CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20220726185702527" /> <title>Questions about maths teachers’ training in lockdown – study</title> <meta property="twitter:site" content="@uniworldnews" /> <meta property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="University World News"> <meta property="og:title" content="Questions about maths teachers’ training in lockdown – study"> <meta property="og:description" content="A study about learning and teaching practices during the COVID-19 lockdown of students who are studying to become mathematics teachers has highlighted..."> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta name="keywords" content="university, news, academic, higher education, education, transformative, leadership, academic freedom"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" /> <link rel="search" href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/fullsearch.php" title="Advanced Search"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/mobile/css_reset.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/mobile/css_main_desktop.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/mobile/bulma-uwn.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/mobile/superfish.css"> <script src="https://www.universityworldnews.com/mobile/bankersbox.js"></script> <script src="https://www.universityworldnews.com/mobile/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script defer data-domain="universityworldnews.com" src="https://plausible.io/js/plausible.file-downloads.outbound-links.pageview-props.js" event-pageid="article-africa"></script> <style> .container { max-width: 960px; width: 960px } .container.is-fluid { margin-left: 64px; margin-right: 64px; max-width: none; width: auto } .mobile-hidden { display: none; } .desktop-hidden { display: none; } .always-hidden { display: none; } .always-visible { display: block; } @media (min-width: 960px) { .mobile-hidden { display: block; } } @media (max-width: 960px) { .desktop-hidden { display: block; } } .navbar.has-shadow { box-shadow: 0 2px 0 0 #000; } </style> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.universityworldnews.com/images/uwn-ball-320.png"> <script>dataLayer = [{ "page_type": "article", "device_type": "desktop", "pub": "africa", "publish_year": "2022", "publish_month": "2022-07", "authors": [ "Alicia James" ], "writers": "Alicia James", "pageCategory": [], "africa_edition": "368" }];</script> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MWC5B4F');</script> </head> <body class="layout-documentation page-layout"> <div id="wrapper"><div id="mainsection"> <div id="the-top"></div> <div id="ad1"> <div style="padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:6px;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #999"><a href="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerclick.php?id=uaeuoct2024ldr" id="zone-leaderboard-1-link"><img src="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerview.php?id=uaeuoct2024ldr" alt="Leaderboard" id="zone-leaderboard-1-image" style="width:970px;height:90px"></a></div> </div> <div style="float:right;padding-top:36px;padding-right:12px"><form name="searchbox" action="fullsearch.php" method="get"><input style="width:190px" class="input is-rounded" type="text" placeholder="Search" name="query"><input type="submit" style="height: 0px; width: 0px; border: none; padding: 0px;" hidefocus="true" value="Search"/><input type="hidden" name="mode" value="search"></form></div> <div id="header" style="border-bottom:2px solid #000;padding-top:8px;height:112px"><a href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/page.php?page=UW_Main"><img src="https://www.universityworldnews.com/mobile/uwn_logo_oldAfrica_Edition.png" style="" alt=""></a> </div> <div style="border-bottom:2px solid #000;"> <ul class="sf-menu" id="main_menu" style="font-size:14.5px"> <li> <a href="page.php?page=UW_Main">Global</a> <ul> <li><a href="page.php?page=UW_Main">Home</a></li> <li><a href="topic-page.php?topic=News">News</a></li> <li><a href="page.php?page=Coronavirus_Hub">Coronavirus Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="topic-page.php?topic=WorldRoundup">World round-up</a></li> <li><a href="topic-page.php?topic=Commentary">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="topic-page.php?topic=World_Blog">World Blog</a></li> <li><a href="topic-page.php?topic=Feature">Features</a></li> <li><a href="page.php?page=Trans_Lead">Transformative Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="topic-page.php?topic=Academic_Freedom">Academic Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="special-report.php?publication=global">Special Reports</a></li> <li><a href="topic-page.php?topic=StudentView">Student View</a></li> <li><a href="topic-page.php?topic=U-Say">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="page.php?page=subscribe">Subscribe Newsletter</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="page.php?page=Africa_Edition">Africa</a> <ul> <li><a href="page.php?page=Africa_Edition">Home</a></li> <li><a href="topic-page.php?topic=AfrNews">Africa News</a></li> <li><a href="page.php?page=Coronavirus_Africa_Hub">Coronavirus Africa</a></li> <li><a href="topic-page.php?topic=AfrCommentary">Africa Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="topic-page.php?topic=AfrFeatures">Africa Features</a></li> <li><a href="page.php?page=Student_Hub_Africa">Africa Student View</a></li> <li><a href="page.php?page=subscribe">Subscribe Newsletter</a></li> <li><a href="special-report.php?publication=africa">Special Reports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="page.php?page=Asia_Hub">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="page.php?page=SDGs_Hub">SDGs</a></li> <li><a href="page.php?page=Edtech_AI_Hub">Edtech/AI</a></li> <li><a href="page.php?page=Commentary_Hub">Commentary</a></li> <li> <a href="special-report.php?publication=global">Special Reports</a> <ul> <li><a href="special-report.php?publication=global">Global Special Reports</a></li> <li><a href="special-report.php?publication=africa">Africa Special Reports</a></li> <li><a href="page.php?page=Coronavirus_Hub">Coronavirus Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="page.php?page=Coronavirus_Africa_Hub">Coronavirus Africa</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/page.php?page=sponsor-partner-profservices">Partnerships</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/page.php?page=sponsor-partner-profservices">Creative Services</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/page.php?page=Advertising">Advertising</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="fullsearch.php">Search</a> <ul> <li><a href="fullsearch.php">Advanced Search</a></li> <li><a href="fullsearch.php?mode=country_list">Articles by Country</a></li> <li><a href="newsletter-archives.php?pub=UWorld">Global Newsletter Archives</a></li> <li><a href="newsletter-archives.php?pub=Africa_Edition">Africa Newsletter Archives</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="page.php?page=About_Us">About Us</a> <ul> <li><a href="page.php?page=About_Us">About UWN</a></li> <li><a href="page.php?page=subscribe">Subscribe Newsletter</a></li> <li><a href="page.php?page=Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="page.php?page=sponsor-partner-profservices">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="page.php?page=Terms_Conditions">Terms & Conditions</a></li> <li><a href="page.php?page=Contact_Us_Intro">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="wdiv p8px" id="content"> <table><tr> <td style="width:235px;padding-right:10px;padding-top:6px" valign="top"><div style="border-top:2px solid #000;;border-bottom:2px solid #000;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:18px;padding:8px;">Join us on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/UniversityWorldNews/" target="_fb"><b>Facebook</b></a><br>Follow us on <a href="https://twitter.com/uniworldnews" target="_tw"><b>Twitter</b></a></div><br><div class="section-head-white-on-dark botmar8">Featured Employers</div><div style="border:1px solid #fff; margin-bottom: 4px"><a href="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerclick.php?id=uaeulogo223"><img src="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerview.php?id=uaeulogo223" alt="UAEU Logo" width="223" height="74" border="0"></a></div> </td> <td style="width:489px;margin-left:10px;border-left:1px solid #999;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px" valign="top"> <div><div class="article-body"><div class="story-country">SOUTH AFRICA</div> <img src="https://www.universityworldnews.com/mobile/bookmark_icon44.png" alt="bookmark" id="bmi" style="float:right" onclick="bookmark('20220726185702527','Questions about maths teachers’ training in lockdown – study');"> <h1 class="botmar4 biggerheading">Questions about maths teachers’ training in lockdown – study</h1> <div class="byline-country botmar12"><b><a href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/fullsearch.php?mode=search&writer=Alicia+James" style="white-space: nowrap">Alicia James</a></b>  <span style="white-space: nowrap">04 August 2022</span></div> <div style="height:39px"><script src="https://platform.linkedin.com/in.js" type="text/javascript">lang: en_US</script> <div style="float:left;margin-right:8px"><script type="IN/Share" data-url="https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20220726185702527"></script></div><div style="float:left;margin-right:8px"><a href="https://twitter.com/share?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw" class="twitter-share-button" data-show-count="true">Tweet</a><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></div><iframe src="https://www.facebook.com/plugins/share_button.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universityworldnews.com%2Fpost.php%3Fstory%3D20220726185702527&layout=button_count&size=small&mobile_iframe=true&width=106&height=28&appId" width="106" height="28" style="border:none;overflow:hidden" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowTransparency="true" allow="encrypted-media"></iframe></div> A study has revealed that some first-year education students at universities did not participate in online class discussions, despite being logged on to their learning management systems. Furthermore, online assessments provided the leeway for the intensification of plagiarism and cheating.<br /> <br /> These factors could result in “gaps in knowledge”, when these students graduate as teachers, according to researchers Dr Hlamulo Mbhiza, a mathematics education lecturer at the University of South Africa; and Dr Dimakatjo Muthelo, a lecturer in maths education at the University of Limpopo’s department of mathematics, science and technology education.<br /> <br /> Their <a href="https://www.journals.ac.za/index.php/sajhe/article/view/4676" target="_new">study</a>, “COVID-19 and the quality of mathematics education teaching and learning in a first-year course” was published in the <I>South African Journal of Higher Education</I>, May 2022.<br /> <br /> It presents an auto-ethnographical account of the knowledge gaps in the teaching and learning of mathematics education in a first-year education course in an online space. “It is important to note that we were both insiders and outsiders in the system as we observed our interactions and participation during lectures,” they explain.<br /> <br /> According to the researchers, while lockdown resulted in online teaching, in South Africa specifically, students and teachers were catapulted into virtual teaching and learning situations with the majority of them having no preparation for this shift.<br /> <br /> <B>A lack of engagement with concepts</B><br /> <br /> The major obstacles they faced in their online teaching were “the lack of availability of adequate features in the academic portal adopted” by their institutions and “limitations in writing mathematical symbols to facilitate effective explanations”.<br /> <br /> However, only a few students interacted with them as part of the teaching and learning process, as well as asking questions and contributing to the discussion of the mathematical ideas.<br /> <br /> They argue that the shift to online teaching of mathematics “has compromised the students’ social construction of mathematical meanings”, because they, as lecturers, did not have control over what students did during the sessions.<br /> <br /> “The student might be logged in but not participating or not in front of the laptop to fully engage with the mathematical ideas presented during teaching.”<br /> <br /> In line with Professor Nic Spaull’s 2013 <a href="http://section27.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Spaull-2013-CDE-report-South-Africas-Education-Crisis.pdf" target="_new">research</a> that indicates that it can be assumed that the majority of students come to university with knowledge gaps spanning the previous levels of schooling due to poor teaching of the subject, the researchers say: “We find the limited participation to be concerning, especially considering the goal of enabling student teachers’ epistemological access to mathematical concepts.”<br /> <br /> In teaching the concept of the Limit of Functions (a fundamental concept in calculus), they say they expected their students to verbally, numerically, algebraically and graphically represent Limits. They should have been able to follow the same approaches to determine when a function is continuous at a point.<br /> <br /> “For example, if a student is reading the graph and making conclusions based on the interpretations of the observations, we [can] tell if the[y] are having misconceptions or not and provide them with formative feedback to clarify their misconceptions.”<br /> <br /> However, the reluctance of students to share their responses on the virtual teaching and learning platform or sharing their thought processes during the sessions made it difficult for them as lecturers to monitor and evaluate their conceptual and procedural understanding.<br /> <br /> <B>Cheating and plagiarism</B><br /> <br /> Normally, getting a clear demonstration and understanding of students’ procedural fluency could be achieved through their writing assessments under “exam conditions” which are supervised.<br /> <br /> Due to the limitations of the teaching and learning tool and lack of supervision as the students were writing tests online, it was not possible to set questions that allowed students to demonstrate their procedural fluency in the Limit of Functions.<br /> <br /> This is due to the learning platform being configured to accept true or false, multiple choice, and single numerical-type answers to questions. “This limited an opportunity for us as lecturers to obtain data about areas of work where students faced difficulties and, in turn, constrained the identification of the areas of work that required re-teaching,” explain the researchers.<br /> <br /> Mbhiza and Muthelo explain that the only time that they can gauge what students cannot do is when they administer tests or assignments. “Although the challenges identified from those assessments would be formatively used to improve their construction of knowledge, by then it would be too late to improve their continuous assessment marks.”<br /> <br /> Cheating and plagiarism added fuel to the fire: a case in point is that, for the two questions that required students to evaluate the Limits of Functions earlier, they could easily plug the problem into online calculators and generate the answers without engaging in thinking processes to answer the questions.<br /> <br /> It could be argued that, for learners to answer the questions as true or false, multiple choice, or one-word answers, they would need to first apply specific procedures to get the answers.<br /> <br /> “However, in our case, we soon realised that the students had discovered online calculators that can perform the procedures for them and even show them the steps to solve the problems.”<br /> <br /> Before they could administer the first test for the module, one student sent the following e-mail: “Dr, since there are literally softwares on the internet that can differentiate and integrate, practically do everything with full steps. They can compute limits to drawing graphs. Are we going to write our examination online without supervision?”<br /> <br /> This e-mail alerted the researchers to the fact that, as mathematics teacher educators, they are faced with a quandary of ensuring that student teachers learn and own procedural skills rather than their getting correct answers through the use of external tools such as online calculators.<br /> <br /> While students used the social media tool, WhatsApp, for collaborative learning, they also used it to cheat in real time, while writing tests via their learning management system. Furthermore, the researchers realised that students had “gathered in one place to write the assessment as we had asked them to remain online …. as they continued writing”.<br /> <br /> The researchers continued that “Mistakenly”, some of the students were unmuted during the test, “and we heard them seeking assistance for answering specific questions among each other”.<br /> <br /> “This further made us aware that the students were using ‘multiple streams of cheating’ in the assessment, to ensure that ‘no student was left behind’,” according to Mbhiza and Muthelo.<br /> <br /> Without generalising, they argue that students view assessment to be for the purpose of learning and-or for learning, but to get the right answers, even without conceptual rigour and procedural fluency.<br /> <br /> They refer to 2007 <a href="https://archive.macleans.ca/article/2007/2/12/the-great-university-cheating-scandal" target="_new">research</a> that revealed that the present generation of students seem to hold a “fluid perspective” of what unethical behaviour entails compared with past students.<br /> <br /> “However, in our case, we argue that online teaching and learning exacerbates academic dishonesty and lowers the academic rigour, the development and retention of mathematical knowledge in our course,” say Mbhiza and Muthelo.<br /> <br /> They point out that the cheating students failed to recognise the traditional conceptualisation of academic dishonesty as they exchanged answers to the test questions. They refer to Neil Howe and William Strauss’s 2003 book, <I>Millennials go to college: Strategies for a new generation on campus: Recruiting and admissions, campus life, and the classroom</I>, that asserts that millennial generation students cannot differentiate between traditional tendencies of cheating and contemporary concepts of information morphing.<br /> <br /> <B>Strategies for online maths education</B><br /> <br /> “Considering that these students are pre-service teachers, our concern is that they are not making efforts in learning the mathematical skills, concepts and processes to ensure that, when they are qualified as teachers, they will possess the knowledge such that they will enable their own learners’ epistemological access to mathematics knowledge.”<br /> <br /> From their experiences, they conclude that they cannot fairly administer mathematics assessments, which include affective and cognitive aspects in an online teaching and learning environment. Their experiences highlight concerns about the quality of mathematics teachers South Africa is going to produce for the system that is argued to have poor quality and unqualified teachers.<br /> <br /> How the students have positioned their social presence in online learning suggests that learning to own mathematical skills and knowledge is of little concern for them, as primarily, mathematics education learning entails passing without having to engage in mathematical thinking and creation of meanings during assessments.<br /> <br /> “Although we cannot generalise our experiences of teaching mathematics education online, it is important for those involved in teaching and implementing online mathematics courses to configure strategies to uphold academic integrity and think of alternative practices for content delivery and assessment during the pandemic,” say Mbhiza and Muthelo. </div><br><script src="https://www.universityworldnews.com/subscribe2.js"></script> <div style="background:#ffe57d;padding:8px" id="subform"> <span style="font-family:arial"><b>Receive email updates from UWN</b></span> <br> <input type="text" name="email" id="email" value="" style="width:65%;font-size:16px" placeholder="enter your email address">   <input type="submit" style="background:#000;color:#fff;padding:4px;font-size:20px; border:1px solid #000;font-weight:normal;border-radius:8px;font-family:arial" name="action" id="signupbutton" value="Sign Up" onclick="return formCheck();"> <br> <input type="checkbox" id="globalnl" name="globalnl" value="1"> Global newsletters    <input type="checkbox" id="africanl" name="africanl" value="1"> Africa newsletters    <input type="checkbox" id="otheremails" name="otheremails" value="1"> Other<br>     <i>(other includes related events and webinars)</i> <br><br> <div id="formresponsearea">Data will be processed according to our standard <a style="color:#777;font-size:13px" href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/index.php?page=Terms_Conditions" target="_blank">terms & conditions</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div></div> </td> <td style="width:261px;margin-left:10px;border-left:1px solid #999;padding-left:10px" valign="top"><div style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerclick.php?id=abetsympoct2024"><img src="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerview.php?id=abetsympoct2024" style="" alt="abetsympoct2024"></a></div><div style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerclick.php?id=iauaug2024"><img src="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerview.php?id=iauaug2024" style="" alt="iauaug2024"></a></div><div style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerclick.php?id=uukconfnov2024"><img src="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerview.php?id=uukconfnov2024" style="" alt="uukconfnov2024"></a></div><div style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerclick.php?id=stelunijul2023"><img src="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerview.php?id=stelunijul2023" style="width:250px;height:400px" alt="stelunijul2023"></a></div><div style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerclick.php?id=uaeuoct2024"><img src="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerview.php?id=uaeuoct2024" style="" alt="uaeuoct2024"></a></div><div style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerclick.php?id=gulfconftlfnov2024"><img src="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerview.php?id=gulfconftlfnov2024" style="" alt="gulfconftlfnov2024"></a></div><div style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerclick.php?id=nafsanov2024"><img src="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerview.php?id=nafsanov2024" style="" alt="nafsanov2024"></a></div><div style="" class="botmar12 botmar8"> <table><tbody><tr> <td style="width:100%" class="" valign="top"> <div class="section-head-white-on-dark botmar8">Sponsored Article</div> <div class="article-brief"> <div class=""> <img src="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerview.php?id=20241122075114204spon" style="width:250px;padding-bottom:12px" alt="PHOTO"> <div class="botmar4"><h1><a href="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerclick.php?id=20241122075114204spon" style="color:#000;" class="">Unlocking potential – Diversity initiatives in STEM education</a></h1></div> <div class="byline-country botmar12">Dr Jeffrey Fergus and Dr Rochelle Williams, ABET</div> </div> </div> </td> </tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="" class="botmar12 botmar8"> <table><tbody><tr> <td style="width:100%" class="" valign="top"> <div class="section-head-white-on-dark botmar8">Sponsored Article</div> <div class="article-brief"> <div class=""> <img src="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerview.php?id=2024111309583869spon" style="width:250px;padding-bottom:12px" alt="PHOTO"> <div class="botmar4"><h1><a href="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerclick.php?id=2024111309583869spon" style="color:#000;" class="">How research can support cyber and data security and privacy</a></h1></div> <div class="byline-country botmar12">IEEE Computer Society</div> </div> </div> </td> </tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="" class="botmar12 botmar8"> <table><tbody><tr> <td style="width:100%" class="" valign="top"> <div class="section-head-white-on-dark botmar8">Sponsored Article</div> <div class="article-brief"> <div class=""> <img src="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerview.php?id=20240716155250119spon" style="width:250px;padding-bottom:12px" alt="PHOTO"> <div class="botmar4"><h1><a href="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerclick.php?id=20240716155250119spon" style="color:#000;" class="">Patent of catalyst for natural gas reforming technologies</a></h1></div> <div class="byline-country botmar12">UAE University Staff</div> </div> </div> </td> </tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="" class="botmar12 botmar8"> <table><tbody><tr> <td style="width:100%" class="" valign="top"> <div class="section-head-white-on-dark botmar8">Sponsored Article</div> <div class="article-brief"> <div class=""> <img src="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerview.php?id=20240625145758878spon" style="width:250px;padding-bottom:12px" alt="PHOTO"> <div class="botmar4"><h1><a href="https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerclick.php?id=20240625145758878spon" style="color:#000;" class="">Sustainable solutions to rising residential energy consumption</a></h1></div> <div class="byline-country botmar12">UAE University staff</div> </div> </div> </td> </tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> </tr></table> </div> <div id="footer" class="wdiv p8px" style="font-size:16px;line-height:24px;background:#000;color:#fff"> <a href="page.php?page=UW_Main">Global</a> | <a href="page.php?page=Africa_Edition">Africa</a> | <a href="page.php?page=Asia_Hub">Asia</a> | <a href="page.php?page=SDGs_Hub">SDGs</a> | <a href="page.php?page=Edtech_AI_Hub">Edtech/AI</a> | <a href="page.php?page=Commentary_Hub">Commentary</a> | <a href="topic-page.php?topic=World_Blog">World Blog</a> | <a href="special-report.php?publication=global">Special Reports</a> | <a href="page.php?page=subscribe">Subscribe</a> | <a href="page.php?page=Careers_at_UWN">Careers at UWN</a> <br> <a href="bookmarks.php">Bookmarks</a> | <a href="page.php?page=About_Us">About Us</a> | <a href="page.php?page=Advertising">Advertise</a> | <a href="page.php?page=sponsor-partner-profservices">Sponsorship</a> | <a href="page.php?page=Terms_Conditions">Terms & Conditions</a> | <a href="page.php?page=Contact_Us_Intro">Contact</a> | <a href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/fb/">Facebook</a> | <a href="version-force.php?ver=mobile">Mobile Site</a> </div> <div id="footer" class="wdiv p8px" style="font-size:12px;background:#000;color:#fff;border-top:1px solid #444">Copyright 2024 University World News</div> </div> </div> </div> <script> </script> <script> var bb = new BankersBox(1); function bookmark(sid, stitle) { url = 'https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story='+sid; bb.sadd("bookmark", sid+'|'+stitle); alert('Bookmark Saved'); document.getElementById("bmi").style.opacity = "0.5"; logbookmarkclick(sid); } function logbookmarkclick(sid) { ga('send', 'event', 'Bookmark', 'Clicked', 'Bookmark/'+sid); return true; } function logwhatsappclick(sid) { ga('send', 'event', 'Whatsapp', 'Shared', 'Whatsapp/'+sid); return true; } </script> </body> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-20469064-1', 'auto'); ga('set', 'page', '/post.php?story=20220726185702527'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script><script> window.addEventListener('load', () => { ready2go(); }); var bviewnotrackurl = 'https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerview2.php?id='; var bviewtrackurl = 'https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerview.php?id='; var bclicktrackurl = 'https://ads.universityworldnews.com/bannerclick.php?id='; var tracked = new Set(); var ads = new Array(); ads[1] = new Array('uaeuoct2024ldr', 'nafsanov2024ldr'); ads[2] = new Array('abetsympoct2024', 'iauaug2024', 'stelunijul2023', 'uaeuoct2024'); ads[3] = new Array('iauaug2024', 'stelunijul2023', 'uaeuoct2024', 'abetsympoct2024'); ads[4] = new Array('uukconfnov2024', 'gulfconftlfnov2024'); ads[5] = new Array('gulfconftlfnov2024', 'uukconfnov2024'); ads[6] = new Array('stelunijul2023', 'uaeuoct2024', 'abetsympoct2024', 'iauaug2024'); var zids = new Array(); zids[1] = 'leaderboard-1'; zids[2] = 'rsb1-1'; zids[3] = 'rsb1-2'; zids[4] = 'rsb2-1'; zids[5] = 'rsb2-2'; zids[6] = 'rsb1-3'; var adnos = new Array(); adnos[1] = 0; adnos[2] = 0; adnos[3] = 0; adnos[4] = 0; adnos[5] = 0; adnos[6] = 0; var adcounts = new Array(); adcounts[1] = 1; adcounts[2] = 3; adcounts[3] = 3; adcounts[4] = 2; adcounts[5] = 2; adcounts[6] = 3; var periods = new Array(); periods[1] = 15; periods[2] = 15; periods[3] = 15; periods[4] = 15; periods[5] = 15; periods[6] = 15; var firstperiods = new Array(); firstperiods[1] = 15; firstperiods[2] = 10; firstperiods[3] = 10; firstperiods[4] = 15; firstperiods[5] = 15; firstperiods[6] = 10; var isfirst = new Array(); isfirst[1] = true; isfirst[2] = true; isfirst[3] = true; isfirst[4] = true; isfirst[5] = true; isfirst[6] = true; var rolledover = new Array(); rolledover[1] = false; rolledover[2] = false; rolledover[3] = false; rolledover[4] = false; rolledover[5] = false; rolledover[6] = false; function ready2go() { if (document.getElementById("zone-"+zids[1]+"-image") != null) { console.log('1'); trackedid = ads[1][0]; tracked.add(trackedid); setTimeout(myAdTimer, firstperiods[1] * 1000, 1); } if (document.getElementById("zone-"+zids[2]+"-image") != null) { console.log('2'); trackedid = ads[2][0]; tracked.add(trackedid); setTimeout(myAdTimer, firstperiods[2] * 1000, 2); } if (document.getElementById("zone-"+zids[3]+"-image") != null) { console.log('3'); trackedid = ads[3][0]; tracked.add(trackedid); setTimeout(myAdTimer, firstperiods[3] * 1000, 3); } if (document.getElementById("zone-"+zids[4]+"-image") != null) { console.log('4'); trackedid = ads[4][0]; tracked.add(trackedid); setTimeout(myAdTimer, firstperiods[4] * 1000, 4); } if (document.getElementById("zone-"+zids[5]+"-image") != null) { console.log('5'); trackedid = ads[5][0]; tracked.add(trackedid); setTimeout(myAdTimer, firstperiods[5] * 1000, 5); } if (document.getElementById("zone-"+zids[6]+"-image") != null) { console.log('6'); trackedid = ads[6][0]; tracked.add(trackedid); setTimeout(myAdTimer, firstperiods[6] * 1000, 6); } console.log(tracked); } function myAdTimer(i) { adnos[i]++; if (adnos[i] == adcounts[i]) { adnos[i] = 0; rolledover[i] = true; } adno = adnos[i]; elimage = document.getElementById("zone-"+zids[i]+"-image"); ellink = document.getElementById("zone-"+zids[i]+"-link"); adcode = ads[i][adno]; if (tracked.has(adcode)) newbvurl = bviewnotrackurl + adcode; else newbvurl = bviewtrackurl + adcode; newbcurl = bclicktrackurl + adcode; elimage.src = newbvurl; ellink.href = newbcurl; tracked.add(adcode); if (isfirst[i] == true) { isfirst[i] = false; setInterval(myAdTimer, periods[i] * 1000, i); } } </script> </html>