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<span>Filings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Filings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Filings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Filings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Texas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amici_curiae_respondents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amici_curiae_respondents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Amici curiae</i> respondents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amici_curiae_respondents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supporting_plaintiff_Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporting_plaintiff_Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Supporting plaintiff Texas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporting_plaintiff_Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supporting_defendant_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporting_defendant_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Supporting defendant states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporting_defendant_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supporting_both_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporting_both_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Supporting both parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporting_both_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supporting_neither_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporting_neither_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Supporting neither party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporting_neither_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions_to_court_filing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_to_court_filing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reactions to court filing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions_to_court_filing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reactions to court filing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions_to_court_filing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_favor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_favor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>In favor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_favor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Against" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Against"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Against</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Against-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistical_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistical_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Statistical analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistical_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2020 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Texas v. Pennsylvania</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Decided December 11, 2020</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>State of Texas v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, State of Georgia, State of Michigan, and State of Wisconsin</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docket no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22O155.html">22O155</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Texas lacks Article III standing to sue other states over how they conduct their own elections. Case dismissed.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Per curiam</i></span></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Statement</th><td class="infobox-data">Alito, joined by Thomas</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Method_of_choosing_electors" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. art. II, § 1, cl. 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">art. 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/63px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/84px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 U.S. presidential election</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2020 United States presidential election">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a 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overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_election_protests" title="2020–21 United States election protests">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests" title="2021 United States inauguration week protests">inauguration week</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lawsuits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Pre-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">pre-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">post-election</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot" title="Trump fake electors plot">Fake electors plot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesebro_memos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesebro memos">Chesebro memos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_memos" title="Eastman memos">Eastman memos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark_letter" title="Jeffrey Clark letter">Jeffrey Clark letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 Capitol attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">timeline</a></li> <li>reactions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">aftermath</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading us-pres-elect-series-party-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Timeline of the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_forums" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential forums">Forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primary_candidates" title="Political positions of the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primary candidates">Positions</a></li> <li>Polling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">national</a></li> <li><a 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delegates</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading us-pres-elect-series-party-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="2020 Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Opinion polling for the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">Polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorsements in the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">Nominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">Reactions to Trump's fraud claims</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading us-pres-elect-series-party-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2020 Libertarian National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Jo Jorgensen 2020 presidential campaign">nominee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Green Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2020 Green Party presidential debates and forums">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Green Party presidential primaries">results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_National_Convention" title="2020 Green National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Howie Hawkins 2020 presidential campaign">nominee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election">Third-party and independent candidates</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_elections" title="2020 United States elections">Related races</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2020 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2020 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2020 United States gubernatorial elections">Governors</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;color:white;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election"><span style="background-color: #002C77; color:white;">2016</span></a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;" class=""><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election"><span style="background-color: #002C77; color:white;">2020</span></a></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;color:white;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election"><span style="background-color: #002C77; color:white;">2024</span></a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_2020_presidential_elections_series" title="Template:US 2020 presidential elections series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_2020_presidential_elections_series" title="Template talk:US 2020 presidential elections series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_2020_presidential_elections_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US 2020 presidential elections series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Texas v. Pennsylvania</b></i>, 592 U.S. ___ (2020), was a lawsuit filed at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> contesting the administration of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a> in four states in which <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> defeated then-incumbent President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. </p><p>Filed by Texas State Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Ken_Paxton" title="Ken Paxton">Ken Paxton</a> on December 8, 2020, under <a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States">the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction</a>, the lawsuit alleged that Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin violated the United States Constitution by changing election procedures through non-legislative means – thus violating the <a href="/wiki/Independent_state_legislature_theory" title="Independent state legislature theory">independent state legislature theory</a>. The suit sought to temporarily withhold the certified vote count from these four states prior to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> vote on December 14. The suit was filed after <a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election">about 90 lawsuits</a> arising from <a href="/wiki/Disputes_surrounding_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election_results" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputes surrounding the 2020 United States presidential election results">disputes over the election results</a> filed by Trump and the Republican Party had failed in numerous state and federal courts. </p><p>The suit had been drafted by a team of lawyers with ties to the Trump presidential campaign. Paxton agreed to file the case after other state attorneys general declined to do so. The <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Texas" title="Solicitor General of Texas">Solicitor General of Texas</a> <a href="/wiki/Kyle_D._Hawkins" title="Kyle D. Hawkins">Kyle D. Hawkins</a> objected to the suit and refused to let his name be added. Paxton hired <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Joseph" title="Lawrence J. Joseph">Lawrence J. Joseph</a>, who had helped draft the suit, as special counsel to assist with the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2021-01-31-77Days_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2021-01-31-77Days-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within one day of Texas's filing, Trump, over 100 Republican Representatives, and 18 Republican state attorneys general filed motions to support the case.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trump referred to this case as "the big one" of the election-challenging lawsuits.<sup id="cite_ref-ct2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attorneys general for the defendant states, joined in briefs submitted by their counterparts from twenty other states, two territories, and the District of Columbia,<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_20201210_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters_20201210-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> urged the Court to refuse the case, with Pennsylvania's brief calling it a "seditious abuse of the judicial process".<sup id="cite_ref-po0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-po0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legal experts argued that the case was not likely to be heard and not likely to succeed if it did get heard, and that it was thus a <a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass#Metaphorical_usage_in_other_fields" title="Hail Mary pass">"Hail Mary" action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-market_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-market-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ad_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ad-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court issued orders on December 11, dismissing the case on the basis that Texas lacked <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a> under <a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article III of the Constitution</a> to challenge the results of the election held by another state.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pre-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Pre-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">Pre-election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">Post-election lawsuits related to the United States 2020 presidential election</a></div> <p>Several states changed their voting laws prior to the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Postal_voting_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Postal voting in the 2020 United States elections">postal voting</a> easier, due to fears that in-person voting would expose people to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19</a>. Legal challenges to the changes were raised across the country. A number of these cases involved voting regulations that were altered by states' executive branches and not by state legislatures. In <i>Texas v. Pennsylvania</i>, Texas claimed that such alterations violated <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article Two of the United States Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial tallies of votes, completed within the week of election day, showed that <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> had won sufficient votes in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> to secure the presidency over incumbent <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. Trump and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> (RNC) launched many lawsuits against <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing states</a> challenging their vote tallies, particularly in states that had voted for Trump in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a> but had turned to Biden in 2020, such as Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Georgia. Most of the cases raised by Trump and the RNC were dismissed on procedural grounds or rejected on substantive grounds in the courts and did not affect the projected Electoral College result.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a> noted that the forces behind reversing the election had by this point "lost dozens of election lawsuits."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before and after the election, Trump stated his expectation that the Supreme Court would determine the outcome. After the election, his legal team sought to bring a case before the Court, on which conservative justices—including three appointed by Trump—held a 6–3 majority.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filings">Filings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Filings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procedure">Procedure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The case was filed on December 8, 2020, directly with the Supreme Court as it holds <a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States">original jurisdiction over disputes between states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usat_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usat-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnbc_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnbc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such cases are infrequent: there were 123 "original jurisdiction" cases from 1789 to 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-cbs_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Original jurisdiction cases are immediately docketed pursuant to Rule 17 once the plaintiff submits its <a href="/wiki/Motion_(legal)" title="Motion (legal)">motion</a> for leave to file and pays its docket fees.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the suit requested expedited consideration, the Court set a deadline at 3:00 p.m. on December 10 for the four defendant states to respond.<sup id="cite_ref-cbs_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas a typical case submitted through a writ of <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a></i> requires only four justices to accept to be certified by the Supreme Court, this case would have required five justices.<sup id="cite_ref-five_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-five-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas">Texas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Independent_state_legislature_theory" title="Independent state legislature theory">Independent state legislature theory</a></div> <p>The suit was filed by Texas Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Ken_Paxton" title="Ken Paxton">Ken Paxton</a>. It claimed that Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin violated the Constitution by changing their election procedures to limit the spread of COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-texas_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texas-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case was filed on the same day as the "safe harbor" threshold, beyond which <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act" title="Electoral Count Act">Congress must accept certified results from states</a> ahead of the Electoral College's official vote on December 14, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-cnbc_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnbc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suit alleged that the four states "ignor[ed] statutory requirements as to how [mail-in ballots] were received, evaluated and counted".<sup id="cite_ref-abc_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It further argued that electoral processes in the four defendant states "suffered from significant and unconstitutional irregularities", and therefore that it was not clear who "legitimately won the 2020 election".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the lawsuit, Texas alleged that the defendant states, by changing their election processes, violated three clauses of the Constitution: the Electors Clause (<a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article<span class="nowrap"> </span>II</a>, Section<span class="nowrap"> </span>1, Clause<span class="nowrap"> </span>2), the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, it argued the Constitution requires changes to electoral procedures to be made only by state legislatures, and not by executives such as secretaries of state.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, it argued, changes to election procedures made by executive action, and not by alterations to state law, rendered election results constitutionally infirm.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Texas argued it had <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a> to sue to prevent its votes from becoming "diluted".<sup id="cite_ref-hill_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texas instead alleged that "fraud becomes undetectable" because "unlawful actions of election officials effectively destroy the evidence". Whether "voters committed fraud" was not the "constitutional issue" in this case, according to Texas. Therefore, Texas declared that it did not need to "prove" fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Texas sought relief by requesting the Supreme Court block those four states from voting in the electoral college and extend the deadline by which states must submit their certified vote.<sup id="cite_ref-texas_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texas-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Texas, in its December 11 response to the defendant states, stated "Defendant States do not seriously address grave issues that Texas raises, choosing to hide behind other court venues and decisions in which Texas could not participate and to mischaracterize both the relief that Texas seeks and the justification for that relief."<sup id="cite_ref-fx3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fx3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview, Paxton further argued that "the only place we can file is the Supreme Court, and we did what we did appropriately, so to call it 'seditious' is really ridiculous."<sup id="cite_ref-fx5_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fx5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to commentators who said the action was a <a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass" title="Hail Mary pass">Hail Mary</a>, Paxton said, "Unless you throw the pass, you can't complete it."<sup id="cite_ref-fx5_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fx5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amici_curiae_respondents"><i><a href="/wiki/Amici_curiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amici curiae">Amici curiae</a></i> respondents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Amici curiae respondents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_v._Pennsylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Texas_v._Pennsylvania.svg/250px-Texas_v._Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Texas_v._Pennsylvania.svg/375px-Texas_v._Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Texas_v._Pennsylvania.svg/500px-Texas_v._Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d40000; color:white;"> </span> Plaintiff Texas (TX)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> Defendants (WI, MI, PA, GA) opposed Texas</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff7f2a; color:black;"> </span> States with attorneys general filing in support of Texas</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ccff; color:black;"> </span> States with attorneys general filing in support of the Defendant states. The District of Columbia which is a federal district also filed in support as did Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands, two U.S. Territories.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd5d5; color:black;"> </span> States with attorneys general filing brief in support of neither side</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffcc00; color:black;"> </span> State with attorney general filing in support of Texas, but the governor filing in support of the Defendant states.</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supporting_plaintiff_Texas">Supporting plaintiff Texas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Supporting plaintiff Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attorneys general of seventeen additional states filed a joint brief on December 9 supporting Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbs_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the same day, Trump filed a motion to <a href="/wiki/Intervention_(law)" title="Intervention (law)">intervene</a> in his personal capacity, thereby attempting to join the case as a plaintiff.<sup id="cite_ref-TrumpMotionToIntervene_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrumpMotionToIntervene-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trump's brief was filed by <a href="/wiki/Chapman_University_School_of_Law" title="Chapman University School of Law">Chapman University School of Law</a> professor <a href="/wiki/John_C._Eastman" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Eastman">John C. Eastman</a>, who in August 2020 <a href="/wiki/John_C._Eastman#Kamala_Harris_citizenship_op-ed" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Eastman">authored an article</a> published in <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> questioning <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>'s eligibility for the position of vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On social media, the president referred to the case as "the big one".<sup id="cite_ref-nr0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nr0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 120 Republican members of the House of Representatives filed an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae"><i>amicus</i> brief</a> in support of the suit, including leader <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a> and his deputy <a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 106 members of the House initially signed on to the lawsuit in support of the plaintiff.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20 additional members of the House signed on to the lawsuit in support of the plaintiff before it was dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later on December 10, attorneys general of six states that had already responded in an <i>amicus</i> brief, Arkansas, Utah, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi and South Carolina, petitioned to the Supreme Court to let them join Texas as a plaintiff in the case.<sup id="cite_ref-fx0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fx0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effort was led by Missouri Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmitt" title="Eric Schmitt">Eric Schmitt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fx0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fx0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">List of attorneys general supporting Texas</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Fitch" title="Lynn Fitch">Lynn Fitch</a>, Mississippi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Fox_(politician)" title="Tim Fox (politician)">Tim Fox</a>, Montana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Hill" title="Curtis Hill">Curtis Hill</a>, Indiana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Hunter" title="Michael J. Hunter">Mike Hunter</a>, Oklahoma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Landry" title="Jeff Landry">Jeff Landry</a>, Louisiana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Marshall_(politician)" title="Steve Marshall (politician)">Steve Marshall</a>, Alabama</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Moody" title="Ashley Moody">Ashley Moody</a>, Florida</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Morrisey" title="Patrick Morrisey">Patrick Morrisey</a>, West Virginia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Peterson_(Nebraska_politician)" title="Doug Peterson (Nebraska politician)">Doug Peterson</a>, Nebraska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_R._Ravnsborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason R. Ravnsborg">Jason R. Ravnsborg</a>, South Dakota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_D._Reyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sean D. Reyes">Sean D. Reyes</a>, Utah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Rutledge" title="Leslie Rutledge">Leslie Rutledge</a>, Arkansas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Schmidt" title="Derek Schmidt">Derek Schmidt</a>, Kansas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmitt" title="Eric Schmitt">Eric Schmitt</a>, Missouri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Slatery_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert H. Slatery III">Herbert H. Slatery III</a>, Tennessee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Stenehjem" title="Wayne Stenehjem">Wayne Stenehjem</a>, North Dakota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Wilson_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="Alan Wilson (South Carolina politician)">Alan Wilson</a>, South Carolina</li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Representative_members_supporting_Texas_in_Texas_v._Pennsylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/House_of_Representative_members_supporting_Texas_in_Texas_v._Pennsylvania.svg/250px-House_of_Representative_members_supporting_Texas_in_Texas_v._Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/House_of_Representative_members_supporting_Texas_in_Texas_v._Pennsylvania.svg/375px-House_of_Representative_members_supporting_Texas_in_Texas_v._Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/House_of_Representative_members_supporting_Texas_in_Texas_v._Pennsylvania.svg/500px-House_of_Representative_members_supporting_Texas_in_Texas_v._Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#Ca0020; color:white;"> </span> First group of Republicans supporting Texas</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f05148; color:black;"> </span> Additional 20 Republicans supporting Texas</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f48882; color:black;"> </span> Republican who did not sign the brief</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#92c5de; color:black;"> </span> Democrat who did not sign the brief</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f8cc08; color:black;"> </span> Libertarian seat</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#Cccccc; color:black;"> </span> Vacant seat</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">List of 126 House of Representative members supporting Texas</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abraham_(politician)" title="Ralph Abraham (politician)">Ralph Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/LA-05" class="mw-redirect" title="LA-05">LA-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aderholt" title="Robert Aderholt">Robert Aderholt</a>, <a href="/wiki/AL-04" class="mw-redirect" title="AL-04">AL-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_W._Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rick W. Allen">Rick Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/GA-12" class="mw-redirect" title="GA-12">GA-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodey_Arrington" title="Jodey Arrington">Jodey Arrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/TX-19" class="mw-redirect" title="TX-19">TX-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Babin" title="Brian Babin">Brian Babin</a>, <a href="/wiki/TX-36" class="mw-redirect" title="TX-36">TX-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Baird_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Baird (American politician)">Jim Baird</a>, <a href="/wiki/IN-04" class="mw-redirect" title="IN-04">IN-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Banks" title="Jim Banks">Jim Banks</a>, <a href="/wiki/IN-03" class="mw-redirect" title="IN-03">IN-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Bergman" title="Jack Bergman">Jack Bergman</a>, <a href="/wiki/MI-01" class="mw-redirect" title="MI-01">MI-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Biggs" title="Andy Biggs">Andy Biggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/AZ-05" class="mw-redirect" title="AZ-05">AZ-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Bilirakis" title="Gus Bilirakis">Gus Bilirakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/FL-12" class="mw-redirect" title="FL-12">FL-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bishop" title="Dan Bishop">Dan Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/NC-09" class="mw-redirect" title="NC-09">NC-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bost" title="Mike Bost">Mike Bost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 12th congressional district">IL-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brady" title="Kevin Brady">Kevin Brady</a>, <a href="/wiki/TX-08" class="mw-redirect" title="TX-08">TX-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Brooks" title="Mo Brooks">Mo Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/AL-05" class="mw-redirect" title="AL-05">AL-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Buck" title="Ken Buck">Ken Buck</a>, <a href="/wiki/CO-04" class="mw-redirect" title="CO-04">CO-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Budd" title="Ted Budd">Ted Budd</a>, <a href="/wiki/NC-13" class="mw-redirect" title="NC-13">NC-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burchett" title="Tim Burchett">Tim Burchett</a>, <a href="/wiki/TN-02" class="mw-redirect" title="TN-02">TN-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Burgess" title="Michael C. Burgess">Michael C. Burgess</a>, <a href="/wiki/TX-26" class="mw-redirect" title="TX-26">TX-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Byrne" title="Bradley Byrne">Bradley Byrne</a>, <a href="/wiki/AL-01" class="mw-redirect" title="AL-01">AL-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Calvert" title="Ken Calvert">Ken Calvert</a>, <a href="/wiki/CA-42" class="mw-redirect" title="CA-42">CA-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Carter" title="Buddy Carter">Buddy Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/GA-01" class="mw-redirect" title="GA-01">GA-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cline" title="Ben Cline">Ben Cline</a>, <a href="/wiki/VA-06" class="mw-redirect" title="VA-06">VA-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cloud" title="Michael Cloud">Michael Cloud</a>, <a href="/wiki/TX-27" class="mw-redirect" title="TX-27">TX-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Collins_(politician)" title="Doug Collins (politician)">Doug Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/GA-09" class="mw-redirect" title="GA-09">GA-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Conaway" title="Mike Conaway">Mike Conaway</a>, <a href="/wiki/TX-11" class="mw-redirect" title="TX-11">TX-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Crawford_(politician)" title="Rick Crawford (politician)">Rick Crawford</a>, <a href="/wiki/AR-01" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-01">AR-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Crenshaw" title="Dan Crenshaw">Dan Crenshaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/TX-02" class="mw-redirect" title="TX-02">TX-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_DesJarlais" title="Scott DesJarlais">Scott DesJarlais</a>, <a href="/wiki/TN-04" class="mw-redirect" title="TN-04">TN-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Diaz-Balart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario Diaz-Balart">Mario Diaz-Balart</a>, <a href="/wiki/FL-25" class="mw-redirect" title="FL-25">FL-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Duncan_(politician)" title="Jeff Duncan (politician)">Jeff Duncan</a>, <a href="/wiki/SC-03" class="mw-redirect" title="SC-03">SC-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Dunn" title="Neal Dunn">Neal Dunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/FL-02" class="mw-redirect" title="FL-02">FL-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Emmer" title="Tom Emmer">Tom Emmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/MN-06" class="mw-redirect" title="MN-06">MN-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Estes" title="Ron Estes">Ron Estes</a>, <a href="/wiki/KS-04" class="mw-redirect" title="KS-04">KS-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Drew Ferguson (politician)">Drew Ferguson</a>, <a href="/wiki/GA-03" class="mw-redirect" title="GA-03">GA-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fleischmann" title="Chuck Fleischmann">Chuck Fleischmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/TN-03" class="mw-redirect" title="TN-03">TN-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Flores" title="Bill Flores">Bill Flores</a>, <a href="/wiki/TX-17" class="mw-redirect" title="TX-17">TX-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Fortenberry" title="Jeff Fortenberry">Jeff Fortenberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/NE-01" class="mw-redirect" title="NE-01">NE-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Foxx" title="Virginia Foxx">Virginia Foxx</a>, <a href="/wiki/NC-05" class="mw-redirect" title="NC-05">NC-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Fulcher" title="Russ Fulcher">Russ Fulcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/ID-01" class="mw-redirect" title="ID-01">ID-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Gaetz" title="Matt Gaetz">Matt Gaetz</a>, <a href="/wiki/FL-01" class="mw-redirect" title="FL-01">FL-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gianforte" title="Greg Gianforte">Greg Gianforte</a>, <a href="/wiki/MT-AL" class="mw-redirect" title="MT-AL">MT-AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Gibbs" title="Bob Gibbs">Bob Gibbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/OH-07" class="mw-redirect" title="OH-07">OH-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louie_Gohmert" title="Louie Gohmert">Louie Gohmert</a>, <a href="/wiki/TX-01" class="mw-redirect" title="TX-01">TX-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lance_Gooden" title="Lance Gooden">Lance Gooden</a>, <a href="/wiki/TX-05" class="mw-redirect" title="TX-05">TX-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Graves" title="Sam Graves">Sam Graves</a>, <a href="/wiki/MO-06" class="mw-redirect" title="MO-06">MO-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark E. Green">Mark Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/TN-07" class="mw-redirect" title="TN-07">TN-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Griffith" title="Morgan Griffith">Morgan Griffith</a>, <a href="/wiki/VA-09" class="mw-redirect" title="VA-09">VA-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Guest_(politician)" title="Michael Guest (politician)">Michael Guest</a>, <a href="/wiki/MS-03" class="mw-redirect" title="MS-03">MS-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hagedorn" title="Jim Hagedorn">Jim Hagedorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/MN-01" class="mw-redirect" title="MN-01">MN-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Harris_(politician)" title="Andy Harris (politician)">Andy Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/MD-01" class="mw-redirect" title="MD-01">MD-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicky_Hartzler" title="Vicky Hartzler">Vicky Hartzler</a>, <a href="/wiki/MO-04" class="mw-redirect" title="MO-04">MO-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Hern" title="Kevin Hern">Kevin Hern</a>, <a href="/wiki/OK-01" class="mw-redirect" title="OK-01">OK-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Hice" title="Jody Hice">Jody Hice</a>, <a href="/wiki/GA-10" class="mw-redirect" title="GA-10">GA-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_Higgins" title="Clay Higgins">Clay Higgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/LA-03" class="mw-redirect" title="LA-03">LA-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trey_Hollingsworth" title="Trey Hollingsworth">Trey Hollingsworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/IN-09" class="mw-redirect" title="IN-09">IN-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hudson_(American_politician)" title="Richard Hudson (American politician)">Richard Hudson</a>, <a href="/wiki/NC-08" class="mw-redirect" title="NC-08">NC-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">Bill Huizenga</a>, <a href="/wiki/MI-02" class="mw-redirect" title="MI-02">MI-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Johnson_(Ohio_politician)" title="Bill Johnson (Ohio politician)">Bill Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/OH-06" class="mw-redirect" title="OH-06">OH-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/LA-04" class="mw-redirect" title="LA-04">LA-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jim Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/OH-04" class="mw-redirect" title="OH-04">OH-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joyce_(American_politician)" title="John Joyce (American politician)">John Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/PA-13" class="mw-redirect" title="PA-13">PA-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Keller_(politician)" title="Fred Keller (politician)">Fred Keller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district">PA-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Kelly_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Mike Kelly (Pennsylvania politician)">Mike Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district">PA-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Kelly" title="Trent Kelly">Trent Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Mississippi's 1st congressional district">MS-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_King" title="Steve King">Steve King</a>, <a href="/wiki/IA-04" class="mw-redirect" title="IA-04">IA-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kustoff" title="David Kustoff">David Kustoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/TN-08" class="mw-redirect" title="TN-08">TN-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darin_LaHood" title="Darin LaHood">Darin LaHood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 18th congressional district">IL-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_LaMalfa" title="Doug LaMalfa">Doug LaMalfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/CA-01" class="mw-redirect" title="CA-01">CA-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Lamborn" title="Doug Lamborn">Doug Lamborn</a>, <a href="/wiki/CO-05" class="mw-redirect" title="CO-05">CO-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Latta" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert E. Latta">Robert E. Latta</a>, <a href="/wiki/OH-05" class="mw-redirect" title="OH-05">OH-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Lesko" title="Debbie Lesko">Debbie Lesko</a>, <a href="/wiki/AZ-08" class="mw-redirect" title="AZ-08">AZ-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Long" title="Billy Long">Billy Long</a>, <a href="/wiki/MO-07" class="mw-redirect" title="MO-07">MO-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Loudermilk" title="Barry Loudermilk">Barry Loudermilk</a>, <a href="/wiki/GA-11" class="mw-redirect" title="GA-11">GA-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Luetkemeyer" title="Blaine Luetkemeyer">Blaine Luetkemeyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/MO-03" class="mw-redirect" title="MO-03">MO-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Marchant" title="Kenny Marchant">Kenny Marchant</a>, <a href="/wiki/TX-24" class="mw-redirect" title="TX-24">TX-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Marshall_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Marshall (politician)">Roger Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/KS-01" class="mw-redirect" title="KS-01">KS-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/CA-23" class="mw-redirect" title="CA-23">CA-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McClintock" title="Tom McClintock">Tom McClintock</a>, <a href="/wiki/CA-04" class="mw-redirect" title="CA-04">CA-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_McMorris_Rodgers" title="Cathy McMorris Rodgers">Cathy McMorris Rodgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/WA-05" class="mw-redirect" title="WA-05">WA-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Meuser" title="Dan Meuser">Dan Meuser</a>, <a href="/wiki/PA-09" class="mw-redirect" title="PA-09">PA-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Miller_(politician)" title="Carol Miller (politician)">Carol Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/WV-03" class="mw-redirect" title="WV-03">WV-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">John Moolenaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/MI-04" class="mw-redirect" title="MI-04">MI-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Mooney" title="Alex Mooney">Alex Mooney</a>, <a href="/wiki/WV-02" class="mw-redirect" title="WV-02">WV-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markwayne_Mullin" title="Markwayne Mullin">Markwayne Mullin</a>, <a href="/wiki/OK-02" class="mw-redirect" title="OK-02">OK-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Murphy_(politician)" title="Greg Murphy (politician)">Greg Murphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/NC-03" class="mw-redirect" title="NC-03">NC-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Newhouse" title="Dan Newhouse">Dan Newhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/WA-04" class="mw-redirect" title="WA-04">WA-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Norman" title="Ralph Norman">Ralph Norman</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="South Carolina's 5th congressional district">SC-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Palazzo" title="Steven Palazzo">Steven Palazzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/MS-04" class="mw-redirect" title="MS-04">MS-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Palmer_(politician)" title="Gary Palmer (politician)">Gary Palmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/AL-06" class="mw-redirect" title="AL-06">AL-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Pence" title="Greg Pence">Greg Pence</a>, <a href="/wiki/IN-06" class="mw-redirect" title="IN-06">IN-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Perry_(politician)" title="Scott Perry (politician)">Scott Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/PA-10" class="mw-redirect" title="PA-10">PA-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Posey" title="Bill Posey">Bill Posey</a>, <a href="/wiki/FL-08" class="mw-redirect" title="FL-08">FL-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Reschenthaler" title="Guy Reschenthaler">Guy Reschenthaler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district">PA-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Rice" title="Tom Rice">Tom Rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/SC-07" class="mw-redirect" title="SC-07">SC-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Alabama_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Alabama politician)">Mike Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/AL-03" class="mw-redirect" title="AL-03">AL-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rose_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Rose (Tennessee politician)">John Rose</a>, <a href="/wiki/TN-06" class="mw-redirect" title="TN-06">TN-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rouzer" title="David Rouzer">David Rouzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/NC-07" class="mw-redirect" title="NC-07">NC-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutherford_(Florida_politician)" title="John Rutherford (Florida politician)">John Rutherford</a>, <a href="/wiki/FL-04" class="mw-redirect" title="FL-04">FL-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a>, <a href="/wiki/LA-01" class="mw-redirect" title="LA-01">LA-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Scott_(politician)" title="Austin Scott (politician)">Austin Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/GA-08" class="mw-redirect" title="GA-08">GA-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Simpson" title="Mike Simpson">Mike Simpson</a>, <a href="/wiki/ID-02" class="mw-redirect" title="ID-02">ID-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(politician)" title="Adrian Smith (politician)">Adrian Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/NE-03" class="mw-redirect" title="NE-03">NE-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_T._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason T. Smith">Jason T. Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/MO-08" class="mw-redirect" title="MO-08">MO-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Spano" title="Ross Spano">Ross Spano</a>, <a href="/wiki/FL-15" class="mw-redirect" title="FL-15">FL-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Stauber" title="Pete Stauber">Pete Stauber</a>, <a href="/wiki/MN-08" class="mw-redirect" title="MN-08">MN-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Stefanik" title="Elise Stefanik">Elise Stefanik</a>, <a href="/wiki/NY-21" class="mw-redirect" title="NY-21">NY-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Steube" title="Greg Steube">Greg Steube</a>, <a href="/wiki/FL-17" class="mw-redirect" title="FL-17">FL-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Thompson_(politician)" title="Glenn Thompson (politician)">Glenn Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district">PA-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Tiffany" title="Tom Tiffany">Tom Tiffany</a>, <a href="/wiki/WI-07" class="mw-redirect" title="WI-07">WI-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Van_Drew" title="Jeff Van Drew">Jeff Van Drew</a>, <a href="/wiki/NJ-02" class="mw-redirect" title="NJ-02">NJ-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Timmons_(politician)" title="William Timmons (politician)">William Timmons</a>, <a href="/wiki/SC-04" class="mw-redirect" title="SC-04">SC-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Wagner" title="Ann Wagner">Ann Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/MO-02" class="mw-redirect" title="MO-02">MO-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Tim Walberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/MI-07" class="mw-redirect" title="MI-07">MI-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Walker_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="Mark Walker (North Carolina politician)">Mark Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/NC-06" class="mw-redirect" title="NC-06">NC-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Walorski" title="Jackie Walorski">Jackie Walorski</a>, <a href="/wiki/IN-02" class="mw-redirect" title="IN-02">IN-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Waltz" title="Michael Waltz">Michael Waltz</a>, <a href="/wiki/FL-06" class="mw-redirect" title="FL-06">FL-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Weber" title="Randy Weber">Randy Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/TX-14" class="mw-redirect" title="TX-14">TX-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_(Florida_politician)" title="Daniel Webster (Florida politician)">Daniel Webster</a>, <a href="/wiki/FL-11" class="mw-redirect" title="FL-11">FL-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Wenstrup" title="Brad Wenstrup">Brad Wenstrup</a>, <a href="/wiki/OH-02" class="mw-redirect" title="OH-02">OH-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Westerman" title="Bruce Westerman">Bruce Westerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/AR-04" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-04">AR-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_(Texas_politician)" title="Roger Williams (Texas politician)">Roger Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/TX-25" class="mw-redirect" title="TX-25">TX-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Wilson_(American_politician)" title="Joe Wilson (American politician)">Joe Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="South Carolina's 2nd congressional district">SC-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Wittman" title="Rob Wittman">Rob Wittman</a>, <a href="/wiki/VA-01" class="mw-redirect" title="VA-01">VA-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wright_(politician)" title="Ron Wright (politician)">Ron Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/TX-06" class="mw-redirect" title="TX-06">TX-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Yoho" title="Ted Yoho">Ted Yoho</a>, <a href="/wiki/FL-03" class="mw-redirect" title="FL-03">FL-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Zeldin" title="Lee Zeldin">Lee Zeldin</a>, <a href="/wiki/NY-01" class="mw-redirect" title="NY-01">NY-01</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supporting_defendant_states">Supporting defendant states</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Supporting defendant states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <i>amicus curiae</i> brief on the side of the defendants was filed by a group of former Republican office holders and officials.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defendant states responded on December 10, urging the Court to reject the case. Pennsylvania's reply called the suit a "seditious abuse of the judicial process".<sup id="cite_ref-po0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-po0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The states urged that the justices "send a clear and unmistakable signal that such abuse must never be replicated".<sup id="cite_ref-po0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-po0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attorneys general of the District of Columbia, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and 20 states filed a brief in support of the defendant states the same day:<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_20201210_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters_20201210-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">List of attorneys general supporting the defendants</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Balderas" title="Hector Balderas">Hector Balderas</a>, New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Becerra" title="Xavier Becerra">Xavier Becerra</a>, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevin_Taitano_Camacho" class="mw-redirect" title="Leevin Taitano Camacho">Leevin Taitano Camacho</a>, Territory of Guam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_E._Connors" title="Clare E. Connors">Clare E. Connors</a>, Hawaii</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Donovan" title="T. J. Donovan">Thomas J. Donovan</a>, Vermont</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Ellison" title="Keith Ellison">Keith Ellison</a>, Minnesota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Ferguson" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert W. Ferguson">Robert W. Ferguson</a>, Washington</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_D._Ford" title="Aaron D. Ford">Aaron D. Ford</a>, Nevada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_M._Frey" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron M. Frey">Aaron M. Frey</a>, Maine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_E._Frosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian E. Frosh">Brian E. Frosh</a>, Maryland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_George" title="Denise George">Denise George</a>, U.S. Virgin Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbir_S._Grewal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurbir S. Grewal">Gurbir S. Grewal</a>, New Jersey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maura_Healey" title="Maura Healey">Maura Healey</a>, Massachusetts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Herring" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark R. Herring">Mark R. Herring</a>, Virginia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_James" title="Letitia James">Letitia James</a>, New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Jennings" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathleen Jennings">Kathleen Jennings</a>, Delaware</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Neronha" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter F. Neronha">Peter F. Neronha</a>, Rhode Island</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Racine" title="Karl Racine">Karl Racine</a>, District of Columbia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Raoul" title="Kwame Raoul">Kwame Raoul</a>, Illinois</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_F._Rosenblum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellen F. Rosenblum">Ellen F. Rosenblum</a>, Oregon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Stein" title="Josh Stein">Josh Stein</a>, North Carolina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tong" title="William Tong">William Tong</a>, Connecticut</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Weiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip J. Weiser">Philip J. Weiser</a>, Colorado</li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supporting_both_parties">Supporting both parties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Supporting both parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Montana_Department_of_Justice" title="Montana Department of Justice">Montana Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Fox_(politician)" title="Tim Fox (politician)">Tim Fox</a> participated in the joint brief filed on December 9 supporting Texas,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> outgoing Montana Governor <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bullock_(American_politician)" title="Steve Bullock (American politician)">Steve Bullock</a> filed a separate brief on December 10 in support of the defendants.<sup id="cite_ref-stevebullock_20201210_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevebullock_20201210-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supporting_neither_party">Supporting neither party</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Supporting neither party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 10, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Attorney_General" title="Ohio Attorney General">Ohio Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dave_Yost" title="Dave Yost">Dave Yost</a> filed a motion supporting neither side but stated that "the [s]tates need this Court to decide, at the earliest available opportunity, the question whether the Electors Clause permits state courts (and state executive officials) to alter the rules by which presidential elections are conducted."<sup id="cite_ref-Ohio_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohio-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yost also stated Ohio could not support Texas's request for relief because Ohio's position is that state legislatures' power over elections should not be overridden by federal courts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arizona also filed a brief on jurisdiction but supporting neither party.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_20201210_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters_20201210-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions_to_court_filing">Reactions to court filing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reactions to court filing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The suit was criticized by legal experts and called "outlandish".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnbc_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnbc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_School_of_Law" title="University of Texas School of Law">University of Texas School of Law</a> law professor <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I._Vladeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen I. Vladeck">Stephen I. Vladeck</a> called the suit the "craziest lawsuit filed to purportedly challenge the election". Election law expert <a href="/wiki/Rick_Hasen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rick Hasen">Rick Hasen</a> characterized the lawsuit as a "press release masquerading as a lawsuit" and "the dumbest case I've ever seen filed on an emergency basis at the Supreme Court."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Foley_(lawyer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Foley (lawyer)">Edward Foley</a>, director of the election law program at <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>, urged the court to ignore the case and refrain from interfering in the election.<sup id="cite_ref-usat_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usat-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Alan Dershowitz</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> described the 11th-hour case a "<a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass" title="Hail Mary pass">Hail Mary pass</a>" that was "creative but unlikely to win", because alleging that Texas, instead of its voters, was <a href="/wiki/Injured_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Injured party">injured</a> (in order to bypass the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eleventh Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>) is "far-fetched"; he also expressed concern that the case was filed too late.<sup id="cite_ref-ad_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ad-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Harvard Law professor, <a href="/wiki/Noah_Feldman" title="Noah Feldman">Noah Feldman</a>, characterized the lawsuit as a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup attempt</a> by Republicans to overturn the results of the election.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a>, who previously served as <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Texas" title="Solicitor General of Texas">Solicitor General of Texas</a> and argued several cases before the Court while serving in that capacity, accepted Trump's request to argue the case should the Court hear it.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legal experts also did not expect the Supreme Court to certify the case, given its reluctance to hear post-election challenges. On the same day as Texas's filing, the Court refused to hear arguments in another post-election challenge, <i><a href="/wiki/Kelly_v._Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelly v. Pennsylvania">Kelly v. Pennsylvania</a></i>, without any dissents.<sup id="cite_ref-five_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-five-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defendants also argued that the legal principle of <a href="/wiki/Laches_(equity)" title="Laches (equity)">laches</a>, which may bar an action if it is filed too late, is grounds for dismissing Texas's claim.<sup id="cite_ref-fx3_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fx3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_favor">In favor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In favor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Republican Texas Governor <a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Greg Abbott</a> signaled his support for the case, saying the case "tries to accelerate the process, providing certainty and clarity about the entire election process. The United States of America needs that."<sup id="cite_ref-texas_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texas-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Trump retweeted several tweets that expressed support for the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December<span class="nowrap"> </span>9, he promised to <a href="/wiki/Intervention_(law)" title="Intervention (law)">intervene</a> in the suit,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and filed a motion to do so the same day,<sup id="cite_ref-TrumpMotionToIntervene_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrumpMotionToIntervene-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby attempting to join the case as a plaintiff. On December 10, he tweeted "the Supreme Court has a chance to save our Country from the greatest Election abuse in the history of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-ap1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 11 he tweeted, "I just want to stop the world from killing itself! ... Now that the Biden Administration will be a scandal plagued mess for years to come, it is much easier for the Supreme Court of the United States to follow the Constitution and do what everybody knows has to be done."<sup id="cite_ref-ct2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Republican Senators <a href="/wiki/David_Perdue" title="David Perdue">David Perdue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Loeffler" title="Kelly Loeffler">Kelly Loeffler</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_Senate_election_in_Georgia" title="2020–21 United States Senate election in Georgia">both</a> <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Georgia" title="2020–21 United States Senate special election in Georgia">involved</a> in close runoff races in Georgia, voiced support for the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-ajc_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ajc-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a tweet, Republican Missouri attorney general <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmitt" title="Eric Schmitt">Eric Schmitt</a> stated his support for the suit, promising to "lead the effort in support of Texas's #SCOTUS filing today".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Twitter, Republican Arkansas attorney general <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Rutledge" title="Leslie Rutledge">Leslie Rutledge</a> stated she would legally support the motion.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republican Louisiana attorney general <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Landry" title="Jeff Landry">Jeff Landry</a> also supported the complaint.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to an email to every Republican member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> from Representative <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> of Louisiana, 125 Republicans joined him to sign an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_brief" class="mw-redirect" title="Amicus brief">amicus brief</a> supporting the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number represented a clear majority of the Republican caucus in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-ct2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i> referred to the large number of GOP House members supporting the suit as "jaw-dropping".<sup id="cite_ref-po4_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-po4-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republican members of the Senate, on the other hand, were much less likely to speak in favor of the suit, reflecting their different temperaments and political imperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-po4_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-po4-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Against">Against</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Against"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The office of Republican Georgia attorney general <a href="/wiki/Christopher_M._Carr" title="Christopher M. Carr">Chris Carr</a> also criticized the suit and Paxton. On December<span class="nowrap"> </span>8, Carr's spokeswoman said that Paxton was "constitutionally, legally[,] and factually wrong about Georgia".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abc_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgia's deputy secretary of state Jordan Fuchs denounced the suit as "false and irresponsible".<sup id="cite_ref-cnbc_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnbc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trump warned Carr to not rally other Republican officials in opposition to the suit, and the Republican majority in the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Senate" title="Georgia State Senate">Georgia State Senate</a> expressed their approval for the filing.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abc_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josh_Shapiro_in_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shapiro pictured with glasses and suit, smiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Josh_Shapiro_in_2019.jpg/170px-Josh_Shapiro_in_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Josh_Shapiro_in_2019.jpg/255px-Josh_Shapiro_in_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Josh_Shapiro_in_2019.jpg/340px-Josh_Shapiro_in_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption>Pennsylvania attorney general <a href="/wiki/Josh_Shapiro" title="Josh Shapiro">Josh Shapiro</a> (pictured in 2019) criticized the suit.</figcaption></figure> <p>Democratic Michigan Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Dana_Nessel" title="Dana Nessel">Dana Nessel</a> criticized the suit, labelling it a "publicity stunt<span class="nowrap"> </span>... beneath the dignity" of the Texas attorney general office and saying "[t]he erosion of confidence in our democratic system isn't attributable to the good people of Michigan, Wisconsin, Georgia[,] or Pennsylvania but rather to partisan officials, like Mr.<span class="nowrap"> </span>Paxton, who place loyalty to a person over loyalty to their country."<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wisconsin Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Josh_Kaul" title="Josh Kaul">Josh Kaul</a> called the case "genuinely embarrassing".<sup id="cite_ref-cnbc_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnbc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pennsylvania attorney general <a href="/wiki/Josh_Shapiro" title="Josh Shapiro">Josh Shapiro</a> stated that "[t]hese continued attacks on our fair and free election system are beyond meritless, beyond reckless—they are a scheme by the President of the United States and some in the Republican party to disregard the will of the people—and name their own victors."<sup id="cite_ref-hill_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attorney and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Project">Lincoln Project</a> founder <a href="/wiki/George_Conway" title="George Conway">George Conway</a> called the lawsuit the "most insane thing yet".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Federal Elections Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Spakovsky" title="Hans von Spakovsky">Hans von Spakovsky</a> said, "By almost any measure, this is the legal equivalent of a Hail Mary pass."<sup id="cite_ref-market_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-market-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chip_Roy" title="Chip Roy">Chip Roy</a>, a Republican Texas congressman and former chief of staff to Texas senator Ted Cruz, characterized the suit as "a dangerous violation of <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> [that] sets a precedent to have one state asking federal courts to police the voting procedures of other states".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republican Texas senator and former Texas Supreme Court justice <a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a> said he was unable "to understand the legal theory" behind the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emails<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Florida Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Moody" title="Ashley Moody">Ashley Moody</a>'s office revealed that lawyers in the office ridiculed the lawsuit as "batshit insane" and "weird," and speculated about Paxton's motivations for filing it. </p><p>Governor <a href="/wiki/Gary_Herbert" title="Gary Herbert">Gary Herbert</a> and Governor-elect <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cox_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencer Cox (politician)">Spencer Cox</a> of Utah, both Republicans, denounced Republican Utah state attorney general <a href="/wiki/Sean_Reyes" title="Sean Reyes">Sean Reyes's</a> decision to join the amicus brief in support of the lawsuit.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other states also saw division among Republicans about whether coming out in favor of the suit was wise.<sup id="cite_ref-ap1_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> wrote that the action "has quickly become a conservative <a href="/wiki/Litmus_test_(politics)" title="Litmus test (politics)">litmus test</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-ap1_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Michael Steele</a>, formerly the chair of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a>, called Republican House members' decision to join the suit "an offense to the Constitution" that would "leave[] an indelible stain" on their "political skin".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> opined on the suit: "This is crazy. It will be killed on arrival".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Texas Solicitor General <a href="/wiki/Kyle_D._Hawkins" title="Kyle D. Hawkins">Kyle Hawkins</a>, who normally would speak on behalf of the state in matters before the Supreme Court, was not listed on the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-fx0_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fx0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistical_analysis">Statistical analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Statistical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lawsuit included a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_(law)#Other_legal_uses" title="Declaration (law)">declaration</a> from economist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cicchetti" title="Charles Cicchetti">Charles Cicchetti</a>, who claimed that his statistical analysis showed that there was a less than one-in-one-quadrillion chance of Biden's having won any of the states in question. Cicchetti's analysis was widely criticized,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since it assumed that voters behaved the same in 2020 as they had in 2016<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and because it assumed that vote tallying patterns were random over time. In reality, Biden was a different candidate than <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> had been in 2016, and the marked shift of early Republican vote counts to later Democratic votes counts had been anticipated well in advance, because several battleground states had forbidden mail-in ballots from being counted earlier; mail-in ballots favored Biden in part because Trump had long attempted to discredit the reliability of mail-in voting.<sup id="cite_ref-po0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-po0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing at <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a>, Eric Litke described the analysis as "wildly illogical", citing professors of political science who described the analysis as "ludicrous" and "statistical incompetence", with one wrong assumption being that "votes are all independently and randomly distributed".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <i><a href="/wiki/The_Volokh_Conspiracy" title="The Volokh Conspiracy">The Volokh Conspiracy</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/David_Post" title="David Post">David Post</a> described Cicchetti's analysis as "idiotic" because it was based on two blatantly false assumptions: (1) that voters' preferences had not changed since 2016, and (2) that party preferences did not differ between mail-in and in-person voters. Post stated that Paxton's use of Cicchetti's work was "unethical" because Paxton had not mentioned Cicchetti's key assumptions.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, Philip Bump said that the analysis in the lawsuit was "utterly ridiculous", noting that the 2016 results could not be extrapolated to 2020, because Biden was more popular than Clinton and because voters had become more polarized. Bump also wrote that vote-counting was not "homogeneous", with the "<a href="/wiki/Blue_shift_(politics)" title="Blue shift (politics)">blue shift</a>" phenomenon being entirely expected due to mail-in ballots favoring Biden.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcome">Outcome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Outcome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania_et_al." class="extiw" title="wikisource:Texas v. Pennsylvania et al.">Texas v. Pennsylvania et al.</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>On December 11, in an <a href="/wiki/Per_curiam_decision" title="Per curiam decision">unsigned ruling</a>, the court ruled that Texas lacked standing and denied the suit:<sup id="cite_ref-CNN-20201211_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-20201211-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20201211_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20201211-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The State of Texas's motion for leave to file a bill of complaint is denied for lack of standing under Article III of the Constitution. Texas has not demonstrated a judicially cognizable interest in the manner in which another State conducts its elections. All other pending motions are dismissed as moot.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Justice <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a>, joined by Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a>, disagreed with the ruling denying leave to file a bill of complaint, but did not otherwise find for the plaintiffs. He wrote that the Court is duty-bound to hear the case, referencing Thomas's dissent in <i>Arizona v. California</i>, 589 U. S. ___ (Feb. 24, 2020): </p> <blockquote><p>In my view, we do not have discretion to deny the filing of a bill of complaint in a case that falls within our <a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction" title="Original jurisdiction">original jurisdiction</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>... I would therefore grant the motion to file the bill of complaint but would not grant other relief, and I express no view on any other issue.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allen_West,_Official_Portrait,_112th_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="West in 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Allen_West%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg/220px-Allen_West%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Allen_West%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg/330px-Allen_West%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Allen_West%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg/440px-Allen_West%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Republican Party of Texas</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Allen_West_(politician)" title="Allen West (politician)">Allen West</a> (pictured in 2011) alluded to <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a> after the court's decision.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Court declined to hear the case, <a href="/wiki/Allen_West_(politician)" title="Allen West (politician)">Allen West</a>, then-chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Republican Party of Texas</a>, suggested that "law-abiding states should bond together and form a Union of states that will abide by the constitution".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statement was criticized by Illinois Republican <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kinzinger" title="Adam Kinzinger">Adam Kinzinger</a>, saying the call for <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a> was dangerous. <a href="/wiki/The_Lincoln_Project" title="The Lincoln Project">The Lincoln Project</a>'s <a href="/wiki/George_Conway" title="George Conway">George Conway</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i> editor <a href="/wiki/Rich_Lowry" title="Rich Lowry">Rich Lowry</a> also criticized West's remarks, stating they were unrepresentative of the "Party of Lincoln".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Trump harshly criticized the Court's decision, saying "This is a great and disgraceful miscarriage of justice. The people of the United States were cheated, and our Country disgraced. Never even given our day in Court!"<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnbc_trump_after_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnbc_trump_after-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White House Press Secretary <a href="/wiki/Kayleigh_McEnany" title="Kayleigh McEnany">Kayleigh McEnany</a> echoed the notion that the case was never given a chance, saying the justices "hid behind procedure ... There's no way to say it other than they dodged."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paxton, for his part, said the decision was "unfortunate".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Biden campaign said of the ruling: "The Supreme Court has decisively and speedily rejected the latest of Donald Trump and his allies' attacks on the democratic process. This is no surprise—dozens of judges, election officials from both parties, and Trump's own attorney general have dismissed his baseless attempts to deny that he lost the election."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">House Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> issued a statement that "The Court has rightly dismissed out of hand the extreme, unlawful and undemocratic GOP lawsuit to overturn the will of millions of American voters" and admonished that "Republicans must once and for all end their election subversion—immediately." Additionally she reprimanded House members who supported the lawsuit: "The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House. Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution, they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Jersey Representative <a href="/wiki/Bill_Pascrell" title="Bill Pascrell">Bill Pascrell</a>, citing section three of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a>, called for Pelosi to not seat Republicans who signed the <i>amicus curiae</i> brief supporting the suit. This proposal would have applied to nearly two-thirds of the Republican representatives of the incoming <a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th United States Congress</a>. Pascrell stated, "The text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States. Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act" title="Electoral Count Act">Electoral Count Act</a> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. 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Gore</a></i> (2000)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rule 17" refers to Rule 17 of the rules of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/ctrules/2019RulesoftheCourt.pdf">"Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. July 1, 2019. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rules+of+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fctrules%2F2019RulesoftheCourt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a></i> defines laches as, among other things, "a want of activity and diligence in making a claim or moving for the enforcement of a right (particularly in equity) which will afford ground for presuming against it, or for refusing relief, where that is discretionary with the court." See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1910" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell_Black" title="Henry Campbell Black">Black, Henry Campbell</a> (1910). <i><a href="/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a></i>. Saint Paul, Minnesota: <a href="/wiki/West_(publisher)" title="West (publisher)">West</a>. 692 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. <q>LACHES. Negligence, consisting in the omission of something which a party might do, and might reasonably be expected to do, towards the vindication or enforcement of his rights. The word is generally the synonym of "remissness", "dilatoriness", "unreasonable or unexcused delay", the opposite of "vigilance", and means a want of activity and diligence in making a claim or moving for the enforcement of a right (particularly in equity) which will afford ground for presuming against it, or for refusing relief, where that is discretionary with the court.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black%27s+Law+Dictionary&rft.place=Saint+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=692&rft.pub=West&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Henry+Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span> [<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Black%27s_Law_Dictionary_(Second_Edition).djvu/700" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Page:Black's Law Dictionary (Second Edition).djvu/700">scan</a></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wikisource link" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span>] </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYT2021-01-31-77Days-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT2021-01-31-77Days_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutenbergBeckerLiptonHaberman2021" class="citation news cs1">Rutenberg, Jim; Becker, Jo; Lipton, Eric; Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan; Rosenberg, Matthew; Schmidt, Michael S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=States+assail+%27bogus%27+Texas+bid+to+overturn+U.S.+election+at+Supreme+Court&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft.aulast=Hurley&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-usa-election-trump%2Fstates-respond-to-texas-bid-to-overturn-u-s-election-at-supreme-court-idINKBN28K30R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-po0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-po0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-po0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-po0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-po0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheneyMontellaro2020" class="citation web cs1">Cheney, Kyle; Montellaro, Zach (December 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/10/seditious-abuse-judicial-process-reject-texas-effort-election-joe-biden-win-444414">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Seditious abuse of the judicial process': States reject Texas effort to overturn Biden's election"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210212707/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/10/seditious-abuse-judicial-process-reject-texas-effort-election-joe-biden-win-444414">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Paxton claims the U.S. Constitution only grants state legislatures the authority to make changes to election laws, and officials like secretaries of state who expanded mail-in voting in response to the coronavirus pandemic largely did so illegally. The Texas suit also says those states violated the equal protection clause by allowing Democratic-leaning counties to restrict Republican poll-watchers or accept ballots with minor errors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Trump+Fans+Embrace+Texas+Suit+as+Last+Hope+to+Flip+Election&rft.date=2020-12-08&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Stohr%2C+Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-12-08%2Ftexas-says-challenging-election-results-in-u-s-supreme-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hill_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeidig2020" class="citation news cs1">Neidig, Harper (December 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/529209-texas-sues-biden-states-in-supreme-court-seeking-to-delay-electoral">"Texas sues states Biden won in Supreme Court, seeking to delay Electoral College vote"</a>. <i>The Hill</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208214301/https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/529209-texas-sues-biden-states-in-supreme-court-seeking-to-delay-electoral">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Texas+sues+states+Biden+won+in+Supreme+Court%2C+seeking+to+delay+Electoral+College+vote&rft.date=2020-12-08&rft.aulast=Neidig&rft.aufirst=Harper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fregulation%2Fcourt-battles%2F529209-texas-sues-biden-states-in-supreme-court-seeking-to-delay-electoral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2020" class="citation news cs1">Blake, Aaron (December 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/12/10/trump-team-throws-towel-proving-voter-fraud/">"The Trump team throws in the towel on proving voter fraud"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234903/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/12/10/trump-team-throws-towel-proving-voter-fraud/">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Trump+asks+Supreme+Court+to+invalidate+millions+of+votes+in+battleground+states&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft.aulast=de+Vogue&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft.au=LeBlanc%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F12%2F09%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-supreme-court%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap1-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ap1_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap1_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap1_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerchantRicher2020" class="citation web cs1">Merchant, Nomaan; Richer, Alanna Durkin (December 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-lawsuits-elections-fe784086a81497dcfe38f0eb5bffd36d">"Hundreds of GOP members sign onto Texas-led election lawsuit"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211054451/https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-lawsuits-elections-fe784086a81497dcfe38f0eb5bffd36d">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+GOP+members+sign+onto+Texas-led+election+lawsuit&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft.aulast=Merchant&rft.aufirst=Nomaan&rft.au=Richer%2C+Alanna+Durkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Felection-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-lawsuits-elections-fe784086a81497dcfe38f0eb5bffd36d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ajc-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ajc_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluestein2020" class="citation news cs1">Bluestein, Greg (December 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/politics/politics-blog/loeffler-perdue-side-with-texas-lawsuit-that-georgia-ag-says-is-wrong/YMVHQORW6NARLACY2PRIQGCQKU/">"Loeffler, Perdue side with Texas lawsuit that Georgia AG says is 'wrong'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209040824/https://www.ajc.com/politics/politics-blog/loeffler-perdue-side-with-texas-lawsuit-that-georgia-ag-says-is-wrong/YMVHQORW6NARLACY2PRIQGCQKU/">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=Loeffler%2C+Perdue+side+with+Texas+lawsuit+that+Georgia+AG+says+is+%27wrong%27&rft.date=2020-12-08&rft.aulast=Bluestein&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpolitics-blog%2Floeffler-perdue-side-with-texas-lawsuit-that-georgia-ag-says-is-wrong%2FYMVHQORW6NARLACY2PRIQGCQKU%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmitt" title="Eric Schmitt">Schmitt, Eric [@Eric_Schmitt]</a> (December 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/Eric_Schmitt/status/1336506935982624768">"Election integrity is central to our republic. And I will defend it at every turn"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+integrity+is+central+to+our+republic.+And+I+will+defend+it+at+every+turn.&rft.date=2020-12-08&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FEric_Schmitt%2Fstatus%2F1336506935982624768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutledge2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Rutledge" title="Leslie Rutledge">Rutledge, Leslie [@AGRutledge]</a> (December 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/AGRutledge/status/1336452654982160392">"After reviewing the motion filed by Texas in the U.S. Supreme Court, I have determined that I will support the motion in all legally appropriate manners"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+reviewing+the+motion+filed+by+Texas+in+the+U.S.+Supreme+Court%2C+I+have+determined+that+I+will+support+the+motion+in+all+legally+appropriate+manners.&rft.date=2020-12-08&rft.aulast=Rutledge&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FAGRutledge%2Fstatus%2F1336452654982160392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning2020" class="citation news cs1">Manning, Johnathan (December 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kplctv.com/2020/12/08/louisiana-ag-throws-support-behind-texas-election-lawsuit/">"Louisiana AG throws support behind Texas election lawsuit"</a>. <i>NBC <a href="/wiki/KPLC" title="KPLC">KPLC</a> News</i>. Louisiana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209002118/https://www.kplctv.com/2020/12/08/louisiana-ag-throws-support-behind-texas-election-lawsuit/">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+KPLC+News&rft.atitle=Louisiana+AG+throws+support+behind+Texas+election+lawsuit&rft.date=2020-12-08&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Johnathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kplctv.com%2F2020%2F12%2F08%2Flouisiana-ag-throws-support-behind-texas-election-lawsuit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiaz" class="citation news cs1">Diaz, Daniella. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/10/politics/read-house-republicans-texas-supreme-court/index.html">"Brief from 126 Republicans supporting Texas lawsuit in Supreme Court"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212000435/https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/10/politics/read-house-republicans-texas-supreme-court/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Brief+from+126+Republicans+supporting+Texas+lawsuit+in+Supreme+Court&rft.aulast=Diaz&rft.aufirst=Daniella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F12%2F10%2Fpolitics%2Fread-house-republicans-texas-supreme-court%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/12/12/list-the-126-congress-members-19-states-and-2-imaginary-states-that-backed-texas-suit-over-trump-defeat">"List: The 126 House members, 19 states and 2 imaginary states that backed Texas' challenge to Trump defeat"</a>. <i>The Mercury News</i>. December 12, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213023505/https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/12/12/list-the-126-congress-members-19-states-and-2-imaginary-states-that-backed-texas-suit-over-trump-defeat/">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=List%3A+The+126+House+members%2C+19+states+and+2+imaginary+states+that+backed+Texas%27+challenge+to+Trump+defeat&rft.date=2020-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2020%2F12%2F12%2Flist-the-126-congress-members-19-states-and-2-imaginary-states-that-backed-texas-suit-over-trump-defeat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-po4-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-po4_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-po4_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverettZanona2020" class="citation news cs1">Everett, Burgess; Zanona, Melanie (December 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/11/republicans-lawsuit-overturn-election-444601">"Senate Republicans shun House GOP bid to overturn the election"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212000855/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/11/republicans-lawsuit-overturn-election-444601">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Senate+Republicans+shun+House+GOP+bid+to+overturn+the+election&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Burgess&rft.au=Zanona%2C+Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F12%2F11%2Frepublicans-lawsuit-overturn-election-444601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluesteinJournal-Constitution" class="citation news cs1">Bluestein, Greg; Journal-Constitution, The Atlanta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/politics/trump-warns-georgia-ag-not-to-rally-other-republicans-against-texas-lawsuit/37ASZD4PJNENHOLVIXZHRXCIJI/">"Trump warns Georgia AG not to rally other Republicans against Texas lawsuit"</a>. <i>The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212082114/https://www.ajc.com/politics/trump-warns-georgia-ag-not-to-rally-other-republicans-against-texas-lawsuit/37ASZD4PJNENHOLVIXZHRXCIJI/">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=Trump+warns+Georgia+AG+not+to+rally+other+Republicans+against+Texas+lawsuit&rft.aulast=Bluestein&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Journal-Constitution%2C+The+Atlanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-warns-georgia-ag-not-to-rally-other-republicans-against-texas-lawsuit%2F37ASZD4PJNENHOLVIXZHRXCIJI%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2020/12/08/george-conway-texas-lawsuit-voter-fraud-lead-vpx.cnn">"George Conway: This is the most insane thing yet"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. December 8, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209002544/https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2020/12/08/george-conway-texas-lawsuit-voter-fraud-lead-vpx.cnn">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=George+Conway%3A+This+is+the+most+insane+thing+yet&rft.date=2020-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fvideos%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F12%2F08%2Fgeorge-conway-texas-lawsuit-voter-fraud-lead-vpx.cnn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerchantRicher2020" class="citation news cs1">Merchant, Nomaan; Richer, Alanna Durkin (December 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-wisconsin-michigan-6d58ed02d087f1344de3bf4eb9473e67">"Dismissed election case pushed debunked claims"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212180515/https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-wisconsin-michigan-6d58ed02d087f1344de3bf4eb9473e67">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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December 11, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211235126/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/11/supreme-court-rejects-texas-lawsuit-challenging-bidens-election-wins-in-4-key-states.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+rejects+Texas+lawsuit+challenging+Biden%27s+election+wins+in+4+key+states&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F12%2F11%2Fsupreme-court-rejects-texas-lawsuit-challenging-bidens-election-wins-in-4-key-states.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/12/11/nation/supreme-court-rejects-texas-lawsuit-overturn-bidens-election-victory/">"Supreme Court rejects Texas lawsuit to overturn Biden's election victory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212000907/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/12/11/nation/supreme-court-rejects-texas-lawsuit-overturn-bidens-election-victory/">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Supreme+court+rejects+Trump-backed+Texas+lawsuit+aiming+to+overturn+election+results&rft.date=2020-12-12&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2020%2Fdec%2F11%2Fsupreme-court-rejects-trump-backed-texas-lawsuit-aiming-to-overturn-election-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/121120-3">"Pelosi Statement on Supreme Court Rejecting GOP Election Sabotage Lawsuit"</a> (Press release). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Democrat+asks+Pelosi+to+refuse+to+seat+lawmakers+supporting+Trump%27s+election+challenges&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F529883-rep-pascrell-jr-asks-pelosi-to-refuse-to-seat-lawmakers-supporting-trumps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+v.+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/images/admin/2020/Press/SCOTUSFiling.pdf">Motion filed by AG Paxton</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163048/20201208132827887_TX-v-State-ExpedMot%202020-12-07%20FINAL.pdf">Motion to expedite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163215/20201209144840609_2020-12-09%20-%20Texas%20v.%20Pennsylvania%20-%20Amicus%20Brief%20of%20Missouri%20et%20al.%20-%20Final%20with%20Tables.pdf">Amicus brief filed by seventeen states</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163550/20201211132250339_Texas%20v.%20Pennsylvania%20Amicus%20Brief%20of%20126%20Representatives%20--%20corrected.pdf">Amicus brief filed by 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163367/20201210142206254_Pennsylvania%20Opp%20to%20Bill%20of%20Complaint%20v.FINAL.pdf">Opposition to motion filed by AG Shapiro</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/121120zr_p860.pdf">Order dismissing the case</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2020 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2020 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2020 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_2016)_2020_United_States_presidential_election_(2024_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">← 2016</a>) <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D), 306 electoral votes</b>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (R), 232 electoral votes<br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_elections" title="2020 United States elections">2020 United States elections</a></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2020 United States presidential election">national</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2020 United States presidential election">state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_predictions" title="2020 United States presidential election predictions">Predictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2020 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_voting_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Postal voting in the 2020 United States elections">Postal voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2020 United States presidential election">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising in the 2020 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_2020_United_States_presidential_electors" title="List of 2020 United States presidential electors">Electors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count" title="2021 United States Electoral College vote count">Electoral College vote count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidential transition of Joe Biden">Transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">inauguration</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;; font-weight:normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br /><span style="color:#F8F9FA;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_of_Oregon" title="Independent Party of Oregon">IPO</a> · <span style="color:#f598e2;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">WFP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_forums" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential forums">Forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_automatic_delegates_at_the_2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="List of automatic delegates at the 2020 Democratic National Convention">automatic delegates</a>)</li> <li>Polls (<a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">national</a> · <a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">state</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primary_candidates" title="Political positions of the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primary candidates">Positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Endorsements in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden-Sanders_Unity_Task_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden-Sanders Unity Task Forces">Unity Task Forces</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_celebrity_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign celebrity endorsements">celebrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements_from_organizations" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements from organizations">organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_U.S._Congress_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign U.S. Congress endorsements">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_state_and_territorial_legislative_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign state and territorial legislative endorsements">state & territorial officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_municipal_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign municipal endorsements">municipal officials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Kamala_Harris" title="Political positions of Kamala Harris">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Withdrew during primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennet" title="Michael Bennet">Michael Bennet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Bloomberg 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Michael_Bloomberg_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Michael Bloomberg 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Michael_Bloomberg" title="Political positions of Michael Bloomberg">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Pete Buttigieg 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pete_Buttigieg_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Pete Buttigieg 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Pete_Buttigieg" title="Political positions of Pete Buttigieg">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Tulsi Gabbard 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Political positions of Tulsi Gabbard">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Amy Klobuchar 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amy_Klobuchar_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Amy Klobuchar 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Amy_Klobuchar" title="Political positions of Amy Klobuchar">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Deval Patrick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bernie_Sanders_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Political positions of Bernie Sanders">positions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Media coverage of Bernie Sanders">media coverage</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Steyer" title="Tom Steyer">Tom Steyer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Elizabeth Warren 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Elizabeth_Warren_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Elizabeth Warren 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Elizabeth_Warren" title="Political positions of Elizabeth Warren">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yang" title="Andrew Yang">Andrew Yang</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yang_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Andrew Yang 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Andrew_Yang_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Andrew Yang 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew before primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Cory Booker 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cory_Booker_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Cory Booker 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Cory_Booker" title="Political positions of Cory Booker">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bullock_(American_politician)" title="Steve Bullock (American politician)">Steve Bullock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Julian_Castro" title="Julian Castro">Julian Castro</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio" title="Bill de Blasio">Bill de Blasio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Delaney_(Maryland_politician)" title="John Delaney (Maryland politician)">John Delaney</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/John_Delaney_2020_presidential_campaign" title="John Delaney 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_Delaney" title="Political positions of John Delaney">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Kirsten Gillibrand</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Political positions of Kirsten Gillibrand">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ben_Gleib" title="Ben Gleib">Ben Gleib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel" title="Mike Gravel">Mike Gravel</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Gravel 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kamala_Harris_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Kamala_Harris" title="Political positions of Kamala Harris">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Hickenlooper" title="John Hickenlooper">John Hickenlooper</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jay_Inslee" title="Jay Inslee">Jay Inslee</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jay_Inslee_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Jay Inslee 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Messam" title="Wayne Messam">Wayne Messam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seth_Moulton" title="Seth Moulton">Seth Moulton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ojeda" title="Richard Ojeda">Richard Ojeda</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beto_O%27Rourke" title="Beto O'Rourke">Beto O'Rourke</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Beto_O%27Rourke_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Beto O'Rourke 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Ryan_(Ohio_politician)" title="Tim Ryan (Ohio politician)">Tim Ryan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Sestak" title="Joe Sestak">Joe Sestak</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eric_Swalwell" title="Eric Swalwell">Eric Swalwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Williamson" title="Marianne Williamson">Marianne Williamson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Williamson_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Marianne Williamson 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;; font-weight:normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br /><span style="color:#FF8C00;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">CPNYS</a> · <span style="color:#F4C2C2;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Right_to_Life_Party" title="New York State Right to Life Party">RTLP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="2020 Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Opinion polling for the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">Polls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Incumbent nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd>endorsements <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsements">political</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">non-political</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">positions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">GOP opposition</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">GOP reactions to fraud claims</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a></b></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew during primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">Rocky De La Fuente</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ely" title="Bob Ely">Bob Ely</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zoltan_Istvan" title="Zoltan Istvan">Zoltan Istvan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Walsh_(Illinois_politician)" title="Joe Walsh (Illinois politician)">Joe Walsh</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Walsh_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Walsh 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Weld 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew before primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanford" title="Mark Sanford">Mark Sanford</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanford_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Mark Sanford 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2020 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jo Jorgensen</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Jo Jorgensen 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jo_Jorgensen_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Jo Jorgensen 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Spike_Cohen" title="Spike Cohen">Spike Cohen</a></b></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Eliminated in balloting</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Jim Gray</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adam_Kokesh" title="Adam Kokesh">Adam Kokesh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Monds" title="John Monds">John Monds</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme" title="Vermin Supreme">Vermin Supreme</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Vermin Supreme 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew before or during primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Max_Abramson" title="Max Abramson">Max Abramson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Lincoln Chafee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zoltan_Istvan" title="Zoltan Istvan">Zoltan Istvan</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Formed exploratory committee but did not run</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Justin Amash</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;; font-weight:normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a></b><br /><span style="color:#50C878;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">LMN</a> · <span style="color:#FF3300;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">SA</a> · <span style="color:#CD3700;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">SPUSA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Green Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Green Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2020 Green Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_National_Convention" title="2020 Green National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Howie Hawkins</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Howie Hawkins 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Howie_Hawkins_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Howie Hawkins 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Angela_Nicole_Walker" title="Angela Nicole Walker">Angela Walker</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Withdrew during primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dario_Hunter" title="Dario Hunter">Dario Hunter</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Jesse Ventura</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2020_Constitution_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Constitution Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></b></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Don_Blankenship" title="Don Blankenship">Don Blankenship</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third-party_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election">Other third-party candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #385AA3;; font-weight:normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(United_States)" title="Alliance Party (United States)">Alliance Party</a></b><br /><span style="color:#800080;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">AIP</a> · <span style="color:#6A287E;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">Rocky De La Fuente</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: Darcy Richardson</b></li> <li><b>AIP VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Max_Abramson" title="Max Abramson">Max Abramson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins_(politician)" title="Phil Collins (politician)">Phil Collins</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F37120;"><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Brian_T._Carroll" title="Brian T. Carroll">Brian T. Carroll</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #791a52;"><a href="/wiki/Birthday_Party_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birthday Party (political party)">Birthday Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanye_West_2020_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanye West 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Kanye_West" title="Views of Kanye West">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 Black;"><a href="/wiki/Bread_and_Roses_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread and Roses (political party)">Bread and Roses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Segal" title="Jerome Segal">Jerome Segal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;; font-weight:normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism & Liberation</a></b><br /><span style="color:#D6FF33;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Union_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Union Party">LUP</a> · <span style="color:#00FF00;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">PFP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee:</b> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Peltier" title="Leonard Peltier">Leonard Peltier</a> (withdrew)</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Howie Hawkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #5FD170;"><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Progressive_Party" title="Oregon Progressive Party">Progressive Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dario_Hunter" title="Dario Hunter">Dario Hunter</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins_(politician)" title="Phil Collins (politician)">Phil Collins</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Mackler" title="Jeff Mackler">Jeff Mackler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kishore" title="Joseph Kishore">Joseph Kishore</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Alyson Kennedy</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election">Independent candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Declared</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/VoiceoverPete" title="VoiceoverPete">Pete Accetturo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Charles" title="Mark Charles">Mark Charles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brock_Pierce" title="Brock Pierce">Brock Pierce</a> (<span style="color:#FFC14E;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York" title="Independence Party of New York">IPNY</a> nominee)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jade_Simmons" title="Jade Simmons">Jade Simmons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Perry_Caravello" title="Perry Caravello">Perry Caravello</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Gable" title="Jeremy Gable">Jeremy Gable</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Disputes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disputes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_election_protests" title="2020–21 United States election protests">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests" title="2021 United States inauguration week protests">during inauguration week</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">U.S. Capitol attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">aftermath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">second impeachment of Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_commission" title="January 6 commission">January 6 commission</a></li></ul></li> <li>reactions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">international</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot" title="Trump fake electors plot">Trump fake electors plot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_prosecution_of_fake_electors" title="Arizona prosecution of fake electors">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_election_racketeering_prosecution" title="Georgia election racketeering prosecution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_prosecution_of_fake_electors" title="Michigan prosecution of fake electors">Michigan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Raffensperger_phone_call" title="Trump–Raffensperger phone call">Trump–Raffensperger phone call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_memos" title="Eastman memos">Eastman memos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawsuits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Pre-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">Filed before Election Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">Filed during or after Election Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Arizona" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Georgia" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Michigan" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Nevada" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Pennsylvania" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Wisconsin" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Total_Landscaping_press_conference" title="Four Seasons Total Landscaping press conference">Four Seasons Total Landscaping press conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">Russian interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_efforts_to_restrict_voting_following_the_2020_presidential_election" title="Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election">Voting restrictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Supreme_Court_election-related_cases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USElectionCourt" title="Template:USElectionCourt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USElectionCourt" title="Template talk:USElectionCourt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USElectionCourt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USElectionCourt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Supreme_Court_election-related_cases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> election-related cases</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Presidential_election_cases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Presidential election</a> cases</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/McPherson_v._Blacker" title="McPherson v. Blacker">McPherson v. Blacker</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_v._United_States" title="Burroughs v. United States">Burroughs v. United States</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ray_v._Blair" title="Ray v. Blair">Ray v. Blair</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anderson_v._Celebrezze" title="Anderson v. Celebrezze">Anderson v. Celebrezze</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Palm_Beach_County_Canvassing_Board" title="Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board">Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiafalo_v._Washington" title="Chiafalo v. Washington">Chiafalo v. Washington</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Voting_rights_cases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting rights</a> cases</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Mississippi" title="Williams v. Mississippi">Williams v. Mississippi</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giles_v._Harris" title="Giles v. Harris">Giles v. Harris</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guinn_v._United_States" title="Guinn v. United States">Guinn v. United States</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_v._Mitchell" title="Oregon v. Mitchell">Oregon v. Mitchell</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purcell_principle" title="Purcell principle">Purcell v. Gonzalez</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crawford_v._Marion_County_Election_Board" title="Crawford v. Marion County Election Board">Crawford v. Marion County Election Board</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County_v._Holder" title="Shelby County v. Holder">Shelby County v. Holder</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Husted_v._Randolph_Institute" title="Husted v. Randolph Institute">Husted v. Randolph Institute</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brnovich_v._Democratic_National_Committee" title="Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee">Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Electoral_fraud_cases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a> cases</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taylor_v._Beckham" title="Taylor v. Beckham">Taylor v. Beckham</a></i> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_cases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other cases</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newberry_v._United_States" title="Newberry v. United States">Newberry v. United States</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Condon" title="Nixon v. Condon">Nixon v. Condon</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Classic" title="United States v. Classic">United States v. Classic</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Rhodes" title="Williams v. Rhodes">Williams v. Rhodes</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Munro_v._Socialist_Workers_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Munro v. Socialist Workers Party (page does not exist)">Munro v. Socialist Workers Party</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rucho_v._Common_Cause" title="Rucho v. Common Cause">Rucho v. Common Cause</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._Supreme_Court_Article_III_case_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USArticleIII" title="Template:USArticleIII"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USArticleIII" title="Template talk:USArticleIII"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USArticleIII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USArticleIII"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._Supreme_Court_Article_III_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> <a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article III</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Federalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abstention_doctrine" title="Abstention doctrine">Abstention</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Commission_v._Pullman_Co." title="Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.">Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burford_v._Sun_Oil_Co." title="Burford v. Sun Oil Co.">Burford v. Sun Oil Co.</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Power_%26_Light_Co._v._City_of_Thibodaux" title="Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux">Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Gas_Pipe_Line_Co._v._Ideal_Cement_Co." title="United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.">United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/England_v._Louisiana_State_Board_of_Medical_Examiners" title="England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners">England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Younger_v._Harris" title="Younger v. Harris">Younger v. Harris</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Water_Conservation_District_v._United_States" title="Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States">Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_H._Cone_Memorial_Hospital_v._Mercury_Construction_Corp." title="Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.">Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adequate_and_independent_state_ground" title="Adequate and independent state ground">Adequate and<br />independent state ground</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Murdock_v._City_of_Memphis" title="Murdock v. City of Memphis">Murdock v. City of Memphis</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Nation_of_Indians_v._Christy" title="Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy">Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fox_Film_Corp._v._Muller" title="Fox Film Corp. v. Muller">Fox Film Corp. v. Muller</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harrison_v._NAACP" title="Harrison v. NAACP">Harrison v. NAACP</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._Long" title="Michigan v. Long">Michigan v. Long</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_common_law" title="Federal common law">Federal common law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hudson" title="United States v. Hudson">United States v. Hudson</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swift_v._Tyson" title="Swift v. Tyson">Swift v. Tyson</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_%26_White_Taxicab_%26_Transfer_Co._v._Brown_%26_Yellow_Taxicab_%26_Transfer_Co." title="Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.">Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad_Co._v._Tompkins" title="Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins">Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hinderlider_v._La_Plata_River_%26_Cherry_Creek_Ditch_Co." title="Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.">Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clearfield_Trust_Co._v._United_States" title="Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States">Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States</a></i> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rooker%E2%80%93Feldman_doctrine" title="Rooker–Feldman doctrine">Rooker–Feldman doctrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rooker_v._Fidelity_Trust_Co." title="Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.">Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals_v._Feldman" title="District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman">District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exxon_Mobil_Corp._v._Saudi_Basic_Industries_Corp." title="Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.">Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Sovereign immunity in the United States">Sovereign immunity</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Presidential_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential immunity in the United States">presidential immunity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_v._Barreme" title="Little v. Barreme">Little v. Barreme</a></i> (1804)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Schooner_Exchange_v._M%27Faddon" title="The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon">The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_v._Johnson" title="Mississippi v. Johnson">Mississippi v. Johnson</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lee_(1882)" title="United States v. Lee (1882)">United States v. Lee</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schillinger_v._United_States" title="Schillinger v. United States">Schillinger v. United States</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feres_v._United_States" title="Feres v. United States">Feres v. United States</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wunderlich" title="United States v. Wunderlich">United States v. Wunderlich</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banco_Nacional_de_Cuba_v._Sabbatino" title="Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino">Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Pueblo_v._Martinez" title="Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez">Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Fitzgerald" title="Nixon v. Fitzgerald">Nixon v. Fitzgerald</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Stanley" title="United States v. Stanley">United States v. Stanley</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Tax_Commission_v._Citizen_Band,_Potawatomi_Indian_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma">Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_v._Nelson" title="Saudi Arabia v. Nelson">Saudi Arabia v. Nelson</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._Jones" title="Clinton v. Jones">Clinton v. Jones</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma_v._Manufacturing_Technologies,_Inc." title="Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.">Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/College_Savings_Bank_v._Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board" title="College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board">College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C_%26_L_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Citizen_Band,_Potawatomi_Indian_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma">C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inyo_County_v._Paiute-Shoshone_Indians_of_the_Bishop_Community" title="Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community">Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._White_Mountain_Apache_Tribe" title="United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe">United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Austria_v._Altmann" title="Republic of Austria v. Altmann">Republic of Austria v. Altmann</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sherrill_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York" title="City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York">City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolan_v._United_States_Postal_Service" title="Dolan v. United States Postal Service">Dolan v. United States Postal Service</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_India_v._City_of_New_York" title="Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York">Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ali_v._Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons">Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samantar_v._Yousuf" title="Samantar v. Yousuf">Samantar v. Yousuf</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bormes" title="United States v. Bormes">United States v. Bormes</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Argentina_v._NML_Capital,_Ltd." title="Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.">Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OBB_Personenverkehr_AG_v._Sachs" title="OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs">OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jam_v._International_Finance_Corp." title="Jam v. International Finance Corp.">Jam v. International Finance Corp.</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_v._Harrison" title="Republic of Sudan v. Harrison">Republic of Sudan v. Harrison</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opati_v._Republic_of_Sudan" title="Opati v. Republic of Sudan">Opati v. Republic of Sudan</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2024)" title="Trump v. United States (2024)">Trump v. United States</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Jurisdiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)" title="Federal jurisdiction (United States)">Jurisdiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_v._Georgia" title="Chisholm v. Georgia">Chisholm v. Georgia</a></i> (1793)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i> (1803)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._More" title="United States v. More">United States v. More</a></i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_v._Hunter%27s_Lessee" title="Martin v. Hunter's Lessee">Martin v. Hunter's Lessee</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Insurance_Co._v._356_Bales_of_Cotton" title="American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton">American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_v._Sill" title="Sheldon v. Sill">Sheldon v. Sill</a></i> (1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jackalow" title="United States v. Jackalow">United States v. Jackalow</a></i> (1862)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Vallandigham" title="Ex parte Vallandigham">Ex parte Vallandigham</a></i> (1864)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_McCardle" title="Ex parte McCardle">Ex parte McCardle</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Klein" title="United States v. Klein">United States v. Klein</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_St._Louis_v._Myers" title="City of St. Louis v. Myers">City of St. Louis v. Myers</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barrett_v._United_States" title="Barrett v. United States">Barrett v. United States</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States#Burton_I_(1905)" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States I</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States#Burton_II_(1906)" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States II</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisville_%26_Nashville_Railroad_Co._v._Mottley" title="Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley">Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_v._United_States" title="Muskrat v. United States">Muskrat v. United States</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Well_Works_Co._v._Layne_%26_Bowler_Co." title="American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.">American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Kansas_City_Title_%26_Trust_Co." title="Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.">Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hartsville_Oil_Mill_v._United_States" title="Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States">Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_v._Illinois" title="Wisconsin v. Illinois">Wisconsin v. Illinois</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crowell_v._Benson" title="Crowell v. Benson">Crowell v. Benson</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colegrove_v._Green" title="Colegrove v. Green">Colegrove v. Green</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glidden_Co._v._Zdanok" title="Glidden Co. v. Zdanok">Glidden Co. v. Zdanok</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_v._County_of_Oneida" title="Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida">Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._New_Mexico" title="Arizona v. New Mexico">Arizona v. New Mexico</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mt._Healthy_City_School_District_Board_of_Education_v._Doyle" title="Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle">Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pipeline_Construction_Co._v._Marathon_Pipe_Line_Co." title="Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.">Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v._Union_Carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v. Union Carbide (page does not exist)">Thomas v. Union Carbide</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission_v._Schor" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor">Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merrell_Dow_Pharmaceuticals_Inc._v._Thompson" title="Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson">Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plaut_v._Spendthrift_Farm,_Inc." title="Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.">Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_Bank_v._Traffic_Stream_(BVI)_Infrastructure_Ltd." title="JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.">JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grable_%26_Sons_Metal_Products,_Inc._v._Darue_Engineering_%26_Mfg." title="Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.">Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowles_v._Russell" title="Bowles v. Russell">Bowles v. Russell</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patchak_v._Zinke" title="Patchak v. Zinke">Patchak v. Zinke</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Justiciability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Justiciability" title="Justiciability">Justiciability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mootness" title="Mootness">Mootness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DeFunis_v._Odegaard" title="DeFunis v. Odegaard">DeFunis v. Odegaard</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell-Ewald_Co._v._Gomez" title="Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez">Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acheson_Hotels,_LLC_v._Laufer" title="Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer">Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_question" title="Political question">Political question</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Carr" title="Baker v. Carr">Baker v. Carr</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter" title="Goldwater v. Carter">Goldwater v. Carter</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._United_States" title="Nixon v. United States">Nixon v. United States</a></i> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ripeness" title="Ripeness">Ripeness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Ullman" title="Poe v. Ullman">Poe v. Ullman</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toilet_Goods_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Gardner" title="Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner">Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laird_v._Tatum" title="Laird v. Tatum">Laird v. Tatum</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williamson_County_Regional_Planning_Commission_v._Hamilton_Bank_of_Johnson_City" title="Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City">Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._New_York" title="Trump v. New York">Trump v. New York</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)#United_States" title="Standing (law)">Standing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_v._Tipping" title="Bailiff v. Tipping">Bailiff v. Tipping</a></i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_v._Hughes" title="Fairchild v. Hughes">Fairchild v. Hughes</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._Mellon" title="Massachusetts v. Mellon">Massachusetts v. Mellon</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Levitt" title="Ex parte Levitt">Ex parte Levitt</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altvater_v._Freeman" title="Altvater v. Freeman">Altvater v. Freeman</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flast_v._Cohen" title="Flast v. Cohen">Flast v. Cohen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Morton" title="Sierra Club v. Morton">Sierra Club v. Morton</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Students_Challenging_Regulatory_Agency_Procedures" title="United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures">United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schlesinger_v._Reservists_Committee_to_Stop_the_War" title="Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War">Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warth_v._Seldin" title="Warth v. Seldin">Warth v. Seldin</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Brick_Co._v._Illinois" title="Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois">Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pfizer_Inc._v._Government_of_India" title="Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India">Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Christian_College_v._Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_%26_State" title="Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State">Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles_v._Lyons" title="City of Los Angeles v. Lyons">City of Los Angeles v. Lyons</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allen_v._Wright" title="Allen v. Wright">Allen v. Wright</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diamond_v._Charles" title="Diamond v. Charles">Diamond v. Charles</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lujan_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife">Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raines_v._Byrd" title="Raines v. Byrd">Raines v. Byrd</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Akins" title="FEC v. Akins">FEC v. Akins</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth,_Inc._v._Laidlaw_Environmental_Services,_Inc." title="Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.">Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DaimlerChrysler_Corp._v._Cuno" title="DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno">DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hein_v._Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation">Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency">Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Christian_School_Tuition_Organization_v._Winn" title="Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn">Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bond_v._United_States_(2011)" title="Bond v. United States (2011)">Bond v. United States</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clapper_v._Amnesty_International_USA" title="Clapper v. Amnesty International USA">Clapper v. Amnesty International USA</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spokeo,_Inc._v._Robins" title="Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins">Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._New_York" title="Trump v. New York">Trump v. New York</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TransUnion_LLC_v._Ramirez" title="TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez">TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biden_v._Nebraska" title="Biden v. Nebraska">Biden v. Nebraska</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FDA_v._Alliance_for_Hippocratic_Medicine" title="FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine">FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murthy_v._Missouri" title="Murthy v. Missouri">Murthy v. Missouri</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayburn%27s_Case" title="Hayburn's Case">Hayburn's Case</a></i> (1792)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Oneida_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_State" title="County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State">County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Bandemer" title="Davis v. Bandemer">Davis v. Bandemer</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vieth_v._Jubelirer" title="Vieth v. Jubelirer">Vieth v. Jubelirer</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rucho_v._Common_Cause" title="Rucho v. Common Cause">Rucho v. Common Cause</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Benisek_v._Lamone" title="Benisek v. Lamone">Benisek v. Lamone</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Treason" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Treason_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Treason laws in the United States">Treason</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Bollman" title="Ex parte Bollman">Ex parte Bollman</a></i> (1807)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">United States v. Burr</a></i> (1807)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cramer_v._United_States" title="Cramer v. United States">Cramer v. United States</a></i> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Others" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Others</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stuart_v._Laird" title="Stuart v. Laird">Stuart v. Laird</a></i> (1803)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osborn_v._Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Osborn v. Bank of the United States">Osborn v. Bank of the United States</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forrester_v._White" title="Forrester v. White">Forrester v. White</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mistretta_v._United_States" title="Mistretta v. United States">Mistretta v. United States</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peretz_v._United_States" title="Peretz v. United States">Peretz v. United States</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hatter" title="United States v. Hatter">United States v. Hatter</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stern_v._Marshall" title="Stern v. Marshall">Stern v. Marshall</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_Markazi_v._Peterson" title="Bank Markazi v. Peterson">Bank Markazi v. Peterson</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&oldid=1249289926">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Pennsylvania&oldid=1249289926</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_per_curiam_opinions" title="Category:United States Supreme Court per curiam opinions">United States Supreme Court per curiam opinions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Controversies_of_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Controversies of the 2020 United States presidential election">Controversies of the 2020 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Donald_Trump_litigation" title="Category:Donald Trump litigation">Donald Trump litigation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election">Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trump_administration_controversies" title="Category:Trump administration controversies">Trump administration controversies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Constitution_Article_Three_case_law" title="Category:United States Constitution Article Three case law">United States Constitution Article Three case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_standing_case_law" title="Category:United States standing case law">United States standing case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_elections_case_law" title="Category:United States elections case law">United States elections case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_original_jurisdiction_cases" title="Category:United States Supreme Court original jurisdiction cases">United States Supreme Court original jurisdiction cases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases">United States Supreme Court cases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_Roberts_Court" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court">United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_December_2020" title="Category:Use American English from December 2020">Use American English from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_December_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from December 2020">Use mdy dates from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 October 2024, at 04:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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