Ur - World History Encyclopedia

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Mark - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creditText":"Joshua J. Mark (World History Encyclopedia, https://www.worldhistory.org, CC BY-NC-SA)","dateModified":"2023-06-16T20:13:22+0000","datePublished":"2011-04-28T08:48:54+0000","description":"Ur was a city in the region of Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, and its ruins lie in what is modern-day Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq. 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","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Ur is famous from its mention in the Bible as the home of the patriarch Abraham before he migrated to Canaan. It was famous prior to the biblical narratives as a great trade and cultural center. It is also famous in the modern era for the 1922 discovery of the Great Death Pit and the artifacts the graves contained. "}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Where is Ur today? ","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"The ruins of Ur, including its famous Great Ziggurat, are located in Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq. "}},{"@type":"Question","name":"When and why was Ur abandoned? 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4px;-moz-border-radius:0 0 4px 4px;-web-border-radius:0 0 4px 4px;-moz-box-shadow:0 15px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0 15px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.1)}.sf-menu ul li{text-transform:none}.sf-menu a{text-decoration:none;zoom:1;transition:all .25s}.sf-menu a{color:#494949;cursor:pointer}.sf-menu li{white-space:nowrap;*white-space:normal;transition:background .25s}.sf-menu ul li{background:#FFF}.sf-menu ul li a{border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0;padding:11px 8px;transition:all .25s;margin-left:10px;margin-right:10px;font-size:14px}.sf-menu ul li a:hover{color:#b52600}.sf-menu li:hover,.sf-menu li.sfHover{transition:none}}}</style>  <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="World History Encyclopedia RSS Feed" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/rss2/?lang=en"> <link rel="image_src" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/347.jpg?v=1681160769" /> <link rel="icon shortcut" type="image/png" href="/template/images/whe-favicon-16px.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="icon shortcut" 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function lightMode() { document.getElementById('darkCSS').remove(); document.querySelector('#header_ahe_logo').innerHTML = '<img src="/template/images/header/whe-logo-r.svg">'; } if (localStorage.getItem('darkMode') == 'dark') { darkMode(); } </script>  <main class="left_3_column" id="main_content"> <nav id="toc_wrapper" style="display: none;"> <div id="toc"> <h2 class="no_toc">Contents</h2> <div id="toc_contents"></div> <p class="toc_buttons"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=akkad+amorite+city+Inanna+Mesopotamia+Sargon_of_Akkad+sumer+ur+Ur-Nammu" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=JPryst" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </p> </div> </nav> <div id="tag_definition_wrapper"> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ async_load_js('https://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js') }); </script> <div class="pinterest_button"> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-id="https://www.worldhistory.org/ur/" data-pin-media="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/347.jpg" data-pin-url="https://www.worldhistory.org/ur/" data-pin-description="Ur was a city in the region of Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, and its ruins lie in what is modern-day Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq. According to biblical tradition, the city is named after the man who founded the first settlement there, Ur, though this has been challenged. The city is famous for its biblical..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Definition</h2> <div id="tag_definition_text"> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Joshua J. Mark" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-JPryst.JPG" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="author" title="User Page: Joshua J. Mark">Joshua J. Mark</a> <br/> published on 28 April 2011 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/ar/1-128/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">Arabic</a>, <a href="/trans/fr/1-128/ur/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">French</a>, <a href="/trans/ko/1-128/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">Korean</a>, <a href="/trans/es/1-128/ur/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">Spanish</a></div> </div> <style> .audio-player-wrapper * { font-size: 14px !important; } .audio-player-wrapper .summary-wrapper { display: none; } .audio_player #play-btn-wrap svg { color: #222; margin-left: -18px; } #amplift-outer-wrapper { height: 60px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; background-image: url("/template/images/loading-audio-3.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; top: -4px; left: -9px; margin-bottom: 0px; } .audio-player-wrapper .audio_player { visibility: hidden; } </style> <div id="amplift-outer-wrapper"></div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ window.setTimeout(()=>{ async_load_js("https://c.ampliftglobal.com/player/ampliftplayer.js",function() { AHE.ampliftPlayer = new AmpliftPlayer({target: '#amplift-outer-wrapper'}); AHE.ampliftPlayer.init(); window.setTimeout(()=>{ $('.audio-player-wrapper .audio_player').css('visibility','visible'); },1500); }); },1000); }); </script> <div class="pre_article_buttons no_print"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=akkad+amorite+city+Inanna+Mesopotamia+Sargon_of_Akkad+sumer+ur+Ur-Nammu" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=JPryst" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </div> </div> <div class="body"> <article> <figure class="definition_image"> <a href="/image/347/ruins-of-ur/" title="Ruins of Ur"> <picture>  <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/347.jpg.webp?v=1703871489 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/347.jpg.webp?v=1703871489 600w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/347.jpg?v=1703871489 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/347.jpg?v=1703871489 600w" type="image/jpeg"> <img src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/347.jpg?v=1703871489" width="300" height="225" alt="Ruins of Ur (by M.Lubinski, CC BY-SA)" title="Ruins of Ur (by M.Lubinski, CC BY-SA)" class="tag_definition_image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Ruins of Ur</div><div class="figauthor">M.Lubinski (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/347/ruins-of-ur/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/347/ruins-of-ur/","caption":"Ruins in the Town of Ur, Southern Iraq.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/347.jpg","copyrightNotice":"M.Lubinski - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"M.Lubinski"},"creditText":"M.Lubinski / Flickr","dateModified":"2024-11-28T11:24:17+0000","datePublished":"2012-04-26T07:45:12+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Ruins of Ur","height":"2448","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"http://www.flickr.com/photos/lubinski/177560242/in/set-72157594181152277/"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/347/ruins-of-ur/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/347/ruins-of-ur/","width":"3264"} </script> <p><dfn>Ur</dfn> was a <a href="/city/">city</a> in the region of <a href="/sumer/">Sumer</a>, southern <a href="/Mesopotamia/">Mesopotamia</a>, and its ruins lie in what is modern-day Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq. According to biblical tradition, the city is named after the man who founded the first settlement there, Ur, though this has been challenged. The city is famous for its biblical associations and as an ancient <a href="/disambiguation/trade/">trade</a> center.</p> <p>The city's other biblical link is to the patriarch <a href="/Abraham,_the_Patriarch/">Abraham</a> who left Ur to settle in the land of <a href="/canaan/">Canaan</a>. This claim has also been contested by scholars who believe that Abraham's home was further north in Mesopotamia in a place called Ura, near the city of Harran, and that the writers of the biblical narrative in the <a href="/Book_of_Genesis/">Book of Genesis</a> confused the two.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_mobile_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p>Whatever its biblical connections may have been, Ur was a significant port city on the Persian Gulf which began, most likely, as a small village in the Ubaid Period of Mesopotamian history (5000-4100 BCE) and was an established city by 3800 BCE continually inhabited until 450 BCE. Ur's biblical associations have made it famous in the modern-day but it was a significant urban center long before the biblical narratives were written and highly respected in its time.</p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <h3>The Early Period & Excavation</h3> <p>The site became famous in 1922 when Sir Leonard Wooley excavated the ruins and discovered what he called The Great <a href="/disambiguation/Death/">Death</a> Pit (an elaborate <a href="/burial/">grave</a> complex), the Royal Tombs, and, more significantly to him, claimed to have found evidence of the Great Flood described in the Book of Genesis (this claim was later discredited but continues to find supporters). In its time, Ur was a city of enormous size, scope, and opulence which drew its vast wealth from its position on the Persian Gulf and the trade this allowed with countries as far away as <a href="/india/">India</a>. The present site of the ruins of Ur are much further inland than they were at the time when the city flourished owing to silting of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_mobile_dynamic"> </div> </div> <div class="big_quote">From the beginning, Ur was an important trade center owing to its location at a pivotal point where the Tigris and Euphrates run into the Persian Gulf.</div> <p>From the beginning, Ur was an important trade center owing to its location at a pivotal point where the Tigris and Euphrates run into the Persian Gulf. Archaeological excavations have substantiated that, early on, Ur possessed great wealth and the citizens enjoyed a level of comfort unknown in other Mesopotamian <a href="/city/">cities</a>.</p> <p>As with other great urban complexes in the region, the city began as a small village which was most likely led by a priest or priest-king. The king of the First Dynasty, Mesannepadda, is only known through the <a href="/Sumerians/">Sumerian</a> King List and from inscriptions on artifacts found in the graves of Ur.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p>The Second Dynasty is known to have had four kings but about them, their accomplishments, or the history during this time, nothing is known. The early Mesopotamian writers did not consider it worthwhile to record the deeds of mortals and preferred to link human achievements to the work and will of the gods. Ancient hero-kings such as <a href="/gilgamesh/">Gilgamesh</a> of <a href="/uruk/">Uruk</a> or those who performed amazing feats such as Etana were worthy of record but mortal kings were not afforded that same level of concern regarding the details of their reigns.</p> <h3>The Hero-Kings of <a href="/akkad/">Akkad</a></h3> <p>This changed with the rise of <a href="/Sargon_of_Akkad/">Sargon of Akkad</a> (r. 2334-2279 BCE) and his <a href="/akkad/">Akkadian Empire</a> which ruled over the diverse regions of Mesopotamia between 2334-2083 BCE. <a href="/Sargon_of_Akkad/">Sargon the Great</a> claimed to have been born of a priestess and a <a href="/God/">god</a>, floated down the river in a basket of bulrushes to be found by the servant of the king of the city of Lagash, and rose from obscurity – through the will of the goddess <a href="/Inanna/">Inanna</a> – to rule all of Mesopotamia. The inscriptions he left dare those who follow him to do the deeds he did if they hope to call themselves a king and his life was worthy of the efforts of the scribes of the region for centuries after his death. <figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="12890"> <a href="/image/12890/ziggurat-of-ur-artists-impression/" title="Ziggurat of Ur (Artist's Impression)" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/12890.png.webp?v=1726518844 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/12890.png.webp?v=1726518844 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/12890.png.webp?v=1726518844 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/12890.png.webp?v=1726518844 1500w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/12890.png?v=1726518844 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/12890.png?v=1726518844 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/12890.png?v=1726518844 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/12890.png?v=1726518844 1500w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/12890.png?v=1726518844" alt="Ziggurat of Ur (Artist's Impression)" class="in_text_image" width="750" height="375" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Ziggurat of Ur (Artist's Impression)</div><div class="figauthor">Mohawk Games (Copyright)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/12890/ziggurat-of-ur-artists-impression/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/12890/ziggurat-of-ur-artists-impression/","caption":"An artist's depiction of the Ziggurat of Ur as it may have appeared around the time it was created in the 21st Century BCE. From the game Old World.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/12890.png","copyrightNotice":"Mohawk Games - Copyright - You cannot use, copy, distribute, or modify this item without explicit permission from the author.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Mohawk Games"},"creditText":"Mohawk Games / Mohawk Games","dateModified":"2024-11-28T11:24:17+0000","datePublished":"2020-10-16T22:51:30+0000","encodingFormat":"image/png","headline":"Ziggurat of Ur (Artist's Impression)","height":1000,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://www.mohawkgames.com/oldworld/"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/12890/ziggurat-of-ur-artists-impression/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/12890/ziggurat-of-ur-artists-impression/","width":2000} </script> His grandson, <a href="/Naram-Sin/">Naram-Sin</a> (r. 2261-2224 BCE), learning well the lessons of the importance of personal propaganda, claimed he had gone further than his grandfather and had himself deified during his reign. In doing so, he provided a model for those kings who would follow him. <a href="/disambiguation/sargon/">Sargon</a> the Great and Naram-Sin were the most powerful rulers of the <a href="/disambiguation/akkadian/">Akkadian</a> <a href="/empire/">Empire</a> and, once it fell, their names became legend and their deeds worth emulating.</p> <p>At Ur, the heroes of Akkad were most closely emulated by the rulers of the Third Dynasty. This period in the history of Sumer is known as the Ur III Period (2047-1750 BCE) and was the age in which the city of Ur reached its height. The great <a href="/ziggurat/">ziggurat</a> of Ur, which can still be visited in modern times, dates from this period as do most of the ruins of the city and the <a href="/cuneiform/">cuneiform</a> tablets discovered there.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-4"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_4' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p>Two of the greatest kings of the Third Dynasty were <a href="/Ur-Nammu/">Ur-Nammu</a> (r. 2047-2030 BCE) and his son <a href="/Shulgi_of_Ur/">Shulgi of Ur</a> (r. 2029-1982 BCE) who created an urban community devoted to cultural progress and excellence and, in doing so, gave birth to what is known as the Sumerian Renaissance.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="75"> <a href="/image/75/babylon-at-the-time-of-the-kassites/" title="Babylon at the time of the Kassites" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/75.png.webp?v=1714503669 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/75.png.webp?v=1714503669 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/75.png?v=1714503669 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/75.png?v=1714503669 1000w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/75.png?v=1714503669" alt="Babylon at the time of the Kassites" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="439" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Babylon at the time of the Kassites</div><div class="figauthor">MapMaster (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/75/babylon-at-the-time-of-the-kassites/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/75/babylon-at-the-time-of-the-kassites/","caption":"A map of the Babylonian Empire during the time of the Kassites, roughly the 13th century BC. This map shows the probable river courses and coastline at that time.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/75.png","copyrightNotice":"MapMaster - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"MapMaster"},"creditText":"MapMaster / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2024-11-28T11:24:17+0000","datePublished":"2012-04-26T07:45:12+0000","encodingFormat":"image/png","headline":"Babylon at the time of the Kassites","height":"580","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/75/babylon-at-the-time-of-the-kassites/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/75/babylon-at-the-time-of-the-kassites/","width":"661"} </script> </p> <h3>Ur-Nammu & Shulgi: The Sumerian Renaissance</h3> <p>Ur-Nammu wrote down the first codified <a href="/disambiguation/law/">law</a> system of the land, the <a href="/Code_of_Ur-Nammu/">Code of Ur-Nammu</a>, some three <a href="/disambiguation/Hundred_Years/">hundred years</a> before <a href="/hammurabi/">Hammurabi</a> of <a href="/babylon/">Babylon</a> would write his, and governed his realm in accordance with a patriarchal hierarchy in which he was the father guiding his children to prosperity and continued health. Under Ur-Nammu the great ziggurat was built and trade flourished. The arts and technology for which the <a href="/Sumerians/">Sumerians</a> are most famous were all encouraged in Ur during this time.</p> <p>The scholar <a href="/disambiguation/Paul/">Paul</a> Kriwaczek observes that, in order for such a patriarchal system of government to succeed, the people must believe that their ruler is greater, more powerful, than they are in the same way that children regard their father. To this end, it seems, Ur-Nammu presented himself to his subjects in line with the hero-kings Sargon and Naram-Sin in order to encourage the populace to follow him in the pursuit of excellence. He was killed in <a href="/disambiguation/battle/">battle</a> with the <a href="/Gutians/">Gutians</a> and immortalized in the poem <em>The <a href="/article/2111/the-death-of-ur-nammu/">Death of Ur-Nammu</a></em> which imagines him in the underworld realm of <a href="/Ereshkigal/">Ereshkigal</a>, Queen of the Dead.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-5"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_5' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p>His son Shulgi, in an effort to surpass the achievements of his father, went even further. One example of this is his famous run when, to impress his people and distinguish himself from his father, Shulgi ran 200 miles (321.8 km) between the religious centre of <a href="/disambiguation/nippur/">Nippur</a> and the capital city of Ur and back again – in one day – in order to officiate at the festivals in both cities. His feat was celebrated in <em><a href="/article/2110/a-praise-poem-of-shulgi/">A Praise Poem of Shulgi</a></em> which was read throughout his realm. Shulgi continued his father's policies, bettering them when he saw fit, and is considered the greatest king of the Third Dynasty of Ur for the heights <a href="/civilization/">civilization</a> reached under his reign, including making literacy a priority.</p> <p>Shulgi improved the roads, created roadside inns with gardens and running water, and commissioned the renovation and rebuilding of many structures throughout his territories. Among his many building projects was a <a href="/wall/">wall</a> which ran 155 miles (250 km) along the border of the region of Sumer to keep out the barbarian tribes known as the Martu (also given as the Tidnum) who are most recognizable to modern readers from their biblical designation as Amorites. Shulgi's wall was maintained by his son, grandson, and great grandson but could not hold back the tribes on the borders.</p> <p>The wall was too long to be properly manned and, since it was not anchored at either end, invaders could by-pass the obstacle simply by marching around it. In 1750 BCE the neighboring kingdom of <a href="/elam/">Elam</a> breached the wall, sacked Ur and carried away the last king as a prisoner. The Amorites, who had already found their way around the wall, merged with the Sumerian populace and, in this way, Sumerian <a href="/disambiguation/culture/">culture</a> came to an end with the fall of Ur.</p><div class="intext_6"></div> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="2454"> <a href="/image/2454/cows-head-detail-silver-lyre-ur/" title="Cow's Head Detail, Silver Lyre, Ur" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2454.jpg.webp?v=1682056383 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/2454.jpg.webp?v=1682056383 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2454.jpg?v=1682056383 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/2454.jpg?v=1682056383 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2454.jpg?v=1682056383" alt="Cow's Head Detail, Silver Lyre, Ur" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="333" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Cow's Head Detail, Silver Lyre, Ur</div><div class="figauthor">Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin (Copyright)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2454/cows-head-detail-silver-lyre-ur/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2454/cows-head-detail-silver-lyre-ur/","caption":"The silver cow's head decorating the front has inlaid eyes of shell and lapis lazuli. This lyre was found in the 'Great Death-Pit', one of the graves in the Royal Cemetery at Ur. From Ur, southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. Early dynastic period, 2600-2400 BCE. (The British Museum, London)","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/2454.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin - Copyright - You cannot use, copy, distribute, or modify this item without explicit permission from the author.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/OsamaSMAmin/#person","name":"Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/OsamaSMAmin/","image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-OsamaSMAmin.jpg","description":"Associate Professor of Neurology and lover of the Cradle of Civilization, Mesopotamia. I'm very interested in Mesopotamian history and always try to take photos of archaeological sites and artifacts in museums, both in Iraq and around the world.","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2024-11-28T11:24:17+0000","datePublished":"2014-03-31T09:52:51+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Cow's Head Detail, Silver Lyre, Ur","height":2848,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2454/cows-head-detail-silver-lyre-ur/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2454/cows-head-detail-silver-lyre-ur/","width":4288} </script> </p> <h3>The Decline of Ur & Excavation</h3> <p>In the Old Babylonian Period (c. 2000-1600 BCE) Ur remained a city of importance and was considered a centre of learning and culture. According to scholar Gwendolyn Leick, “The `heirs' of Ur, the kings of Isin and Larsa, were keen to show their respect to the gods of Ur by repairing the devastated temples” (180) and the <a href="/kassite/">Kassite</a> kings, who later conquered the region, did the same as would the Assyrian rulers who followed them.</p> <p>The city continued to be inhabited through the early part of the <a href="/disambiguation/Achaemenid/">Achaemenid</a> Period (c. 550-330 BCE) but, due to climate change and an overuse of the land, more and more people migrated to the northern regions of Mesopotamia or south toward the land of Canaan (the patriarch Abraham, some claim, among them, as previously noted). Ur slowly dwindled in importance as the Persian Gulf receded further and further south from the city and eventually fell into ruin around 450 BCE.</p> <p>The area was buried under the sands until it was visited by Pietro della Valle in 1625 who noted strange inscriptions on bricks (later identified as cuneiform <a href="/script/">script</a>) and images on artifacts which were later recognized as cylinder seals used to identify property or sign letters. In 1853 -1854 the first excavation of the site was made by John George Taylor in the interests of the British Museum who noted multiple grave complexes and concluded the site may have been a Babylonian necropolis.</p><div id="mobilenewsletter" class="grey_box mobilenewsletter"> <div class="headline">Love History?</div> <p>Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter!</p> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mailchimp-mobile-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL-mobile" style="width:60%;" required> <input type="submit" value="Sign Up" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-mobile" style="margin-top: 10px;">  <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46_ac74a77c22" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> </form> </div> <div class="youtube-embed-wrapper"><div class="youtube-embed-container"><iframe data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tjMqMskoHrg?autoplay=0&cc_lang_pref=en" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen title="The Wonders of Ancient Mesopotamia"></iframe></div></div> <p>The definitive excavation of the ruins of Ur was conducted between 1922-1934 by Sir Leonard Wooley, working on behalf of the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania. The famous <a href="/tomb/">Tomb</a> of <a href="/Tutankhamun/">Tutankhamun</a> had been discovered by Howard Carter in November 1922 and Wooley was hoping for an equally impressive find. At Ur he uncovered the graves of sixteen kings and queens, including that of the Queen Puabi (also known as Shub-ad) and her treasures.</p> <p>The Great Death Pit, as Wooley named it, was the largest of those uncovered and, in it, “Wooley found six armed guards and 68 serving <a href="/disambiguation/women/">women</a>. They wore ribbons of <a href="/gold/">gold</a> and <a href="/Silver/">silver</a> in their hair, except one woman who still held in her hand the coiled-up silver ribbon she was unable to fasten before the sleeping potion took hold that painlessly carried her away to the afterworld with her master” (Bertman, 36).</p> <p>Wooley also uncovered the Royal Standard of Ur which celebrated the city's <a href="/Roman_Triumph/">triumph</a> over her enemies in <a href="/war/">war</a> and the festivities which the people enjoyed in peace. In an effort to out-do Carter's triumph in the <a href="/article/2063/the-discovery-of-tutankhamuns-tomb/">discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb</a>, Wooley claimed that he had found evidence at Ur of the biblical Great Flood but notes taken by his assistant, Max Mallowan, later showed that the flood record at the site in no way supported a world-wide deluge and was more in keeping with the regular flooding caused by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.</p><div class="intext_7"></div> <p>Further excavations at Ur since Wooley's time have corroborated Mallowan's notes and, in spite of persistent beliefs to the contrary, no evidence supporting the Great Flood story from the <a href="/bible/">Bible</a> has been found at Ur nor anywhere else in Mesopotamia. Still, as scholar Stephen Bertman notes:</p> <blockquote> <p>Even if stripped of its biblical claims to fame, Wooley's Ur is still a glittering example of <a href="/Sumerians/">Sumeria</a>'s golden age. Though its original lyres no longer sound, with our inner ear we can still hear their melodies. (36)</p> </blockquote> <p>The ruins of Ur today are a significant archaeological site which continues to yield important artifacts when the troubles of the region allow. The great Ziggurat of Ur rises from the plains above the mud-brick ruins of the once-great city and, as Bertman suggests, in walking among them one relives the past when Ur was a center of commerce and trade, protected by the gods, and flourishing amidst fertile fields.</p> </article> <div id="ci_rating_wrapper"> <div class="rating_label filter_label">Did you like this definition?</div> <div id="ci_rating_buttons_wrapper"> <div class="rating_button up base" data-rating="1"></div> <div class="rating_button down base" data-rating="-1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="sections_below_links"> <p> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=akkad+amorite+city+Inanna+Mesopotamia+Sargon_of_Akkad+sumer+ur+Ur-Nammu" class="topic_subscribe outline_button below_article">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="#ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" class="outline_button">Related Content</a> <a href="#books_preview" class="outline_button">Books</a> <a href="#citation_info" class="outline_button">Cite This Work</a> <a href="#ci_author_and_copyright" class="outline_button">License</a> </p> </div> <div class="editorial_review_notice"> <span class="editorial_review_header">Editorial Review</span> This article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our <a href="/static/editorial-policy/">editorial policy</a>. </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="ad_Flexi_BottomLeft ahe-ad"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_BottomLeft" class="adcontainer worldhistory_below_content"> </div> </div> <div class="map_section"> <h3>Map</h3> <div class="map_wrapper"> <div class="map_container il"> <iframe data-src="/template/files/map_animation.php?il_id=74" id="map_iframe" width="100%" height="385" frameborder="0"></iframe> </div> </div> </div> <style> .map_container.il { border: none; } .map_container h3 { text-align: center; } </style> <div id="references"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul id="reference_list" class="ref_list bibliography"> <li id="bibID__8b455f2b96096e5ca9fc4f58591fff05"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0195183649/" rel="sponsored">Bertman, S. <i>Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia.</i> Oxford University Press, USA, 2005.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__54fc323a6c7791c78ec2b8fd91dd6c01"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0226452387/" rel="sponsored">Kramer, S. N. <i>The Sumerians.</i> University of Chicago Press, 1971.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__6b43d1f1f91aa3812314edb6541e17e4"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/B00DIKTPXC/" rel="sponsored">Kriwaczek, P. <i>Babylon.</i> Thomas Dunne Books, 2014.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__fe201c41bd297c4db9bb14a102ea7b5d"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0810875772/" rel="sponsored">Leick, G. <i>The A to Z of Mesopotamia.</i> Scarecrow Press, 2010.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__bd0990b929abc771dc6762294ffa1157"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0195377990/" rel="sponsored">Podany, A. H. <i>The Ancient Near East.</i> Oxford University Press, USA, 2013.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__4bb9e14154ed5e3228cd18699a949216"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/067456958X/" rel="sponsored">Reade, J. <i>Mesopotamia.</i> British Museum Press, 2000.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__3e5276fa7bacc6344ab66c9a6dfec65f"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0198152868/" rel="sponsored">Van De Mieroop, M. <i>The Ancient Mesopotamian City.</i> Oxford University Press, USA, 1999.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__6aa433bce8712ecc1898ce1a9228dfa7"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/039305974X/" rel="sponsored">Wise Bauer, S. <i>The History of the Ancient World.</i> W. W. Norton & Company, 2007.</a></cite> </li> </ul> <div class="book_promo_wrapper"></div> <span class="light affiliate_notice">World History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases.</span> <div id="books_rec"> </div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ $("ul.bibliography").sortList(); }); </script> </div> <div class="user_short_bio_wrapper"> <a href="/interestemails/?author=JPryst" class="headline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to this author</a> <h2>About the Author</h2> <div class="user_short_bio"> <div class="left_col"> </div> <div class="right_col"> <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="nofollow" title="Joshua J. Mark"><img data-src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-JPryst.JPG?v=1459726565" width="100" height="100" alt="Joshua J. Mark" class="avatar_image" /></a> <div class="user_name"> <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="author" title="Joshua J. Mark">Joshua J. Mark</a> </div> <div class="short_bio_text"> Joshua J. Mark is World History Encyclopedia's co-founder and Content Director. He was previously a professor at Marist College (NY) where he taught history, philosophy, literature, and writing. He has traveled extensively and lived in Greece and Germany. </div> <div class="sm_links"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pub/joshua-j-mark/38/614/339" title="Joshua J. Mark" class="sm_tiny_sprite linkedin no_external"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="translations_notice"> <h2 class="translations">Translations</h2> <a href="/trans/ar/1-128/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">Arabic</a> <a href="/trans/fr/1-128/ur/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">French</a> <a href="/trans/ko/1-128/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">Korean</a> <a href="/trans/es/1-128/ur/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">Spanish</a> <p>We want people all over the world to learn about history. Help us and <a href="/trans/x/1-128/edit/" class="translation_add_button" rel="nofollow">translate this definition</a> into another language!</p> </div> <div class="faq"> <h2>Questions & Answers</h2> <dl> <dt><h4>When was Ur founded?</h4></dt> <dd>Ur was founded by 3800 BCE.</dd> <dt><h4>Why is Ur famous?</h4></dt> <dd>Ur is famous from its mention in the Bible as the home of the patriarch Abraham before he migrated to Canaan. It was famous prior to the biblical narratives as a great trade and cultural center. It is also famous in the modern era for the 1922 discovery of the Great Death Pit and the artifacts the graves contained.</dd> <dt><h4>Where is Ur today?</h4></dt> <dd>The ruins of Ur, including its famous Great Ziggurat, are located in Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq.</dd> <dt><h4>When and why was Ur abandoned?</h4></dt> <dd>Ur was abandoned in 450 BCE due to climate change, the silting of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and overuse of natural resources.</dd> </dl> </div> <style> .faq h4 { font-family: "Libre Baskerville", "Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Palatino, serif; } .faq { margin-bottom: 40px; } </style> <div id="ci_related_wrapper"> <div class="ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" id="ci_related_content_outer_wrapper"> <h2>Related Content</h2> <div id="ci_related_type_list"> <span class="filter_label">Filters:</span> <div rel="0" class="ci_type_0 ci_rel_type selected">All<span class="ci_rel_type_count"> </span></div> <div rel="1" class="ci_type_1 ci_rel_type ">Definitions<span 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https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/2740.jpg?v=1728284594-1728284618 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/2740.jpg?v=1728284594-1728284618" width="360" height="202" alt="Sargon II" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Sargon II</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Sargon II (r. 722-705 BCE) was one of the most important kings... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/amorite/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-133"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/509.jpg.webp?v=1639518303 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/509.jpg.webp?v=1639518303 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/509.jpg?v=1639518303 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/509.jpg?v=1639518303 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/509.jpg?v=1639518303" width="360" height="202" alt="Amorite" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Amorite</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> The Amorites were a Semitic people who seem to have emerged from... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Inanna/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-10035"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/2636.gif.webp?v=1710337263 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/2636.gif.webp?v=1710337263 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/2636.gif?v=1710337263 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/2636.gif?v=1710337263 720w" type="image/gif"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/2636.gif?v=1710337263" width="360" height="202" alt="Inanna" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Inanna</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Inanna is the ancient Sumerian goddess of love, sensuality, fertility... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Sargon_of_Akkad/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-625"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/161.jpg.webp?v=1729572128 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/161.jpg.webp?v=1729572128 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/161.jpg?v=1729572128 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/161.jpg?v=1729572128 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/161.jpg?v=1729572128" width="360" height="202" alt="Sargon of Akkad" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Sargon of Akkad</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Sargon of Akkad (r. 2334 - 2279 BCE) was the king of the Akkadian... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/article/215/inannas-descent-a-sumerian-tale-of-injustice/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_2 " id="2-215"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/2636.gif.webp?v=1710337263 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/2636.gif.webp?v=1710337263 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/2636.gif?v=1710337263 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/2636.gif?v=1710337263 720w" type="image/gif"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/2636.gif?v=1710337263" width="360" height="202" alt="Inanna's Descent: A Sumerian Tale of Injustice" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__2"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Article </div> <h3>Inanna's Descent: A Sumerian Tale of Injustice</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> The Sumerian poem, The Descent of Inanna (c. 1900-1600 BCE) chronicles... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/akkad/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-363"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/160.png.webp?v=1715194929 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/160.png.webp?v=1715194929 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/160.png?v=1715194929 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/160.png?v=1715194929 720w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/160.png?v=1715194929" width="360" height="202" alt="Akkad and the Akkadian Empire" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Akkad and the Akkadian Empire</h3> </div> <div 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- Soraya Field Fiorio" rel="external noopener" class="xres_headline"> <div class="xres_headline">Who was the world's first author? - Soraya Field Fiorio </div> </a> <div class="xres_domain external_link"> ted.com </div> </div><div class="xres listitem"> <a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/trdm/hd_trdm.htm" title="Art of the First Cities in the Third Millennium B.C. | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History" rel="external noopener" class="xres_headline"> <div class="xres_headline">Art of the First Cities in the Third Millennium B.C. | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History </div> </a> <div class="xres_domain external_link"> metmuseum.org </div> </div><div class="xres listitem"> <a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/urrg/hd_urrg.htm" title="Ur: The Royal Graves | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History" rel="external noopener" class="xres_headline"> <div class="xres_headline">Ur: The Royal Graves | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History </div> </a> <div class="xres_domain external_link"> metmuseum.org </div> </div><div class="xres listitem"> <a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/zigg/hd_zigg.htm" title="Ur: The Ziggurat | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History" rel="external noopener" class="xres_headline"> <div class="xres_headline">Ur: The Ziggurat | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History </div> </a> <div class="xres_domain external_link"> metmuseum.org </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="citation_info"> <h2>Cite This Work</h2> <div class="citation_apa"> <h4>APA Style</h4> <div class="citation_details citation_style"> <p> Mark, J. J. (2011, April 28). <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/ur/" class="no_external">Ur</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/ur/ </p> </div> </div> <div class="citation_chicago"> <h4>Chicago Style</h4> <div class="citation_details citation_style"> <p> Mark, Joshua J.. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/ur/" class="no_external">Ur</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Last modified April 28, 2011. https://www.worldhistory.org/ur/. </p> </div> </div> <div class="citation_mla citation_style"> <h4>MLA Style</h4> <div class="citation_details"> <p> Mark, Joshua J.. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/ur/" class="no_external">Ur</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. World History Encyclopedia, 28 Apr 2011. Web. 28 Nov 2024. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ci_author_and_copyright" id="ci_author_and_copyright"> <h2>License & Copyright</h2> <p> Submitted by <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="author" title="User Page: Joshua J. Mark">Joshua J. Mark</a>, published on 28 April 2011. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en" rel="nofollow">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike</a>. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. <span class="no_print">Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.</span></p> </div> </main> <aside class="right_1_column"> <div id="editor_tools"> </div> <div class="timeline_outer_wrapper"> <div class="timeline_wrapper"> <h2>Timeline</h2> <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/login/" title="Add Timeline Entry" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Add Event</a> <a href="/ajax/ajax_print_visual_timeline.php?tag=ur&width=950&height=600" rel="nofollow" class="thickbox outline_button visual_timeline_button" title="Visual Timeline">Visual Timeline</a> <ul id="time_list"> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_2626" title=""> <div class="date">c. 5000 BCE</div> <a href="/sumer/">Sumer</a> inhabited by Ubaid people. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_331" title=""> <div class="date">c. 4000 BCE</div> First settlement of <a href="/ur/">Ur</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_2668" title=""> <div class="date">c. 2600 BCE - c. 2000 BCE</div> The Royal Graves of <a href="/ur/">Ur</a> used in <a href="/sumer/">Sumer</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_334" title=""> <div class="date">c. 2330 BCE</div> <a href="/Sargon_of_Akkad/">Sargon of Akkad</a> sacks <a href="/ur/">Ur</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_69" title=""> <div class="date">2100 BCE</div> Ziggurats in use in <a href="/Sumerians/">Sumerian</a> <a href="/city/">cities</a> of <a href="/eridu/">Eridu</a>, <a href="/uruk/">Uruk</a>, <a href="/ur/">Ur</a>, <a href="/disambiguation/nippur/">Nippur</a> and elsewhere </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_335" title=""> <div class="date">c. 2100 BCE - c. 2050 BCE</div> The <a href="/Code_of_Ur-Nammu/">Code of Ur-Nammu</a> (the oldest extant code of laws) is written. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1240" title=""> <div class="date">c. 2055 BCE - 2047 BCE</div> Utu Hegal's reign over <a href="/Sumerians/">Sumerian</a> and <a href="/disambiguation/akkadian/">Akkadian</a> <a href="/city/">cities</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1239" title=""> <div class="date">2047 BCE - 2030 BCE</div> <a href="/Ur-Nammu/">Ur-Nammu</a>'s reign over <a href="/sumer/">Sumer</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_2634" title=""> <div class="date">2047 BCE - 1750 BCE</div> The <a href="/ur/">Ur</a> III Period in <a href="/sumer/">Sumer</a>, known as the <a href="/Sumerians/">Sumerian</a> Renaissance. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_333" title=""> <div class="date">2047 BCE - 1750 BCE</div> Third dynasty of <a href="/ur/">Ur</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_2676" title=""> <div class="date">c. 2038 BCE</div> King <a href="/Shulgi_of_Ur/">Shulgi of Ur</a> builds his great <a href="/wall/">wall</a> in <a href="/sumer/">Sumer</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_332" title=""> <div class="date">2030 BCE - 1980 BCE</div> <a href="/ur/">Ur</a> was reputed to be the largest <a href="/city/">city</a> in the world. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_336" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1750 BCE</div> <a href="/elam/">Elam</a> conquers <a href="/ur/">Ur</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_115" title=""> <div class="date">1000 BCE</div> Chaldeans occupy <a href="/ur/">Ur</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_337" title=""> <div class="date">450 BCE</div> <a href="/ur/">Ur</a> is no longer inhabited, possibly due to drought or changing river patterns. </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="mc_embed_signup"> <img loading="lazy" data-src="/template/images/newsletter-header-red.jpg" class="newsletter_banner" width="300" height="106" alt="Weekly Newsletter"> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll"> <p>History delivered to you once a week:</p> <div class="mc-field-group"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" autocomplete="email" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL" style="width:80%;" required> </div> <p>Are you a...?</p> <div class="mc-field-group input-group" style="margin-top: -10px;"> <input type="radio" value="1" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-0" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-0">History Enthusiast</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="2" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-1" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-1">Teacher</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="4" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-2" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-2">Student</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="8" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-3" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-3">Librarian</label> </div> <div id="mce-responses" class="clear"> <div class="response" id="mce-error-response" style="display:none"></div> <div class="response" id="mce-success-response" style="display:none"></div> </div>  <input type="hidden" name="tags" value="40497"> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="button content_button red" style="margin-top: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46_ac74a77c22" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </form> </div>  </aside> <p id="footer_spacer"> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ad_Flexi_MobileSticky ahe-ad">  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_MobileSticky" class="adcontainer"></div> </div> <div class="worldhistory_sticky_dynamic"></div> <a href="/membership/?utm_campaign=membership&utm_source=whe&utm_medium=sidetab_heart_en" id="membership_sidebar" title="Membership"> <img src="/template/images/membership/membership-sidetab-en.svg?v=1732096425" width="29" height="133" alt="Membership" /> </a> <footer> <div class="print_membership_notice no_membership_only print_only"> <p>World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization publishing free history content that has been carefully researched and reviewed. 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