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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Estimation of pressure in the heart</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulmonary_artery_catheter_english.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Pulmonary_artery_catheter_english.JPG/220px-Pulmonary_artery_catheter_english.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Pulmonary_artery_catheter_english.JPG/330px-Pulmonary_artery_catheter_english.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Pulmonary_artery_catheter_english.JPG/440px-Pulmonary_artery_catheter_english.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="1474" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery_catheter" title="Pulmonary artery catheter">pulmonary artery catheter</a> in position</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>pulmonary wedge pressure</b> (<b>PWP</b>) (also called <b>pulmonary arterial wedge pressure</b> (<b>PAWP</b>), <b>pulmonary capillary wedge pressure</b> (<b>PCWP</b>), <b>pulmonary artery occlusion pressure</b> (<b>PAOP</b>), or <b>cross-sectional pressure</b>) is the pressure measured by wedging a <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery_catheter" title="Pulmonary artery catheter">pulmonary artery catheter</a> with an inflated balloon into a small pulmonary arterial branch.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It estimates the <b>left atrial pressure</b>. </p><p>Pulmonary venous wedge pressure (PVWP) is not synonymous with the above; PVWP has been shown to correlate with pulmonary artery pressures in studies, albeit unreliably.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Physiologically, distinctions can be drawn among pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, pulmonary venous pressure and left atrial pressure, but not all of these can be measured in a clinical context.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12112902_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12112902-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noninvasive estimation techniques have been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15546367_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15546367-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_wedge_pressure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Site</th> <th>Normal <br />pressure range <br /> (in <a href="/wiki/Millimeter_of_mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimeter of mercury">mmHg</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonSurgery2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashingtonSurgery2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_venous_pressure" title="Central venous pressure">Central venous pressure</a></td> <td>3–8 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricular pressure">Right ventricular pressure</a></td> <td>systolic</td> <td>15–30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>diastolic</td> <td>3–8 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">Pulmonary artery pressure</a></td> <td>systolic</td> <td>15–30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>diastolic</td> <td>4–12 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Pulmonary vein/ <br /> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure</a> </p> </td> <td>2–15 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricular pressure">Left ventricular pressure</a></td> <td>systolic</td> <td>100–140 </td></tr> <tr> <td>diastolic</td> <td>3–12 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Because of the large compliance of <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a>, it provides an indirect measure of the <a href="/wiki/Left_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrium">left atrial</a> pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-urlGun_Shot_Wound_Case_Study_Discussion_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlGun_Shot_Wound_Case_Study_Discussion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, it is considered the gold standard for determining the cause of <a href="/wiki/Acute_pulmonary_edema" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute pulmonary edema">acute pulmonary edema</a>; this is likely to be present at a PWP of >20mmHg. It has also been used to diagnose severity of left ventricular failure and mitral stenosis,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given that elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure strongly suggests <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">failure</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">left ventricular output</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, it was believed that pulmonary edema with normal PWP suggested a diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">acute respiratory distress syndrome</a> (ARDS) or non cardiogenic pulmonary edema (as in opiate poisoning). However, since capillary hydrostatic pressure exceeds wedge pressure once the balloon is deflated (to promote a gradient for forward flow), a normal wedge pressure <i>cannot </i> conclusively differentiate between hydrostatic pulmonary edema and ARDS.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Physiological pressure: 6–12 mm Hg.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_wedge_pressure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPeacockLewis_J._Rubin2004" class="citation book cs1">Peacock, Andrew J.; Lewis J. Rubin (2004). <i>Pulmonary Circulation: Diseases and their treatment</i>. Arnold Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-80782-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-80782-8"><bdi>978-0-340-80782-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pulmonary+Circulation%3A+Diseases+and+their+treatment&rft.pub=Arnold+Publisher&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-340-80782-8&rft.aulast=Peacock&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Lewis+J.+Rubin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulmonary+wedge+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12112902-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12112902_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChalikiHurrellNishimuraReinke2002" class="citation journal cs1">Chaliki HP, Hurrell DG, Nishimura RA, Reinke RA, Appleton CP (July 2002). "Pulmonary venous pressure: relationship to pulmonary artery, pulmonary wedge, and left atrial pressure in normal, lightly sedated dogs". <i>Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions</i>. <b>56</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">432–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fccd.10203">10.1002/ccd.10203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12112902">12112902</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25152352">25152352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catheterization+and+Cardiovascular+Interventions&rft.atitle=Pulmonary+venous+pressure%3A+relationship+to+pulmonary+artery%2C+pulmonary+wedge%2C+and+left+atrial+pressure+in+normal%2C+lightly+sedated+dogs&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E432-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2002-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25152352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12112902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fccd.10203&rft.aulast=Chaliki&rft.aufirst=HP&rft.au=Hurrell%2C+DG&rft.au=Nishimura%2C+RA&rft.au=Reinke%2C+RA&rft.au=Appleton%2C+CP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulmonary+wedge+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15546367-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15546367_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUzunErincKirilmaz2004" class="citation journal cs1">Uzun M, Erinc K, Kirilmaz A, et al. (November 2004). "A novel method to estimate pulmonary artery wedge pressure using the downslope of the Doppler mitral regurgitant velocity profile". <i>Echocardiography</i>. <b>21</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0742-2822.2004.03174.x">10.1111/j.0742-2822.2004.03174.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15546367">15546367</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25261136">25261136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Echocardiography&rft.atitle=A+novel+method+to+estimate+pulmonary+artery+wedge+pressure+using+the+downslope+of+the+Doppler+mitral+regurgitant+velocity+profile&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E673-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25261136%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15546367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0742-2822.2004.03174.x&rft.aulast=Uzun&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Erinc%2C+K&rft.au=Kirilmaz%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulmonary+wedge+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WashingtonSurgery2008-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WashingtonSurgery2008_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Table 30-1 in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoersKlingensmithChenGlasgow2008" class="citation book cs1">Goers TA, Klingensmith ME, Chen LE, Glasgow SC (2008). <i>The Washington Manual of Surgery</i>. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7447-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7447-5"><bdi>978-0-7817-7447-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Washington+Manual+of+Surgery&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-7447-5&rft.aulast=Goers&rft.aufirst=TA&rft.au=Klingensmith%2C+ME&rft.au=Chen%2C+LE&rft.au=Glasgow%2C+SC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulmonary+wedge+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlGun_Shot_Wound_Case_Study_Discussion-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlGun_Shot_Wound_Case_Study_Discussion_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108084953/http://classes.kumc.edu/cahe/respcared/ptcs/ptcsdis.html">"Gun Shot Wound Case Study Discussion"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classes.kumc.edu/cahe/respcared/ptcs/ptcsdis.html">the original</a> on 2009-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gun+Shot+Wound+Case+Study+Discussion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclasses.kumc.edu%2Fcahe%2Frespcared%2Fptcs%2Fptcsdis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulmonary+wedge+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvphysiology.com/Heart%20Failure/HF008.htm">"CV Physiology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CV+Physiology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvphysiology.com%2FHeart%2520Failure%2FHF008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulmonary+wedge+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harrison%27s_Principles_of_Internal_Medicine" title="Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine">Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine</a>. 14th edition. Chapter 38, page 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/pulmonary_capillary_wedge_pressure">"Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure"</a>. 22 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulmonary+Capillary+Wedge+Pressure&rft.date=2020-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wheelessonline.com%2Fortho%2Fpulmonary_capillary_wedge_pressure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulmonary+wedge+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_wedge_pressure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvphysiology.com/Heart%20Failure/HF008.htm">Overview at cvphysiology.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Pulmonary+wedge+pressure">Pulmonary+wedge+pressure</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Preload_(cardiology)" title="Preload (cardiology)">Preload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Starling_law" title="Frank–Starling law">Frank–Starling law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_function_curve" title="Cardiac function curve">Cardiac function curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venous_return_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous return curve">Venous return curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiggers_diagram" title="Wiggers diagram">Wiggers diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_volume_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure volume diagram">Pressure volume diagram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Ultrasound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)#Dimensions" title="Ventricle (heart)">Fractional shortening</a> = (<a href="/wiki/End-diastolic_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="End-diastolic dimension">End-diastolic dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-systolic_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="End-systolic dimension">End-systolic dimension</a>) / End-diastolic dimension</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve_area_calculation" title="Aortic valve area calculation">Aortic valve area calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_fraction" title="Ejection fraction">Ejection fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_index" title="Cardiac index">Cardiac index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_atrial_volume" title="Left atrial volume">Left atrial volume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_pacemaker" title="Cardiac pacemaker">Cardiac pacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronotropic" title="Chronotropic">Chronotropic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromotropic" title="Dromotropic">Dromotropic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nerve_conduction_velocity" title="Nerve conduction velocity">Conduction velocity</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inotrope" title="Inotrope">Inotropic</a> (Contractility)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathmotropic" title="Bathmotropic">Bathmotropic</a> (Excitability)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitropy" title="Lusitropy">Lusitropic</a> (Relaxation)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction system of the heart">Conduction system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_electrophysiology" title="Cardiac electrophysiology">Cardiac electrophysiology</a></li> <li>Action potential <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential" title="Cardiac action potential">cardiac </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_action_potential" title="Atrial action potential">atrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_action_potential" title="Ventricular action potential">ventricular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_refractory_period" title="Effective refractory period">Effective refractory period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacemaker_potential" title="Pacemaker potential">Pacemaker potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P_wave_(electrocardiography)" title="P wave (electrocardiography)">P wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PR_interval" title="PR interval">PR interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QRS_complex" title="QRS complex">QRS complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QT_interval" title="QT interval">QT interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST_segment" title="ST segment">ST segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_wave" title="T wave">T wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_wave" title="U wave">U wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaxial_reference_system" title="Hexaxial reference system">Hexaxial reference system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_venous_pressure" title="Central venous pressure">Central venous</a></li> <li>Right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_atrial_pressure" title="Right atrial pressure">atrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_ventricular_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricular pressure">ventricular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary artery pressure">pulmonary artery</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">wedge</a></li></ul></li> <li>Left <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">atrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_ventricular_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricular pressure">ventricular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_pressure" title="Aortic pressure">Aortic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_remodeling" title="Ventricular remodeling">Ventricular remodeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Vascular system</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">hemodynamics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">Blood flow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compliance_(physiology)" title="Compliance (physiology)">Compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_resistance" title="Vascular resistance">Vascular resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">Pulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">Perfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">Blood pressure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_pressure" title="Pulse pressure">Pulse pressure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systole" title="Systole">Systolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">Diastolic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_arterial_pressure" title="Mean arterial pressure">Mean arterial pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugular_venous_pressure" title="Jugular venous pressure">Jugular venous pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_venous_pressure" title="Portal venous pressure">Portal venous pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_closing_pressure" title="Critical closing pressure">Critical closing pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_physiology#Regulation_of_blood_pressure" title="Cardiovascular physiology">Regulation of BP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroreflex" title="Baroreflex">Baroreflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinin%E2%80%93kallikrein_system" title="Kinin–kallikrein system">Kinin–kallikrein system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">Renin–angiotensin system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">Vasoconstrictors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoregulation" title="Autoregulation">Autoregulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myogenic_mechanism" title="Myogenic mechanism">Myogenic mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubuloglomerular_feedback" title="Tubuloglomerular feedback">Tubuloglomerular feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_autoregulation" title="Cerebral autoregulation">Cerebral autoregulation</a></li></ul></li> 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