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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prehistory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nordic_Bronze_Age_(1800–500_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nordic_Bronze_Age_(1800–500_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nordic Bronze Age (1800–500 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nordic_Bronze_Age_(1800–500_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nordic_Iron_Age_(500_BC–800_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nordic_Iron_Age_(500_BC–800_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nordic Iron Age (500 BC–800 AD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nordic_Iron_Age_(500_BC–800_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_findings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_findings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Archaeological findings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_findings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Viking Age</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Viking_Age-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Viking Age subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Viking_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaeological_findings_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_findings_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Archaeological findings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_findings_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Middle Ages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decline_and_the_Kalmar_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_the_Kalmar_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Decline and the Kalmar Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_the_Kalmar_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_with_Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_with_Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Union with Denmark</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Union_with_Denmark-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Union with Denmark subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Union_with_Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Puppet_State_era_(lydriketiden)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Puppet_State_era_(lydriketiden)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Puppet State era (<i>lydriketiden</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Puppet_State_era_(lydriketiden)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Absolute_Monarchy_era_(enevoldstiden)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Absolute_Monarchy_era_(enevoldstiden)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The Absolute Monarchy era (<i>enevoldstiden</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Absolute_Monarchy_era_(enevoldstiden)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_with_Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_with_Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Union with Sweden</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Union_with_Sweden-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Union with Sweden subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Union_with_Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_State_of_the_Officials_(embedsmannsstaten)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_State_of_the_Officials_(embedsmannsstaten)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The State of the Officials (<i>embedsmannsstaten</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_State_of_the_Officials_(embedsmannsstaten)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_last_decades_of_the_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_last_decades_of_the_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>The last decades of the Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_last_decades_of_the_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_in_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_in_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Government in exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_in_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quisling_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quisling_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Quisling regime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quisling_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Postwar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Postwar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1945–1950" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–1950"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>1945–1950</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–1950-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marshall_Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marshall_Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Marshall Plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marshall_Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950_to_1972" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950_to_1972"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>1950 to 1972</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950_to_1972-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Oil Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gallery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2000s–2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s–2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>2000s–2010</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s–2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Norwegian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Norwegian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>In Norwegian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Norwegian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Norway</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="تاريخ النرويج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ النرويج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Noruega" title="Historia de Noruega – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de Noruega" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C3%A7_tarixi" title="Norveç tarixi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Norveç tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="নরওয়ের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নরওয়ের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Нарвегіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Нарвегіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на Норвегия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Норвегия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Noruega" title="Història de Noruega – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Noruega" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Norska" title="Dějiny Norska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Norska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norges_historie" title="Norges historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Norges historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Norwegens" title="Geschichte Norwegens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Norwegens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norra_ajalugu" title="Norra ajalugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Norra ajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Noruega" title="Historia de Noruega – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Noruega" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegiako_historia" title="Norvegiako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Norvegiako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98" title="تاریخ نروژ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ نروژ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Norv%C3%A8ge" title="Histoire de la Norvège – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la Norvège" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նորվեգիայի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նորվեգիայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Norve%C5%A1ke" title="Povijest Norveške – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Norveške" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Norvegia" title="Historio di Norvegia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_della_Norvegia" title="Storia della Norvegia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia della Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="היסטוריה של נורווגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של נורווגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნორვეგიის ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნორვეგიის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Norwei" title="Historia ya Norwei – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Norwei" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norv%C4%93%C4%A3ijas_v%C4%93sture" title="Norvēģijas vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Norvēģijas vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegijos_istorija" title="Norvegijos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Norvegijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_de_Noria" title="Istoria de Noria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Istoria de Noria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norv%C3%A9gia_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Norvégia történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Norvégia történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Историја на Норвешка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Норвешка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Noorwegen" title="Geschiedenis van Noorwegen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Noorwegen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="ノルウェーの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノルウェーの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norges_historie" title="Norges historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Norges historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_historie" title="Norsk historie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Norsk historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%90_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="د ناروې تاریخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ناروې تاریخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Norwegii" title="Historia Norwegii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Norwegii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Noruega" title="História da Noruega – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História da Noruega" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Norvegiei" title="Istoria Norvegiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Norvegiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История Норвегии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Норвегии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina_Norve%C5%A1ke" title="Zgodovina Norveške – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina Norveške" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Историја Норвешке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Норвешке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_Norve%C5%A1ke" title="Historija Norveške – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Historija Norveške" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norjan_historia" title="Norjan historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Norjan historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norges_historia" title="Norges historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Norges historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C3%A7_tarihi" title="Norveç tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Norveç tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97" title="Історія Норвегії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Норвегії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_Na_Uy" title="Lịch sử Na Uy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử Na Uy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="挪威历史 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="挪威历史" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="挪威歷史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="挪威歷史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210725#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia,_Norway,_Sweden,_Denmark,_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg/450px-1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg/675px-1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg/900px-1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4285" /></a><figcaption>Homann's map of the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a> with their surrounding territories: northern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Homann" title="Johann Homann">Johann Baptist Homann</a> (1664–1724) was a German geographer and cartographer; map dated around 1730.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Norway" title="Category:History of Norway">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Norway</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg/80px-Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg/120px-Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg/160px-Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="362" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ancient history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory" title="Scandinavian prehistory">Prehistory</a> ∞</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Stone Age</a> Pre 1700 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> 1700–500 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Iron Age</a> 500 BC–800 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Age</a> 21–700</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdoms_of_Norway" title="Petty kingdoms of Norway">Petty kingdoms</a> Unknown–11thC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> 8th–11thC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Norway" title="Unification of Norway">Unification</a> 860–1029</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hafrsfjord" title="Battle of Hafrsfjord">Establishment</a> 872</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Kingdom_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary Kingdom of Norway">Hereditary kingdom</a> 9thC–1397</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Imperial realm</a> 9thC–1814</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Armed_Forces" title="Norwegian Armed Forces">Military Establishment</a> 9thC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Migration settlement</a> 9th–12thC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Oversea colonization</a> 9th–14thC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia#Norway" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization</a> 975–1000</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</a> 1000–16th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_war_era_in_Norway" title="Civil war era in Norway">Civil War</a> 1130–1240</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> 1349–1353</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> 1397–1523</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bergen" title="Treaty of Bergen">Treaty of Bergen</a> 1450</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> 1524–1814</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein" title="Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein">Reformation</a> 1537</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksr%C3%A5d#Riksrådet_in_Norway" title="Riksråd">Council abolishment</a> 1537</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy#Historical_examples#Europe#Denmark-Norway" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> 1661</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Late modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(1814)" title="Kingdom of Norway (1814)">Re-established state</a> 1814</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution</a> 1814</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Union with Sweden</a> 1814–1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_diaspora" title="Norwegian diaspora">Emigration</a> 19th–20th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">Language conflict</a> 19th–</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration</a> 19th–1922</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Polar</a> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Antarctic_Expedition_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (disambiguation)">exploration</a> 1892–2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">Union dissolution</a> 1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Independence">independence</a> 1905–1940</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possessions_of_Norway#Current_possessions" title="List of possessions of Norway">Possession annexations</a> 1920–1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">German occupation</a> 1940–1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Reichskommissariat</a> 1940–1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Quisling regime</a> 1942–1945</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Postwar">Cold War</a> 1945–1991</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Oil_Age">Oil industry</a> 1966–</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Norway">Economic history of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Judaism in Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Norway" title="LGBT history in Norway">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_of_Norway" title="Aristocracy of Norway">Nobility in Norway</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Norway_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of Norway history (page does not exist)">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Norway portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Norway" title="Template:History of Norway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Norway" title="Template talk:History of Norway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Norway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Scandinavia" title="Category:Scandinavia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Scandinavia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/250px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/375px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/500px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Countries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>History by country</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Chronological history</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory" title="Scandinavian prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Iron Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Act_of_Union" title="Danish–Icelandic Act of Union">Denmark–Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Geography</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Economy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Finland" title="Welfare in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sweden" title="Welfare in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Monetary_Union" title="Scandinavian Monetary Union">Monetary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_defence_union" title="Scandinavian defence union">Defence Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines" title="Scandinavian Airlines">Scandinavian Airlines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Denmark" title="Portal:Denmark">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Faroe_Islands" title="Portal:Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iceland" title="Portal:Iceland">Iceland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Sweden</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scandinavia" title="Template:Scandinavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scandinavia" title="Template talk:Scandinavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of Norway</b> has been influenced to an extraordinary degree by the terrain and the climate of the region. About 10,000 BC, following the retreat inland of the great ice sheets, the earliest inhabitants migrated north into the territory which is now <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. They traveled steadily northwards along the coastal areas, warmed by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>. They were hunter-gatherers whose diet included seafood and game, particularly <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> as staple foods. Between 5,000 BC and 4,000 BC the earliest agricultural settlements appeared around the <a href="/wiki/Oslofjord" title="Oslofjord">Oslofjord</a>. Gradually, between 1,500 BC and 500 BC, agricultural settlements spread to the entire south Norway, while the inhabitants of the regions north of <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> continued to hunt and fish. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period started in 4,000 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> caused the first <a href="/wiki/Chieftain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftain">chieftains</a> to take control and hilltop forts to be constructed. From the 8th century Norwegians started expanding across the seas to the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> also saw the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Norway" title="Unification of Norway">unification</a> of the country. <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization</a> was completed during the 11th century and <a href="/wiki/Nidaros" title="Nidaros">Nidaros</a> became an <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese">archdiocese</a>. The population expanded quickly until 1349 (Oslo: 3,000; Bergen: 7,000; Trondheim: 4,000)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> when it was halved by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> and successive <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plague" class="extiw" title="wikt:plague">plagues</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> became the main trading port, controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>. Norway entered the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> with Denmark and Sweden in 1397. </p><p>After Sweden left the union in 1523, Norway became the junior partner in <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> was <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein" title="Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein">introduced in 1537</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute monarch">absolute monarchy</a> imposed in 1661. In 1814, after being on the losing side of the Napoleonic Wars with Denmark, Norway was ceded to the king of Sweden by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a>. Norway declared its independence and adopted a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">constitution</a>. However, no foreign powers recognized the Norwegian independence but supported the Swedish demand for Norway to comply with the treaty of Kiel. After a short <a href="/wiki/Swedish-Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Norwegian War (1814)">war with Sweden</a>, the countries concluded the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Moss" title="Convention of Moss">Convention of Moss</a>, in which Norway accepted a <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">personal union</a> with Sweden, keeping its Constitution, <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a> and separate institutions, except for the foreign service. The union was formally established after the extraordinary Storting adopted the necessary amendments to the Constitution and elected <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIII of Sweden">Charles XIII of Sweden</a> as king of Norway on 4 November 1814. </p><p>Industrialization started in the 1840s, and from the 1860s large-scale emigration to North America took place. In 1884 the king appointed Johan Sverdrup as prime minister, thus establishing parliamentarism. The union with Sweden was <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden_in_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905">dissolved</a> in 1905. From the 1880s to the 1920s, Norwegians such as <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> carried out important polar expeditions. Shipping and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> were important sources of income for the country. The following decades saw a fluctuating economy and the rise of the labor movement. <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Norway_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany">Germany occupied Norway</a> between 1940 and 1945 during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, after which Norway joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and underwent a period of reconstruction under public planning. Oil was discovered in 1969 and by 1995 Norway was the world's second-largest exporter. This resulted in a large increase of wealth. From the 1980s Norway started deregulation in many sectors, and in 1989–1990 experienced a banking crisis. </p><p>By the 21st century, Norway became one of the world's most prosperous countries with oil and gas production accounting for 20 percent of its economy.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By reinvesting its oil revenues, Norway had the world's largest sovereign wealth fund in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory" title="Scandinavian prehistory">Scandinavian prehistory</a></div> <p>Norway's coastline rose from glaciation with the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a> about 12,000 BC. The first immigration took place during this period as the Norwegian coast offered rich opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">sealing</a>, fishing, and hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early inhabitants were <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a>, and by 9300 BC they were already settled as far north as <a href="/wiki/Mager%C3%B8ya" title="Magerøya">Magerøya</a>. Increased ice receding from 8000 BC led to settlement along the entire coastline. The <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Stone Age</a> is evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/Komsa_culture" title="Komsa culture">Komsa culture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fosna_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosna culture">Fosna culture</a> further south. The <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B8stvet_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Nøstvet culture">Nøstvet culture</a> took over from the Fosna culture ca. 7000 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when a warmer climate led to increased forestation and new species of mammals for hunting. The oldest human skeleton ever discovered in Norway was found in shallow water off Sogne in 1994 and has been carbon dated to 6600 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 4000 BC people in the north started using <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> tools, <a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">earthenware</a>, skis, sleds and large skin boats.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AltaRockCarvingsFences.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/AltaRockCarvingsFences.jpg/220px-AltaRockCarvingsFences.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/AltaRockCarvingsFences.jpg/330px-AltaRockCarvingsFences.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/AltaRockCarvingsFences.jpg/440px-AltaRockCarvingsFences.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rock_carvings_at_Alta" title="Rock carvings at Alta">Rock carvings at Alta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first farming, and thus the start of the Neolithic period, began ca. 4000 BC around the <a href="/wiki/Oslofjord" title="Oslofjord">Oslofjord</a>, with technology from southern Scandinavia.<sup id="cite_ref-s10_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The break-through occurred between 2900 and 2500 BC, when <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, pigs, cattle, sheep and goats became common and spread as far north as <a href="/wiki/Alta_(town)" title="Alta (town)">Alta</a>. This period also saw the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a>, which brought new weapons, tools and an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European dialect</a>, from which later the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language</a> developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Stenersen:_11_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stenersen:_11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nordic_Bronze_Age_(1800–500_BC)"><span id="Nordic_Bronze_Age_.281800.E2.80.93500_BC.29"></span>Nordic Bronze Age (1800–500 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nordic Bronze Age (1800–500 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></div> <p>The Bronze Age began around 1800 BC and involved innovations such as ploughing fields with <a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">ards</a>, permanent farms with houses and yards, especially in the fertile areas around the Oslofjord, <a href="/wiki/Trondheimsfjord" class="mw-redirect" title="Trondheimsfjord">Trondheimsfjord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B8sa" title="Mjøsa">Mjøsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A6ren" title="Jæren">Jæren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stenersen:_11_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stenersen:_11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some yields were so high that it allowed farmers to trade furs and skins for luxury items, especially with <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s12_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 1000 BC, speakers of <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> arrived in the north and assimilated with the indigenous population, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s10_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ante Aikio<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the formation of the Sámi language was completed in its southernmost area of usage (central Scandinavia, South Sápmi) by 500 AD. </p><p>A climate shift with colder weather started about 500 BC. The forests, which had previously consisted of <a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">lime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, were replaced with <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>. The climate changes also meant that farmers started building more solid structures for shelter. Knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">ironworking</a> was introduced from the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, resulting in better weapons and tools.<sup id="cite_ref-s12_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nordic_Iron_Age_(500_BC–800_AD)"><span id="Nordic_Iron_Age_.28500_BC.E2.80.93800_AD.29"></span>Nordic Iron Age (500 BC–800 AD)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nordic Iron Age (500 BC–800 AD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Iron Age Scandinavia</a></div> <p>Iron Age tools allowed for more extensive clearing and farming, and thus more areas were cultivated as the population grew with the increased harvests. A new social structure evolved: when sons married, they would remain in the same house; such an extended family was a <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a>. They would offer protection from other clans; if conflicts arose, the issue would be decided at a <i><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">thing</a></i>, a sacred place where all free men from the surrounding area would assemble and could settle disputes and determine sanctions for crimes, such as paying fines in food.<sup id="cite_ref-s15_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last century BC saw a widespread cultural development. The Norse adapted letters and created their own alphabet, <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a>. Trading with Romans also took place, largely furs and skins in exchange for luxury goods. Some Scandinavians also served as Roman <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s15_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most powerful farmers became <a href="/wiki/Chieftain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftain">chieftains</a>. They functioned as priests and accepted sacrifices from farmers which were again used to pay soldiers, creating a <a href="/wiki/Hird" title="Hird">hird</a>. Thus they were able to rule an area of several clans and tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Stenersen:_16_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stenersen:_16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chieftains' power increased during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> between 400 and 550 as other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribes migrated northwards and local farmers wanted protection. This also resulted in the construction of simple fortifications. A <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plague" class="extiw" title="wikt:plague">plague</a> hit southern Norway in the 6th century, with hundreds of farms being depopulated. Most were repopulated in the 7th century, which also saw the construction of several fishing hamlets and a boom in trade of iron and <a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</a> across the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stenersen:_16_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stenersen:_16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some chieftains were able to control most of the trade and grew in power throughout the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_findings">Archaeological findings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Archaeological findings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2020, Secrets of the Ice Program researchers discovered a 1,500-year-old Viking arrowhead dating back to the Germanic Iron Age and locked in a glacier in southern <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> caused by the climate change in the <a href="/wiki/Jotunheimen" title="Jotunheimen">Jotunheimen</a> Mountains. The arrowhead made of iron was revealed with its cracked wooden shaft and a feather, is 17 cm long and weighs just 28 grams.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viking_Age">Viking Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Viking Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lofotr_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lofotr_01.jpg/220px-Lofotr_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lofotr_01.jpg/330px-Lofotr_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lofotr_01.jpg/440px-Lofotr_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a <a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">longhouse</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lofoten" title="Lofoten">Lofoten</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Viking Age was a period of Scandinavian expansion through trade, raids and colonization. One of the first raids was against <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> in 793 and is considered the beginning of the Viking Age.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was possible because of the development of the <a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">longship</a>, suitable for travel across the sea, and advanced <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a> techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-s20_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> were well equipped, had <a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">chain mail</a> armor, and were well trained. In addition to gold and silver, an important purpose from the raids was the capture and trading of <a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">thralls</a>, which were brought to the Norwegian farms as a slave workforce. Whenever the men were engaged in warfare and voyages, the homestead was run by those remaining at home, supervised by the wife.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lack of suitable farming land in <a href="/wiki/Western_Norway" title="Western Norway">Western Norway</a> caused Norwegians to travel to and colonize sparsely populated areas of <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, Orkney, the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, the latter of which became the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s20_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> settled on the east coast of Ireland circa 800 and founded the island's first cities, including <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. Their arrival caused the petty <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic</a> kings to ally, and by 900 they had driven out the Norwegians.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwegian_petty_kingdoms_ca._872.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Norwegian_petty_kingdoms_ca._872.png/220px-Norwegian_petty_kingdoms_ca._872.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Norwegian_petty_kingdoms_ca._872.png/330px-Norwegian_petty_kingdoms_ca._872.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Norwegian_petty_kingdoms_ca._872.png/440px-Norwegian_petty_kingdoms_ca._872.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdoms_of_Norway" title="Petty kingdoms of Norway">Petty kingdoms of Norway</a> c. 872</figcaption></figure> <p>The mid-9th century saw the largest chieftains of the <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdoms_of_Norway" title="Petty kingdoms of Norway">petty kingdoms</a> engaged in major power struggle. <a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a> began the process of <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Norway" title="Unification of Norway">unifying Norway</a> when he entered an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Earls_of_Lade" title="Earls of Lade">Earls of Lade</a> and was able to unify the country after the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hafrsfjord" title="Battle of Hafrsfjord">Battle of Hafrsfjord</a> (circa 870–900).<sup id="cite_ref-s27_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He set up the basics of a state administration with stewards seated at the most important estates of vanquished or exiled chieftains. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, then uninhabited, was discovered by Norwegians during the late 9th century. By 930 the island had been divided among 400 Norse chieftains.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_the_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="Håkon the Good">Håkon the Good</a> – the son of Harald Fairhair, raised in England – assumed the crown in 930 and established two large <i><a href="/wiki/Thing_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thing (government)">things</a></i>, assemblies in which the king met with the free men to make decisions: <a href="/wiki/Gulating" title="Gulating">Gulating</a> for Western Norway and <a href="/wiki/Frostating" title="Frostating">Frostating</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a>. He also established the leidang, a mobilization army/navy. Haakon made an unsuccessful attempt to introduce Christianity in Norway. After his death in 960, war broke out between the <a href="/wiki/Fairhair_dynasty" title="Fairhair dynasty">Fairhair dynasty</a> and the Earls of Lade in alliance with Danish kings.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Led by <a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a>, a Norwegian-born man, a group of Icelanders settled on <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> in the 980s.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erik's son, <a href="/wiki/Leif_Ericson" class="mw-redirect" title="Leif Ericson">Leif Ericson</a>, came across <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> in ca. 1000, naming it <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a>. Unlike Greenland, no permanent settlement was established there.<sup id="cite_ref-s27_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_findings_2">Archaeological findings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Archaeological findings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several Viking ships in burial mounds have been found and placed in museums, including the <a href="/wiki/Oseberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Oseberg">Oseberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gokstad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokstad">Gokstad</a> ships. In October 2018, Norwegian archaeologists headed by the archaeologist Lars Gustavsen announced the discovery of a buried 20 m long Gjellestad Viking ship in <a href="/wiki/Halden_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halden Municipality">Halden Municipality</a>. An ancient well-preserved Viking cemetery for more than 1000 years was discovered using ground-penetrating radar. Archaeologists also revealed at least seven other previously unknown burial mounds and the remnants of five longhouses with the help of the radar survey.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingdomOfNorway(872-1397).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/KingdomOfNorway%28872-1397%29.jpg/220px-KingdomOfNorway%28872-1397%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/KingdomOfNorway%28872-1397%29.jpg/330px-KingdomOfNorway%28872-1397%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/KingdomOfNorway%28872-1397%29.jpg/440px-KingdomOfNorway%28872-1397%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="1935" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Kingdom of Norway</a> about 1265, at its greatest extent</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization</a> and the abolition of the traditional Asatru reflected in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> was first attempted by <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_the_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="Håkon the Good">Håkon the Good</a>, and later by <a href="/wiki/Olav_Tryggvason" class="mw-redirect" title="Olav Tryggvason">Olav Tryggvason</a>, but he was killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svolder" title="Battle of Svolder">Battle of Svolder</a> in 1000.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olav Haraldsson</a>, starting in 1015, made the <i><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">things</a></i> pass church laws, destroyed <a href="/wiki/Heathen_hofs" class="mw-redirect" title="Heathen hofs">heathen hofs</a>, built churches and created an institution of priests. Many chieftains feared that Christianization would rob them of power as <i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Goði">Goðar</a></i> in traditional <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">Norse paganism</a>, and had Olaf banished from Norway in 1028. When he tried to return in 1030, he was met by the locals in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stiklestad" title="Battle of Stiklestad">Battle of Stiklestad</a>, where Olaf was killed, in accordance with the law.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church elevated Olaf I to <a href="/wiki/Sainthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainthood">sainthood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nidaros" title="Nidaros">Nidaros</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>) became the Christian centre of Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a few years the Danish rule had become sufficiently unpopular that Norway again united under a Norwegian king, Magnus Olavson the Good, in 1035.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1040s to 1130 the country was at peace.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1130, a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_era_in_Norway" title="Civil war era in Norway">civil war era</a> broke out over <a href="/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Norwegian_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of succession to the Norwegian throne">succession to the throne</a>, which allowed all the king's sons to rule jointly by dividing Norway into portions for each to rule. At times there were periods of peace, before a lesser son allied himself with a chieftain and started a new conflict. The <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Nidaros" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Nidaros">Archdiocese of Nidaros</a> was created in 1152 in an attempt to control the appointment of kings.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church inevitably took sides in these conflicts, with the church's influence on the king also becoming an issue in the civil wars. The wars ended in 1217 with the appointment of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_H%C3%A5konsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Håkon Håkonsson">Håkon Håkonsson</a>, who introduced clear succession laws.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also managed to subject Greenland and Iceland to Norwegian rule; the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Icelandic Commonwealth</a> thus came to an end after the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs" title="Age of the Sturlungs">Age of the Sturlungs</a> civil war resulted in a pro-Norwegian victory. </p><p>The population increased from 150,000 in 1000 to 400,000 in 1300, resulting both in more land being cleared and the subdivision of farms. While in the Viking Age all farmers owned their own land, by 1300 seventy percent of the land was owned by the king, the church, or the aristocracy. This was a gradual process where farmers would borrow money in meagre times, often not being able to repay them. However, tenants always remained free men and the large distances and often scattered ownership meant that Norwegian farmers enjoyed much more freedom than continental serfs. In the 13th century about twenty percent of a farmer's yield went to the king, church and landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_the_Kalmar_Union">Decline and the Kalmar Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decline and the Kalmar Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergen-Bryggen17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bergen-Bryggen17.jpg/220px-Bergen-Bryggen17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bergen-Bryggen17.jpg/330px-Bergen-Bryggen17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bergen-Bryggen17.jpg/440px-Bergen-Bryggen17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, once the centre of trade in Norway under the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> trade network, now preserved as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 13th century is described as Norway's <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>, with peace and increase in trade, especially with the British islands, although Germany became increasingly important towards the end of the century. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> the king established Norway as a sovereign state with a central administration and local representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1349, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_Norway" title="Black Death in Norway">Black Death</a> spread to Norway and within a year killed nearly two-thirds of the population. Later plagues halved the population by 1400. Many communities were entirely wiped out, resulting in an abundance of land, allowing farmers to switch to more <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>. The reduction in taxes weakened the king's position,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many aristocrats lost their surplus income, reducing some to mere farmers. High <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a> made the church more powerful, and the archbishop became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Council of State">Council of State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s45_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s45-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalmar_Union_ca._1400.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kalmar_Union_ca._1400.svg/220px-Kalmar_Union_ca._1400.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kalmar_Union_ca._1400.svg/330px-Kalmar_Union_ca._1400.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kalmar_Union_ca._1400.svg/440px-Kalmar_Union_ca._1400.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>The Kalmar Union, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> took control of Norwegian trade in the 14th century and established trading posts in most Norwegian port cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, which had the largest German colony. In 1380, <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Denmark" title="Olaf II of Denmark">Olaf Haakonsson</a> inherited both the Norwegian and Danish thrones, creating a union between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-s45_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s45-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1397, under <a href="/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margaret I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> was created between the three Scandinavian countries. She waged war against the Hanse, resulting in a trade blockade and higher taxation on Norwegians, which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Engelbrekt_rebellion" title="Engelbrekt rebellion">a rebellion</a>. However, Norway and its Council of State was too weak to secede from the union.<sup id="cite_ref-s46_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s46-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Margaret pursued a centralising policy which inevitably favoured Denmark, because it had a greater population than Norway and Sweden combined.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margaret also granted trade privileges to the Hanseatic merchants of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> in Bergen in return for recognition of her right to rule, and these hurt the Norwegian economy. The Hanseatic merchants formed a state within a state in Bergen for generations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even worse were the pirates, the "<a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a>", who launched three devastating raids on the port (the last in 1427).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norway slipped ever more into the background under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">Oldenburg dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bergen" title="Treaty of Bergen">established 1450</a>). There was a <a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_(1501%E2%80%931512)" title="Dano-Swedish War (1501–1512)">revolt</a> under <a href="/wiki/Knut_Alvsson" title="Knut Alvsson">Knut Alvsson</a> in 1502.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norwegians had some affection for king <a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II</a>, who resided in the country for several years. Norway did not take any part in the events which led to <a href="/wiki/Swedish_War_of_Liberation" title="Swedish War of Liberation">Swedish independence from Denmark in the 1520s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Union_with_Denmark">Union with Denmark</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Union with Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denmark-Norway_in_1780.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Denmark-Norway_in_1780.svg/220px-Denmark-Norway_in_1780.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Denmark-Norway_in_1780.svg/330px-Denmark-Norway_in_1780.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Denmark-Norway_in_1780.svg/440px-Denmark-Norway_in_1780.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="10495" data-file-height="7945" /></a><figcaption>Map of Denmark–Norway</figcaption></figure> <p>Sweden was able to pull out of the Kalmar Union in 1523, thus creating <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> under the rule of a king in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Denmark" title="Frederick I of Denmark">Frederick I</a> favoured <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, but it was not popular in Norway, where the Church was the sole remaining national institution and the country was too poor for the clergy to be very corrupt. Initially, Frederick agreed not to try to introduce Protestantism to Norway but in 1529 he changed his mind. Norwegian resistance was led by <a href="/wiki/Olav_Engelbrektsson" title="Olav Engelbrektsson">Olav Engelbrektsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Trondheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Trondheim">Archbishop of Trondheim</a>, who invited the old king Christian II back from his exile in the Netherlands. Christian returned but his army was defeated and he spent the rest of his life in prison. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Puppet_State_era_(lydriketiden)"><span id="The_Puppet_State_era_.28lydriketiden.29"></span>The Puppet State era (<i>lydriketiden</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Puppet State era (lydriketiden)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Frederick died and a three-way <a href="/wiki/Count%27s_Feud" title="Count's Feud">war of succession</a> broke out between the supporters of his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark" title="Christian III of Denmark">Christian</a> (III), his younger Catholic brother Hans and the followers of Christian II. Olaf Engelbrektsson again tried to lead a Catholic Norwegian resistance movement. Christian III triumphed and Engelbrektsson went into exile and, in 1537, Christian demoted Norway from an independent kingdom to a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a>, dissolving the Norwegian Council of State.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Reformation was also <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein" title="Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein">imposed in 1537</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-s45_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s45-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> strengthening the king's power. All church valuables were sent to Copenhagen and the forty percent of the land which was owned by the church came under the control of the king. <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> was introduced as a written language, although <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> retained distinct dialects. Professional administration was now needed and power shifted from the pincial nobility to the royal administration: district stipendiary magistrates were appointed as judges and the <a href="/wiki/Lensmann" title="Lensmann">sheriffs</a> became employees of the crown rather than of the local nobility. In 1572 (or 1556), a <a href="/wiki/Governor-general_of_Norway" title="Governor-general of Norway">viceroy</a> was appointed for Norway with a seat at <a href="/wiki/Akershus_Fortress" title="Akershus Fortress">Akershus Fortress</a> in Oslo. In 1628 the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Army" title="Norwegian Army">Norwegian Army</a> was founded, and professional military officers were employed.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DBL_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DBL-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Norwegian economy improved with the introduction of the water-driven saw in the early 16th century. Norway had huge resources of timber but did not have the means to exploit much of it in the Middle Ages as only hand-tools were available. The new saw mills which sprang up in the fjords changed this. In 1544 a deal was struck with the Netherlands (then part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>) and the Dutch controlled the export of Norwegian timber for the next 150 years. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> was built on piles from Norway. Tree-felling was done in the winter when farm-work was impossible and it was easy to get the felled trees across the snow to the rivers. In the spring, the logs floated down the rivers to the saw mills by the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-16th century the power of the Hanseatic League in Bergen was broken; though German craftsmen remained, they had to accept Danish-Norwegian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 17th century saw a series of wars between Denmark–Norway and Sweden. The <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_War" title="Kalmar War">Kalmar War</a> between 1611 and 1613 saw 8,000 Norwegian peasants conscripted. Despite lack of training, Denmark–Norway won and Sweden abandoned its claims to the land between <a href="/wiki/Tysfjorden" title="Tysfjorden">Tysfjorden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varangerfjord" title="Varangerfjord">Varangerfjord</a>. With the Danish participation in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> in 1618–48, a new conscription system was created in which the country was subdivided into 6,000 <i>legd</i>, each required to support one soldier.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denmark–Norway lost the war and was forced to cede <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jämtland</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalen" title="Härjedalen">Härjedalen</a> to Sweden. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a> in 1657 to 1660 resulted in <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Bohuslän</a> being ceded to Sweden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Absolute_Monarchy_era_(enevoldstiden)"><span id="The_Absolute_Monarchy_era_.28enevoldstiden.29"></span>The Absolute Monarchy era (<i>enevoldstiden</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Absolute Monarchy era (enevoldstiden)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Denmark" title="Frederick III of Denmark">Frederick III</a> elevated himself to <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary</a> king of Denmark and Norway in 1661, eliminating the power of the nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new administrative system was introduced. Departments organized by portfolio were established in Copenhagen, while Norway was divided into <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Norway" title="Counties of Norway">counties</a>, each led by a district governor, and further subdivided into bailiwicks. About 1,600 government officials were appointed throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-s56_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s56-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ulrik_Fredrik_Gyldenl%C3%B8ve" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrik Fredrik Gyldenløve">Ulrik Fredrik Gyldenløve</a> was the most famous viceroy of Norway (1664–1699).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gunboat_battle_near_Alv%C3%B8en_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gunboat_battle_near_Alv%C3%B8en_Norway.jpg/220px-Gunboat_battle_near_Alv%C3%B8en_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gunboat_battle_near_Alv%C3%B8en_Norway.jpg/330px-Gunboat_battle_near_Alv%C3%B8en_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gunboat_battle_near_Alv%C3%B8en_Norway.jpg/440px-Gunboat_battle_near_Alv%C3%B8en_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2157" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alv%C3%B8en" title="Battle of Alvøen">Battle of Alvøen</a> between the frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Tartar_(1801)" title="HMS Tartar (1801)">HMS <i>Tartar</i></a> and Norwegian gunboats near <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> in 1808</figcaption></figure> <p>The population of Norway increased from 150,000 in 1500 to 900,000 in 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-s56_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s56-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1500 most <a href="/wiki/Deserted_farm" title="Deserted farm">deserted farms</a> were repossessed. The period under absolutism increased the ratio of self-owning farmers from twenty to fifty percent, largely through sales of crown land to finance the lost wars. <a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">Crofts</a> became common in the absolutism period, especially in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Norway" title="Eastern Norway">Eastern Norway</a> and Trøndelag, with the <a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">smallholder</a> living at the mercy of the farmer.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 48,000 smallholders in 1800. Compared to Denmark, taxes were very low in Norway, typically at four to ten percent of the harvest, although the number of farms per <i>legd</i> decreased from four to two in the 1670s. <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a> was introduced in 1736; as it required people to read, elementary education was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entire period saw <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a> as the basis for commerce, which involved import regulations and <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>, monopolies and privileges throughout the county granted to burghers. The lumber industry became important in the 17th century through exports especially to England.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid deforestation, a royal decree closed a large number of sawmills in 1688; because this mostly affected farmers with small mills, by the mid 18th century only a handful of merchants controlled the entire lumber industry.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mining increased in the 17th century, the largest being the silver mines in <a href="/wiki/Kongsberg_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongsberg (town)">Kongsberg</a> and the copper mines in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ros_(town)" title="Røros (town)">Røros</a>. Fishing continued to be an important income for farmers along the coast, but from the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Dried_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Dried cod">dried cod</a> started being salted, which required fishermen to buy salt from merchants. The first important period of Norwegian shipping was between 1690 and 1710, but the advantage was lost with Denmark–Norway entering the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> in 1709. However, Norwegian shipping regained its strength towards the end of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Norwegians earned a living as sailors in foreign ships, especially Dutch ones. The crews in both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</a> contained Norwegians.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway benefitted from the many European wars of the 18th century. As a neutral power it was able to expand its share of the shipping market. It also supplied timber to foreign navies.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the period, Bergen was the largest town in the country; its population of 14,000 in the mid 18th century was twice the size of Christiania (later Oslo) and Trondheim combined. Eight townships with privileges existed in 1660—by 1800 this had increased to twenty-three. During this period up to two-thirds of the country's audited national income was transferred to Copenhagen.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last decades of the century, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Nielsen_Hauge" title="Hans Nielsen Hauge">Hans Nielsen Hauge</a> started the <a href="/wiki/Haugean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugean">Haugean</a> movement, which demanded the right to preach the word of God freely.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a> was established in 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Union_with_Sweden">Union with Sweden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Union with Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(1814)" title="Kingdom of Norway (1814)">Kingdom of Norway (1814)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden-Norway">Sweden-Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg/220px-Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg/330px-Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg/440px-Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3330" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>The Constituent Assembly which approved the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution of Norway</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Denmark–Norway entered the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> on France's side in 1807. This had a devastating effect on the Norwegian economy as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> hindered export by ship and import of food. <a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808-1809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808-1809">Sweden invaded Norway</a> the following year, but after several Norwegian victories a cease-fire was signed in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After pressure from Norwegian merchants license trade was permitted with corn from Denmark to Eastern Norway in exchange for Norwegian timber export to Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> in 1813, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a> signed on 14 January 1814 ceded Norway to the king of Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-s71_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s71-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norway-Sweden_1905.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Norway-Sweden_1905.svg/220px-Norway-Sweden_1905.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Norway-Sweden_1905.svg/330px-Norway-Sweden_1905.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Norway-Sweden_1905.svg/440px-Norway-Sweden_1905.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Map of Sweden–Norway</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christian_Frederik" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Frederik">Christian Frederik</a>, heir to the Danish and Norwegian crowns, had since 1813 been viceroy of Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-s71_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s71-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spearheaded the Norwegian resistance against the Kiel Treaty and planned to claim the throne as the legitimate heir. He traveled to <a href="/wiki/Trondheim_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trondheim (city)">Trondheim</a> to gain support for his person, and then assembled twenty-one prominent citizens at <a href="/wiki/Eidsvoll_Manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eidsvoll Manor">Eidsvoll Manor</a> on 16 February 1814 to discuss his plans. They rejected a new absolute monarchy and advised him instead to convoke a constituent assembly to draw up a liberal constitution and decide the form of government. Representatives from the entire country were elected to meet at Eidsvoll Manor.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 112 members of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Norwegian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> gathered and, after six weeks of discussion, concluded the work on the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution of Norway</a> on 17 May 1814. Power would be split between the king – a position to which Christian Frederik was appointed – and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Norway">Parliament of Norway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swedish army under Crown prince <a href="/wiki/Carl_Johan" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Johan">Carl Johan</a> of Sweden <a href="/wiki/Swedish-Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Norwegian War (1814)">invaded Norway</a> in late July; at the armistice <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Moss" title="Convention of Moss">Convention of Moss</a> on 14 August Norway accepted to enter a <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">personal union</a> with Sweden on equal terms, while Sweden accepted the Norwegian Constitution and separate institutions in both states. King Christian Frederik agreed to convoke an extraordinary parliament to revise the Constitution accordingly, and then abdicate. The parliament was convened in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiania</a> on 7 October, and the necessary amendments were resolved on 4 November 1814. On the same day, king <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">Charles XIII</a> of Sweden was elected king of Norway, thereby establishing the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_State_of_the_Officials_(embedsmannsstaten)"><span id="The_State_of_the_Officials_.28embedsmannsstaten.29"></span>The State of the Officials (<i>embedsmannsstaten</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The State of the Officials (embedsmannsstaten)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Havreskjering_Fossheim_Lindahl.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Havreskjering_Fossheim_Lindahl.jpeg/220px-Havreskjering_Fossheim_Lindahl.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Havreskjering_Fossheim_Lindahl.jpeg/330px-Havreskjering_Fossheim_Lindahl.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Havreskjering_Fossheim_Lindahl.jpeg/440px-Havreskjering_Fossheim_Lindahl.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Harvesting <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a> at Fossum in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8lster" title="Jølster">Jølster</a> during the 1880s</figcaption></figure> <p>The Napoleonic Wars sent Norway into an economic crisis, as nearly all the merchants had gone bankrupt during the blockade. Recovery was difficult because of export tariffs and the country experienced high inflation. The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_speciedaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian speciedaler">Norwegian speciedaler</a> was established as a currency by the <a href="/wiki/Norges_Bank" title="Norges Bank">Bank of Norway</a> when it was established in 1816, financed through a silver tax which lasted until 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under threat of a coup d'état by Carl Johan, Norway reluctantly paid the debt stated in the Treaty of Kiel, despite never having <a href="/wiki/Ratified" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratified">ratified</a> it. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Constitution_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Constitution Day">Constitution Day</a> on 17 May became an important political rally every year;<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1829 the Swedish governor-general <a href="/wiki/Baltzar_von_Platen_(1766%E2%80%931829)" title="Baltzar von Platen (1766–1829)">Baltzar von Platen</a> resigned after he used force against demonstrators in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Square" title="Battle of the Square">Battle of the Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first half of the century was dominated by the ca. 2,000 officials,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as there were few bourgeois and no aristocracy following an 1821 decision to abolish nobility. From the <a href="/wiki/1832_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="1832 Norwegian parliamentary election">1832 election</a>, farmers became more conscious of electing themselves, resulting in a majority of farmers in Parliament. This resulted in rural tax cuts and higher import tariffs, shifting the tax burden to the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also passed the <a href="/wiki/Formannskapsdistrikt" title="Formannskapsdistrikt">Local Committees Act</a>, which established elected <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal council (Norway)">municipal councils</a> from 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-s82_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s82-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural expression from the 1840s to the 1870s was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a>, which emphasized the uniqueness of Norway.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kjerkgata_sett_nedenfra_1869_Foto_Elen_Schomragh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kjerkgata_sett_nedenfra_1869_Foto_Elen_Schomragh.jpg/220px-Kjerkgata_sett_nedenfra_1869_Foto_Elen_Schomragh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kjerkgata_sett_nedenfra_1869_Foto_Elen_Schomragh.jpg/330px-Kjerkgata_sett_nedenfra_1869_Foto_Elen_Schomragh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kjerkgata_sett_nedenfra_1869_Foto_Elen_Schomragh.jpg/440px-Kjerkgata_sett_nedenfra_1869_Foto_Elen_Schomragh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ros" title="Røros">Røros</a>, a major copper mining town, in 1869</figcaption></figure> <p>The textile industry started in the 1840s, which was followed up with mechanical workshops to build new machinery as the British <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargo</a> hindered import of textile machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An economic crisis hit the country from 1848, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Thrane" title="Marcus Thrane">Marcus Thrane</a> establishing the first trade unions and demanding that equality before the law be independent of social class. Parliament passed a series of laws abandoning economic privileges and easing domestic trade during the 1840s and 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Population increase forced the clearing of new land, although some of the growth came in the cities. The population of Christiania reached 40,000 in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-s83_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s83-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1865 the population reached 1.7 million; the large increase was largely caused by better nutrition from herring and potatoes, a sharp decrease of infant mortality and increased hygiene.<sup id="cite_ref-s82_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s82-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emigration to North America started in 1825, with the first mass emigration commencing in the 1860s. By 1930, 800,000 people had emigrated, the majority settling in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s83_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s83-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolph_Tidemand_%26_Hans_Gude_-_Bridal_Procession_on_the_Hardangerfjord_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Adolph_Tidemand_%26_Hans_Gude_-_Bridal_Procession_on_the_Hardangerfjord_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Adolph_Tidemand_%26_Hans_Gude_-_Bridal_Procession_on_the_Hardangerfjord_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Adolph_Tidemand_%26_Hans_Gude_-_Bridal_Procession_on_the_Hardangerfjord_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Adolph_Tidemand_%26_Hans_Gude_-_Bridal_Procession_on_the_Hardangerfjord_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Adolph_Tidemand_%26_Hans_Gude_-_Bridal_Procession_on_the_Hardangerfjord_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Adolph_Tidemand_%26_Hans_Gude_-_Bridal_Procession_on_the_Hardangerfjord_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7783" data-file-height="5565" /></a><figcaption><i>Bridal Journey in <a href="/wiki/Hardanger" title="Hardanger">Hardanger</a></i> (1848) by <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Adolph Tidemand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Hans Gude</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The population decrease resulted in a labor shortage in the agriculture, which again resulted in <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(Norway)" title="The Great Transformation (Norway)">increased use of machinery</a> and thus capital. The government stimulated the process through the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Norges_Hypotekbank" title="Norges Hypotekbank">Mortgage Bank</a> in 1851 and the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_University_of_Life_Sciences" title="Norwegian University of Life Sciences">State Agricultural College</a> eight years later.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 19th century saw a large increase of road construction and <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a> services commenced along the coast. The first railway, the <a href="/wiki/Trunk_Line" title="Trunk Line">Trunk Line</a> between Christiania and Eidsvoll opened in 1854, followed a year later by the first telegraph line. Export industry commenced with steam-powered sawmills in the 1860s, followed by canned herring, <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">wood pulp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>. From 1850 to 1880 the Norwegian shipping industry enjoyed a large boom, stimulated by the abolishing of the British <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a>. By 1880 there were 60,000 Norwegian seamen and the country had the world's third-largest <a href="/wiki/Merchant_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant marine">merchant marine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the first coast-to-coast railway, the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ros_Line" title="Røros Line">Røros Line</a> connected the capital to Trondheim in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-railway_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railway-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway joined the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Monetary_Union" title="Scandinavian Monetary Union">Scandinavian Monetary Union</a> in 1875 and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Norwegian krone</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> being introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Thuesen:_224_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thuesen:_224-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_last_decades_of_the_Union">The last decades of the Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The last decades of the Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pihl_holtaalen_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pihl_holtaalen_1877.jpg/220px-Pihl_holtaalen_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pihl_holtaalen_1877.jpg/330px-Pihl_holtaalen_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pihl_holtaalen_1877.jpg/440px-Pihl_holtaalen_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ros_Line" title="Røros Line">Røros Line</a> through <a href="/wiki/Holt%C3%A5len" title="Holtålen">Holtålen</a> in 1877</figcaption></figure> <p>Annual parliamentary sessions were introduced from 1869 and in 1872 ministers were, through a constitutional amendment, required to meet in Parliament to defend their policies. The king, despite having no constitutional right to do so, vetoed the amendment in three successive parliaments. The <a href="/wiki/1882_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="1882 Norwegian parliamentary election">1882 election</a> saw the first two parties, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservatives</a>, run for election, and subsequently the majority succeeded at <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment (Norway)">impeaching</a> the cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1884, King <a href="/wiki/Oscar_II" title="Oscar II">Oscar II</a> appointed majority leader <a href="/wiki/Johan_Sverdrup" title="Johan Sverdrup">Johan Sverdrup</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">prime minister</a>, thus establishing <a href="/wiki/Parliamentarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentarism">parliamentarism</a> as the first European country.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Liberal Party introduced a series of legal reforms, such as increasing the voting rights to about half of all men, settling the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">language conflict</a> by establishing two official written standards, <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Riksmål</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Landsmål</a>, introduced <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">juries</a>, seven years of <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory education</a> and,<sup id="cite_ref-s92_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s92-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the first European country, <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> for men in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-s95_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s95-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1880s and 1890s saw the rise of the labor movement and trade unions became common; the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions">Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions</a> was established in 1899 and the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Employers%27_Confederation" title="Norwegian Employers' Confederation">Norwegian Employers' Confederation</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-s92_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s92-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labor Party</a> had its first parliamentary members elected in 1903. The women's issue became increasingly dominant through the 1880s and they were gradually permitted to take secondary and tertiary education.<sup id="cite_ref-s93_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s93-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norwegian support of the union decreased towards the end of the 1890s, especially following the 1897 Swedish abolition of the free trade agreement and the lack of a Norwegian foreign minister. Negotiations of independence commenced, but were not effective because of shifting governments and the Swedish threat of war.<sup id="cite_ref-s95_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s95-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence">Independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Neutral_Ally" title="The Neutral Ally">The Neutral Ally</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kjelsaas_brug_1912_Wilse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kjelsaas_brug_1912_Wilse.jpg/220px-Kjelsaas_brug_1912_Wilse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kjelsaas_brug_1912_Wilse.jpg/330px-Kjelsaas_brug_1912_Wilse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kjelsaas_brug_1912_Wilse.jpg/440px-Kjelsaas_brug_1912_Wilse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Industry along <a href="/wiki/Akerselva" title="Akerselva">Akerselva</a> in Oslo in 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>With the four-party <a href="/wiki/Michelsen%27s_Cabinet" title="Michelsen's Cabinet">Michelsen's Cabinet</a> appointed in 1905, Parliament voted to establish a Norwegian consular service. This was rejected by the king and on 7 June Parliament unanimously approved the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">dissolution of the union</a>. In the following <a href="/wiki/1905_Norwegian_union_dissolution_referendum" title="1905 Norwegian union dissolution referendum">dissolution referendum</a>, only 184 people voted in favor of a union. The government offered the Norwegian crown to Denmark's Prince Carl, who after <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_monarchy_plebiscite,_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian monarchy plebiscite, 1905">a plebiscite</a> became <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII" title="Haakon VII">Haakon VII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following ten years, Parliament passed a series of social reforms, such as <a href="/wiki/Sick_pay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sick pay">sick pay</a>, factory inspection, a ten-hour working day and worker protection laws. Waterfalls for <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> became an important resource in this period and the government secured laws to hinder foreigners from controlling waterfalls, mines and forests.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large industrial companies established in these years were <a href="/wiki/Elkem" title="Elkem">Elkem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norsk_Hydro" title="Norsk Hydro">Norsk Hydro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydvaranger" title="Sydvaranger">Sydvaranger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bergen_Line" title="Bergen Line">Bergen Line</a> was completed in 1909,<sup id="cite_ref-railway_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railway-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_of_Technology" title="Norwegian Institute of Technology">Norwegian Institute of Technology</a> was established the following year<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> was introduced in 1913—as the second country in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-s93_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s93-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1880s to the 1920s, Norwegians carried out a series of polar expeditions. The most important explorers were <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Otto Sverdrup</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's expedition</a> in 1911 became the first to reach the South Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:At_the_South_Pole,_December_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/At_the_South_Pole%2C_December_1911.jpg/220px-At_the_South_Pole%2C_December_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/At_the_South_Pole%2C_December_1911.jpg/330px-At_the_South_Pole%2C_December_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/At_the_South_Pole%2C_December_1911.jpg/440px-At_the_South_Pole%2C_December_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4920" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer Hanssen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Sverre Hassel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Oscar Wisting</a> (l–r) at <a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a>, the tent erected at the South Pole on 16 December 1911 as <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">the first expedition</a></figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="World_War_I"></span>Norway adopted a policy of <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutrality</a> from 1905; during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> the Norwegian merchant marine was largely used in support of the British, resulting in Norway being classified as <a href="/wiki/The_Neutral_Ally" title="The Neutral Ally">The Neutral Ally</a>. Half the Norwegian fleet was sunk and 2,000 seamen were killed by the German <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic U-boat Campaign (World War I)">Atlantic U-boat Campaign</a>. Some merchants made huge profits from trade and shipping during the war,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in an increased division between the classes.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> was dominated by economic instability caused among other by strikes, lock-outs and the monetary policy causing <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a> to compensate for too much money having been issued during the war and thus hindering investments.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially fishermen were hit hard in the period, while farmers retained market prices through organizing regulations. Unemployment peaked at ten percent between 1931 and 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although industrial production increased by eighty percent from 1915 to 1939, the number of jobs remained stable.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_School_of_Economics" title="Norwegian School of Economics">Norwegian School of Economics</a> was established in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norway had nine governments between 1918 and 1935, nearly all minority and lasting an average eighteen months. The <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Agrarian Party</a> was established in 1920, although this period saw a rise of support for the Conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Labor Party split in 1921, with the left wing establishing the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Norway" title="Communist Party of Norway">Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although strong during the 1920s, they were marginalized through the 1930s. A short-lived Labor Government reigned in 1928,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not establish a sound parliamentary support until the 1935 <a href="/wiki/Nygaardsvold%27s_Cabinet" title="Nygaardsvold's Cabinet">Nygaardsvold's Cabinet</a>, based on an alliance with the Agrarian Party.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1920s and 1930s, Norway established <a href="/wiki/Dependencies_of_Norway" title="Dependencies of Norway">three dependencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouvet%C3%B8ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouvetøya">Bouvetøya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a>, annexed <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> and secured sovereignty of <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway's first civil airport, <a href="/wiki/Stavanger_Airport,_Sola" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavanger Airport, Sola">Stavanger</a>, opened in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">German occupation of Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Quisling regime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Campaign">Norwegian Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Battle_of_Norway.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Battle_of_Norway.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Battle_of_Norway.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>Scenes from the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Campaign">Norwegian Campaign</a> in 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>From the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939, Norway maintained a strict neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Britain and Germany realized the strategic location; both made plans to invade Norway, regardless of Norwegian opposition. The Germans struck first and invaded Norway on 9 April 1940 in the so called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">operation "Weserübung"</a>. After furious battles with Norwegian and British forces, Germany prevailed and controlled the country until the end of the war. The German goal was to use Norway to control access to the North Sea and the Atlantic, and to station air and naval forces to stop convoys from Britain to the USSR. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_in_exile">Government in exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Government in exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></div> <p>The government in exile, including the royal family, escaped to London. Politics were suspended and the government coordinated action with the Allies, retained control of a worldwide diplomatic and consular service, and operated the huge Norwegian merchant marine. It organized and supervised the resistance within Norway. One long-term impact was the abandonment of a traditional Scandinavian policy of neutrality; Norway became a founding member of NATO in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway at the start of the war had the world's fourth largest merchant fleet, at 4.8 million tons, including a fifth of the world's oil tankers. The Germans captured about 20% of the fleet but the remainder, about 1000 ships, were taken over by the government. Although half the ships were sunk, the earnings paid the expenses of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quisling_regime">Quisling regime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Quisling regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Vidkun Quisling</a> proclaimed himself prime minister and appointed a government with members from the <a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">National Unity Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was quickly set aside and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Josef Terboven</a>, but reinstated in 1942. The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Campaign">Norwegian Campaign</a> continued in Northern Norway and the government fled to London on 7 June.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Norway_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany">German occupation</a> resulted in a brutalization of society and 30,000 people were imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 55,000 people joined the National Unity Party, which became the only legal party. But the nazification process failed after the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norway" title="Supreme Court of Norway">Supreme Court</a> resigned and both organized sports and bishops boycotted the new regime.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">resistance movement</a> was established and was coordinated from London from 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stokker reports that hostile humour against the Germans helped maintain morale and build a wall against collaboration. Jokes made the rounds dripping with contempt for the oppressors, ridicule of Nazi ideology, stressing the cruelty of the Nazis and mocking their inflated self-image. People on the street asked, "Do you know the difference between the Nazis and a bucket of manure? The bucket." In Post Office lines they explained, "It's rumored that we're getting new stamps bearing Quisling's likeness, but distribution has been delayed because no one knows which side to spit on." The jokes worked to educate Norwegians about the occupation, and encourage a sense of solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">German surrender</a> on 8 May 1945, there were 360,000 German soldiers in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-s130_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s130-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar">Postwar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945–1950"><span id="1945.E2.80.931950"></span>1945–1950</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1945–1950"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Legal_purge_in_Norway_after_World_War_II" title="Legal purge in Norway after World War II">legal purge took place in Norway after WWII</a> in which 53,000 people were sentenced for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> and 25 were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-s130_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s130-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The post-war years saw an increased interest in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a>, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian Airlines System">Scandinavian Airlines System</a> in 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a> in 1952<sup id="cite_ref-s143_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s143-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Passport_Union" title="Nordic Passport Union">Nordic Passport Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> being introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Thuesen:_224_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thuesen:_224-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reconstruction after the war gave Norway the highest economic growth in Europe until 1950, partly created through <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> private consumption allowing for higher industrial investments. The Labor Party retained power throughout the period and maintained a policy of public planning.<sup id="cite_ref-s134_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s134-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bergen" title="University of Bergen">University of Bergen</a> was created in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1950s saw a boom in construction of hydroelectricity<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the state built the steel mill <a href="/wiki/Norsk_Jernverk" title="Norsk Jernverk">Norsk Jernverk</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%85rdal_og_Sunndal_Verk" title="Årdal og Sunndal Verk">two aluminum works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State banks such as the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_State_Housing_Bank" title="Norwegian State Housing Bank">State Housing Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_State_Educational_Loan_Fund" title="Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund">State Educational Loan Fund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postbanken" title="Postbanken">Postbanken</a> allowed for governmental control over private debt. Oslo hosted the <a href="/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics" title="1952 Winter Olympics">1952 Winter Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s138_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s138-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norway retained its neutrality policy until 1947, focusing on its membership in the United Nations,<sup id="cite_ref-s140_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s140-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Lie" title="Trygve Lie">Trygve Lie</a> had become the first <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">secretary-general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there was no enthusiasm for the UN at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-communism grew with a Soviet proposal for joint control over Svalbard and especially after the <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a>, after which the Communist Party lost all influence.<sup id="cite_ref-s140_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s140-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway started negotiations for the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_defense_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian defense union">Scandinavian defense union</a>, but instead opted to become a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO). However, Norway never allowed permanently stationed foreign troops or nuclear weapons on Norwegian soil to avoid agitating the Soviet Union, with which Norway from 1944 <a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Norway–Russia border">shared a land border</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NATO financed large parts of the Norwegian military investments, which ultimately resulted in numerous airports being built during the 1950s and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marshall_Plan">Marshall Plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Marshall Plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norway joined the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> ("ERP") in 1947, receiving US$400 million in American support.<sup id="cite_ref-s134_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s134-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the business background of the Marshall Plan's American leaders, their readiness to work with the Norwegian Labor government's ERP Council disappointed the conservative Norwegian business community. It was represented by the major business organizations, the Norges Industriforbund and the Norsk Arbeidsgiverforening. While reluctant to work with the government, Norwegian business leaders also recognized the dangers of appearing to obstruct the implementation of the Marshall Plan. American acceptance of a role for government in economic planning reflected their <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> reformist orientation. The opportunities for mediation between conservative Norwegian business interests and the government that arose in the course of administering the Marshall Plan helped establish a base for the emergence of Norwegian corporatism in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950_to_1972">1950 to 1972</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1950 to 1972"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_trondheim_early_morning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Old_trondheim_early_morning.jpg/220px-Old_trondheim_early_morning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Old_trondheim_early_morning.jpg/330px-Old_trondheim_early_morning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Old_trondheim_early_morning.jpg/440px-Old_trondheim_early_morning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3443" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a> in 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>The sale of cars was deregulated in October 1960, and in the same year the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation">Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation</a> introduced Norway's first television broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-s145_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s145-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway feared competition from Swedish industry and Danish agriculture and chose not to join any free trade organizations until 1960, when it joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the post-war period both fishing and agriculture became more mechanized, the agricultural subsidies rose to the third-highest in the world and the number of small-scale farms and fishermen fell dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist People's Party (Norway)">Socialist People's Party</a> was created in 1961 by former Labor politicians who disagreed with the Labor Party's NATO, nuclear and European policies.<sup id="cite_ref-s143_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s143-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Kings_Bay_Affair" title="Kings Bay Affair">Kings Bay Affair</a> the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Lyng%27s_Cabinet" title="Lyng's Cabinet">Lyng's Cabinet</a> ruled for a month.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservative coalition <a href="/wiki/Borten%27s_Cabinet" title="Borten's Cabinet">Borten's Cabinet</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1965_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="1965 Norwegian parliamentary election">1965 election</a>, sat for six years and started a trend of shifting Labor and Conservative governments.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norwegianization of Samis halted after the war and Sami rights became an increasing issue, with a council being established in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The completion of the <a href="/wiki/Nordland_Line" title="Nordland Line">Nordland Line</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a> in 1962 concluded the construction of new railway routes,<sup id="cite_ref-railway_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railway-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Metro" title="Oslo Metro">Oslo Metro</a> opened in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A social security net was gradually introduced after the war, with child allowances introduced in 1946 and the Social Care Act introduced in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-s138_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s138-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1960s saw good times for heavy industry and Norway became Europe's largest exporter of aluminum and the world's largest exporter of <a href="/wiki/Ferroalloy" title="Ferroalloy">ferroalloys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s145_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s145-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Trondheim" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Trondheim">University of Trondheim</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Troms%C3%B8" title="University of Tromsø">University of Tromsø</a> both opened in 1968, one year before a network of regional colleges started being opened. Influenced by American culture and similar actions abroad, youth and students started to rebel against cultural norms.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1960s saw an increased focus on environmentalism, especially through activism, based on ever-more conversion of waterfalls to hydro stations, pollution and the dilapidation of herring stocks. <a href="/wiki/Rondane_National_Park" title="Rondane National Park">Rondane National Park</a> was created as the country's first in 1962 and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Environment (Norway)">Ministry of the Environment</a> was the first in the world when it was established in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A network of regional airports were built in Western and Northern Norway in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membership in the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> was rejected in a <a href="/wiki/1972_Norwegian_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1972 Norwegian European Communities membership referendum">1972 referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oil_Age">Oil Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Oil Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StatfjordA(Jarvin1982).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg/220px-StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg/330px-StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg/440px-StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statfjord" class="mw-redirect" title="Statfjord">Statfjord</a> oil platform</figcaption></figure> <p>Prospecting in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> started in 1966 and in 1969 <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillips Petroleum">Phillips Petroleum</a> found oil in the <a href="/wiki/Ekofisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekofisk">Ekofisk</a> field—which proved to be among the ten largest fields in the world. Operations of the fields was split between foreign operators, the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Statoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Statoil">Statoil</a>, the partially state-owned Norsk Hydro and <a href="/wiki/Saga_Petroleum" title="Saga Petroleum">Saga Petroleum</a>. Ekofisk experienced a major <a href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">blowout</a> in 1977 and 123 people were killed when the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_L._Kielland_(platform)" title="Alexander L. Kielland (platform)">Alexander Kielland</a> accommodation rig capsized in 1980;<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these incidents led to a strengthening of petroleum safety regulations. The oil industry not only created jobs in production, but a large number of supply and technology companies were established. <a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a> became the center of this industry. <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Norway" title="Taxation in Norway">High petroleum taxes</a> and dividends from Statoil gave high income from the oil industry to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-s156_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s156-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norway established its <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> in the 1970s, receiving an area of 2,000,000 square kilometers (770,000 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-s156_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s156-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of border disputes followed; agreements were reached with Denmark and Iceland in the 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-s158_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s158-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the border in the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> was not agreed upon until 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1973 and 1981 the country was ruled by the Labor Party, who carried out a series of reforms such as new school system. Farmers received increased subsidies and from 1974 women were permitted to inherit farms.<sup id="cite_ref-s158_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s158-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Norway" title="Abortion in Norway">Abortion on demand</a> was legalized in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loans guaranteed in future oil income allowed Norway to avoid a recession during the mid-1970s. But by 1977 high wages had made Norwegian industry uncompetitive and a soaring forced cut-backs in public and private spending.<sup id="cite_ref-s162_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s162-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a> became a new, profitable industry along the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alta-damm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alta-damm.jpg/220px-Alta-damm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alta-damm.jpg/330px-Alta-damm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alta-damm.jpg/440px-Alta-damm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alta_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Alta Power Station">Alta Power Station</a>, built despite <a href="/wiki/Alta_controversy" title="Alta controversy">massive protests</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An immigration surplus was established in the late 1960s, largely from Western Europe and the United States—from the 1970s increasingly expertise in oil. The period also saw an increased immigration of unskilled labor from developing countries, especially <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Norwegians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Norwegians">Pakistan</a>, and Oslo became the center-point of immigration, although regulations from 1975 slowed this significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-s162_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s162-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Alta_controversy" title="Alta controversy">Alta controversy</a> started in the 1970s when <a href="/wiki/Statkraft" title="Statkraft">Statkraft</a> planned to dam the <a href="/wiki/Alta_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Alta River">Alta River</a>. The case united the environmental and Sami interest groups; although <a href="/wiki/Alta_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Alta Power Station">Alta Power Station</a> was built, the issue shifted the political climate and made large-scale hydroelectricity project difficult to built. The <a href="/wiki/Sami_Parliament_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami Parliament of Norway">Sami Parliament</a> was established in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Conservative Party won the <a href="/wiki/1981_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="1981 Norwegian parliamentary election">1981 elections</a> and carried out a large <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> reform: taxes were cut, local private radio stations were permitted, cable television was established by private companies, regulations on borrowing money were removed and foreigners were permitted to buy securities. An economic crisis hit in 1986 when foreigners started selling Norwegian krone, which ultimately forced an increase in taxes and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A5re_Willoch" title="Kåre Willoch">Kåre Willoch</a> was forced to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a>, located to the right of the Conservatives, had its break-through in the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high wages in the oil industry made low-skill manufacturing industries uncompetitive and the Labor Party closed a number of public industrial companies which were receiving large subsidies.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1980s saw a trebling of people on disability, largely amongst the oldest in the workforce, and the <a href="/wiki/Crime_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime rate">crime rate</a> rose.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subsea <a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8_Tunnel" title="Vardø Tunnel">Vardø Tunnel</a> opened in 1982<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and since the country has <a href="/wiki/List_of_subsea_tunnels_in_Norway" title="List of subsea tunnels in Norway">built subsea tunnels</a> to connect island communities to the mainland. From the 1980s, the largest cities introduced <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">toll rings</a> to finance new road projects.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A banking crisis hit Norway in the late 1980s, causing the largest banks, such as <a href="/wiki/Den_norske_Bank" title="Den norske Bank">Den norske Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiania_Bank" title="Christiania Bank">Christiania Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fokus_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Fokus Bank">Fokus Bank</a>, to be <a href="/wiki/Nationalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalized">nationalized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dereg_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dereg-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norsk_Data" title="Norsk Data">Norsk Data</a>, a manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Minicomputers" class="mw-redirect" title="Minicomputers">minicomputers</a>, became Norway's second largest company by 1985,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just to go bankrupt by 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unemployment reached record-high levels in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-s174_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s174-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1990, Norway was Europe's largest oil producer and by 1995 it was the world's second-largest oil exporter.<sup id="cite_ref-s156_144-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s156-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membership in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> was rejected in a <a href="/wiki/1994_Norwegian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="1994 Norwegian European Union membership referendum">1994 referendum</a>, with Norway instead joining the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later also the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large public investments in the 1990s were a new <a href="/wiki/Rikshospitalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikshospitalet">National Hospital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Airport,_Gardermoen" title="Oslo Airport, Gardermoen">Oslo Airport, Gardermoen</a>—connected to the capital with Norway's first high-speed railway, the <a href="/wiki/Gardermoen_Line" title="Gardermoen Line">Gardermoen Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s174_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s174-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of large government companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Statoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Statoil">Statoil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telenor" title="Telenor">Telenor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kongsberg_Gruppen" title="Kongsberg Gruppen">Kongsberg</a> were privatized.<sup id="cite_ref-dereg_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dereg-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lillehammer_Municipality" title="Lillehammer Municipality">Lillehammer</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">1994 Winter Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> resulted in cooperation with Russia and reduced military activity.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Kjell_Magne_Bondevik_of_Norway_in_the_Oval_Office_Friday,_May_16,_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Kjell_Magne_Bondevik_of_Norway_in_the_Oval_Office_Friday%2C_May_16%2C_2003.jpg/200px-President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Kjell_Magne_Bondevik_of_Norway_in_the_Oval_Office_Friday%2C_May_16%2C_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Kjell_Magne_Bondevik_of_Norway_in_the_Oval_Office_Friday%2C_May_16%2C_2003.jpg/300px-President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Kjell_Magne_Bondevik_of_Norway_in_the_Oval_Office_Friday%2C_May_16%2C_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Kjell_Magne_Bondevik_of_Norway_in_the_Oval_Office_Friday%2C_May_16%2C_2003.jpg/400px-President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Kjell_Magne_Bondevik_of_Norway_in_the_Oval_Office_Friday%2C_May_16%2C_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Norwegian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kjell_Magne_Bondevik" title="Kjell Magne Bondevik">Kjell Magne Bondevik</a> met with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> in <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, on 27 May 2003.</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Armed_Forces" title="Norwegian Armed Forces">Norwegian Armed Forces</a> shifted their focus from defending an invasion to being mobile for use in NATO operations abroad and participated in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a> in 2001, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> in 2003, and in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan Civil War">Libyan Civil War</a> in 2011. They were also involved in the <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 December 2004 during a <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas holiday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a> celebration, more than 80 of <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegian people</a> in Thailand and the other part across the <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and Southeast Asia were among <a href="/wiki/Countries_affected_by_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">thousands of people killed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami</a> off <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks" title="2011 Norway attacks">2011 attacks</a> saw an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Regjeringskvartalet" title="Regjeringskvartalet">Government Headquarters</a> in Oslo and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Youth_League_(Norway)" title="Workers' Youth League (Norway)">Workers' Youth League</a> camp at the island of <a href="/wiki/Ut%C3%B8ya" title="Utøya">Utøya</a> by the Norwegian gunman <a href="/wiki/Anders_Behring_Breivik" title="Anders Behring Breivik">Anders Behring Breivik</a>, killing 77 people.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the worst ever gun massacre made by an individual.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2013_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="2013 Norwegian parliamentary election">2013 Storting elections</a>, voters ended eight years of Labor rule led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a>. A coalition of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a>, was elected. The transition came amid an economy in good condition, with low unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Norwegian <a href="/wiki/2017_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="2017 Norwegian parliamentary election">parliamentary election 2017</a> the center-right government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Erna_Solberg" title="Erna Solberg">Erna Solberg</a> won re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2018, the Liberal Party joined the government, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democrats</a> joined them in January 2019. The Progress Party left the coalition in January 2020, but it continued to support the government.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norway's new center-left cabinet under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Gahr_St%C3%B8re" title="Jonas Gahr Støre">Jonas Gahr Stoere</a>, the leader of Norway's center-left Labor Party, took office on 14 October 2021. He formed a minority coalition government with the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist Left Party (Norway)">Socialist Left Party</a>. The previous center-right government was ousted in the 13 Sep <a href="/wiki/2021_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Norwegian parliamentary election">election</a> after two four-year terms.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s–2010"><span id="2000s.E2.80.932010"></span>2000s–2010</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2000s–2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed centre"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Nordiska_statsministrarna._(Bilden_ar_tagen_vid_Nordiska_radets_session_i_Oslo,_2003).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Five Nordic Prime Ministers (Matti Vanhanen (left) from Finland, Davíð Oddsson (second left) from Iceland, Kjell Magne Bondevik (center) from Norway, Anders Fogh Rasmussen (second right) from Denmark, and Göran Persson (right) from Sweden) at the Nordic Council Session in Oslo, on 27 October 2003."><img alt="Five Nordic Prime Ministers (Matti Vanhanen (left) from Finland, Davíð Oddsson (second left) from Iceland, Kjell Magne Bondevik (center) from Norway, Anders Fogh Rasmussen (second right) from Denmark, and Göran Persson (right) from Sweden) at the Nordic Council Session in Oslo, on 27 October 2003." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/De_Nordiska_statsministrarna._%28Bilden_ar_tagen_vid_Nordiska_radets_session_i_Oslo%2C_2003%29.jpg/286px-De_Nordiska_statsministrarna._%28Bilden_ar_tagen_vid_Nordiska_radets_session_i_Oslo%2C_2003%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/De_Nordiska_statsministrarna._%28Bilden_ar_tagen_vid_Nordiska_radets_session_i_Oslo%2C_2003%29.jpg/428px-De_Nordiska_statsministrarna._%28Bilden_ar_tagen_vid_Nordiska_radets_session_i_Oslo%2C_2003%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/De_Nordiska_statsministrarna._%28Bilden_ar_tagen_vid_Nordiska_radets_session_i_Oslo%2C_2003%29.jpg/571px-De_Nordiska_statsministrarna._%28Bilden_ar_tagen_vid_Nordiska_radets_session_i_Oslo%2C_2003%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Five Nordic Prime Ministers (<a href="/wiki/Matti_Vanhanen" title="Matti Vanhanen">Matti Vanhanen</a> (left) from <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dav%C3%AD%C3%B0_Oddsson" title="Davíð Oddsson">Davíð Oddsson</a> (second left) from <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kjell_Magne_Bondevik" title="Kjell Magne Bondevik">Kjell Magne Bondevik</a> (center) from Norway, <a href="/wiki/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen" title="Anders Fogh Rasmussen">Anders Fogh Rasmussen</a> (second right) from <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Persson" title="Göran Persson">Göran Persson</a> (right) from Sweden) at the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a> Session in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, on 27 October 2003.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jens_Stoltenberg_2007_04_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jens Stoltenberg was the Prime Minister of Norway from 2005 until 2013."><img alt="Jens Stoltenberg was the Prime Minister of Norway from 2005 until 2013." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jens_Stoltenberg_2007_04_18.jpg/176px-Jens_Stoltenberg_2007_04_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jens_Stoltenberg_2007_04_18.jpg/264px-Jens_Stoltenberg_2007_04_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jens_Stoltenberg_2007_04_18.jpg/352px-Jens_Stoltenberg_2007_04_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jens Stoltenberg was the Prime Minister of Norway from 2005 until 2013.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harald_of_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norwegian King Harald V and Norwegian Queen Sonja, greeted by First Lady of the United States U.S. President George W. Bush and his wife, Laura Bush at the White House during a state visit in Washington, D.C., United States, in March 2005."><img alt="Norwegian King Harald V and Norwegian Queen Sonja, greeted by First Lady of the United States U.S. President George W. Bush and his wife, Laura Bush at the White House during a state visit in Washington, D.C., United States, in March 2005." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Harald_of_Norway.jpg/270px-Harald_of_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Harald_of_Norway.jpg/405px-Harald_of_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Harald_of_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald V of Norway">Norwegian King Harald V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Sonja_of_Norway" title="Queen Sonja of Norway">Norwegian Queen Sonja</a>, greeted by <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a> U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> during a state visit in Washington, D.C., United States, in March 2005.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oslo_Bors.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oslo Stock Exchange languishes during the financial crisis of 2007–2008."><img alt="Oslo Stock Exchange languishes during the financial crisis of 2007–2008." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Oslo_Bors.jpg/264px-Oslo_Bors.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Oslo_Bors.jpg/395px-Oslo_Bors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Oslo_Bors.jpg/527px-Oslo_Bors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2859" data-file-height="1953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Stock_Exchange" title="Oslo Stock Exchange">Oslo Stock Exchange</a> languishes during the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OsloOpera_20080605-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oslo Opera House opened in 2007 and is part of the Fjord City redevelopment of Oslo's waterfront."><img alt="Oslo Opera House opened in 2007 and is part of the Fjord City redevelopment of Oslo's waterfront." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/OsloOpera_20080605-1.jpg/294px-OsloOpera_20080605-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/OsloOpera_20080605-1.jpg/441px-OsloOpera_20080605-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/OsloOpera_20080605-1.jpg/588px-OsloOpera_20080605-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4308" data-file-height="2640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Opera_House" title="Oslo Opera House">Oslo Opera House</a> opened in 2007 and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Fjord_City" title="Fjord City">Fjord City</a> redevelopment of Oslo's waterfront.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_og_Melinda_Gates_2009-06-03_(bilde_05).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg (second left) and his wife Ingrid Schulerud (left), meet with Bill (second right) and Melinda Gates (right) at the visit to the Oslo Opera House, on 3 June 2009."><img alt="Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg (second left) and his wife Ingrid Schulerud (left), meet with Bill (second right) and Melinda Gates (right) at the visit to the Oslo Opera House, on 3 June 2009." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bill_og_Melinda_Gates_2009-06-03_%28bilde_05%29.JPG/270px-Bill_og_Melinda_Gates_2009-06-03_%28bilde_05%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bill_og_Melinda_Gates_2009-06-03_%28bilde_05%29.JPG/405px-Bill_og_Melinda_Gates_2009-06-03_%28bilde_05%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bill_og_Melinda_Gates_2009-06-03_%28bilde_05%29.JPG/540px-Bill_og_Melinda_Gates_2009-06-03_%28bilde_05%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2778" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Norwegian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a> (second left) and his wife <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Schulerud" title="Ingrid Schulerud">Ingrid Schulerud</a> (left), meet with <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill</a> (second right) and <a href="/wiki/Melinda_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Melinda Gates">Melinda Gates</a> (right) at the visit to the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Opera_House" title="Oslo Opera House">Oslo Opera House</a>, on 3 June 2009.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joint_press_conference_with_Norwegian_Prime_Minister_Jens_Stoltenberg_big225653.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg (right) and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev (left) announce that Norway and Russia have settled the long conflict over their maritime border in the Barents Sea, on 27 April 2010."><img alt="Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg (right) and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev (left) announce that Norway and Russia have settled the long conflict over their maritime border in the Barents Sea, on 27 April 2010." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Joint_press_conference_with_Norwegian_Prime_Minister_Jens_Stoltenberg_big225653.jpg/292px-Joint_press_conference_with_Norwegian_Prime_Minister_Jens_Stoltenberg_big225653.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Joint_press_conference_with_Norwegian_Prime_Minister_Jens_Stoltenberg_big225653.jpg/438px-Joint_press_conference_with_Norwegian_Prime_Minister_Jens_Stoltenberg_big225653.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Joint_press_conference_with_Norwegian_Prime_Minister_Jens_Stoltenberg_big225653.jpg/584px-Joint_press_conference_with_Norwegian_Prime_Minister_Jens_Stoltenberg_big225653.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Norwegian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a> (right) and Russian President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> (left) announce that Norway and Russia have settled the long conflict over their maritime border in the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a>, on 27 April 2010.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Norway" title="Foreign relations of Norway">Foreign relations of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway and the European Union">Norway and the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_Norway" title="Arctic policy of Norway">Arctic policy of Norway</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.org/index/country/norway">"Norway Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption"</a>. <i>www.heritage.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Curiosmos&rft.atitle=1%2C500-Year-Old+Viking+Arrowhead+Found+After+Glacier+Melts+in+Norway&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcuriosmos.com%2F1500-year-old-viking-arrowhead-found-after-glacier-melts-in-norway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s20-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s20_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s20_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s27-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s27_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s27_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snerpa.is/net/snorri/landnama.htm">"Landnámabók (Sturlubók)"</a>. <i>www.snerpa.is</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515182047/http://www.snerpa.is/net/snorri/landnama.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.snerpa.is&rft.atitle=Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k+%28Sturlub%C3%B3k%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snerpa.is%2Fnet%2Fsnorri%2Flandnama.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/oct/15/viking-ship-burial-discovered-in-norway-just-50cm-underground">"Viking ship burial discovered in Norway just 50cm underground"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 15 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413215958/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/oct/15/viking-ship-burial-discovered-in-norway-just-50cm-underground">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Viking+ship+burial+discovered+in+Norway+just+50cm+underground&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2018%2Foct%2F15%2Fviking-ship-burial-discovered-in-norway-just-50cm-underground&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2018" class="citation web cs1">Starr, Michelle (15 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencealert.com/jellestad-ship-viking-burial-iron-age-jelle-mound-ground-penetrating-radar-norway">"A Rare Viking Ship Burial Was Just Discovered in Norway, Less Than 2 Feet Underground"</a>. <i>ScienceAlert</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114205729/https://www.sciencealert.com/jellestad-ship-viking-burial-iron-age-jelle-mound-ground-penetrating-radar-norway">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceAlert&rft.atitle=A+Rare+Viking+Ship+Burial+Was+Just+Discovered+in+Norway%2C+Less+Than+2+Feet+Underground&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencealert.com%2Fjellestad-ship-viking-burial-iron-age-jelle-mound-ground-penetrating-radar-norway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreevy" class="citation web cs1">McGreevy, Nora. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/first-time-century-norway-will-excavate-viking-ship-burial-180974854/">"For the First Time in a Century, Norway Will Excavate Viking Ship Burial"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206114252/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/first-time-century-norway-will-excavate-viking-ship-burial-180974854/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=For+the+First+Time+in+a+Century%2C+Norway+Will+Excavate+Viking+Ship+Burial&rft.aulast=McGreevy&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Ffirst-time-century-norway-will-excavate-viking-ship-burial-180974854%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmiljødepartementet2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">miljødepartementet, Klima-og (12 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regjeringen.no/nn/aktuelt/gjellestadskipet/id2701917/">"Vil grave fram det første vikingskipet på 100 år"</a>. <i>Regjeringa.no</i> (in Norwegian Nynorsk). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712104418/https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumentarkiv/regjeringen-solberg/aktuelt-regjeringen-solberg/kld/nyheter/2020-nyheter/gjellestadskipet/id2701917/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regjeringa.no&rft.atitle=Vil+grave+fram+det+f%C3%B8rste+vikingskipet+p%C3%A5+100+%C3%A5r&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft.aulast=milj%C3%B8departementet&rft.aufirst=Klima-og&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fnn%2Faktuelt%2Fgjellestadskipet%2Fid2701917%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s45-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s45_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s45_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s45_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s46-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s46_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derry p.75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derry pp. 77–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derry p.77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derry pp. 81–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derry pp.83–84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derry pp.84–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DBL-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DBL_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBricka1897" class="citation book cs1">Bricka, Carl Frederik (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/dbl/11/0516.html"><i>Dansk biografisk Lexikon, vol. 11</i></a>. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag. p. 514. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504155031/http://runeberg.org/dbl/11/0516.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dansk+biografisk+Lexikon%2C+vol.+11&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=514&rft.pub=Gyldendalske+Boghandels+Forlag&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Bricka&rft.aufirst=Carl+Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fdbl%2F11%2F0516.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derry pp.91–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derry pp.92–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derry p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s56-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s56_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s56_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derry p.102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derry pp.104–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derry p.114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thuesen: 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s71-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s71_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s71_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s82-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s82_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s82_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s83-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s83_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s83_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-railway-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-railway_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-railway_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-railway_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122071524/http://www.jernbaneverket.no/PageFiles/7894/Jernbanestatistikk%202008_22%20juni_web.pdf">"Railway Statistics 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Jernbaneverket" title="Jernbaneverket">Jernbaneverket</a>. pp. 44–45. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jernbaneverket.no/no/dokumenter/Om-oss/Jernbanestatistikk/Jernbanestatistikk-2008/">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Railway+Statistics+2008&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Jernbaneverket&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jernbaneverket.no%2Fno%2Fdokumenter%2FOm-oss%2FJernbanestatistikk%2FJernbanestatistikk-2008%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norges-bank.no/en/about/history/norges-banks-history/">"Norges Bank's history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norges_Bank" title="Norges Bank">Norges Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120701035420/http://www.norges-bank.no/en/about/history/norges-banks-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norges+Bank%27s+history&rft.pub=Norges+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norges-bank.no%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fnorges-banks-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thuesen:_224-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thuesen:_224_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thuesen:_224_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thuesen: 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s92-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s92_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s92_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s95-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s95_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s95_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s93-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s93_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s93_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thuesen: 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thuesen: 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thuesen: 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029022134/http://www.frammuseum.no/Polar-Expedition.aspx">"Polar Expeditions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fram_Museum" title="Fram Museum">Fram Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frammuseum.no/Polar-Expedition.aspx">the original</a> on 29 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polar+Expeditions&rft.pub=Fram+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frammuseum.no%2FPolar-Expedition.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thuesen: 300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140528014107/http://www.avinor.no/lufthavn/stavanger/omoss/70_Historikk">"Historikk – Stavanger lufthavn, Sola"</a>. Avinor.no. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avinor.no/lufthavn/stavanger/omoss/70_Historikk">the original</a> on 28 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historikk+%E2%80%93+Stavanger+lufthavn%2C+Sola&rft.pub=Avinor.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avinor.no%2Flufthavn%2Fstavanger%2Fomoss%2F70_Historikk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erik J. Friis, "The Norwegian Government-In-Exile, 1940–45" in <i>Scandinavian Studies. Essays Presented to Dr. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Goddard_Leach" title="Henry Goddard Leach">Henry Goddard Leach</a> on the Occasion of his Eighty-fifth Birthday</i> (1965), p422-444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I.C.B Dear and M.R.D. Foot, <i>Oxford Companion to World War II</i> (1995) pp 818–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johs Andenaes, <i>Norway and the Second World War</i> (1966)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen Stokker, "Heil Hitler; God Save the King: Jokes and the Norwegian Resistance 1940–1945," <i>Western Folklore</i> (1991) 50#2 pp. 171–190 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1500046">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712104456/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1500046">Archived</a> 12 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s130-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s130_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s130_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s143-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s143_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s143_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318061342/http://www.norden.org/en/about-nordic-co-operation/agreements/treaties-and-agreements/passport-issues-citizenship-and-national-registration">"Passport Issues, Citizenship and National Registration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/en/about-nordic-co-operation/agreements/treaties-and-agreements/passport-issues-citizenship-and-national-registration">the original</a> on 18 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Passport+Issues%2C+Citizenship+and+National+Registration&rft.pub=Nordic+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norden.org%2Fen%2Fabout-nordic-co-operation%2Fagreements%2Ftreaties-and-agreements%2Fpassport-issues-citizenship-and-national-registration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s134-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s134_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s134_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thuesen: 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s138-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s138_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s138_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s140-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s140_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s140_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thuesen: 334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGötz2009" class="citation journal cs1">Götz, Norbert (2009). 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Pedersen, "Norwegian Business and the Marshall Plan, 1947–1952." <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i> 1996 21(4): 285–301. ISSN 0346-8755</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s145-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s145_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s145_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thuesen: 370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malmø: 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s156-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s156_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s156_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s156_144-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s158-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s158_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s158_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyomkinFouche2010" class="citation news cs1">Dyomkin, Denis; Fouche, Gwladys (27 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE63Q14D20100427?type=marketsNews">"Russia and Norway strike Arctic sea border deal"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930042411/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/04/27/norway-russia-barents-idUSLDE63Q14D20100427?type=marketsNews">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia+and+Norway+strike+Arctic+sea+border+deal&rft.date=2010-04-27&rft.aulast=Dyomkin&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Fouche%2C+Gwladys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSLDE63Q14D20100427%3Ftype%3DmarketsNews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s162-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s162_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s162_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thuesen: 394</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIeromonachouPotterWarren2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ieromonachou, P.; Potter, S.; Warren, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transport+Policy&rft.atitle=Norway%27s+urban+toll+rings%3A+Evolving+towards+congestion+charging%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=367-378&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tranpol.2006.01.003&rft.issn=0967-070X&rft.aulast=Ieromonachou&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Potter%2C+S.&rft.au=Warren%2C+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0967070X06000047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dereg-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dereg_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dereg_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/regreform/32682052.pdf">"Regulatyr Reform in Norway"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309052245/http://www.oecd.org/regreform/32682052.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regulatyr+Reform+in+Norway&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fregreform%2F32682052.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steine: 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Landet rundt TBK overtar Dolphin". <i><a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenposten</a></i> (in Norwegian). 24 December 1993. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft.atitle=Landet+rundt+TBK+overtar+Dolphin&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1993-12-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s174-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s174_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s174_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHove-ØdegårdCeliusBrun2004" class="citation web cs1">Hove-Ødegård, Arne; Celius, Sten; Brun, Ivar Ole (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5uv6grx5a?url=http://www.lillehammer.kommune.no/files/75261/">"An Olympic Fairy Tale"</a>. Lillehammer Municipality. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lillehammer.kommune.no/links/113598">the original</a> on 12 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Olympic+Fairy+Tale&rft.pub=Lillehammer+Municipality&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hove-%C3%98deg%C3%A5rd&rft.aufirst=Arne&rft.au=Celius%2C+Sten&rft.au=Brun%2C+Ivar+Ole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lillehammer.kommune.no%2Flinks%2F113598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenersen: 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngebrigtsen2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ingebrigtsen" title="Roger Ingebrigtsen">Ingebrigtsen, Roger</a> (7 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/fd/aktuelt/taler_artikler/politisk_ledelse/taler-og-artikler-av-statssekretar-roger/2011/fra-invasjonsforsvar-til-innsatsforsvar.html?id=660215">"Fra invasjonsforsvar til innsatsforsvar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government.no" title="Government.no">Government.no</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123202143/http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/fd/aktuelt/taler_artikler/politisk_ledelse/taler-og-artikler-av-statssekretar-roger/2011/fra-invasjonsforsvar-til-innsatsforsvar.html?id=660215">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fra+invasjonsforsvar+til+innsatsforsvar&rft.pub=Government.no&rft.date=2011-10-07&rft.aulast=Ingebrigtsen&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fnb%2Fdep%2Ffd%2Faktuelt%2Ftaler_artikler%2Fpolitisk_ledelse%2Ftaler-og-artikler-av-statssekretar-roger%2F2011%2Ffra-invasjonsforsvar-til-innsatsforsvar.html%3Fid%3D660215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsinenglish.no/2014/12/28/tsunami-victims-remembered/">"Tsunami victims remembered"</a>. <i>www.newsinenglish.no</i>. 28 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211213072702/https://www.newsinenglish.no/2014/12/28/tsunami-victims-remembered/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.newsinenglish.no&rft.atitle=Tsunami+victims+remembered&rft.date=2014-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsinenglish.no%2F2014%2F12%2F28%2Ftsunami-victims-remembered%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thuesen: 444</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://top5ofanything.com/list/db8a4490/Worst-Gun-Massacres-by-an-Individual">"The Top 5 Worst Gun Massacres by an Individual"</a>. <i>top5ofanything.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226154644/https://top5ofanything.com/list/db8a4490/Worst-Gun-Massacres-by-an-Individual">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=top5ofanything.com&rft.atitle=The+Top+5+Worst+Gun+Massacres+by+an+Individual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftop5ofanything.com%2Flist%2Fdb8a4490%2FWorst-Gun-Massacres-by-an-Individual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24014551">"Norway election: Conservative Erna Solberg triumphs"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018114640/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24014551">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Norway+election%3A+Conservative+Erna+Solberg+triumphs&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-24014551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDagenborg2017" class="citation news cs1">Dagenborg, Henrik Stolen (12 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-election-idUSKCN1BL0J3">"Norway's right-wing government wins re-election fought on oil, tax"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527163130/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-election-idUSKCN1BL0J3">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Norway%27s+right-wing+government+wins+re-election+fought+on+oil%2C+tax&rft.date=2017-09-12&rft.aulast=Dagenborg&rft.aufirst=Henrik+Stolen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-norway-election-idUSKCN1BL0J3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsinenglish.no/2020/01/20/progress-leaves-solbergs-coalition/">"Progress leaves Solberg's coalition"</a>. <i>Norway's News in English — www.newsinenglish.no</i>. 20 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230503074514/https://www.newsinenglish.no/2020/01/20/progress-leaves-solbergs-coalition/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Norway%27s+News+in+English+%E2%80%94+www.newsinenglish.no&rft.atitle=Progress+leaves+Solberg%27s+coalition&rft.date=2020-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsinenglish.no%2F2020%2F01%2F20%2Fprogress-leaves-solbergs-coalition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2021-10-14/norways-prime-minister-present-his-new-government">Norways Prime Minister present his government</a> US News <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026095923/https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2021-10-14/norways-prime-minister-present-his-new-government">Archived</a> 26 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Norway#Further_reading" title="Foreign relations of Norway">Foreign relations of Norway § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li>Almlid, Geir K. <i>Britain and Norway in Europe Since 1945: Outsiders</i> (Springer Nature, 2020).</li> <li>Andresen, Astri, and Kari Tove Elvbakken. "In peace and war: birth control and population policies in Norway (1930–1945)." <i><a href="/wiki/Continuity_and_Change" title="Continuity and Change">Continuity and Change</a></i> 35.3 (2020): 345–369 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/5660163DBF3D7FDC1FF8CC796D87C35D/S0268416020000235a.pdf/in_peace_and_war_birth_control_and_population_policies_in_norway_19301945.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Anker, Peder. <i>The power of the periphery: How Norway became an environmental pioneer for the world</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2020).</li> <li>Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth. <i>The History of Norway</i> (2011)</li> <li>Brégaint, David. "Kings and aristocratic elites: communicating power and status in medieval Norway." <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i> 46.1 (2021): 1–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03468755.2020.1784267">online</a></li> <li>Dackling, Martin. "Traditional or modern peasants? odelsrett and bördsrätt in parliamentary debates, 1810–1860" <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i> 46.1 (2021): 63–83. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03468755.2020.1778519">online</a></li> <li>Derry, T.K. <i>A Short History of Norway</i> (George Allen and Unwin, 1968)</li> <li>Eitrheim, Øyvind, Jan Tore Klovland, and Lars Fredrik Øksendal. <i>A monetary history of Norway, 1816–2016</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2016).</li> <li>Evju, Håkon. <i>Ancient constitutions and modern monarchy: historical writing and enlightened reform in Denmark-Norway 1730–1814</i> (Brill, 2019)</li> <li>Falls, Cyril. "The Independence of Norway" <i>History Today</i> (Dec 1955) 5#12 pp 833–838, covers 1814–1905.</li> <li>Garau, Salvatore. <i>Fascism and Ideology: Italy, Britain, and Norway</i> (Routledge, 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.rcaap.pt/analisesocial/article/download/22428/16524/87042">online</a>.</li> <li>Goksøyr, Matti, and Gaute Heyerdahl. "The 1952 and 1994 Olympic Flames: Norway's Quest for Winter Olympic Identity." <i>International Journal of the History of Sport</i> (2021): 1–19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09523367.2021.1984893">online</a></li> <li>Grytten, Ola. "Revising growth history: new estimates of GDP for Norway, 1816–2019" <i>Economic History Review</i> (Feb 2022, 75#pp 181–20 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357717280_Revising_growth_history_new_estimates_of_GDP_for_Norway_1816-2019_Print">excerpt</a> <ul><li>Grytten, Ola Honningdal. "Revising price history: consumer price index for Norway 1492–2018." <i>Scandinavian Economic History Review</i> 68.2 (2020): 129–144. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ola-Grytten/publication/338844720_Revising_price_history_consumer_price_index_for_Norway_1492-2018/links/5e30298892851c7f7f05dbc3/Revising-price-history-consumer-price-index-for-Norway-1492-2018.pdf">online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Haug, Karl Erik. "Norway", in: <i>1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</i>, ed. by Ute Daniel, et al. (Freie Universität Berlin, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/norway">online</a></li> <li>Insall, Tony. <i>Secret Alliances: Special Operations and Intelligence in Norway 1940–1945–The British Perspective</i> (Biteback Publishing, 2021).</li> <li>Kersaudy, Franöois. <i>Norway 1940</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 1998).</li> <li>Kjølsvik, Idar, and Herborg Finnset. "Norway's Millennium of Christianity and Decade of Celebration." <i><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Quarterly" title="Lutheran Quarterly">Lutheran Quarterly</a></i> 34.4 (2020): 410–424.</li> <li>Kunkeler, Nathaniël, and Martin Kristoffer Hamre. "Conceptions and Practices of International Fascism in Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands, 1930–40." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a></i> 57.1 (2022): 45–67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00220094211031992">online</a></li> <li>Kvam, Vegard. "Compulsory school attendance as a child welfare initiative: the socio-political function of education legislation with respect to vulnerable children in Norway, 1814–1900." <i>History of Education</i> 47.5 (2018): 587–610.</li> <li>Kyllingstad, Jon Røyne. "The Norwegian Association for Heredity Research and the Organized International Eugenics Movement. Expertise, authority, transnational networks and international organization in Norwegian genetics and eugenics (1919–1934)." <i><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_Science" title="Perspectives on Science">Perspectives on Science</a></i> 30.1 (2022): 77–107. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/posc/article-abstract/30/1/77/108145/The-Norwegian-Association-for-Heredity-Research">abstract</a></li> <li>Larsen, Karen. <i>A history of Norway</i> (Princeton University Press, 1967) 576pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofnorway00lars">online</a></li> <li>Loftsgarden, Kjetil. "Mass Production and Mountain Marketplaces in Norway in the Viking and Middle Ages." <i>Medieval Archaeology</i> 64.1 (2020): 94–115 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/80776/2/Loftsgarden%252C%2BMass%2Bproduction%2Band%2Bmountain%2Bmarketplaces%2B-%2BMedieval%2BArchaeology.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Lucas, Colin. "Great Britain and the Union of Norway and Sweden." <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i> 15.3–4 (1990): 269–278.</li> <li>Lundestad, Geir. "The United States and Norway, 1905–2006 Allies of a kind: so similar, so different." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Transatlantic_Studies" title="Journal of Transatlantic Studies">Journal of Transatlantic Studies</a></i> 4.2 (2006): 187–209.</li> <li>Myhre, Jan Eivind. "Social History in Norway in the 1970s and Beyond: Evolution and Professionalisation." <i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_European_History" title="Contemporary European History">Contemporary European History</a></i> 28.3 (2019): 409–421 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/71889/ContEurHist.pdf?sequence=2">online</a></li> <li>Midgaard, John. <i>A brief history of Norway</i> (1963) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofno00midg">online</a></li> <li>Nelsen, Brent F. "Explaining Petroleum Policy in Britain and Norway, 1962–90." <i><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Political_Studies" title="Scandinavian Political Studies">Scandinavian Political Studies</a></i> 15.4 (1992): 307–328. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tidsskrift.dk/scandinavian_political_studies/article/download/32762/30974/74516">online</a></li> <li>Riste, Olav. "Britain and Norway: from War to Cold War, 1944–1951." <i><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Journal_of_History" title="Scandinavian Journal of History">Scandinavian Journal of History</a></i> 37.2 (2012): 164–170.</li> <li>Riste, Olav. "The historical determinants of Norwegian foreign policy." in J. J. Holst, ed. <i>Norwegian Foreign Policy in the 1980s</i> (1985): 12–26.</li> <li>Roy, Chiraag, Anthony Ware, and Costas Laoutides. "The political economy of Norwegian peacemaking in Myanmar's peace process." <i><a href="/wiki/Third_World_Quarterly" title="Third World Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a></i> 42.9 (2021): 2172–2188. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01436597.2021.1909467">online</a> covers 2011 to 2019</li> <li>Salmon, Patrick. <i>Scandinavia and the Great Powers 1890–1940</i> (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Scandinavia-Powers-1890-1940-Patrick-Salmon/dp/0521891027/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Sejersted, Francis. <i>The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century</i> (Princeton University Press; 2014) 543 pages; the history of the Scandinavian social model as it developed after the separation of Norway and Sweden in 1905.</li> <li>Stenersen, Øivind and Ivar Libæk. <i>History of Norway from the Ice Age to the Oil Age</i> (3rd ed. Dinamo Forlag 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788250418523" title="Special:BookSources/9788250418523">9788250418523</a></li> <li>Taylor, Louisa. "Bishops, war, and canon law: The Military Activities of Prelates in High Medieval Norway." <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i> 45.3 (2020): 263–285.</li> <li>Vinje, Victor Condorcet (2014) <i>The Versatile Farmers of the North; The Struggle of Norwegian Yeomen for Economic Reforms and Political Power, 1750–1814</i> (Nisus Publications).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Norwegian">In Norwegian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: In Norwegian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalmø1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Malmø, Morten (1997). <i>Norge på vingene!</i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Andante Forlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-91056-13-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-91056-13-5"><bdi>978-82-91056-13-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norge+p%C3%A5+vingene%21&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Andante+Forlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-82-91056-13-5&rft.aulast=Malm%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Morten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteine1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steine, Tor Olav (1992). <i>Fenomenet Norsk Data</i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-00-21501-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-00-21501-1"><bdi>978-82-00-21501-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fenomenet+Norsk+Data&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Universitetsforlaget&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-82-00-21501-1&rft.aulast=Steine&rft.aufirst=Tor+Olav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenersenLibæk2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stenersen, Øyvind; Libæk, Ivar (2003). <i>The History of Norway</i> (in Norwegian). Lysaker: Dinamo Forlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-8071-041-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-8071-041-3"><bdi>978-82-8071-041-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Norway&rft.place=Lysaker&rft.pub=Dinamo+Forlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-82-8071-041-3&rft.aulast=Stenersen&rft.aufirst=%C3%98yvind&rft.au=Lib%C3%A6k%2C+Ivar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThuesen2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thuesen, Nils Petter (2011). <i>Norges historie</i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-92870-51-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-92870-51-8"><bdi>978-82-92870-51-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norges+historie&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Universitetsforlaget&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-82-92870-51-8&rft.aulast=Thuesen&rft.aufirst=Nils+Petter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Norway" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norway_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norway_topics" title="Template:Norway topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norway_topics" title="Template talk:Norway topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norway_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norway topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norway_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdoms_of_Norway" title="Petty kingdoms of Norway">Petty kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Norway" title="Unification of Norway">Unification</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Norway_in_the_High_Middle_Ages_(1066–1380)">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Kingdom_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary Kingdom of Norway">Hereditary Kingdom of Norway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(1814)" title="Kingdom of Norway (1814)">Kingdom of Norway (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">End of the union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Reichskommissariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Quisling regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_government-in-exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian government-in-exile">Norwegian government-in-exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Postwar">1945–2000</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#21st_century">21st century</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway" title="Coat of arms of Norway"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway" title="Geography of Norway">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway#Climate" title="Geography of Norway">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Norway" title="Districts of Norway">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Norway" title="Extreme points of Norway">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Norway" title="List of islands of Norway">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Norway" title="List of lakes of Norway">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Norway" title="List of mammals of Norway">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Norway_by_height" title="List of mountains in Norway by height">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of municipalities of Norway">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Norway" title="Protected areas of Norway">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Norway" title="List of rivers of Norway">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Norway" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Norway">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norway" title="Politics of Norway">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Norway" title="Administrative divisions of Norway">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_budget_of_Norway" title="State budget of Norway">National budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Correctional_Service" title="Norwegian Correctional Service">Correctional Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_justice_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of justice of Norway">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Norway" title="Elections in Norway">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Norway" title="Foreign relations of Norway">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_governments" title="List of Norwegian governments">Governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Incarceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Norway">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Armed_Forces" title="Norwegian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Service" title="Norwegian Police Service">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Norway" title="List of political parties in Norway">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Norway_ties" title="Template:Norway ties">Membership of International organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Norway" title="Energy in Norway">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fishing_in_Norway" title="Category:Fishing in Norway">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Pension_Fund_of_Norway" title="Government Pension Fund of Norway">Government Pension Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industry_in_Norway" title="Category:Industry in Norway">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Norway" title="Category:Mining in Norway">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_industry_in_Norway" title="Category:Natural gas industry in Norway">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Krone <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norges_Bank" title="Norges Bank">National bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_paradox" title="Norwegian paradox">Norwegian paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_in_Norway" title="Category:Oil fields in Norway">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Norway" title="Renewable energy in Norway">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Stock_Exchange" title="Oslo Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Norway" title="Taxation in Norway">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Norway" title="Telecommunications in Norway">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Norway" title="Tourism in Norway">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Norway" title="Trade unions in Norway">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Norway" title="Transport in Norway">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Norway" title="Whaling in Norway">Whaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Norway" title="Category:Society of Norway">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Norway" title="Climate change in Norway">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Norway" title="Crime in Norway">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Norway" title="Demographics of Norway">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Norway" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Norway">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Norway" title="Health in Norway">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Norway" title="Immigration to Norway">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Incarceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Norway" title="Irreligion in Norway">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">language conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Norway" title="Pensions in Norway">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Norway" title="Poverty in Norway">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Norway">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Norway" title="Culture of Norway">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Norway" title="Architecture of Norway">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_art" title="Norwegian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunad" title="Bunad"><i>Bunad</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(clothing)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway"><i>Christmas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(season)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jante" title="Law of Jante">Jante law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_literature" title="Norwegian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Norway">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Norway" title="Prostitution in Norway">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Norway" title="Public holidays in Norway">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Norway" title="Category:Sport in Norway">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja,_vi_elsker_dette_landet" title="Ja, vi elsker dette landet">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway" title="Coat of arms of Norway">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_flags" title="List of Norwegian flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norway" title="Flag of Norway">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottos_of_Norwegian_institutions" title="Mottos of Norwegian institutions">Mottos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Norway">Name of Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Norway" title="Outline of Norway">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norway" title="Category:Norway">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&oldid=1258228026">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Norway&oldid=1258228026</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Norway" title="Category:History of Norway">History of Norway</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian_Nynorsk-language_sources_(nn)" 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