642-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zhuang do not constitute a linguistic unity either, because Chinese authorities include within this group some distinct ethnic groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Lachi_language" title="Lachi language">Lachi</a> speaking a <a href="/wiki/Kra_languages" title="Kra languages">Kra language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPain2008642_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPain2008642-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Nùng people">Nung</a> living on both sides of the Sino-Vietnamese border have their ethnonym derived from clan name <i>Nong</i> (儂 / 侬), whose bearers dominated what are now north Vietnam and Guangxi in the 11th century AD. In 1038, a Nong general named <a href="/wiki/Nong_Quanfu" title="Nong Quanfu">Nong Quanfu</a> established a Nung state in <a href="/wiki/Cao_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Bang">Cao Bang</a>, however was quickly annexed by <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Annamite</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ly_Thai_Tong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ly Thai Tong">Ly Thai Tong</a> in the next year. In 1048, Quanfu's son <a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhigao" title="Nong Zhigao">Nong Zhigao</a> revolted against Annamese rule, and then marched eastwards to besiege <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> in 1052.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another name that's shared between the <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Nùng people">Nung</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tay people">Tay</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a> living along the Sino-Vietnamese border is <i>Tho</i>, which literally means <i>autochthonous</i>. However, this term was also applied to the <a href="/wiki/Tho_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tho people">Tho people</a>, who are a separate group of indigenous speakers of Vietic languages, who have come under the influence of Tai culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rau_peoples" title="Rau peoples">Rau peoples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai-speaking_peoples" title="Kra–Dai-speaking peoples">Kra–Dai-speaking peoples</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James R. Chamberlain (2016) proposes that the Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) language family was formed as early as the 12th century BC in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze basin">Yangtze basin</a>, coinciding roughly with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu state</a> and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain_2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain_2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the southward migrations of <a href="/wiki/Kra_languages" title="Kra languages">Kra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Hlai</a> (Rei/Li) peoples around the 8th century BCE, the Yue (Be-Tai people) started to break away and move to the east coast in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhejiang province">Zhejiang province</a>, in the 6th century BCE, forming the state of Yue and conquering the state of Wu shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain_2016_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain_2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Chamberlain, Yue people (Be-Tai) began to migrate southwards along the east coast of China to what are now Guangxi, Guizhou and northern Vietnam, after Yue was conquered by Chu around 333 BCE. There the Yue (Be-Tai) formed the <a href="/wiki/Luo_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo Yue">Luo Yue</a>, which moved into <a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Annam</a> and then westward into northeastern Laos and <a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a>, and later became the Central-Southwestern Tai, followed by the <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Âu Việt">Xi Ou</a>, which became the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern Tai</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain_2016_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain_2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comparative linguistic research seems to indicate that the Tai peoples were a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai%E2%80%93Kadai" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Tai–Kadai">Proto-Tai–Kadai</a> speaking culture of southern China and dispersed into mainland Southeast Asia. Some linguists proposes that Tai–Kadai languages may descended from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> language family. Laurent Sagart (2004) hypothesized that the Tai–Kadai languages may have originated on the island of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, where they spoke a dialect of Proto-Austronesian or one of its descendant languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagart2004411–440_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagart2004411–440-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Malayo-Polynesian group who later sailed south to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and other parts of maritime Southeast Asia, the ancestors of the modern Tai-Kadai people sailed west to mainland China and possibly traveled along the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl River</a>, where their language greatly changed from other <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong–Mien">Hmong–Mien</a> language infusion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench200412_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench200412-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no archaeological evidence has been identified which would correspond to the Daic (Tai-Kadai) expansion in its earliest phases. Aside from linguistic evidence, the connection between Austronesian and Tai-Kadai can also be found in some common cultural practices. Roger Blench (2008) demonstrates that <a href="/wiki/Dental_evulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental evulsion">dental evulsion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Face_tattooing" class="mw-redirect" title="Face tattooing">face tattooing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teeth_blackening" title="Teeth blackening">teeth blackening</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snake_cults" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake cults">snake cults</a> are shared between the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese Austronesians</a> and the Tai-Kadai peoples of Southern China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench20094–7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench20094–7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench200817–32_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench200817–32-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Proposed genesis of Daic languages and their relation with Austronesian languages (Blench, 2018)[14]"><img alt="Proposed genesis of Daic languages and their relation with Austronesian languages (Blench, 2018)[14]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png/120px-Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png/180px-Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png/240px-Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="824" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Proposed genesis of Daic languages and their relation with Austronesian languages (<a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Blench</a>, 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-Blench_2018_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench_2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kra-Tai-Migration1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kra-Dai (Tai-Kadai) migration route according to James R. Chamberlain (2016).[15]"><img alt="Kra-Dai (Tai-Kadai) migration route according to James R. Chamberlain (2016).[15]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kra-Tai-Migration1.png/120px-Kra-Tai-Migration1.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kra-Tai-Migration1.png/180px-Kra-Tai-Migration1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kra-Tai-Migration1.png/240px-Kra-Tai-Migration1.png 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kra-Dai (Tai-Kadai) migration route according to James R. Chamberlain (2016).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerner_Tai-Kadai_migration_route.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tai-Kadai migration route according to Matthias Gerner's Northeast to Southwest Hypothesis.[16]"><img alt="Tai-Kadai migration route according to Matthias Gerner's Northeast to Southwest Hypothesis.[16]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gerner_Tai-Kadai_migration_route.png/120px-Gerner_Tai-Kadai_migration_route.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gerner_Tai-Kadai_migration_route.png/180px-Gerner_Tai-Kadai_migration_route.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gerner_Tai-Kadai_migration_route.png/240px-Gerner_Tai-Kadai_migration_route.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tai-Kadai migration route according to Matthias Gerner's <i>Northeast to Southwest Hypothesis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_in_China_and_migration_to_Southeast_Asia">Early history in China and migration to Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early history in China and migration to Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethic_Dong_Liping_Guizhou_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ethic_Dong_Liping_Guizhou_China.jpg/220px-Ethic_Dong_Liping_Guizhou_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ethic_Dong_Liping_Guizhou_China.jpg/330px-Ethic_Dong_Liping_Guizhou_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ethic_Dong_Liping_Guizhou_China.jpg/440px-Ethic_Dong_Liping_Guizhou_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Tai-Dong people of Guizhou, China, in traditional dresses, similar to the existing tribe in northern provinces of Thailand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tai_Migration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tai_Migration.svg/220px-Tai_Migration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tai_Migration.svg/330px-Tai_Migration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tai_Migration.svg/440px-Tai_Migration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="2538" /></a><figcaption>Map showing linguistic family tree overlaid on a geographic distribution map of Tai-Kadai family. This map only shows general pattern of the migration of Tai-speaking tribes, not specific routes, which would have snaked along the rivers and over the lower passes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Tai peoples, from <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> began moving south – and westwards in the first millennium CE, eventually spreading across the whole of mainland Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20022_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20022-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on layers of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> in proto-<a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Tai">Southwestern Tai</a> and other historical evidence, Pittayawat Pittayaporn (2014) proposes that the southwestward migration of southwestern Tai-speaking tribes from the modern Guangxi to the mainland of Southeast Asia must have taken place sometime between the 8th–10th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittayaporn201447–64_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittayaporn201447–64-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tai speaking tribes migrated southwestward along the rivers and over the lower passes into Southeast Asia, perhaps prompted by the Chinese expansion and suppression. Chinese historical texts record that, in 726 AD, hundreds of thousands <i>Lǎo</i> (獠)<sup id="cite_ref-Lao_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lao-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rose in revolt behind Liang Ta-hai in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, but was suppressed by Chinese general Yang Zixu, which left 20,000 rebels killed and beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196763_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer196763-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, another Li chief named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xingfan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Xingfan (page does not exist)">Chen Xingfan</a> declared himself the Emperor of <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a> and led a large uprising against the Chinese, but was also crushed by Yang Zixu, who beheaded 60,000 rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196763_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer196763-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 756, another revolt led by Huang Chien-yao and Chen Ch'ung-yu that attracted 200,000 followers and lasted four years in Guangxi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196763_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer196763-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 860s, many local people in what is now north Vietnam sided with attackers from <a href="/wiki/Nanchao" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchao">Nanchao</a>, and in the aftermath some 30,000 of them were beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1991239–249_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1991239–249-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1040s, a powerful matriarch-shamaness by the name of <a href="/wiki/A_Nong" title="A Nong">A Nong</a>, her chiefly husband, and their son, <a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhigao" title="Nong Zhigao">Nong Zhigao</a>, raised a revolt, took <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a>, besieged <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> for fifty seven days, and slew the commanders of five Chinese armies sent against them before they were defeated, and many of their leaders were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ahomese Tai chronicle relates the migrating event with the arrival of "9,000 Tai peoples, 8 noblemen, two elephants, and 300 horses" to <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>. Vietnamese scribers recorded groups of two- or three thousand "Mang savages" passing by.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726–27_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726–27-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Baker, those migrants might have slowly exodused from their homeland via three routes. The early groups moved north to <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>. The second groups might have passed through the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a>, crossing the Vietnamese cordillera into the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong Valley">Mekong Valley</a>. The third and major migration direction crossed the valleys of the Red and <a href="/wiki/Black_River_(Asia)" title="Black River (Asia)">Black River</a>, heading west through the hills into Burma and Assam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726–27_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726–27-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of these three bloody centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or with the political and cultural pressures from the north, some Tai peoples migrated southwestward, where they met <a href="/wiki/Greater_India#Indianized_kingdoms_of_South_East_Asia" title="Greater India">the classical Indianized civilizations of Southeast Asia</a>. Du Yuting and Chen Lufan from <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> Institute Southeast Asian Studies claimed that, during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a>, ancestors of the Tai people were known as <a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dianyue</a> (in today <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tai peoples migrated far and wide: by the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> periods, they were present from the <a href="/wiki/Hong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong River">Red River</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Salween_River" title="Salween River">Salween River</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jingdong_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Jingdong Yi Autonomous County">Jingdong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Du & Chen linked the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai people</a> in modern-<a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, in particular, to a 2nd-century Shan kingdom (<i>Shànguó</i> 撣國) mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Later_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Later Han">Book of Later Han</a>, which located the Shan kingdom "at the end of the boundaries of what is now Baoshan and <a href="/wiki/Dehong_Dai_and_Jingpo_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture">Deihong</a> Prefectures" and stated that Shan ambassadors came to the Han court from "beyond <a href="/wiki/Yongchang_County" title="Yongchang County">Yongchang</a>" and "beyond <a href="/wiki/Rinan" title="Rinan">Rinan</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Du & Chen rejected the proposal that the ancestors of Tai people migrated en masse southwestwards out of Yunnan only after the 1253 <a href="/wiki/Uriyangkhadai#Invasion_of_Yunnan_and_Tibet" title="Uriyangkhadai">Mongol invasion of Dali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luo et al. (2000) proposed that Proto-Tais originated most likely from <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> nor the middle <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-JGIS_Tai_Origin_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGIS_Tai_Origin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_city-states_in_Southeast_Asia">Early city-states in Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early city-states in Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siamese_Mercenaries_Angkor_Wat_0876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Siamese_Mercenaries_Angkor_Wat_0876.jpg/220px-Siamese_Mercenaries_Angkor_Wat_0876.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Siamese_Mercenaries_Angkor_Wat_0876.jpg/330px-Siamese_Mercenaries_Angkor_Wat_0876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Siamese_Mercenaries_Angkor_Wat_0876.jpg/440px-Siamese_Mercenaries_Angkor_Wat_0876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Bas-relief of the Siamese mercenaries in Angkor Wat, described as <i>Syāṃ kuk</i>. The Siamese would found their own kingdom in the thirteenth century and become a major rival of Angkor.its no Siamese Siam call from 16th century. This group is khasi tribes </figcaption></figure> <p>The Tai migrants assimilated and intermarried with the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic peoples</a> of Southeast Asia, or pushing them off to marginal areas, but their full expansion was halted by the Indian-influenced kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham</a>, although the Khmer were the primary power in Southeast Asia by the time of the Tai migrations. The Tai formed small city-states known as <i><a href="/wiki/Mueang" title="Mueang">mueang</a></i> under Khmer suzerainty on the outskirts of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>, building the irrigation infrastructure and <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy fields</a> for the wet-rice cultivation methods of the Tai people. Tai legends of <a href="/wiki/Khun_Borom" title="Khun Borom">Khun Borom</a>, shared among various Southwestern Tai peoples of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Assam">Greater Assam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, concerns the first ruler of <i>Meuang Thaen</i>, whose progeny go on to find the Tai dynasties that ruled over the various Tai <i>mueang</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tais from the north gradually settled in the <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Chao Phraya valley">Chao Phraya valley</a> from the tenth century onwards, in lands of the <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a> culture, assimilating the earlier Austroasiatic Mon and Khmer people, as well as coming into contact with the Khmer Empire. The Tais who came to the area of present-day <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> were engulfed into the <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> of the Mon and the Hindu-Khmer culture and <a href="/wiki/Power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Power in international relations">statecraft</a>. Therefore, the Thai culture is a mixture of Tai traditions with Indic, Mon, and Khmer influences.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The formidable political control exercised by the Khmer Empire extended not only over the centre of the Khmer province, where the majority of the population was Khmer, but also to outer border provinces likely populated by non-Khmer peoples—including areas to the north and northeast of modern <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, the lower central plain and the upper <a href="/wiki/Ping_River" title="Ping River">Ping River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lamphun" title="Lamphun">Lamphun</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellen_London_2008_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellen_London_2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> The Tai people were the predominant non-Khmer groups in the areas of central Thailand that formed the geographical periphery of the Khmer Empire. Some Tai groups were probably assimilated into the Khmer population. Historical records show that the Tai maintained their cultural distinctiveness, although their <a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">animist religion</a> partially gave way to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Tai historical documents note that the period of the Khmer Empire was one of great internal strife. During the 11th and 12th centuries, territories with a strong Tai presence, such as <a href="/wiki/Lopburi" title="Lopburi">Lavo</a> (in what is now north-central Thailand), resisted Khmer control.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellen_London_2008_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellen_London_2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p><p>The Tai, from their new home in Southeast Asia, were influenced by the Khmer and the Mon and most importantly Buddhist India. The Tai <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Lanna">kingdom of Lanna</a> was founded in 1259 (in the north of modern Thailand). The <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a> was founded in 1279 (in modern Thailand) and expanded eastward to take the city of <i>Chantaburi</i> and renamed it to <i>Vieng Chan Vieng Kham</i> (modern <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>) and northward to the city of <i>Muang Sua</i> which was taken in 1271 and renamed the city to <i>Xieng Dong Xieng Thong</i> or "City of Flame Trees beside the River Dong," (modern <a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang" title="Luang Prabang">Luang Prabang</a>, Laos). The Tai peoples had firmly established control in areas to the northeast of the declining Khmer Empire. Following the death of the Sukhothai king <a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a>, and internal disputes within the kingdom of Lanna, both <i>Vieng Chan Vieng Kham</i> (Vientiane) and <i>Xieng Dong Xieng Thong</i> (Luang Prabang) were independent city-states until the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lan_Xang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Lan Xang">kingdom of Lan Xang</a> in 1354.<sup id="cite_ref-Viravond_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viravond-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manich_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manich-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sukhothai Kingdom and later the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayutthaya kingdom">Ayutthaya kingdom</a> were established and "...conquered the Khmers of the upper and central <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Menam</a> valley and greatly extended their territory."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_dynasty_Tai_history">Ming dynasty Tai history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ming dynasty Tai history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, attempts were made to subjugate, control, tax, and settle ethnic <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> along the lightly populated frontier of Yunnan with <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWade2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This frontier region was inhabited by many small Tai chieftainships or states as well as other <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Khmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon–Khmer">Mon–Khmer</a> ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels2001_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2001-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ming_Shi-lu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Shi-lu">Ming Shi-lu</a> records the relations between the <a href="/wiki/Ming_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming court">Ming court</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and the Tai-Yunnan frontier as well as Ming military actions and diplomacy along the frontier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Ming_communication_with_Yunnan_(1369)"><span id="First_Ming_communication_with_Yunnan_.281369.29"></span>First Ming communication with Yunnan (1369)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First Ming communication with Yunnan (1369)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first communication between the Ming dynasty and Yunnan was in a formal "letter of instruction" using ritual language. Submission to the Ming was described as part of the cosmological order: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"From ancient times, those who have been lords of all under Heaven have looked on that which is covered by Heaven, that which is contained by the Earth and that on which the sun and moon shine, and regardless of whether the place was near or far, or what manner of people they are, there was no place for which they did not wish a peaceful land and a prosperous existence. It is natural that when China is governed peacefully, foreign countries would come and submit (來附)”…I am anxious that, as you are secluded in your distant places, you have not yet heard of my will. Thus, I am sending envoys to go and instruct you, so that you will all know of this" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/entry/499">14 July 1370</a>).</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_Ming_attempts_to_win_Yunnan_over_(1369–1380)"><span id="Initial_Ming_attempts_to_win_Yunnan_over_.281369.E2.80.931380.29"></span>Initial Ming attempts to win Yunnan over (1369–1380)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Initial Ming attempts to win Yunnan over (1369–1380)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Ming conquest of Yunnan">Ming conquest of Yunnan</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Basalawarmi" title="Basalawarmi">Basalawarmi</a> ruled Yunnan under the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> from the capital in <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>. He ruled indirectly over an ethnically diverse collection of small polities and chieftainships. The most powerful of these states was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Duan family</a> who ruled over the area surrounding <a href="/wiki/Dali,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali, Yunnan">Dali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ming Shi-lu reports that envoys were sent to instruct the inhabitants of Yunnan in 1371.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1372 the famous scholar Wang Wei offered terms of surrender to Yunnan as an envoy. The envoy Wang Wei was murdered in 1374 and another mission was sent in 1375. Once again the mission failed. A diplomatic mission was sent to Burma in 1374, but because <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Annam</a> was at war with Champa the roads were blocked and the mission was recalled.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1380 the Ming were no longer wording their communications as if Yunnan was a separate country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWade20044_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade20044-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial gentle promptings were soon to be followed by military force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Sui_languages" title="Kam–Sui languages">Kam–Sui languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg/350px-Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg/525px-Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg/700px-Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Chinese plain at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> in the 5th century BC, showing the locations of the states of <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wu_(state)" title="Wu (state)">Wu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tai languages spoken today use incredibly diverse scripts, from <a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Chinese characters</a> to <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> scripts. The high diversity of Kra–Dai languages in southern China possibly points to the origin of the Kra–Dai language family in southern China. The <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai branch</a> moved south into Southeast Asia only around 1000 AD. Chinese epigraphic materials from <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a> texts show clear substrate influence predominantly from Tai-Kadai, and a few items of <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehr20061–21_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehr20061–21-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehr20091–48_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehr20091–48-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_relationships">External relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language">Austronesian language</a></div> <p>In a paper published in 2004, the linguist <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Sagart" title="Laurent Sagart">Laurent Sagart</a> hypothesized that the <a href="/wiki/Tai%E2%80%93Kadai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai–Kadai languages">proto-Tai–Kadai</a> language originated as an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language">Austronesian language</a> that migrants carried from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> to mainland China. Afterwards, the language was then heavily influenced by local languages from <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong–Mien">Hmong–Mien</a>, or other families, borrowing much vocabulary and <a href="/wiki/Language_convergence" title="Language convergence">converging</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_typology" class="mw-redirect" title="Language typology">typologically</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagart2004411–440_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagart2004411–440-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench200412_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench200412-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Sagart (2008) introduces a numeral-based model of Austronesian phylogeny, in which Tai-Kadai is considered as a later form of <i>FATK</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FATK_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FATK-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a branch of Austronesian belonging to subgroup <i>Puluqic</i> developed in Taiwan, whose speakers migrated back to the mainland, both to Guangdong, Hainan and northern Vietnam around the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagart2008146–152_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagart2008146–152-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon their arrival in this region, they underwent linguistic contact with an unknown population, resulting in a partial relexification of FATK vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagart2008151_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagart2008151-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Weera Ostapirat supports a coordinate relationship between Tai-Kadai and Austronesian, based on a number of phonological correspondences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstapirat20131–10_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstapirat20131–10-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following are Tai-Kadai and Austronesian lexical items showing the genetic connection between these two language families:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstapirat2005110–122_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstapirat2005110–122-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Evidence for Tai-Kadai and Austronesian links </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#CECEF2">Gloss </th> <th style="background-color:#CECEF2"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">PAN</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#CECEF2">PTK<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstapirat20133–8_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstapirat20133–8-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background-color:#CECEF2"><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#CECEF2"><a href="/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Sui_languages" title="Kam–Sui languages">Kam-Sui</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#CECEF2"><a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#CECEF2"><a href="/wiki/Kra_languages" title="Kra languages">Kra</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Laha_language" title="Laha language">Laha</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Water </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*daNum</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*(C)aNam</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">nam </td> <td style="text-align: center;">nam </td> <td style="text-align: center;">nom </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Tooth </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*nipen</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*lipan</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">fan </td> <td style="text-align: center;">wjan </td> <td style="text-align: center;">phen </td> <td style="text-align: center;">pan (G) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Nose </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*ijuŋ</b> (PMP) </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*(ʔ)idaŋ</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">daŋ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ʔnaŋ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">doŋ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">daŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Live, raw </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*qudip</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*Kud-</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">dip </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ʔdjup </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ri:p </td> <td style="text-align: center;">kthop (Tm) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Fart </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*qe(n)tut</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*Kət-</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">tot </td> <td style="text-align: center;">tət </td> <td style="text-align: center;">thu:t </td> <td style="text-align: center;">tut (By) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Pungent<sup id="cite_ref-paqiC_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paqiC-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*paqiC</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center;">phet </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center;">geȶ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">pat </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Fowl, bird<sup id="cite_ref-manuk_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manuk-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*manuk</b> (PMP) </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*maN-</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">nok </td> <td style="text-align: center;">nok </td> <td style="text-align: center;">no:k (Bd) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">nok </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Taro </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*biRaq</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center;">phɯak </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ʔɣaak </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ge:k (Bd) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">haak </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Weep </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*Caŋis</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center;">hai </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ʔɲe </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ŋei </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ɲit </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Star<sup id="cite_ref-qalejaw_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qalejaw-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*qalejaw</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*Kada:w</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">daaw </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ʔdaau (M) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ra:u </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Fire </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*Sapuy</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*(C)apuj</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">fai </td> <td style="text-align: center;">wi </td> <td style="text-align: center;">pei </td> <td style="text-align: center;">pəi </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Navel<sup id="cite_ref-pudeR_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pudeR-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*pudeR</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center;">dɯɯ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ʔdaa </td> <td style="text-align: center;">reɯ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">dau </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Head louse </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*kuCu</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*KuTu:</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">hau </td> <td style="text-align: center;">tu </td> <td style="text-align: center;">tshou </td> <td style="text-align: center;">tou </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Eye </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*maCa</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*maTa:</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">taa </td> <td style="text-align: center;">daa </td> <td style="text-align: center;">tsha </td> <td style="text-align: center;">taa </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Evidence for Tai-Kadai and Austronesian links </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#CECEF2">Gloss </th> <th style="background-color:#CECEF2"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language"><i>PAN</i></a> </th> <th style="background-color:#CECEF2">PTK<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstapirat20133–8_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstapirat20133–8-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background-color:#CECEF2"><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#CECEF2"><a href="/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Sui_languages" title="Kam–Sui languages">Kam-Sui</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#CECEF2"><a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#CECEF2"><a href="/wiki/Kra_languages" title="Kra languages">Kra</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Laha_language" title="Laha language">Laha</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">I </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*aku</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*aku:</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">kuu </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center;">hou (Bd) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">kuu (By) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">You </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*kamu</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center;">mɯŋ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">maa </td> <td style="text-align: center;">meɯ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">maa (By) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Leg </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*paqa</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*paq-</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">khaa </td> <td style="text-align: center;">qaa </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ha (Ts) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">kaa </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Excrement </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*Caqi</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center;">khii </td> <td style="text-align: center;">qe </td> <td style="text-align: center;">hai </td> <td style="text-align: center;">kai </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Hand </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*(qa)lima</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*(C)imɤ:</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">mɯɯ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">mjaa </td> <td style="text-align: center;">meɯ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">maa </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Bear </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*Cumay</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*Tum-</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">mii </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ʔmi </td> <td style="text-align: center;">mui </td> <td style="text-align: center;">me </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Otter </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*Sanaq</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center;">naak </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center;">na:ʔ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">This </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*i-ni</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center;">nii </td> <td style="text-align: center;">naai </td> <td style="text-align: center;">nei </td> <td style="text-align: center;">nəi </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Sesame </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*leŋa</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ŋaa </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ʔŋaa </td> <td style="text-align: center;">keɯ (Bd) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ŋaa (By) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Shoulder </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*qabaRa</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*Kab-</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">baa </td> <td style="text-align: center;">wie (Lk) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">va </td> <td style="text-align: center;">baa </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Black </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*tidem</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center;">dam </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ʔnam </td> <td style="text-align: center;">dom </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ʔdam (By) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Saliva </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*ŋalay</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center;">laai </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ŋwee (K) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">la:i </td> <td style="text-align: center;">laai (By) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Head </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*qulu</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*Kuɭ-</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">klau </td> <td style="text-align: center;">kɣo (Ml) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">rau </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Sour </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*qa(l)sem</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>*Kəts-</b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">som </td> <td style="text-align: center;">fum </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>PAN = <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">proto-Austronesian</a>, PMP = <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a>, PTK = proto-Tai-Kadai</li> <li>M = <a href="/wiki/Mak_language" title="Mak language">Mak</a>, Bd = <a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a> of Baoding, G = <a href="/wiki/Gelao_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelao language">Gelao</a>, Tm = ?, By = <a href="/wiki/Buyang_language" title="Buyang language">Buyang</a>, Lk = <a href="/wiki/Lakkja_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakkja language">Lakkja</a>, K = <a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a>, Ml = <a href="/wiki/Mulam_language" title="Mulam language">Mulam</a>, Ts = <a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a> of Tongshi</li> <li>Ostapirat (2013:3–8) did not provide full reconstructed forms for many of the proto-Tai-Kadai lexical items cited in the above tables</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic-map-of-ancient-East-Asia.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Linguistic-map-of-ancient-East-Asia.gif/350px-Linguistic-map-of-ancient-East-Asia.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Linguistic-map-of-ancient-East-Asia.gif/525px-Linguistic-map-of-ancient-East-Asia.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Linguistic-map-of-ancient-East-Asia.gif/700px-Linguistic-map-of-ancient-East-Asia.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of languages in ancient East Asia proposed by <a href="/wiki/James_Marshall_Unger" class="mw-redirect" title="James Marshall Unger">J. Marshall Unger</a> (2013), which includes <a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">pre-Austronesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tai people tend to have high frequencies of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_O-K18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplogroup O-K18 (page does not exist)">Y-DNA haplogroup O-M95</a> (including its O-M88 subclade, which also has been found with high frequency among <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> and among <a href="/wiki/Kuy_people" title="Kuy people">Kuy people</a> in Laos, where they are also known as Suy,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soai, or Souei, and Cambodia<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2014_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2014-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), moderate frequencies of Y-DNA haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M122" title="Haplogroup O-M122">O-M122</a> (especially its <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M117" title="Haplogroup O-M117">O-M117</a> subclade, like speakers of <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman languages</a>), and moderate to low frequencies of haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M119" title="Haplogroup O-M119">O-M119</a>. It is believed that the O-M119 Y-DNA haplogroup is associated with both the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian people</a> and the Tai. The prevalence of Y-DNA haplogroup O-M175 among Austronesian and Tai peoples suggests a common ancestry with speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a> languages some 30,000 years ago in China (<a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Y-DNA haplogroup O-M95 is found at high frequency among most Tai peoples, which is a trait that they share with the neighboring ethnic <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> peoples as well as <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> in Mainland Southeast Asia (<i>e.g.</i> <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham</a> in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Thuận Province">Bình Thuận Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jarai_people" title="Jarai people">Jarai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ratanakiri_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratanakiri Province">Ratanakiri Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2014_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2014-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jarai_people" title="Jarai people">Giarai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rade_people" title="Rade people">Ede</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)" title="Central Highlands (Vietnam)">Central Highlands</a> region of Vietnam<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Malaysia, Singapore, and western Indonesia. Y-DNA haplogroups O-M95, O-M119, and O-M122 all are <a href="/wiki/Subclade" title="Subclade">subclades</a> of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)">O-M175</a>, a genetic mutation that has been estimated to have originated approximately 40,000 years ago, somewhere in China.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recent genetic and linguistic analysis in 2015 showed great genetic homogeneity between Kra-Dai speaking people, suggesting a common ancestry and a large replacement of former non-Kra-Dai groups in Southeast Asia. Kra-Dai populations are closest to southern Chinese and Taiwanese populations.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_organization">Social organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mueang" title="Mueang">Mueang</a></div> <p>The Tai practice a type of feudal governance that is fundamentally different from that of the Han Chinese people, and is especially adapted to state formation in ethnically and linguistically diverse montane environments centered on valleys suitable for wet-rice cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm201433_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm201433-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form of society is a highly stratified one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm201433_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm201433-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tai lived in the lowland and river valleys of mainland Southeast Asia. Assorted ethnic and linguistic group lived in the hills. The Tai village consisted of nuclear families working as subsistence rice farmers, living in small houses elevated above the ground. Households bonded together for protection from external attacks and to share the burden of communal repairs and maintenance. Within the village, a council of elders was created to help settle problems, organise festivals and rites and manage the village. Villages would combine to form a <a href="/wiki/Mueang" title="Mueang">Mueang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">เมือง</span>), a group of villages governed by a <a href="/wiki/Thai_royal_ranks_and_titles" title="Thai royal ranks and titles">Chao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">เจ้า</span>) (lord).<sup id="cite_ref-Ellen_London_2008_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellen_London_2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Southwestern_Tai_peoples">List of Southwestern Tai peoples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: List of Southwestern Tai peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_branch">Northern branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Northern branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_N%C3%BCa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Nüa language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_people" title="Khamti people">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Laing_language" title="Tai Laing language">Tai Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Phake_people" title="Tai Phake people">Tai Phake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Aiton_people" title="Tai Aiton people">Tai Aiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamyang_people" title="Khamyang people">Khamyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_people" title="Ahom people">Tai Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turung_people" title="Turung people">Turung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapa_language" title="Sapa language">Sapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_people" title="Meitei people">Tai Kassay</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chiang_Saen_branch">Chiang Saen branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chiang Saen branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a></li> <li>some <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_people" title="Northern Thai people">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai people in Vietnam">Tai peoples of Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_people" title="Tai Dam people">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_people" title="Tai Daeng people">Tai Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_people" title="Tai Dón people">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Hang_Tong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Hang Tong language">Tai Hang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_Tac_language" title="Tày Tac language">Tày Tac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_L%C3%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Lü language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_people" title="Phuan people">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Song_language" title="Thai Song language">Thai Song</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_group">Southern group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Southern group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southwestern_Tai_groups_and_names_in_China">Southwestern Tai groups and names in China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Southwestern Tai groups and names in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <th width="100px">Chinese</th> <th width="120px"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> </th> <th width="60px"><a href="/wiki/Tai_L%C3%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Lü language">Tai Lü</a></th> <th width="50px"><a href="/wiki/Tai_N%C3%BCa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Nüa language">Tai Nüa</a></th> <th width="70px"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> </th> <th>Conventional </th> <th>Area(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>傣仂<br />（西雙版納傣）</td> <td>Dǎilè<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Xīshuāngbǎnnà Dǎi)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tai˥˩<span class="wrap"> </span>lɯː˩</span></td> <td></td> <td>ไทลื้อ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tai_L%C3%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Lü language">Tai Lü</a>, Tai Lue </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishuangbanna">Xishuangbanna</a> (China) </td></tr> <tr> <td>傣那<br />（德宏傣）</td> <td>Dǎinà<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Déhóng Dǎi)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tai˥˩<span class="wrap"> </span>nəː˥</span></td> <td>tai<br />le6</td> <td>ไทเหนือ, ไทใต้คง </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tai_N%C3%BCa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Nüa language">Tai Nüa</a>, Northern Tai, Upper Tai, Chinese Shan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dehong" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehong">Dehong</a> (China); <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>傣擔</td> <td>Dǎidān </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tai˥˩<span class="wrap"> </span>dam˥</span></td> <td></td> <td>ไทดำ, ลาวโซ่ง, ผู้ไท </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a>, Black Tai, Tai Lam, Lao Song Dam*, Tai Muan, Tai Tan, Black Do, Jinping Dai, Tai Den, Tai Do, Tai Noir, Thai Den </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jinping_Miao,_Yao,_and_Dai_Autonomous_County" title="Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County">Jinping</a> (China), <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>傣繃</td> <td>Dǎibēng </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tai˥˩pɔːŋ˥</span></td> <td></td> <td>ไทเมา </td> <td>Tay Pong </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruili" title="Ruili">Ruili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gengma_Dai_and_Va_Autonomous_County" title="Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous County">Gengma</a> (China),<br />along the <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>傣端</td> <td>Dǎiduān </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tai˥˩doːn˥</span></td> <td></td> <td>ไทขาว </td> <td>White Tai, Tày Dón, Tai Khao, Tai Kao, Tai Don, Dai Kao, White Dai, Red Tai, Tai Blanc, Tai Kaw, Tày Lai, Thai Trang </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jinping_Miao,_Yao,_and_Dai_Autonomous_County" title="Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County">Jinping</a> (China) </td></tr> <tr> <td>傣雅</td> <td>Dǎiyǎ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tai˥˩jaː˧˥</span></td> <td></td> <td>ไทหย่า </td> <td>Tai Ya, Tai Cung, Cung, Ya </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xinping_Yi_and_Dai_Autonomous_County" title="Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County">Xinping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuanjiang_Hani,_Yi_and_Dai_Autonomous_County" title="Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County">Yuanjiang</a> (China) </td></tr> <tr> <td>傣友</td> <td>Dǎiyǒu </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tai˥˩jiu˩</span></td> <td></td> <td>ไทแดง </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuanyang_County,_Yunnan" title="Yuanyang County, Yunnan">Yuanyang</a> (China),<br />along the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River (Vietnam)">Red River</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><span style="font-size:85%;">* lit. "Lao [wearing] black trousers"</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Tai_peoples_and_languages">Other Tai peoples and languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other Tai peoples and languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Listed below are lesser-known Tai peoples and languages.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E7%94%B2%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:八甲人">Bajia</a> 八甲</b> – 1,106 people in Mengkang Village 勐康村,<sup id="cite_ref-ynszxc.gov.cn_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ynszxc.gov.cn-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meng'a Township 勐阿镇, <a href="/wiki/Menghai_County" title="Menghai County">Menghai County</a>, Yunnan, who speak a language closely related to Tai Lü. They are classified by the Chinese government as ethnic <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai people</a>. In Meng'a Town, they are in the village clusters of Mengkang 勐康<sup id="cite_ref-ynszxc.gov.cn_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ynszxc.gov.cn-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in Shangnadong 上纳懂,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xianadong 下纳懂,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mandao 曼倒<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Hejian 贺建<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in villages 6, 7, and 8), and Najing 纳京<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in villages 6,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 7,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 8).<sup id="cite_ref-12bn_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12bn-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zhang2013_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang2013-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhang (2013) reports that there are 218 households and 816 people in 14 villages, and that the Bajia language is mutually intelligible with Tai. Another group of Bajia people in Manbi Village 曼必村,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menghun Town 勐混镇, <a href="/wiki/Menghai_County" title="Menghai County">Menghai County</a>, Yunnan (comprising 48 households and 217 persons) has recently been classified by the Chinese government as ethnic <a href="/wiki/Bulang_people" title="Bulang people">Bulang people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12bn_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12bn-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Tai Beng 傣绷</b><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – over 10,000 people in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> Province, China. Also in <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan State</a>, Myanmar. In China, they are in Meng'aba 勐阿坝, Mengma Town 勐马镇, <a href="/wiki/Menglian_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Menglian County">Menglian County</a> (in the three villages of Longhai 龙海,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yangpai 养派, and Guangsan 广伞); Mangjiao Village 芒角村, Shangyun Township 上允乡, <a href="/wiki/Lancang_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancang County">Lancang County</a> (in the 2 villages of Mangjing 芒京<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mangna 芒那<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); <a href="/wiki/Cangyuan_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Cangyuan County">Cangyuan County</a> (in Mengjiao 勐角 and Mengdong 勐董 townships); <a href="/wiki/Gengma_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Gengma County">Gengma County</a> (in Mengding 勐定 and Mengsheng 勐省 townships); <a href="/wiki/Ruili_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruili City">Ruili City</a> (in small populations scattered along the border).</li> <li><b>Han Tai</b> – 55,000 people in the Mengyuan County, Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan, China. Many Han Tai also speak Tai Lu (Shui Tai), the local lingua franca.</li> <li><b>Huayao Tai</b> – 55,000 people (as of 1990) in Xinping and Mengyang Counties, Yunnan. It may be similar to Tai Lu.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lao_Ga" title="Lao Ga">Lao Ga</a></b> – 1,800 people mostly in Ban Tabluang, Ban Rai District, Uthai Thani Province, Thailand. Their language is reportedly similar to Lao Krang and Isan.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lao_Krang" title="Lao Krang">Lao Krang</a></b> – 50,000+ people in the provinces of Phichit, Suphan Buri, Uthai Thani, Chai Nat, Phitsanulok, Kamphaeng Phet, Nakhon Pathom and Nakhon Sawan, Thailand. Their language is similar to Isan and Lao. Tai Krang is not to be confused with Tai Khang, a Tai-speaking group of Laos numbering 5,000 people.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lao_Lom" title="Lao Lom">Lao Lom</a></b> – 25,000 people in Dan Sai District of Loei Province (locally known as the Lao Loei or Lao Lei), Lom Kao District of Phetchabun Province, and Tha Bo District of Nong Khai Province (locally known as the Tai Dan). The Lao Lom were first studied by Joachim Schliesinger in 2001. Unclassified Southwestern Tai language.</li> <li><b>Lao Ngaew</b> – 20,000 to 30,000 people in Lop Buri Province (especially Ban Mi and Khok Samrong districts), the Tha Tako District of Nakhon Sawan Province and scattered parts of Singburi, Saraburi, Chaiyaphum, Phetchabun, Nong Khai and Loei provinces. Originally from eastern Xiengkhouang and western Huaphan provinces of Laos. Their language is similar to Isan.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lao_Ti" title="Lao Ti">Lao Ti</a></b> – 200 people in the 2 villages of Ban Goh and Nong Ban Gaim in Chom Bung District, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. Originally from Vientiane in Laos. Their language is similar to Lao and Isan.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lao_Wiang" title="Lao Wiang">Lao Wiang</a></b> – 50,000+ people in Prachinburi, Udon Thani, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Pathom, Chai Nat, Lopburi, Saraburi, Phetchaburi and Roi Et. Originally from <a href="/wiki/Wiang_Chan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiang Chan">Wiang Chan</a> (Vientiane) in Laos. Their language is similar to Lao.</li> <li><b>Paxi</b> – 1,000+ people (as of 1990) in 2 villages 8 km from Menghai Town, at the foot of Jingwang Mountain in Xishuangbanna.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tai_Bueng" title="Tai Bueng">Tai Bueng</a></b> – 5,700 people in 2 villages of Phatthana Nikhom District, Lopburi Province, Thailand. The Tai Bueng live in the villages of Ban Klok Salung (pop. 5,000) and Ban Manao Hwan (pop. 600). Unclassified Tai language.</li> <li><b>Tai Doi</b> ('<a href="/wiki/Mountain_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain people">mountain people</a>') – 230 people (54 families) as of 1995 in Long District of Luang Namtha, Laos. Their language is likely Palaungic.</li> <li><b>Tai Gapong</b> ('brainy Tai') – 3,200+ people; at least 2,000 people (500+ households) in Ban Varit, Waritchapum District, Sakhon Nakhon Province; also live with the Phutai and Yoy. The Tai Gapong claim to have originated in Borikhamxai Province, Laos.</li> <li><b>Tai He</b> – 10,000 people in Borikhamxai Province, Laos: in Viangthong and Khamkeut Districts; also in Pakkading and Pakxan Districts. Unclassified Tai language.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kaleun_people" title="Kaleun people">Tai Kaleun</a></b> – 7,000 people mostly in Khamkeut District, Borikhamxai Province, Laos; also in Nakai District. 8,500 people in Thailand: the provinces of Mukdahan (Don Tan and Chanuman districts), Nakhon Phanom (Muang District) and parts of Sakhon Nakhon Province. The Tai Kaleung speak a Lao dialect.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tay_Khang_language" title="Tay Khang language">Tai Khang</a></b> – 5,600+ people in Xam-Tai District, Houaphan Province, Laos; also in Nongkhet District of Xiangkhoang Province, and Viangthong District of Borikhamxai Province. Unclassified Tai language.</li> <li><b>Tai Kuan (Khouane)</b> – 2,500 people in Viengthong District, Borikhamxai Province, Laos: near the banks of the Mouan River.</li> <li><b>Tai Laan</b> – 450 people in a few villages of Kham District, Xiangkhoang Province, Laos. Unclassified Tai language.</li> <li><b>Tai Loi</b> – 1,400 people in Namkham, Shan State, Burma; 500 people in Long District, Luang Namtha Province, Laos; possibly also in Xishuangbanna Prefecture, China, since some Tai Loi in Burma say they have relatives in China. Their language may be related to and probably also closely related to Palaung Pale.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tai_M%C3%A8ne_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Mène language">Tai Men</a></b> – 8,000 people in Borikhamxai Province, Laos: mostly in Khamkeut District, but also in Vienthong, Pakkading, and Pakxan Districts. They speak a Northern Tai language.</li> <li><b>Tai Meuiy</b> – 40,000+ people in Borikhamxai, Khammouan, Xiengkhouang, and Houaphan (just outside the town of Xam Neua) provinces of Laos. Their language is reportedly similar to Tai Dam and Tai Men.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nyaw_people" title="Nyaw people">Tai Nyo</a></b> – 13,000 people in Pakkading District, Borikhamxai Province, Laos; 50,000 people in northeastern Thailand, where they are better known as <i>Nyaw</i>. Similar to Lao of Luang Prabang.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tai_Pao_language" title="Tai Pao language">Tai Pao</a></b> – 4,000 people in Viangthong, Khamkeut and Pakkading districts of Borikhamxai Province, Laos. They live near the Tai He and may be related to them. Unclassified Tai language.</li> <li><b>Tai Peung</b> – 1,000 people in Kham District, Xiengkhouang Province, Laos. They live near the Tai Laan and Tai Sam. Unclassified Tai language.</li> <li><b>Tai Pong 傣棚</b> – perhaps as many as 100,000 people in along the Honghe River of southeastern, Yunnan, China, and possibly also in northern Vietnam. Subgroups include the Tai La, Tai You, and probably also Tai Ya (which includes Tai Ka and Tai Sai). Unclassified Tai language.</li> <li><b>Tai Sam</b> – 700 people in Kham District, Xiengkhuoang Province, Laos. Neighboring peoples include the Tai Peung and Tai Laan. Unclassified Tai language.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thai_Song_language" title="Thai Song language">Tai Song</a></b> – 45,000+ people in Phetchabun, Phitsanulok, Nakhon Sawan (Tha Tako District), Ratchaburi (Chom Bung District), Suphan Buri (Song Phinong District), Kanchanaburi, Chumphon and Nakhon, and Pathom (Muang District). Also called <a href="/wiki/Lao_Song" title="Lao Song">Lao Song</a>. They are a subgroup of the Tai Dam.</li> <li><b>Tai Wang</b> – 10,000 people in several villages in Viraburi District, Savannakhet Province, Laos; 8,000 in and around the city of Phanna Nikhom, Sakhon Nakhon Province, Thailand. Their language is related to but distinct from Phutai.</li> <li><b>Tai Yuan</b> ('Northern Thai') – 6,000,000 people in Northern Thailand and possibly 10,000 people in Houayxay and Pha-Oudom districts of Bokeo Province, Luang Namtha District of Luang Namhta Province, Xai District of Oudomxai Province, and Xaignabouri District of Xaignabouri Province. They speak a Southwestern Tai language.</li> <li><b>Tak Bai Thai</b> – 24,000 people in southern Thailand (in Narathiwat, Pattani, and Yala provinces) and northern Malaysia. Their name comes from the town of Tak Bai in Narathiwat Province. Their language is highly different from nearby <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a> dialects, and may be related to the Sukkothai dialect further up north.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yang_people" title="Yang people">Yang</a></b> – 5,000 people in <a href="/wiki/Phongsaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Phongsaly">Phongsaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luang_Namtha" title="Luang Namtha">Luang Namtha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oudomxay" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudomxay">Oudomxay</a> provinces, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> (Chazee 1998).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Kap Kè</b> (‘gekko’ people) now refer to themselves as Nyo. The Nyo proper reside mostly along the Mekong between Hinboun and Pakxanh and also in Thailand. The Kap Kè claim they are the same as the Nyo of Ban Khammouane in <a href="/wiki/Khamkeut_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamkeut District">Khamkeut District</a>, Bolikhamsai province, Laos. Another Kap Kè group of about 40 households originally from Sop Khom has now resettled in Sop Phouan. This group claims to be from Ban Faan, about 1 kilometer from Sop Khom.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain_Vietic_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain_Vietic-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Phuk</b> (sometimes pronounced without the final –k as Phu’) – According to themselves as well as other ethnic groups, the Phuk closely resemble the Kap Kè and originally came from nearby locations, referred to as <i>phiang phuk</i> and <i>phiang Kap Kè</i>. They were originally from the villages of Fane, Ka’an and Vong Khong.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain_Vietic_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain_Vietic-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Thay Bo</b> – located on the Nakai plateau in central Laos, along the middle Hinboun River, east of the Kong Lo cave and the Phon Tiou tin mine, and in Ban Na Hat and near Na Pè, close to the Vietnamese border. Bo means ‘a mine,’ referring people who worked either in the salt mines on the Nakai Plateau, or at the tin mine. Many older generation people speak a Vietic language as well, apparently Maleng, as spoken in the village of Song Khone on the Nam Sot River, a main tributary of the Nam Theun, although this has not been verified.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain_Vietic_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain_Vietic-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Kha Bo</b> – In 1996, the Bo of Sop Ma village reported that they were "born from the Kha," a reference to their Vietic origins, and in that village there was intermarriage with the Maleng of Song Khone. They are distinct from the Thay Bo of Hinboun. The Kha Bo on the Nakai plateau speak Nyo, whereas nowadays the Thay Bo of Hinboun speak Lao or Kaleung. The Ahoe, original inhabitants of the northwestern part of the Nakai Plateau, had also been relocated to Hinboun during the Second War of Indochina, and returned to their homeland speaking Hinboun Nyo as a second language.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain_Vietic_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain_Vietic-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In Burma, there are also various Tai peoples that are often categorized as part of a larger Shan ethnicity (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Shan_people#Tai_groups" title="Shan people">Shan people#Tai groups</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong people">Dong people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Rau people">Rau people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lao-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lao_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>Lǎo</i> (獠) used in this context refers to Tai-Kadai speaking peoples resided in what are now Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam in general. It is unnecessarily applied solely to the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Laotians</a> (ລາວ).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Dianyue are alternatively proposed to have spoken a <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman language">Tibeto-Burman language</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FATK-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FATK_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formosan ancestor of Tai-Kadai.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paqiC-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-paqiC_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Ostapirat (2005:119), glosses are given according to Tai-Kadai. The typical meaning of this word in Austronesian is <b>*paqiC</b> <i>"bitter"</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manuk-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-manuk_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The typical <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">PAN</a> root for "<i>bird</i>" is <b>*qayam</b>. The cited form <b>*manuk</b> is reconstructed for <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">PMP</a>, with semantic shift from "<i>chicken</i>" to "<i>bird</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qalejaw-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qalejaw_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Ostapirat (2005:119), glosses are given according to Tai-Kadai. The typical meaning of this word in Austronesian is <b>*qalejaw</b> <i>"sun"</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pudeR-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pudeR_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Ostapirat (2005:119), glosses are given according to Tai-Kadai. The typical meaning of this word in Austronesian is <b>*pudeR</b> <i>"kidney"</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tun-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tun_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tun, Sai Aung. 2001. ‘The Tai Ethnic Migration and Settlement in Myanmar’, Myanmar Historical Research Journal No. (7), June, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannay-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hannay_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannay, Maj. Simon Fraser. 1847. Sketch of the Singphos, or the Kakhyens of Burmah: The position of This Tribe as regards Baumo, and the Inland Trade of the Valley of the Irrawaddy with Yunnan and their Connection with the North-Eastern Frontier of Assam. Calcutta: W. Ridsdale, Military Orphan Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerlus20093-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerlus20093_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerlus20093_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerlus2009">Ferlus 2009</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPain2008646-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPain2008646_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPain2008646_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPain2008646_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPain2008">Pain 2008</a>, p. 646.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerlus20093–4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerlus20093–4_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerlus2009">Ferlus 2009</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerlus20094-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerlus20094_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerlus2009">Ferlus 2009</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain201669–70-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain201669–70_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChamberlain2016">Chamberlain 2016</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPain2008642-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPain2008642_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPain2008642_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPain2008">Pain 2008</a>, p. 642.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlain_2016-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain_2016_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain_2016_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain_2016_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChamberlain2016">Chamberlain (2016)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESagart2004411–440-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagart2004411–440_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagart2004411–440_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSagart2004">Sagart 2004</a>, pp. 411–440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench200412-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench200412_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench200412_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlench2004">Blench 2004</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench20094–7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench20094–7_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlench2009">Blench 2009</a>, pp. 4–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench200817–32-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench200817–32_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlench2008">Blench 2008</a>, pp. 17–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blench_2018-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blench_2018_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlench2018" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37593287"><i>Tai-Kadai and Austronesian Are Related at Multiple Levels and Their Archaeological Interpretation (Draft)</i></a> – via Academia.edu. <q>The volume of cognates between Austronesian and Daic, notably in fundamental vocabulary, is such that they must be related. Borrowing can be excluded as an explanation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tai-Kadai+and+Austronesian+Are+Related+at+Multiple+Levels+and+Their+Archaeological+Interpretation+%28Draft%29&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37593287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChamberlain2016">Chamberlain (2016)</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerner2014" class="citation conference cs1">Gerner, Matthias (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iscll-14.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files-pdf/Papers/Session4/Gerner.pdf"><i>Project Discussion: The Austro-Tai Hypothesis. The 14th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics (IsCLL-14)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The 14th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics (IsCLL -14). p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Project+Discussion%3A+The+Austro-Tai+Hypothesis.+The+14th+International+Symposium+on+Chinese+Languages+and+Linguistics+%28IsCLL-14%29&rft.pages=158&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Gerner&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiscll-14.ling.sinica.edu.tw%2Ffiles-pdf%2FPapers%2FSession4%2FGerner.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakerPhongpaichit2017">Baker & Phongpaichit (2017)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20022-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20022_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2002">Evans 2002</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittayaporn201447–64-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittayaporn201447–64_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPittayaporn2014">Pittayaporn 2014</a>, pp. 47–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer196763-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196763_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196763_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196763_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchafer1967">Schafer (1967)</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakerPhongpaichit2017">Baker & Phongpaichit 2017</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1991239–249-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1991239–249_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1991">Taylor 1991</a>, pp. 239–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726–27-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726–27_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726–27_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakerPhongpaichit2017">Baker & Phongpaichit 2017</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, Roger; Sagart, Laurent; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (2015). <i>The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics</i>. Routledge. p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuChen1989" class="citation journal cs1">Du, Yuting; Chen, Lufan (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_077_1c_DuYutingChenLufan_KublaiKhanConquestAndThaiMigration.pdf">"Did Kublai Khan's Conquest of the Dali Kingdom Give Rise to the Mass Migration of the Thai People to the South?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Siam_Society" title="Journal of the Siam Society">Journal of the Siam Society</a></i>. <b>77</b> (1c).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=Did+Kublai+Khan%27s+Conquest+of+the+Dali+Kingdom+Give+Rise+to+the+Mass+Migration+of+the+Thai+People+to+the+South%3F&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1c&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Du&rft.aufirst=Yuting&rft.au=Chen%2C+Lufan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1981%2FJSS_077_1c_DuYutingChenLufan_KublaiKhanConquestAndThaiMigration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span> p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Du & Chen (1989), p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hou Hanshu</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/hou-han-shu/xiao-he-xiao-shang-di-ji?searchu=%E6%92%A3%E5%9C%8B&searchmode=showall#result">vol. 5</a> "九年春正月，永昌徼外蠻夷及撣國重譯奉貢。"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hou Hanshu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/hou-han-shu/xiao-an-di-ji?searchu=%E6%92%A3%E5%9C%8B&searchmode=showall#result">vol. 6</a> txt: "十二月，永昌徼外撣國遣使貢獻。"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hou Hanshu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/hou-han-shu/xiao-shun-xiao-chong-xiao-zhi?searchu=%E6%92%A3%E5%9C%8B&searchmode=showall#result">vol. 7</a> txt: "十二月，日南徼外葉調國、撣國遣使貢獻。"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Du & Chen (1989). p. 38. quote: "The Thai people in the north as well as in the south did not in any sense "migrate en masse to the south" after <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>'s conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JGIS_Tai_Origin-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JGIS_Tai_Origin_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuoHartmannLiSysamouth2000" class="citation journal cs1">Luo, Wei; Hartmann, John; Li, Jinfang; Sysamouth, Vinya (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niu.edu/landform/papers/JGIS_Tai_Origin.pdf">"GIS Mapping and Analysis of Tai Linguistic and Settlement Patterns in Southern China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geographic Information Sciences</i>. <b>6</b> (2). DeKalb: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University" title="Northern Illinois University">Northern Illinois University</a>: 129–136<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2013</span>. <q>Abstract. By integrating linguistic information and physical geographic features in a <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">GIS</a> environment, this paper maps the spatial variation of terms connected with wet-rice farming of Tai minority groups in southern China and shows that the primary candidate of origin for proto-Tai is in the region of Guangxi-Guizhou, not Yunnan or the middle Yangtze River region as others have proposed....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographic+Information+Sciences&rft.atitle=GIS+Mapping+and+Analysis+of+Tai+Linguistic+and+Settlement+Patterns+in+Southern+China&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-136&rft.date=2000-12&rft.aulast=Luo&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+John&rft.au=Li%2C+Jinfang&rft.au=Sysamouth%2C+Vinya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niu.edu%2Flandform%2Fpapers%2FJGIS_Tai_Origin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotterell2014" class="citation book cs1">Cotterell, A. (2014). <i>A History of South East Asia</i>. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Publishers. pp. 155–160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+South+East+Asia&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=155-160&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Cotterell&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_F._Keyes1997" class="citation cs2">Charles F. Keyes (1997), "Cultural Diversity and National Identity in Thailand", <i>Government policies and ethnic relations in Asia and the Pacific</i>, MIT Press, p. 203</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+policies+and+ethnic+relations+in+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=Cultural+Diversity+and+National+Identity+in+Thailand&rft.pages=203&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Charles+F.+Keyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellen_London_2008-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellen_London_2008_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellen_London_2008_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellen_London_2008_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon2008" class="citation book cs1">London, Ellen (2008). <i>Thailand Condensed: 2000 Years of History and Culture</i>. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812615206" title="Special:BookSources/9789812615206"><bdi>9789812615206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand+Condensed%3A+2000+Years+of+History+and+Culture&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Editions&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789812615206&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viravond-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Viravond_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaha_Sila_Viravond" class="citation web cs1">Maha Sila Viravond. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_viravong.pdf">"HISTORY OF LAOS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Refugee Educators' Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HISTORY+OF+LAOS+%28including+the+history+of+Lonnathai%2C+Chiangmai%29&rft.pub=Refugee+Educators%27+Network&rft.au=M.L.+Manich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reninc.org%2Fbookshelf%2Fhistory_of_laos_manich.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/plape/citiesaut11/readings/Fletcher-water%20management%20in%20angkor%20Antiquity%202008.pdf">"A Short History of South East Asia Chapter 3. The Repercussions of the Mongol Conquest of China ...The result was a mass movement of Thai peoples southwards..."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+South+East+Asia+Chapter+3.+The+Repercussions+of+the+Mongol+Conquest+of+China+...The+result+was+a+mass+movement+of+Thai+peoples+southwards...&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fplape%2Fcitiesaut11%2Freadings%2FFletcher-water%2520management%2520in%2520angkor%2520Antiquity%25202008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1948" class="citation journal cs1">Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (1948). "Siamese Attacks On Angkor Before 1430". <i>The Far Eastern Quarterly</i>. <b>8</b> (1). Association for Asian Studies: 3–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2049480">10.2307/2049480</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2049480">2049480</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165680758">165680758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Far+Eastern+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Siamese+Attacks+On+Angkor+Before+1430&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-33&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165680758%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2049480%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2049480&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWade2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWade2004">Wade 2004</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2001-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels2001_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniels2001">Daniels 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Cambridge History of China</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaharvest.org/index.php/people-group-profiles/china/">the original</a> on 1 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Harvest&rft.atitle=China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasiaharvest.org%2Findex.php%2Fpeople-group-profiles%2Fchina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ynszxc.gov.cn-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ynszxc.gov.cn_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ynszxc.gov.cn_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190346/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vdefault.aspx?departmentid=105122">"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měngā Zhèn Měngkāng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì" <bdi lang="zh">勐海县勐阿镇勐康村民委员会</bdi></a> [Mengkang Village Committee, Meng'a Town, Menghai County]. <i>ynszxc.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vdefault.aspx?departmentid=105122">the original</a> on 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=M%C4%9Bngh%C7%8Ei+Xi%C3%A0n+M%C4%9Bng%C4%81+Zh%C3%A8n+M%C4%9Bngk%C4%81ng+C%C5%ABnm%C3%ADn+W%C4%9Biyu%C3%A1nhu%C3%AC+%E5%8B%90%E6%B5%B7%E5%8E%BF%E5%8B%90%E9%98%BF%E9%95%87%E5%8B%90%E5%BA%B7%E6%9D%91%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2Fvdefault.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D105122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130185540/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=105132">"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měngā Zhèn Měngkāng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Shàngnàdǒng Cūn > Cūn qíng gàikuàng" <bdi lang="zh">勐海县勐阿镇勐康村民委员会上纳懂村 > 村情概况</bdi></a> [Shangnadao Village, Mengkang Village Committee, Meng'a Town, Menghai County > Village Situation]. <i>ynszxc.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=105132">the original</a> on 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=M%C4%9Bngh%C7%8Ei+Xi%C3%A0n+M%C4%9Bng%C4%81+Zh%C3%A8n+M%C4%9Bngk%C4%81ng+C%C5%ABnm%C3%ADn+W%C4%9Biyu%C3%A1nhu%C3%AC+Sh%C3%A0ngn%C3%A0d%C7%92ng+C%C5%ABn+%3E+C%C5%ABn+q%C3%ADng+g%C3%A0iku%C3%A0ng+%E5%8B%90%E6%B5%B7%E5%8E%BF%E5%8B%90%E9%98%BF%E9%95%87%E5%8B%90%E5%BA%B7%E6%9D%91%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%8A%E7%BA%B3%E6%87%82%E6%9D%91+%3E+%E6%9D%91%E6%83%85%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2FvIndex.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D105132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190858/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=105131">"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měngā Zhèn Měngkāng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Xià Nàdǒng Cūn > Cūn qíng gàikuàng" <bdi lang="zh">勐海县勐阿镇勐康村民委员会下纳懂村 > 村情概况</bdi></a> [Xia Nadao Village, Mengkang Village Committee, Meng'a Town, Menghai County > Village Situation]. <i>ynszxc.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=105131">the original</a> on 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=M%C4%9Bngh%C7%8Ei+Xi%C3%A0n+M%C4%9Bng%C4%81+Zh%C3%A8n+M%C4%9Bngk%C4%81ng+C%C5%ABnm%C3%ADn+W%C4%9Biyu%C3%A1nhu%C3%AC+Xi%C3%A0+N%C3%A0d%C7%92ng+C%C5%ABn+%3E+C%C5%ABn+q%C3%ADng+g%C3%A0iku%C3%A0ng+%E5%8B%90%E6%B5%B7%E5%8E%BF%E5%8B%90%E9%98%BF%E9%95%87%E5%8B%90%E5%BA%B7%E6%9D%91%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%8B%E7%BA%B3%E6%87%82%E6%9D%91+%3E+%E6%9D%91%E6%83%85%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2FvIndex.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D105131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190546/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=105126">"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měngā Zhèn Měngkāng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Màndào Cūn > Cūn qíng gàikuàng" <bdi lang="zh">勐海县勐阿镇勐康村民委员会曼倒村 > 村情概况</bdi></a> [Mandao Village, Mengkang Village Committee, Meng'a Town, Menghai County > Village Situation]. <i>ynszxc.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=105126">the original</a> on 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=M%C4%9Bngh%C7%8Ei+Xi%C3%A0n+M%C4%9Bng%C4%81+Zh%C3%A8n+M%C4%9Bngk%C4%81ng+C%C5%ABnm%C3%ADn+W%C4%9Biyu%C3%A1nhu%C3%AC+M%C3%A0nd%C3%A0o+C%C5%ABn+%3E+C%C5%ABn+q%C3%ADng+g%C3%A0iku%C3%A0ng+%E5%8B%90%E6%B5%B7%E5%8E%BF%E5%8B%90%E9%98%BF%E9%95%87%E5%8B%90%E5%BA%B7%E6%9D%91%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%9B%BC%E5%80%92%E6%9D%91+%3E+%E6%9D%91%E6%83%85%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2FvIndex.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D105126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190856/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vdefault.aspx?departmentid=105157">"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měngā Zhèn Hèjiàn Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì" <bdi lang="zh">勐海县勐阿镇贺建村民委员会</bdi></a> [Hejian Village Committee, Meng'a Town, Menghai County]. <i>ynszxc.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vdefault.aspx?departmentid=105157">the original</a> on 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=M%C4%9Bngh%C7%8Ei+Xi%C3%A0n+M%C4%9Bng%C4%81+Zh%C3%A8n+H%C3%A8ji%C3%A0n+C%C5%ABnm%C3%ADn+W%C4%9Biyu%C3%A1nhu%C3%AC+%E5%8B%90%E6%B5%B7%E5%8E%BF%E5%8B%90%E9%98%BF%E9%95%87%E8%B4%BA%E5%BB%BA%E6%9D%91%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2Fvdefault.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D105157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190806/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vdefault.aspx?departmentid=105139">"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měngā Zhèn Nàjīng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì" <bdi lang="zh">勐海县勐阿镇纳京村民委员会</bdi></a> [Najing Village Committee, Meng'a Town, Menghai County]. <i>ynszxc.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vdefault.aspx?departmentid=105139">the original</a> on 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=M%C4%9Bngh%C7%8Ei+Xi%C3%A0n+M%C4%9Bng%C4%81+Zh%C3%A8n+N%C3%A0j%C4%ABng+C%C5%ABnm%C3%ADn+W%C4%9Biyu%C3%A1nhu%C3%AC+%E5%8B%90%E6%B5%B7%E5%8E%BF%E5%8B%90%E9%98%BF%E9%95%87%E7%BA%B3%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%91%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2Fvdefault.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D105139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190023/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=105145">"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měngā Zhèn Nàjīng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Dàxīnzhài Liù Cūn > Cūn qíng gàikuàng" <bdi lang="zh">勐海县勐阿镇纳京村民委员会大新寨六村 > 村情概况</bdi></a> [Village 6, Daxinzhai, Najing Villagers Committee, Meng'a Town, Menghai County> Village Situation]. <i>ynszxc.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=105145">the original</a> on 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=M%C4%9Bngh%C7%8Ei+Xi%C3%A0n+M%C4%9Bng%C4%81+Zh%C3%A8n+N%C3%A0j%C4%ABng+C%C5%ABnm%C3%ADn+W%C4%9Biyu%C3%A1nhu%C3%AC+D%C3%A0x%C4%ABnzh%C3%A0i+Li%C3%B9+C%C5%ABn+%3E+C%C5%ABn+q%C3%ADng+g%C3%A0iku%C3%A0ng+%E5%8B%90%E6%B5%B7%E5%8E%BF%E5%8B%90%E9%98%BF%E9%95%87%E7%BA%B3%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%91%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A4%A7%E6%96%B0%E5%AF%A8%E5%85%AD%E6%9D%91+%3E+%E6%9D%91%E6%83%85%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2FvIndex.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D105145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190824/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=105146">"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měngā Zhèn Nàjīng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Pàliàn Qī Cūn > Cūn qíng gàikuàng" <bdi lang="zh">勐海县勐阿镇纳京村民委员会怕练七村 > 村情概况</bdi></a> [Village 7, Palian, Najing Village Committee, Meng'a Town, Menghai County > Village Situation]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=105146">the original</a> on 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C4%9Bngh%C7%8Ei+Xi%C3%A0n+M%C4%9Bng%C4%81+Zh%C3%A8n+N%C3%A0j%C4%ABng+C%C5%ABnm%C3%ADn+W%C4%9Biyu%C3%A1nhu%C3%AC+P%C3%A0li%C3%A0n+Q%C4%AB+C%C5%ABn+%3E+C%C5%ABn+q%C3%ADng+g%C3%A0iku%C3%A0ng+%E5%8B%90%E6%B5%B7%E5%8E%BF%E5%8B%90%E9%98%BF%E9%95%87%E7%BA%B3%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%91%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%80%95%E7%BB%83%E4%B8%83%E6%9D%91+%3E+%E6%9D%91%E6%83%85%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2FvIndex.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D105146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12bn-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-12bn_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-12bn_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liu, Bingjin 刘炳金 (15 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130185936/http://www.12bn.net/article/article_3982.html">"Lǎo pǐn rén, bājiǎ rén mínzú guīshǔ wèntí chén'āi luò dìng" <bdi lang="zh">老品人、八甲人民族归属问题尘埃落定</bdi></a>. <i>12 Bǎnnà shāngwù wǎng</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.12bn.net/article/article_3982.html">the original</a> on 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=12+B%C7%8Enn%C3%A0+sh%C4%81ngw%C3%B9+w%C7%8Eng&rft.atitle=L%C7%8Eo+p%C7%90n+r%C3%A9n%2C+b%C4%81ji%C7%8E+r%C3%A9n+m%C3%ADnz%C3%BA+gu%C4%ABsh%C7%94+w%C3%A8nt%C3%AD+ch%C3%A9n%27%C4%81i+lu%C3%B2+d%C3%ACng+%E8%80%81%E5%93%81%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%81%E5%85%AB%E7%94%B2%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%BD%92%E5%B1%9E%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E5%B0%98%E5%9F%83%E8%90%BD%E5%AE%9A&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Bingjin+%E5%88%98%E7%82%B3%E9%87%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.12bn.net%2Farticle%2Farticle_3982.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhang2013-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zhang2013_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zhang, Yanju 张艳菊 (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914124848/http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_detail.aspx?id=48232607">"Shì lùn mínzú shìbié yǔ guīshǔ zhōng de rèntóng wèntí-yǐ yúnnán kè mù rén, mǎng rén, lǎo pǐn rén, bā jiǎ rén mínzú guīshǔ gōngzuò wéi lì" <bdi lang="zh">试论民族识别与归属中的认同问题-以云南克木人、莽人、老品人、八甲人民族归属工作为例</bdi></a>. <i>Guǎngxī mínzú yánjiū</i> <bdi lang="zh">广西民族研究</bdi> (in Chinese). <b>2013</b> (4): 45–49. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_detail.aspx?id=48232607">the original</a> on 14 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gu%C7%8Engx%C4%AB+m%C3%ADnz%C3%BA+y%C3%A1nji%C5%AB&rft.atitle=Sh%C3%AC+l%C3%B9n+m%C3%ADnz%C3%BA+sh%C3%ACbi%C3%A9+y%C7%94+gu%C4%ABsh%C7%94+zh%C5%8Dng+de+r%C3%A8nt%C3%B3ng+w%C3%A8nt%C3%AD-y%C7%90+y%C3%BAnn%C3%A1n+k%C3%A8+m%C3%B9+r%C3%A9n%2C+m%C7%8Eng+r%C3%A9n%2C+l%C7%8Eo+p%C7%90n+r%C3%A9n%2C+b%C4%81+ji%C7%8E+r%C3%A9n+m%C3%ADnz%C3%BA+gu%C4%ABsh%C7%94+g%C5%8Dngzu%C3%B2+w%C3%A9i+l%C3%AC+%E8%AF%95%E8%AE%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB%E4%B8%8E%E5%BD%92%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A4%E5%90%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98-%E4%BB%A5%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%A8%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%81%E8%8E%BD%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%81%E8%80%81%E5%93%81%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%81%E5%85%AB%E7%94%B2%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%BD%92%E5%B1%9E%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E4%BE%8B&rft.volume=2013&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=45-49&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Yanju+%E5%BC%A0%E8%89%B3%E8%8F%8A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nssd.org%2Farticles%2Farticle_detail.aspx%3Fid%3D48232607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914083031/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=157200">"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měnghùn Zhèn Mànsài Cūn Wěihuì Mànbì Zìráncūn > Cūn qíng gàikuàng" <bdi lang="zh">勐海县勐混镇曼赛村委会曼毕自然村 > 村情概况</bdi></a> [Manbi Natural Village, Mansai Village Committee, Menghun Town, Menghai County > Village Situation]. <i>ynszxc.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=157200">the original</a> on 14 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=M%C4%9Bngh%C7%8Ei+Xi%C3%A0n+M%C4%9Bngh%C3%B9n+Zh%C3%A8n+M%C3%A0ns%C3%A0i+C%C5%ABn+W%C4%9Bihu%C3%AC+M%C3%A0nb%C3%AC+Z%C3%ACr%C3%A1nc%C5%ABn+%3E+C%C5%ABn+q%C3%ADng+g%C3%A0iku%C3%A0ng+%E5%8B%90%E6%B5%B7%E5%8E%BF%E5%8B%90%E6%B7%B7%E9%95%87%E6%9B%BC%E8%B5%9B%E6%9D%91%E5%A7%94%E4%BC%9A%E6%9B%BC%E6%AF%95%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%9D%91+%3E+%E6%9D%91%E6%83%85%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2FvIndex.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D157200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Gao, Lishi 高立士 (1999). "Dǎizú zhī xì tàn wēi" <bdi lang="zh">傣族支系探微</bdi>. <i>Zhōngnán mínzú xuéyuàn xuébào (zhéxué shèhuì kēxué bǎn)</i> <bdi lang="zh">中南民族学院学报 (哲学社会科学版)</bdi>. <b>1999</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zh%C5%8Dngn%C3%A1n+m%C3%ADnz%C3%BA+xu%C3%A9yu%C3%A0n+xu%C3%A9b%C3%A0o+%28zh%C3%A9xu%C3%A9+sh%C3%A8hu%C3%AC+k%C4%93xu%C3%A9+b%C7%8En%29&rft.atitle=D%C7%8Eiz%C3%BA+zh%C4%AB+x%C3%AC+t%C3%A0n+w%C4%93i+%E5%82%A3%E6%97%8F%E6%94%AF%E7%B3%BB%E6%8E%A2%E5%BE%AE&rft.volume=1999&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Lishi+%E9%AB%98%E7%AB%8B%E5%A3%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190828/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=116917">"Mènglián Dǎizú Lāhùzú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn Měngmǎ Zhèn Měnga Xíngzhèng Cūn Lónghǎi Zìráncūn > Cūn qíng gàikuàng" <bdi lang="zh">孟连傣族拉祜族佤族自治县勐马镇勐啊行政村龙海自然村 > 村情概况</bdi></a> [Longhai Natural Village, Meng'a Administrative Village, Mengma Town, Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County > Village Situation]. <i>ynszxc.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=116917">the original</a> on 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=M%C3%A8ngli%C3%A1n+D%C7%8Eiz%C3%BA+L%C4%81h%C3%B9z%C3%BA+W%C7%8Ez%C3%BA+Z%C3%ACzh%C3%ACxi%C3%A0n+M%C4%9Bngm%C7%8E+Zh%C3%A8n+M%C4%9Bnga+X%C3%ADngzh%C3%A8ng+C%C5%ABn+L%C3%B3ngh%C7%8Ei+Z%C3%ACr%C3%A1nc%C5%ABn+%3E+C%C5%ABn+q%C3%ADng+g%C3%A0iku%C3%A0ng+%E5%AD%9F%E8%BF%9E%E5%82%A3%E6%97%8F%E6%8B%89%E7%A5%9C%E6%97%8F%E4%BD%A4%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8E%BF%E5%8B%90%E9%A9%AC%E9%95%87%E5%8B%90%E5%95%8A%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B5%B7%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%9D%91+%3E+%E6%9D%91%E6%83%85%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2FvIndex.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D116917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190232/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=143591">"Láncāng Lāhù Zú Zìzhìxiàn Shàngyǔn Zhèn Mángjiǎo Cūn Mángjīng > Cūn qíng gàikuàng" <bdi lang="zh">澜沧拉祜族自治县上允镇芒角村芒京 > 村情概况</bdi></a> [Mangjing, Mangjiao Village, Shangyun Town, Lancang Lahu Autonomous County> Village Situation]. <i>ynszxc.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=143591">the original</a> on 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=L%C3%A1nc%C4%81ng+L%C4%81h%C3%B9+Z%C3%BA+Z%C3%ACzh%C3%ACxi%C3%A0n+Sh%C3%A0ngy%C7%94n+Zh%C3%A8n+M%C3%A1ngji%C7%8Eo+C%C5%ABn+M%C3%A1ngj%C4%ABng+%3E+C%C5%ABn+q%C3%ADng+g%C3%A0iku%C3%A0ng+%E6%BE%9C%E6%B2%A7%E6%8B%89%E7%A5%9C%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8E%BF%E4%B8%8A%E5%85%81%E9%95%87%E8%8A%92%E8%A7%92%E6%9D%91%E8%8A%92%E4%BA%AC+%3E+%E6%9D%91%E6%83%85%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2FvIndex.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D143591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190729/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=143592">"Láncāng Lāhù Zú Zìzhìxiàn Shàngyǔn Zhèn Mángjiǎo Cūn Mángnà > Cūn qíng gàikuàng" <bdi lang="zh">澜沧拉祜族自治县上允镇芒角村芒那 > 村情概况</bdi></a> [Mangna, Mangjiao Village, Shangyun Town, Lancang Lahu Autonomous County > Village Situation]. <i>ynszxc.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=143592">the original</a> on 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=L%C3%A1nc%C4%81ng+L%C4%81h%C3%B9+Z%C3%BA+Z%C3%ACzh%C3%ACxi%C3%A0n+Sh%C3%A0ngy%C7%94n+Zh%C3%A8n+M%C3%A1ngji%C7%8Eo+C%C5%ABn+M%C3%A1ngn%C3%A0+%3E+C%C5%ABn+q%C3%ADng+g%C3%A0iku%C3%A0ng+%E6%BE%9C%E6%B2%A7%E6%8B%89%E7%A5%9C%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8E%BF%E4%B8%8A%E5%85%81%E9%95%87%E8%8A%92%E8%A7%92%E6%9D%91%E8%8A%92%E9%82%A3+%3E+%E6%9D%91%E6%83%85%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2FvIndex.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D143592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChazee1998" class="citation conference cs1">Chazee, Laurent (1998). <i>Rural and Ethnic Diversities in Laos with Special Focus on the Northern Provinces</i>. Workshop on "Rural and Ethnic diversities in Laos with special focus on Oudomxay and Sayabury development realities", in Oudomxay province, 4–5 June 1998. Sesmac Projects Lao/97/002 & Lao/97/003: Strengthening Economic and Social Management Capacity, Sayabury and Oudomxay Provinces.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Rural+and+Ethnic+Diversities+in+Laos+with+Special+Focus+on+the+Northern+Provinces&rft.series=Sesmac+Projects+Lao%2F97%2F002+%26+Lao%2F97%2F003%3A+Strengthening+Economic+and+Social+Management+Capacity%2C+Sayabury+and+Oudomxay+Provinces&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Chazee&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlain_Vietic-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain_Vietic_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain_Vietic_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain_Vietic_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain_Vietic_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain2016b" class="citation web cs1">Chamberlain, James R. (2016b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13529664">"Vietic Speakers and their Remnants in Khamkeut District (Old Khammouane)"</a> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietic+Speakers+and+their+Remnants+in+Khamkeut+District+%28Old+Khammouane%29&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13529664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Works cited</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerPhongpaichit2017" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26"><i>A History of Ayutthaya</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19076-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19076-4"><bdi>978-1-107-19076-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ayutthaya&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-19076-4&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Phongpaichit%2C+Pasuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGHiuDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2002" class="citation cs2">Baker, Chris (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/2001/JSS_090_0b_Baker_YueToThai.pdf">"From Yue To Tai"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of the Siam Society</i>, <b>90</b> (1–2): 1–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=From+Yue+To+Tai&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F2001%2FJSS_090_0b_Baker_YueToThai.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehr2017" class="citation book cs1">Behr, Wolfgang (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3824366">"The language of the bronze inscriptions"</a>. In Shaughnessy, Edward L. (ed.). <i>Kinship: Studies of Recently Discovered Bronze Inscritpions from Ancient China</i>. The Chinese University Press of Hong Kong. pp. 9–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-629-96639-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-629-96639-3"><bdi>978-9-629-96639-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+language+of+the+bronze+inscriptions&rft.btitle=Kinship%3A+Studies+of+Recently+Discovered+Bronze+Inscritpions+from+Ancient+China&rft.pages=9-32&rft.pub=The+Chinese+University+Press+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9-629-96639-3&rft.aulast=Behr&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3824366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehr2009" class="citation journal cs1">——— (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1693898">"Dialects, diachrony, diglossia or all three? Tomb text glimpses into the language(s) of Chǔ"</a>. <i>TTW-3, Zürich, 26.-29.VI.2009, "Genius Loci"</i>: 1–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TTW-3%2C+Z%C3%BCrich%2C+26.-29.VI.2009%2C+%22Genius+Loci%22&rft.atitle=Dialects%2C+diachrony%2C+diglossia+or+all+three%3F+Tomb+text+glimpses+into+the+language%28s%29+of+Ch%C7%94&rft.pages=1-48&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Behr&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1693898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehr2006" class="citation journal cs1">——— (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1693898">"Some Chŭ 楚 words in early Chinese literature"</a>. <i>EACL-4, Budapest</i>: 1–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EACL-4%2C+Budapest&rft.atitle=Some+Ch%C5%AD+%E6%A5%9A+words+in+early+Chinese+literature&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Behr&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1693898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2014" class="citation cs2">Blench, Roger (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Suppose%20we%20are%20wrong.pdf"><i>Suppose we are wrong about the Austronesian settlement of Taiwan?</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suppose+we+are+wrong+about+the+Austronesian+settlement+of+Taiwan%3F&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frogerblench.info%2FArchaeology%2FSE%2520Asia%2FSuppose%2520we%2520are%2520wrong.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2009" class="citation cs2">——— (12 July 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190429082046/http://rb.rowbory.co.uk/Language/Daic/Daic%20prehistory%20paper%20EURASEAA%202008.pdf"><i>The Prehistory of the Daic (Taikadai) Speaking Peoples and the Hypothesis of an Austronesian Connection</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rb.rowbory.co.uk/Language/Daic/Daic%20prehistory%20paper%20EURASEAA%202008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>. 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EURASEAA, Leiden, 1st–5th September, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+the+Daic+%28Taikadai%29+Speaking+Peoples+and+the+Hypothesis+of+an+Austronesian+Connection&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerblench.info%2FArchaeology%2FSE%2520Asia%2FLeiden%25202008%2FPrehistory%2520of%2520Daic%2520peoples%2520Leiden%25202008%2520ppt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2004" class="citation conference cs1">——— (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rogerblench.info/Genetics/Geneva%20paper%202004.pdf"><i>Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology?</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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(1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rCl_02LnNVIC&pg=PA18"><i>The Birth of Vietnam</i></a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07417-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07417-0"><bdi>978-0-520-07417-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Vietnam&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07417-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Keith+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrCl_02LnNVIC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2004" class="citation report cs1">Wade, Geoff (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721174609/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/wps/wps04_028.pdf">Ming China and Southeast Asia in the 15th Century: A Reappraisal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Working Paper Series No. 28. Asia Research Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/wps/wps04_028.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Ming+China+and+Southeast+Asia+in+the+15th+Century%3A+A+Reappraisal&rft.series=Working+Paper+Series+No.+28&rft.pub=Asia+Research+Institute&rft.date=2004-07&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ari.nus.edu.sg%2Fdocs%2Fwps%2Fwps04_028.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiYanTeoHuang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wei, Lan-Hai; Yan, Shi; Teo, Yik-Ying; Huang, Yun-Zhi; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5381892">"Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup O3a2b2-N6 reveals patrilineal traces of Austronesian populations on the eastern coastal regions of Asia"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1275080W">2017PLoSO..1275080W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0175080">10.1371/journal.pone.0175080</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5381892">5381892</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28380021">28380021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Phylogeography+of+Y-chromosome+haplogroup+O3a2b2-N6+reveals+patrilineal+traces+of+Austronesian+populations+on+the+eastern+coastal+regions+of+Asia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5381892%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28380021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0175080&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PLoSO..1275080W&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Lan-Hai&rft.au=Yan%2C+Shi&rft.au=Teo%2C+Yik-Ying&rft.au=Huang%2C+Yun-Zhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5381892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_peoples&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721221200/http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/index.html">Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: An Open Access Resource</a>, Geoff Wade</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/map.html">Map of Mainland Polities Mentioned in the Ming Shi-lu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712191241/http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/polities.html">Southeast Asian Polities Mentioned in the Ming Shi-lu</a></li></ul> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gelao" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gelao_languages" title="Gelao languages">Gelao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vandu_language" title="Vandu language">Vandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%27ou_language" title="A'ou language">A'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulao_language_(Kra)" title="Mulao language (Kra)">Mulao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagei_language" title="Hagei language">Hagei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telue_language" title="Telue language">Telue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qau_language" title="Qau language">Qau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Sui_languages" title="Kam–Sui languages">Kam–Sui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mulam_language" title="Mulam language">Mulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a> (Dong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Miao_language" title="Cao Miao language">Cao Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuoxi_language" title="Nuoxi language">Nuoxi</a> (Naxi Yao)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Then_language" title="Then language">Then</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maonan_language" title="Maonan language">Maonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadong_language" title="Chadong language">Chadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_language" title="Sui language">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_language" title="Mak language">Mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Cham_language" title="Ai-Cham language">Ai-Cham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouhin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouhin language">Bouhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_Em_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha Em language">Ha Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauhut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauhut language">Lauhut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongzha language">Tongzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zandui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zandui language">Zandui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoting_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baoting language">Baoting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cun_language" title="Cun language">Cun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadou language">Nadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changjiang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Changjiang language">Changjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyfaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyfaw language">Moyfaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baisha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baisha language">Baisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanmen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuanmen language">Yuanmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Be_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Be language">Be</a>–<a href="/wiki/Jizhao_language" title="Jizhao language">Jizhao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Be_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Be language">Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizhao_language" title="Jizhao language">Jizhao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a>, etc.)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Standard Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhang_Buyi_language" title="Hezhang Buyi language">Hezhang Buyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_Zhuang_language" title="Yei Zhuang language">Yei Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longsang_Zhuang_language" title="Longsang Zhuang language">Longsang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saek_language" title="Saek language">Saek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Yo_language" title="Tai Yo language">Tai Yo</a> (Nyaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoy_language" title="Yoy language">Yoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Pao_language" title="Tai Pao language">Tai Pao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhuang_language" title="Nong Zhuang language">Nong Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Dai Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Zhuang_language" title="Min Zhuang language">Min Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhuang_language" title="Yang Zhuang language">Yang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyang_Zhuang_language" title="Pyang Zhuang language">Pyang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myang_Zhuang_language" title="Myang Zhuang language">Myang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_language_(Tai)" title="Nùng language (Tai)">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_language" title="Tày language">Tày</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ts%CA%BB%C3%BCn-Lao_language" title="Tsʻün-Lao language">Tsʻün-Lao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern</a><br />(Thai)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nuea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Long_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Long language">Tai Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Hongjin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Hongjin language">Tai Hongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_language" title="Khamti language">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Laing_language" title="Tai Laing language">Tai Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phake_language" title="Phake language">Phake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiton_language" title="Aiton language">Aiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamyang_language" title="Khamyang language">Khamyang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahom_language" title="Ahom language">Ahom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turung_language" title="Turung language">Turung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lao–Phutai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Yo_language" title="Tai Yo language">Tai Yo</a> (Nyaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Nyo_language" title="Lao Nyo language">Lao Nyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaloeng_language" title="Kaloeng language">Kaloeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chiang Saen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> (Siamese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_language" title="Tai Daeng language">Tai Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Meuay_language" title="Tai Meuay language">Tai Meuay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Hang_Tong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Hang Tong language">Tai Hang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_language" title="Yong language">Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_language" title="Phuan language">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Song_language" title="Thai Song language">Thai Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_Tac_language" title="Tày Tac language">Tày Tac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">(other)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapa_language" title="Sapa language">Sapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Di_language" title="Pa Di language">Pa Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Muong_Vat_language" title="Tai Muong Vat language">Tai Muong Vat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Thanh_language" title="Tai Thanh language">Tai Thanh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tay_Khang_language" title="Tay Khang language">Tai Khang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language_(Laos)" title="Kuan language (Laos)">Kuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Lan_language" title="Cao Lan language">Cao Lan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(<i><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed origins</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezhang_Buyi_language" title="Hezhang Buyi language">Hezhang Buyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Lan_language" title="Cao Lan language">Cao Lan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>proposed groupings</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Tai_languages" title="Kam–Tai languages">Kam–Tai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kra%E2%80%93Dai_language" title="Proto-Kra–Dai language">Proto-Kra–Dai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kra_language" title="Proto-Kra language">Proto-Kra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai_language" title="Proto-Tai language">Proto-Tai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kam%E2%80%93Sui_language" title="Proto-Kam–Sui language">Proto-Kam–Sui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hlai_language" title="Proto-Hlai language">Proto-Hlai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_and_linguistic_groups_in_Thailand_by_language_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Thailand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Thailand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_and_linguistic_groups_in_Thailand_by_language_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Ethnic and linguistic groups in Thailand</a> by <a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Thailand" title="Template:Languages of Thailand">language family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra–Dai">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Tai">Southwestern Tai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isan_people" title="Isan people">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn" class="mw-redirect" title="Khün">Khün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Ga" title="Lao Ga">Lao Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Krang" title="Lao Krang">Lao Krang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Lom" title="Lao Lom">Lao Lom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Loum" title="Lao Loum">Lao Loum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Ngaew" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Ngaew">Lao Ngaew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Song" title="Lao Song">Lao Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Ti" title="Lao Ti">Lao Ti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Wiang" title="Lao Wiang">Lao Wiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_people" title="Tai Lue people">Tai Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_people" title="Northern Thai people">Tai Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyong_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyong people">Nyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_people" title="Phuan people">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Bueng" title="Tai Bueng">Tai Bueng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_people" title="Tai Daeng people">Tai Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_people" title="Tai Dam people">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Gapong" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Gapong">Tai Gapong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaleun_people" title="Kaleun people">Kaleun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nua_people" title="Tai Nua people">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Wang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai Wang (page does not exist)">Tai Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khorat_Thai" title="Khorat Thai">Khorat Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Thai Yai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern Tai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saek_people" title="Saek people">Saek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaw_people" title="Nyaw people">Nyaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoy_people" title="Yoy people">Yoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Malayo-Polynesian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayo-Polynesian">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moken_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moken people">Moken</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moklen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moklen people (page does not exist)">Moklen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%E2%80%99_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Urak Lawoi’ people">Urak Lawoi’</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_peoples" title="Khmuic peoples">Khmuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_people" title="Lua people">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlabri_people" title="Mlabri people">Mlabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Phai people">Phai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pray_people" title="Pray people">Pray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_people" title="Mal people">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bru_people" title="Bru people">Bru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Blang people">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamet_people" title="Lamet people">Lamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawa_people" title="Lawa people">Lawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mok_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mok people (page does not exist)">Mok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_people" title="Palaung people">Palaung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_people" title="Northern Khmer people">Northern</a></li> <li>Western</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_people" title="Nyah Kur people">Nyah Kur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Katuic language">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_people" title="Kuy people">Kuy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pearic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearic language">Pearic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pear_people" title="Pear people">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27och_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'och people">Sa'och</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aslian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aslian">Aslian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maniq" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniq">Maniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintaq">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensiu">Kensiu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietic">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thavung_language" title="Thavung language">Aheu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinitic language">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Haw" title="Chin Haw">Chin Haw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="Hainan people">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Hokchew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisu people (page does not exist)">Bisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenni_people" title="Karenni people">Kayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Lolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpi people">Mpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27O_people" title="Pa'O people">Pa'O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrae_Pwo" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrae Pwo">Phrae Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phunoi_people" title="Phunoi people">Phunoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwo people">Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_people" title="S'gaw people">S'gaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugong_people" title="Ugong people">Ugong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_people" title="Iu Mien people">Iu Mien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand#Immigrants" title="Demographics of Thailand">Immigrants and expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_Thailand" title="Australians in Thailand">Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_in_Thailand" title="Burmese in Thailand">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farang" title="Farang">Farang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Thailand" title="Filipinos in Thailand">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Thailand" title="Indians in Thailand">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Thailand" title="Iranians in Thailand">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Thailand" title="Japanese migration to Thailand">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Thailand" title="Koreans in Thailand">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luk_khrueng" title="Luk khrueng">Luk khrueng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalis in Thailand">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Thailand" title="Pakistanis in Thailand">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenskar_i_Thailand" class="extiw" title="sv:Svenskar i Thailand">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Laos_by_language_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Laos" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Laos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Laos" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Laos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Laos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Laos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Laos_by_language_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Laos">Ethnic groups in Laos</a> by <a href="/wiki/Laos#Languages" title="Laos">language family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Lao-Tai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_people" title="Tai Lue people">Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_people" title="Phuan people">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phu_Thai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phu Thai people (page does not exist)">Phu Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saek_people" title="Saek people">Saek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_people" title="Tai Daeng people">Tai Daeng</a> (Red Tai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_people" title="Tai Dam people">Tai Dam</a> (Black Tai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_people" title="Tai Dón people">Tai Khao</a> (White Tai)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Maen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai Maen (page does not exist)">Tai Maen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nua_people" title="Tai Nua people">Tai Nüa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atel_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atel people (page does not exist)">Atel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(Laos)" title="Bo people (Laos)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A9t_people" title="Chứt people">Chut</a> (May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Kinh/Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krih_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krih people (page does not exist)">Krih</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liha_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liha people (page does not exist)">Liha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maleng_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maleng people (page does not exist)">Maleng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phong_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phong people (page does not exist)">Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon_Sung_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phon Sung people (page does not exist)">Phon Sung</a> (Aheu)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thavung_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thavung people (page does not exist)">Thavung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tum_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tum people (page does not exist)">Tum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmeric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bru_people" title="Bru people">Bru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katu_people" title="Katu people">Ca Tu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_people" title="Kuy people">Kuy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makong_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makong people (page does not exist)">Makong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacoh_people" title="Pacoh people">Pacoh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sou_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sou people (page does not exist)">Sou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_Oi_people" title="Ta Oi people">Ta Oi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alak_people" title="Alak people">Alak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brau_people" title="Brau people">Brau</a> (Lavae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katang_people" title="Katang people">Kataang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeng_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeng people (page does not exist)">Jeng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oy_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oy people (page does not exist)">Oy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laven_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laven people (page does not exist)">Laven</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyaheun_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyaheun people (page does not exist)">Nyaheun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedang people">Sedang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talieng_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talieng people (page does not exist)">Talieng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yae_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yae people (page does not exist)">Yae</a> (Jeh)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_people" title="Bit people">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Khang people">Khang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Phai people">Htin</a> (Lua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kon_Keu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kon Keu">Keu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlabri_people" title="Mlabri people">Mlabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamet_people" title="Lamet people">Lamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Du_people" title="O Du people">O Du</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinh_Mun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinh Mun people">Xinh Mun</a> (Puoc)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samtao_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samtao people (page does not exist)">Samtao</a> (Kiorr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanten_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanten people (page does not exist)">Lanten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kado_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kado people (page does not exist)">Kado</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaduo_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaduo people (page does not exist)">Kaduo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phana%27_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phana' people (page does not exist)">Phana'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phunoi_people" title="Phunoi people">Phunoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_La_people" title="Si La people">Si La</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Cham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Chams" title="Laotian Chams">Laotian Cham</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Chinese" title="Laotian Chinese">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Doi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai Doi people (page does not exist)">Doi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaleun_people" title="Kaleun people">Kaleung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavy_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lavy people (page does not exist)">Lavy</a> (Lawi)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General grouping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lao_Loum" title="Lao Loum">Lao Loum</a></b> (Lowland)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lao_Theung" title="Lao Theung">Lao Theung</a></b> (Highland)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lao_Sung" title="Lao Sung">Lao Sung</a></b> (Hill)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/16px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/24px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/32px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Laos" title="Portal:Laos">Laos portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Template:Ethnic groups in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><u>Underlined</u>: the 56 <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China#Ethnic_groups_recognized_by_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">recognized ethnic groups</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people" title="Chuanqing people">Chuanqing</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Han Chinese subgroups">subgroups</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_people" title="Longjia people">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_people" title="Waxiang people">Waxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Achang_people" title="Achang people">Achang</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_language" title="Bisu language">Bisu</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Jino_people" title="Jino people">Jino</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucong" title="Kucong">Kucong</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomian_language" title="Laomian language">Laomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopin_language" title="Laopin language">Laopin</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosuo" title="Mosuo">Mosuo</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nakhi_people" title="Nakhi people">Nakhi</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nu_people" title="Nu people">Nu</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixingmin_people" title="Qixingmin people">Qixingmin</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baima_people" title="Baima people">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrong_people" title="Gyalrong people">Gyalrong</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Pumi_people" title="Pumi people">Pumi</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Monpa_people" title="Monpa people">Monpa</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishmi_people" title="Mishmi people">Deng</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Derung_people" title="Derung people">Derung</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Jingpo</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lhoba_people" title="Lhoba people">Lhoba</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Blang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Blang people">Blang</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu" title="Bolyu">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Kunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mang people">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Pakan</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Palaung_people" title="Palaung people">Ta'ang</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese in China">Vietnamese</a>(<a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Jingzu</a>)</u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Wa_people" title="Wa people">Wa</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_China" title="Filipinos in China">Filipino</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Gaoshan</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsuls" title="Utsuls">Utsuls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gejia_people" title="Gejia people">Gejia</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/She_people" title="She people">She</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonan</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnigan" title="Hamnigan">Hamnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatso" title="Khatso">Khatso</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Mongols</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaga_Mongols" title="Abaga Mongols">Abaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaganar" title="Abaganar">Abaganar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aohans" title="Aohans">Aohans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlos_Mongols" title="Gorlos Mongols">Gorlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaids" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalaids">Jalaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaruud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaruud">Jaruud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharchin_Mongols" title="Kharchin Mongols">Kharchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khishigten" title="Khishigten">Khishigten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorchin_Mongols" title="Khorchin Mongols">Khorchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Khuuchid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muumyangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muumyangan">Muumyangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoid" title="Khoid">Khoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olot_people" title="Olot people">Olot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onnigud" class="mw-redirect" title="Onnigud">Onnigud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongols" title="Ordos Mongols">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Mongols" title="Sichuan Mongols">Sichuan Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunud">Sunud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urad_Mongols" title="Urad Mongols">Urad</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogwo_Arig" title="Sogwo Arig">Sogwo Arig</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_people" title="Buyang people">Buyang</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_people" title="Tai Lue people">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nua_people" title="Tai Nua people">Tai Nua</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kam_people" title="Kam people">Dong</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Gelao_people" title="Gelao people">Gelao</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Li</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maonan_people" title="Maonan people">Maonan</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Nùng people">Nùng</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Mulao_people" title="Mulao people">Mulao</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_people" title="Qabiao people">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rau_peoples" title="Rau peoples">Rau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Sui_people" title="Sui people">Sui</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_people" title="Yang people">Yang</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solon_people" title="Solon people">Solon</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nanai_people" title="Nanai people">Nanai</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_people" title="Oroqen people">Oroqen</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Sibe_people" title="Sibe people">Sibes</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolan_people" title="Dolan people">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk People">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakh</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Kyrgyz</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Tatar</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Uzbeks</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_China" title="Armenians in China">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China" title="Iranians in China">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_China" title="Nepalis in China">Nepalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daman_people" title="Daman people">Daman</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Russians</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Tajiks_of_Xinjiang" title="Tajiks of Xinjiang">Tajiks (Pamiris)</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">African Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_China" title="Indians in China">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese in China">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Koreans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chaoxianzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoxianzu">Chaoxianzu</a>)</u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_China" title="Pakistanis in China">Pakistanis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_(anthropology)" title="Minzu (anthropology)">Minzu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_China" title="Template:Immigration to China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_China" title="Template talk:Immigration to China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_China" title="Immigration to China">Immigration to China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_China" title="Armenians in China">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_people_in_China" title="Burmese people in China">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_China" title="Filipinos in China">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_China" title="Indians in China">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelis_in_China" title="Israelis in China">Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China" title="Iranians in China">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_China" title="Japanese people in China">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Shanghai" title="Japanese community of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Koreans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_community_of_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean community of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_China" title="Nepalis in China">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_China" title="Pakistanis in China">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China-outline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/China-outline.svg/80px-China-outline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/China-outline.svg/120px-China-outline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/China-outline.svg/160px-China-outline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">Africans</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Africans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_China" title="Americans in China">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_China" title="Australians in China">Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_China" title="Britons in China">Britons</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Hong_Kong" title="Britons in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_China" title="Canadians in China">Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_China" title="Nigerians in China">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_China" title="Poles in China">Poles</a></li> <li>Portuguese <small>(<a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macau</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Russians</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Russians" title="Shanghai Russians">Shanghai</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_immigration_policy" title="Hong Kong immigration policy">Immigration to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Macau" title="Immigration to Macau">Immigration to Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">History of the Jews in China</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hong_Kong" title="History of the Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under-occupied_developments_in_China" title="Under-occupied developments in China">Under-occupied developments in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_China" title="Illegal immigration to China">Illegal immigration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>For immigrants and expatriates in Hong Kong, see: <a href="/wiki/Template:Hong_Kongers" title="Template:Hong Kongers">Hong Kong people</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Unrecognized ethnic groups in China">Unrecognized ethnic groups in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_China" title="Immigration to China">Immigrant ethnic groups in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Historic ethnic groups</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Myanmar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Myanmar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Myanmar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Myanmar">Ethnic groups in Myanmar</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Burmese_people" title="Burmese people">Burmese people</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kachin_people" title="Kachin people">Kachin</a> (12)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Jingpaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalaung_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalaung people (page does not exist)">Dalaung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gauri_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gauri people (page does not exist)">Gauri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hkahku_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hkahku people (page does not exist)">Hkahku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duleng_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duleng people (page does not exist)">Duleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language" title="Lhao Vo language">Maru (Lawgore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hpon_language" title="Hpon language">Hpon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachik" title="Lachik">Lashi (La Chit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Atsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nung_Rawang" title="Nung Rawang">Rawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taron_people" title="Taron people">Taron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achang_people" title="Achang people">Ngochang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kayah (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geba_Karen_language" title="Geba Karen language">Geba Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheko_People&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheko People (page does not exist)">Gheko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenni_people" title="Karenni people">Karenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Myanmar)" title="Kayan people (Myanmar)">Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenni_people" title="Karenni people">Manu Manaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pale_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pale people (page does not exist)">Pale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yin_Baw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yin Baw (page does not exist)">Yin Baw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yin_Talai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yin Talai (page does not exist)">Yin Talai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayein_people" title="Zayein people">Zayein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Kayin (Karen)</a> (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa-Le-Chi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pa-Le-Chi (page does not exist)">Pa-Le-Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_Kayin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mon Kayin (page does not exist)">Mon Kayin (Sarpyu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_people" title="S'gaw people">S'gaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta-Hlay-Pwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ta-Hlay-Pwa (page does not exist)">Ta-Hlay-Pwa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paku_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paku people (page does not exist)">Paku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwe_people" title="Bwe people">Bwe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monpwa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monpwa people (page does not exist)">Monpwa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnepwa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monnepwa people (page does not exist)">Monnepwa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu people (page does not exist)">Shu (Pwo)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chin_people" title="Chin people">Chin</a> (53)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anu people (page does not exist)">Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anun_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anun people (page does not exist)">Anun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asho_Chin_people" title="Asho Chin people">Asho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayaw_language" title="Kayaw language">Bre (Ka-Yaw)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumtu_Chin_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumtu Chin People">Cumtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daai_Chin" title="Daai Chin">Dai (Yindu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_people" title="Zou people">Dim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eik-swair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eik-swair (page does not exist)">Eik-swair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunte_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunte people (page does not exist)">Gunte (Lyente)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guite_people" title="Guite people">Guite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_people_in_Myanmar" title="Mizo people in Myanmar">Hualngo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaung_Saing_Chin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaung Saing Chin (page does not exist)">Kaung Saing Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaungso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaungso (page does not exist)">Kaungso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebar_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebar people (page does not exist)">Kebar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khawno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khawno (page does not exist)">Khawno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwangli_(Sim)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwangli (Sim) (page does not exist)">Kwangli (Sim)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwelshin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwelshin (page does not exist)">Kwelshin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwe_Myi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwe Myi (page does not exist)">Kwe Myi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_(Haka_Chin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai (Haka Chin) (page does not exist)">Lai (Haka Chin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laizao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laizao (page does not exist)">Laizao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautu_language" title="Lautu language">Lawhtu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laymyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laymyo (page does not exist)">Laymyo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhinbu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lhinbu (page does not exist)">Lhinbu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyente (page does not exist)">Lyente</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magun (page does not exist)">Magun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malin_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malin (ethnic group) (page does not exist)">Malin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marma_people" title="Marma people">Marma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matu_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matu (ethnic group) (page does not exist)">Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_people" title="Meitei people">Meithei (Kathe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaang_language" title="Kaang language">Mgan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi-er&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mi-er (page does not exist)">Mi-er</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushayy_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lushayy people (page does not exist)">Lusayy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mro-Khimi_people" title="Mro-Khimi people">Mro-Khimi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_people" title="Naga people">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngawn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngawn (page does not exist)">Ngawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%B6_language" title="Shö language">Oo-Pu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panun (page does not exist)">Panun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welaung_language" title="Welaung language">Rongtu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saing_Zan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saing Zan (page does not exist)">Saing Zan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saline_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saline (ethnic group) (page does not exist)">Saline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senthang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senthang (page does not exist)">Senthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_people" title="Tangkhul people">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapong" title="Tapong">Tapong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tay-Zan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tay-Zan (page does not exist)">Tay-Zan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki_people" title="Kuki people">Thado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedim_people" title="Tedim people">Tiddim (Hai-Dim)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr_(Tawr)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torr (Tawr) (page does not exist)">Torr (Tawr)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yin_Gog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yin Gog (page does not exist)">Yin Gog</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zahau_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zahau people (page does not exist)">Zahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanniat" title="Zanniat">Zahnyet (Zanniat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizang_people" title="Sizang people">Sizang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyphe_language" title="Zyphe language">Zophei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotung_people" title="Zotung people">Zotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_people" title="Zou people">Zou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Bamar (Burman)</a> (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dawei_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dawei people (page does not exist)">Dawei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bey_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bey people (page does not exist)">Beik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_people" title="Yaw people">Yaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yabein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yabein (page does not exist)">Yabein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_people" title="Kadu people">Kadu (Kado)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganan people (page does not exist)">Ganan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hpon_people" title="Hpon people">Hpon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mon (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Rakhine <br />(Arakanese)</a> (7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamein" title="Kamein">Kamein</a> (Kaman)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khami_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khami people (page does not exist)">Khami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daingnet_people" title="Daingnet people">Daingnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barua_people" title="Barua people">Maramagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miram_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miram people (page does not exist)">Miram (Mara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_people" title="Mru people">Mru (Taung Mro)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thet_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thet people (page does not exist)">Thet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a> (33)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danaw_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danaw people (page does not exist)">Danaw (Danau)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danu_people" title="Danu people">Danu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intha_people" title="Intha people">Intha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27O_people" title="Pa'O people">Pa-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_people" title="Khamti people">Khamti Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu (Khamu)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwi people (page does not exist)">Kwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokang_Chinese" title="Kokang Chinese">Kokang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_people" title="Palaung people">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_Gale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shan Gale (page does not exist)">Shan Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_Gyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shan Gyi (page does not exist)">Shan Gyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Loi_language" title="Tai Loi language">Tai-Loi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nua_people" title="Tai Nua people">Tai Nua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai-Lon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai-Lon (page does not exist)">Tai-Lon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai-Lay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai-Lay (page does not exist)">Tai-Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taishon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taishon (page does not exist)">Taishon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taungyo" title="Taungyo">Taungyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_people" title="Wa people">Wa (Va)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Yin Kya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Yin Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_people" title="Northern Thai people">Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_Zi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Man Zi (page does not exist)">Man Zi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyen_language" title="Pyen language">Pyin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eng_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eng people (page does not exist)">Eng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Son people (page does not exist)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maw_Shan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maw Shan (page does not exist)">Maw Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achang_people" title="Achang people">Maingtha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hkun_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hkun people (page does not exist)">Hkun (Khün)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognised / Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_people" title="Anglo-Burmese people">Anglo-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Myanmar" title="Chinese people in Myanmar">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panthays" title="Panthays">Panthay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayingyi_people" title="Bayingyi people">Bayingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Gurkha" title="Burmese Gurkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_people_in_Myanmar" title="Mizo people in Myanmar">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Indians" title="Burmese Indians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Tamils" title="Myanmar Tamils">Tamils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Malays" title="Burmese Malays">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Myanmar" title="Pakistanis in Myanmar">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taungtha_people" title="Taungtha people">Taungtha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam_by_language_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam_by_language_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Vietnam">Ethnic groups in Vietnam</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vietnam#Languages" title="Vietnam">language family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A9t_people" title="Chứt people">Chứt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muong_people" title="Muong people">Mường</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n_language" title="Nguồn language">Nguồn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%95_people" title="Thổ people">Thổ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Việt (Kinh)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Austroasiatic (non-Vietic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahnar_people" title="Bahnar people">Ba Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brau_people" title="Brau people">Brâu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bru_people" title="Bru people">Bru-Vân Kiều</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cor_people" title="Cor people">Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katu_people" title="Katu people">Cơ Tu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gie_Trieng_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gie Trieng people">Giẻ Triêng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%27re_people" title="H're people">Hrê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Khang people">Kháng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khơ Mú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mang people">Mảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnong_people" title="Mnong people">M'Nông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stieng_people" title="Stieng people">Xtiêng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koho_people" title="Koho people">Cơ Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1_people" title="Mạ people">Mạ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cho_Ro_people" title="Cho Ro people">Chơ Ro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Du_people" title="O Du people">Ơ Đu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C6%A1_M%C4%83m_people" title="Rơ Măm people">Rơ Măm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_Oi_people" title="Ta Oi people">Tà Ôi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksingmul_people" title="Ksingmul people">Xinh Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xo_Dang_people" title="Xo Dang people">Xơ Đăng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Dao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">H'Mông/Mông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Then_people" title="Pa Then people">Pà Thẻn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Tai–Kadai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bố Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gi%C3%A1y_people" title="Giáy people">Giáy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lào</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_people" title="Tai Lue people">Lự</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Nùng people">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Chay_people" title="San Chay people">Sán Chay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tay people">Tày</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_people_(Vietnam)" title="Thái people (Vietnam)">Thái</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_people" title="Tai Dam people">Thái Đen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_people" title="Tai Daeng people">Thái Đỏ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_people" title="Tai Dón people">Thái Trắng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thái</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Thanh_language" title="Tai Thanh language">Tày Thanh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Pao_language" title="Tai Pao language">Thái Hàng Tổng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelao_people" title="Gelao people">Cơ Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachi_people" title="Lachi people">La Chí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laha_people" title="Laha people">La Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_people" title="Qabiao people">Pu Péo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_people" title="Sui people">Thủy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Hoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A1i_people" title="Ngái people">Ngái</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diu_people" title="San Diu people">Sán Dìu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phunoi_people" title="Phunoi people">Cống</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hà Nhì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">La Hủ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B4_L%C3%B4_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lô Lô people">Lô Lô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B9_L%C3%A1_people" title="Phù Lá people">Phù Lá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_La_people" title="Si La people">Si La</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chăm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churu_people" title="Churu people">Chu Ru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_people" title="Rade people">Ê Đê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarai_people" title="Jarai people">Gia Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raglai_people" title="Raglai people">Raglai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Expatriate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Vietnam" title="Indians in Vietnam">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Vietnam" title="Japanese people in Vietnam">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Vietnam" title="Koreans in Vietnam">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Vietnam" title="Nigerians in Vietnam">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_expatriates_in_Vietnam" title="Taiwanese expatriates in Vietnam">Taiwanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Italic</i> – Not officially recognized</span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Vietnam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia_by_language_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia_by_language_family" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Cambodia by language family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia_by_language_family" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Cambodia by language family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia_by_language_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Cambodia by language family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia_by_language_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia" title="Ethnic groups in Cambodia">Ethnic groups in Cambodia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cambodia#Languages" title="Demographics of Cambodia">language family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khmer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Central Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer Krom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_people" title="Northern Khmer people">Khmer Surin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodians" title="Chinese Cambodians">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kula_people_(Asia)" title="Kula people (Asia)">Bamar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarai_people" title="Jarai people">Jarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_people" title="Rade people">Rade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahnaric language">Bahnaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kachok_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kachok people (page does not exist)">Kachok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampuan_people" title="Tampuan people">Tampuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mel-Khaonh_language" title="Mel-Khaonh language">Khaonh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraol_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kraol people (page does not exist)">Kraol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel-Khaonh_language" title="Mel-Khaonh language">Mel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunong_people" title="Bunong people">Bunong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%27ong_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ra'ong people (page does not exist)">Ra'ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stieng_people" title="Stieng people">Stieng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thmon_language" title="Thmon language">Thmaun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brao_people" title="Brao people">Brao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavet_people" title="Kavet people">Kavet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klueng_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Klueng language">Klueng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreung">Kreung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lun_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lun people (page does not exist)">Lun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Katuic language">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_people" title="Kuy people">Kuy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pearic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearic language">Pearic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pear_people" title="Pear people">Por</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somray_language" title="Somray language">Samrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samre_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samre language">Samre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearic_peoples" title="Pearic peoples">Sa'och</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearic_peoples" title="Pearic peoples">Suoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kchruk_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kchruk people (page does not exist)">Kchruk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietic language">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Cambodians" title="Vietnamese Cambodians">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tai–Kadai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kula_people_(Asia)" title="Kula people (Asia)">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Lao_people" title="Khmer Lao people">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_people" title="Phuan people">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaw_people" title="Nyaw people">Tai Nyaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expatriate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Cambodia" title="Indians in Cambodia">Indians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thailand_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thailand_topics" title="Template:Thailand topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thailand_topics" title="Template talk:Thailand topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thailand_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thailand topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thailand_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Thailand" title="Prehistoric Thailand">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Thailand" title="Peopling of Thailand">Peopling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tai peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Thailand" title="Early history of Thailand">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand" title="Initial states of Thailand">Initial states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Rattanakosin era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">1932–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="History of Thailand (1973–2001)">1973–2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thailand since 2001">since 2001</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Thailand" title="Category:Archaeology of Thailand">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Thailand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Thailand" title="Military history of Thailand">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand" title="Geography of Thailand">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_addressing_system" title="Thai addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Thailand" title="Template:Borders of Thailand">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Thailand" title="List of municipalities in Thailand">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Thailand">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Thailand" title="List of earthquakes in Thailand">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Thailand" title="List of ecoregions in Thailand">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Thailand" title="Floods in Thailand">Floods in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand" title="Environmental issues in Thailand">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Thailand" title="List of islands of Thailand">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Thailand" title="List of mountains in Thailand">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Thailand">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Thailand" title="Regions of Thailand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_systems_of_Thailand" title="River systems of Thailand">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Thailand" title="List of volcanoes in Thailand">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_native_to_Thailand" title="List of species native to Thailand">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Thailand" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Thailand">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Thailand" title="Administrative divisions of Thailand">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Thailand" title="Election Commission of Thailand">Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Thailand" title="Foreign relations of Thailand">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" title="Government of Thailand">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Thailand">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thai_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Thai intelligence agencies">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Thailand" title="Judiciary of Thailand">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Thailand" title="Law of Thailand">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Localism in Thailand">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministries_of_Thailand" title="List of government ministries of Thailand">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Thailand">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army" title="Royal Thai Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy" title="Royal Thai Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Police" title="Royal Thai Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Thailand" title="List of political parties in Thailand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand" title="Agriculture in Thailand">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Baht <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Thailand" title="List of banks in Thailand">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Thailand" title="Energy in Thailand">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Thailand" title="Nuclear power in Thailand">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Thailand">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_economic_zones#Thailand" title="List of special economic zones">Special economic zones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Eastern Economic Corridor">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Western_Economic_Corridor" title="Central–Western Economic Corridor">CWEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northern Economic Corridor">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northeastern Economic Corridor">NEEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Economic_Corridor" title="Southern Economic Corridor">SEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Thailand">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Thai inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_medicine" title="Traditional Thai medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand" title="Stock Exchange of Thailand">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Thailand" title="Telecommunications in Thailand">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" title="Tourism in Thailand">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Thailand" title="Transport in Thailand">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Thailand" title="List of airports in Thailand">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highways_in_Thailand" title="Controlled-access highways in Thailand">Controlled-access highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Thailand" title="Rail transport in Thailand">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Thailand" title="Category:Society of Thailand">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Thailand" title="Abortion in Thailand">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Thailand" title="Crime in Thailand">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Thailand" title="Corruption in Thailand">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté in Thailand">Lèse majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Thailand" title="Prostitution in Thailand">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Thailand" title="Sex trafficking in Thailand">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" title="Demographics of Thailand">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Thailand" title="List of universities and colleges in Thailand">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Thailand" title="Gambling in Thailand">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Thailand" title="Health in Thailand">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Thailand" title="Squatting in Thailand">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Thailand">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Thailand" title="Architecture of Thailand">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_television_soap_opera" title="Thai television soap opera">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiquette in Thailand">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Asia#Thailand" title="List of festivals in Asia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_poetry" title="Thai poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts#Thailand" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Thailand">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Thai musical instruments">Traditional musical instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Public holidays in Thailand">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Thailand" title="Sport in Thailand">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Thailand" title="National symbols of Thailand">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fighting_fish" title="Siamese fighting fish">Aquatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fireback" title="Siamese fireback">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga#Thailand" title="Nāga">Mythological creature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Thai">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam Devadhiraj">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Thailand" title="Emblem of Thailand">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Thailand" title="Flag of Thailand">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Flower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Thailand" title="Time in Thailand">Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Solar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_traditional_games" title="Thai traditional games">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Thailand" title="Video games in Thailand">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thailand" title="Category:Thailand">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laos_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Laos_topics" title="Template:Laos topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Laos_topics" title="Template talk:Laos topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laos_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Laos topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laos_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Laos-related_topics" title="List of Laos-related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Laos">Peopling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khun_Borom" title="Khun Borom">Khun Borom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao people</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tai peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_Phou" title="Vat Phou">Vat Phou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang" title="Kingdom of Luang Phrabang">Luang Phrabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vientiane" title="Kingdom of Vientiane">Vientiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Champasak" title="Kingdom of Champasak">Champasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muang_Phuan" title="Muang Phuan">Muang Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Laos" title="French protectorate of Laos">French protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Japanese puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Issara" title="Lao Issara">Lao Issara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_Wars" title="Indochina Wars">Indochina Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos" title="North Vietnamese invasion of Laos">Vietnamese invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Agreement_on_the_Neutrality_of_Laos" title="International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos_to_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Laos to 1945">History until 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Laos (1945–present)">History since 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Laotian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_conspiracy_allegation" title="2007 Laotian coup d'état conspiracy allegation">2007 coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_emblem_of_Laos" title="Ancient emblem of Laos"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Airavata_emblem_white.png/60px-Airavata_emblem_white.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Airavata_emblem_white.png/90px-Airavata_emblem_white.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Airavata_emblem_white.png/120px-Airavata_emblem_white.png 2x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="298" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Laos" title="Geography of Laos">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Laos" title="Template:Borders of Laos">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Laos" title="Deforestation in Laos">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Laos" title="List of ecoregions in Laos">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phou_Bia" title="Phou Bia">Phou Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Laos" title="List of rivers of Laos">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Conservation_Area" title="National Biodiversity Conservation Area">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Laos" title="List of cities in Laos">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Laos" title="Wildlife of Laos">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Laos" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Laos">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Laos" title="Politics of Laos">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Laos" title="Administrative divisions of Laos">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Laos" title="Constitution of Laos">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Laos" title="Elections in Laos">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Laos" title="Foreign relations of Laos">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Laos" title="Human rights in Laos">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Laos">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Laos" title="Law of Laos">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Laos)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Laos)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Lao People's Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Laos)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Laos)">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="President of the National Assembly of Laos">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Laos" title="List of political parties in Laos">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Laos" title="President of Laos">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Laos" title="Vice President of Laos">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Prime Minister of Laos">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Laos" title="Agriculture in Laos">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Lao_P.D.R." title="Bank of the Lao P.D.R.">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_kip" title="Lao kip">Kip <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Laos" title="Energy in Laos">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Laos">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Securities_Exchange" title="Lao Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Laos">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Laos" title="Tourism in Laos">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Laos" title="Trade unions in Laos">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Laos" title="Transport in Laos">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Laos" title="Category:Society of Laos">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Laos" title="Crime in Laos">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Laos" title="Demographics of Laos">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Laos" title="Education in Laos">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Laos" title="List of ethnic groups in Laos">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Laos" title="Health in Laos">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Laos" title="HIV/AIDS in Laos">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Laos" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Laos">COVID-19</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Laos" title="Prostitution in Laos">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Laos" title="Sex trafficking in Laos">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Laos" title="Women in Laos">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos" title="Culture of Laos">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pheng_Xat_Lao" title="Pheng Xat Lao">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_and_theatre_of_Laos" title="Dance and theatre of Laos">Dramatic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Laos" title="Emblem of Laos">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Laos" title="List of festivals in Laos">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Laos" title="Flag of Laos">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Laos" title="Literature of Laos">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Laos" title="Public holidays in Laos">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Laos">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Laos" title="Outline of Laos">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Laos-related_topics" title="List of Laos-related topics">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Laos" title="Category:Laos">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Laos" title="Portal:Laos">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ming_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Ming dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Ming dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ming dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ming_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="History of the Ming dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1368–1435)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Turban Rebellion">Red Turban Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Mian_rebellion" title="Wu Mian rebellion">Wu Mian rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Ming conquest of Yunnan">Ming conquest of Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Mong_Mao_War_(1386%E2%80%931388)" title="Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388)">Ming–Mong Mao War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_campaign_against_the_Uriankhai" title="Ming campaign against the Uriankhai">Campaign against the Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buir_Lake" title="Battle of Buir Lake">Battle of Buir Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Kuan_rebellion" title="Lin Kuan rebellion">Lin Kuan rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_Ganmeng_rebellion" title="Dao Ganmeng rebellion">Dao Ganmeng rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingnan_campaign" title="Jingnan campaign">Jingnan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">Ming treasure voyages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict" title="Ming–Turpan conflict">Ming–Turpan conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Ngu" title="Ming conquest of Đại Ngu">Ming–Đại Ngu War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palembang_(1407)" title="Battle of Palembang (1407)">Battle of Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kherlen" title="Battle of Kherlen">Battle of Kherlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Kotte_War" title="Ming–Kotte War">Ming–Kotte War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam_S%C6%A1n_uprising" title="Lam Sơn uprising">Lam Sơn uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">Campaigns against the Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Ren_and_Xuan" title="Reign of Ren and Xuan">Reign of Ren and Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Middle <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1435–1572)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luchuan%E2%80%93Pingmian_campaigns" title="Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns">Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumu_Crisis" title="Tumu Crisis">Tumu Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Beijing" title="Defense of Beijing">Defense of Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_Cao_Qin" title="Rebellion of Cao Qin">Rebellion of Cao Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_rebellions_in_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Miao rebellions in the Ming dynasty">Miao rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Anhua_rebellion" title="Prince of Anhua rebellion">Prince of Anhua rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Ning_rebellion" title="Prince of Ning rebellion">Prince of Ning rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">Capture of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_missions_to_Ming_China" title="Japanese missions to Ming China">Japanese missions to Ming China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_incident" title="Ningbo incident">Ningbo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rites_Controversy" title="Great Rites Controversy">Great Rites Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_plot_of_Renyin_year" title="Palace plot of Renyin year">Renyin plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Chinese_agreement" title="Luso-Chinese agreement">Luso-Chinese agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_whip_law" title="Single whip law">Single whip law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Late <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1572–1683)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification#Jianzhou_war" title="Jurchen unification">Jianzhou war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozhou_rebellion" title="Bozhou rebellion">Bozhou rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_campaign_(1592)" title="Ordos campaign (1592)">Ordos campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donglin_movement" title="Donglin movement">Donglin movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Dutch_conflicts" title="Sino-Dutch conflicts">Sino-Dutch conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoluo_Bay" title="Battle of Liaoluo Bay">Liaoluo Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarh%C5%AB" title="Battle of Sarhū">Sarhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_in_the_late_Ming_dynasty" title="Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty">Great Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She-An_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="She-An Rebellion">She-An Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ming_peasant_rebellions" title="Late Ming peasant rebellions">Peasant rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiashen_Incident" title="Jiashen Incident">Jiashen Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Ming dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(late)#Ming_dynasty_and_Southern_Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Zhu" title="House of Zhu">House of Zhu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_territory_in_dynastic_China#Ming_dynasty_(1368–1644)" title="Administration of territory in dynastic China">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Depot" title="Eastern Depot">Eastern Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Princes of the Ming dynasty">Princes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vassal_prince_peerages_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="List of vassal prince peerages of the Ming dynasty">Vassal prince</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Grand coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futou#Ming_dynasty" title="Futou">Fotou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Military of the Ming dynasty">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Great_Wall" title="Ming Great Wall">Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_weapons_in_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Gunpowder weapons in the Ming dynasty">Gunpowder weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenjiying" title="Shenjiying">Shenjiying</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_conquests_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Military conquests of the Ming dynasty">Military conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Garrisons_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Nine Garrisons of the Ming dynasty">Nine Garrisons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Frontiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Ming dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_under_Ming_rule" title="Yunnan under Ming rule">Yunnan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Compilations and Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hundred-word_Eulogy" title="The Hundred-word Eulogy">The Hundred-word Eulogy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huang-Ming_Zuxun" title="Huang-Ming Zuxun">Huang-Ming Zuxun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Encyclopedia" title="Yongle Encyclopedia">Yongle Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Statutes_of_the_Ming_Dynasty" title="Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty">Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ming_Veritable_Records" title="Ming Veritable Records">Ming Veritable Records</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces and Mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaotian_Palace" title="Chaotian Palace">Chaotian Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Xiaoling" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Xiaoling">Ming Xiaoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Ancestors_Mausoleum" title="Ming Ancestors Mausoleum">Ming Ancestors Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_tombs" title="Ming tombs">Ming tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society and Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_poetry" title="Ming poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_in_Ming_China" title="Musicians in Ming China">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_painting" title="Ming dynasty painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_School" title="Wu School">Wu School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhe_school_(painting)" title="Zhe school (painting)">Zhe School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_lacquerware_table" title="Chinese lacquerware table">Chinese lacquerware table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_presentation_porcelain" title="Ming presentation porcelain">Ming presentation porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_jar_with_carp_design" title="Covered jar with carp design">Covered jar with carp design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongning_Temple_Stele" title="Yongning Temple Stele">Yongning Temple Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Economy of the Ming dynasty">Economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ming_dynasty_Tai_history">Tai history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Islam during the Ming dynasty">Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_coinage" title="Ming dynasty coinage">Coinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Tongbao" title="Hongwu Tongbao">Hongwu Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Tongbao" title="Yongle Tongbao">Yongle Tongbao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ming_Treasure_Note" title="Great Ming Treasure Note">Great Ming Treasure Note</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q703353#identifiers" 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