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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of British musical theatre</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cover_of_the_Vocal_Score_of_Sidney_Jones%27_The_Geisha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cover_of_the_Vocal_Score_of_Sidney_Jones%27_The_Geisha.jpg/220px-Cover_of_the_Vocal_Score_of_Sidney_Jones%27_The_Geisha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cover_of_the_Vocal_Score_of_Sidney_Jones%27_The_Geisha.jpg/330px-Cover_of_the_Vocal_Score_of_Sidney_Jones%27_The_Geisha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cover_of_the_Vocal_Score_of_Sidney_Jones%27_The_Geisha.jpg/440px-Cover_of_the_Vocal_Score_of_Sidney_Jones%27_The_Geisha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Geisha" title="The Geisha">The Geisha</a></i> was a popular Edwardian musical comedy</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Edwardian musical comedy</b> is a genre of British <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a> that thrived from 1892 into the 1920s, extending beyond the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> in both directions. It began to dominate the English musical stage, and even the American musical theatre, when the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> operas' dominance had ended, until the rise of American musicals by <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kern" title="Jerome Kern">Jerome Kern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hart" title="Rodgers and Hart">Rodgers and Hart</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cole_Porter" title="Cole Porter">Cole Porter</a> following the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. </p><p>Between <i><a href="/wiki/In_Town_(musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Town (musical)">In Town</a></i> in 1892 and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_the_Mountains" title="The Maid of the Mountains">The Maid of the Mountains</a></i>, premiering in 1917, this new style of musical theatre proliferated across the musical stages of Britain and the rest of the English-speaking world. The popularity of <i>In Town</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Gaiety_Girl" title="A Gaiety Girl">A Gaiety Girl</a></i> (1893), led to an astonishing number of hits over the next three decades, into the 1920s, the most successful of which included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shop_Girl" title="The Shop Girl">The Shop Girl</a></i> (1894), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Geisha" title="The Geisha">The Geisha</a></i> (1896), <i><a href="/wiki/Florodora" title="Florodora">Florodora</a></i> (1899), <i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese_Honeymoon" title="A Chinese Honeymoon">A Chinese Honeymoon</a></i> (1901), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Earl_and_the_Girl" title="The Earl and the Girl">The Earl and the Girl</a></i> (1903), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Arcadians_(musical)" title="The Arcadians (musical)">The Arcadians</a></i> (1909), <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Miss_Gibbs" title="Our Miss Gibbs">Our Miss Gibbs</a></i> (1909), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quaker_Girl" title="The Quaker Girl">The Quaker Girl</a></i> (1910), <i><a href="/wiki/Betty_(musical)" title="Betty (musical)">Betty</a></i> (1914), <i><a href="/wiki/Chu_Chin_Chow" title="Chu Chin Chow">Chu Chin Chow</a></i> (1916) and <i>The Maid of the Mountains</i> (1917). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwardian_musical_comedy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edwardian musical comedy began in the last decade of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> and captured the optimism, energy and good humour of the new century and the <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a>, as well as providing comfort to audiences seeking light entertainment during the First World War. The <a href="/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_London" title="Gaiety Theatre, London">Gaiety Theatre</a>'s well-loved but racy <a href="/wiki/Victorian_burlesque" title="Victorian burlesque">burlesques</a> were coming to the end of their popularity, and so was the phenomenally successful series of family-friendly <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> operas. These two genres had dominated the musical stage in English-speaking countries since the 1870s. A few lighter, more romantic <a href="/wiki/Comic_opera" title="Comic opera">comic operas</a>, beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_(opera)" title="Dorothy (opera)">Dorothy</a></i> (1886) found success and showed that audiences wanted something lighter than operetta, but more coherent in construction than burlesque, that featured the modern fashions and culture of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-Ganzl56_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganzl56-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="George_Edwardes">George Edwardes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwardian_musical_comedy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: George Edwardes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeEdwardes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/GeorgeEdwardes.jpg/220px-GeorgeEdwardes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/GeorgeEdwardes.jpg/330px-GeorgeEdwardes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/GeorgeEdwardes.jpg/440px-GeorgeEdwardes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Edwardes" title="George Edwardes">George Edwardes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The father of the Edwardian musical was <a href="/wiki/George_Edwardes" title="George Edwardes">George "The Guv'nor" Edwardes</a>. He took over London's Gaiety Theatre in the 1880s and, at first, improved the quality of the Gaiety Theatre's earlier burlesques. Perceiving that their time had passed, he experimented with a modern-dress, family-friendly musical theatre style, with breezy, popular songs, snappy, romantic banter, and stylish spectacle. These drew on the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy opera</a> and also used elements of burlesque and of Americans <a href="/wiki/Edward_Harrigan" title="Edward Harrigan">Harrigan and Hart</a>. Their plots were simple, and they included elaborate displays of contemporary fashion and settings, and lighthearted parody of modern social convention and topical issues.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He replaced the bawdy women of burlesque with his "respectable" corps of dancing, singing <a href="/wiki/Gaiety_Girls" title="Gaiety Girls">Gaiety Girls</a> who wore the latest fashions, and also showed off their bodies in chorus lines and bathing attire, as well as singing, to complete the musical and visual fun. These shows were immediately widely copied at other London theatres and then in America.<sup id="cite_ref-Ganzl56_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganzl56-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Edwardian musical comedy was <i><a href="/wiki/In_Town_(musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Town (musical)">In Town</a></i> in 1892. Its success, together with the even greater sensation of <i><a href="/wiki/A_Gaiety_Girl" title="A Gaiety Girl">A Gaiety Girl</a></i> in 1893, confirmed Edwardes on the path he was taking.<sup id="cite_ref-AL1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PlayInvent_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlayInvent-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "musical comedies", as he called them, revolutionized the London stage and set the tone for the next three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Ganzl56_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganzl56-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to musical theatre writer <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lamb_(writer)" title="Andrew Lamb (writer)">Andrew Lamb</a>, "The British Empire and America began to fall for the appeal of the [Edwardian] musical comedy from the time when <i><a href="/wiki/A_Gaiety_Girl" title="A Gaiety Girl">A Gaiety Girl</a></i> was taken on a world tour in 1894."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edwardes' early Gaiety hits included a series of light, romantic "poor maiden loves aristocrat and wins him against all odds" shows, usually with the word "Girl" in the title. After <i>A Gaiety Girl</i> came <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shop_Girl" title="The Shop Girl">The Shop Girl</a></i> (1894), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Circus_Girl" title="The Circus Girl">The Circus Girl</a></i> (1896) and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Runaway_Girl" title="A Runaway Girl">A Runaway Girl</a></i> (1898) and eleven other "girl" musicals followed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heroines were independent young women who often earned their own livings. The stories followed a familiar plot line – a chorus girl breaks into high society or a shop girl makes a good marriage to a wealthy aristocrat (who is often in disguise). There was always a misunderstanding during act one and an engagement at the end.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of a contemporary review, Edwardes’ musicals were "Light, bright and enjoyable." Later Gaiety Theatre "girl" musicals included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Orchid" title="The Orchid">The Orchid</a></i> (1903), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spring_Chicken" title="The Spring Chicken">The Spring Chicken</a></i> (1905), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Girls_of_Gottenberg" title="The Girls of Gottenberg">The Girls of Gottenberg</a></i> (1907), <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Miss_Gibbs" title="Our Miss Gibbs">Our Miss Gibbs</a></i> (1909), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunshine_Girl" title="The Sunshine Girl">The Sunshine Girl</a></i> (1912) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_on_the_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="The Girl on the Film">The Girl on the Film</a></i> (1913).<sup id="cite_ref-PlayInvent_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlayInvent-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps to balance the "girl" musicals, the Gaiety also presented a series of what could be described as "boy" musicals, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Messenger_Boy" title="The Messenger Boy">The Messenger Boy</a></i> (1900), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Toreador" title="The Toreador">The Toreador</a></i> (1901), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Aladdin" title="The New Aladdin">The New Aladdin</a></i> (1906) and <i><a href="/wiki/Theodore_and_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore and Co.">Theodore and Co.</a> (1916)</i>. Edwardes expanded his empire to other theatres and presented slightly more complex comedy hits beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/An_Artist%27s_Model" title="An Artist's Model">An Artist's Model</a></i> (1895). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Geisha" title="The Geisha">The Geisha</a></i> (1896) and <i><a href="/wiki/San_Toy" title="San Toy">San Toy</a></i> (1899) each ran for more than two years and found great international success, capitalizing on the British craze for all things oriental.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Edwardes hits included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_from_Kays" title="The Girl from Kays">The Girl from Kays</a></i> (1902), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Earl_and_the_Girl" title="The Earl and the Girl">The Earl and the Girl</a></i> (1903) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quaker_Girl" title="The Quaker Girl">The Quaker Girl</a></i> (1910). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composers,_writers,_producers_and_stars"><span id="Composers.2C_writers.2C_producers_and_stars"></span>Composers, writers, producers and stars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwardian_musical_comedy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Composers, writers, producers and stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phyllis_dare_The_Arcadians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Phyllis_dare_The_Arcadians.jpg/220px-Phyllis_dare_The_Arcadians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Phyllis_dare_The_Arcadians.jpg/330px-Phyllis_dare_The_Arcadians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/35/Phyllis_dare_The_Arcadians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Dare" title="Phyllis Dare">Phyllis Dare</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Arcadians_(musical)" title="The Arcadians (musical)">The Arcadians</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The chief glories of Edwardian musical comedies lie in their musical scores. At their best, these combined the delicacy and sophistication of operetta with the robust tunefulness of the <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a>. The major composers of the genre were <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Jones_(composer)" title="Sidney Jones (composer)">Sidney Jones</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Geisha" title="The Geisha">The Geisha</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Caryll" title="Ivan Caryll">Ivan Caryll</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Our_Miss_Gibbs" title="Our Miss Gibbs">Our Miss Gibbs</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Monckton" title="Lionel Monckton">Lionel Monckton</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Quaker_Girl" title="The Quaker Girl">The Quaker Girl</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Howard_Talbot" title="Howard Talbot">Howard Talbot</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese_Honeymoon" title="A Chinese Honeymoon">A Chinese Honeymoon</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stuart" title="Leslie Stuart">Leslie Stuart</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Florodora" title="Florodora">Florodora</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rubens_(composer)" title="Paul Rubens (composer)">Paul Rubens</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Hook_of_Holland" title="Miss Hook of Holland">Miss Hook of Holland</a></i>). Scores were constantly refreshed with "additional" or "specialty" numbers and re-arranged, often by several different composers and lyricists, to keep audiences coming back. Important writers included <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Ross" title="Adrian Ross">Adrian Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Greenbank" title="Harry Greenbank">Harry Greenbank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Greenbank" title="Percy Greenbank">Percy Greenbank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Hall" title="Owen Hall">Owen Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Taylor_(lyricist)" title="Charles H. Taylor (lyricist)">Charles H. Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Asche" title="Oscar Asche">Oscar Asche</a>. Generally, the book, lyrics and music were each written by different people, which was a first for the musical stage, although now this is the usual way of doing things. Adrian Ross wrote the lyrics for well over 50 Edwardian musicals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Besides Edwardes, American producer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frohman" title="Charles Frohman">Charles Frohman</a> and actor-managers like <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hicks" title="Seymour Hicks">Seymour Hicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Evett" title="Robert Evett">Robert Evett</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Grossmith,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George Grossmith, Jr.">George Grossmith, Jr.</a> were responsible for many of these shows. The musicals were frequently built around a resident company of artists, and the greatest stars of the era included actresses <a href="/wiki/Marie_Tempest" title="Marie Tempest">Marie Tempest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertie_Millar" title="Gertie Millar">Gertie Millar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lily_Elsie" title="Lily Elsie">Lily Elsie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellaline_Terriss" title="Ellaline Terriss">Ellaline Terriss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Dare" title="Phyllis Dare">Phyllis Dare</a>, leading men such as <a href="/wiki/Hayden_Coffin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayden Coffin">Hayden Coffin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Grattan" title="Harry Grattan">Harry Grattan</a>, and comics such as <a href="/wiki/Rutland_Barrington" title="Rutland Barrington">Rutland Barrington</a>, George Grossmith, Jr., <a href="/wiki/Huntley_Wright" title="Huntley Wright">Huntley Wright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Payne" title="Edmund Payne">Edmund Payne</a>. One critic wrote of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coyne" title="Joseph Coyne">Joseph Coyne</a> that, like other stars of musical comedy, "It is no good their pretending to be any one else. We go to see themselves, and all we ask is that the authors and others shall give them every chance of being themselves in the most pronounced and personal fashion".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwardian_musical_comedy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Arcadians_(musical)" title="The Arcadians (musical)">The Arcadians</a></i> is generally regarded as the masterpiece of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGänzl199572_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGänzl199572-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The composers were Monckton and Talbot, both at the height of their powers. The story, about the havoc wreaked when truth-telling Arcadians arrive in corrupt London, neatly parallels the position of Edwardian musical comedies in theatrical history, with <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a>-singing Arcadians, representing the past, meeting with <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a>-singing Londoners, representing the future. This is an example of a common feature of shows of this period: sophistication with a common touch. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floropgm1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Floropgm1900.jpg/290px-Floropgm1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Floropgm1900.jpg/435px-Floropgm1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Floropgm1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Souvenir program cover, 1900</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Florodora" title="Florodora">Florodora</a></i> (1899) by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stuart" title="Leslie Stuart">Leslie Stuart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rubens_(composer)" title="Paul Rubens (composer)">Paul Rubens</a> made a splash on both sides of the Atlantic, as did <i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese_Honeymoon" title="A Chinese Honeymoon">A Chinese Honeymoon</a></i> (1901), by British lyricist <a href="/wiki/George_Dance_(dramatist)" title="George Dance (dramatist)">George Dance</a> and American-born composer <a href="/wiki/Howard_Talbot" title="Howard Talbot">Howard Talbot</a>, which ran for a record setting 1,074 performances in London and 376 in New York. The story concerns couples who honeymoon in China and inadvertently break the kissing laws (shades of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mikado" title="The Mikado">The Mikado</a></i>). Later enormously popular hits included <i><a href="/wiki/Chu_Chin_Chow" title="Chu Chin Chow">Chu Chin Chow</a></i> (1916), which ran for 2,238 performances (more than twice as many as any previous musical),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Theodore_%26_Co" title="Theodore & Co">Theodore & Co</a></i> (1916), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boy_(musical)" title="The Boy (musical)">The Boy</a></i> (1917), <i><a href="/wiki/Yes,_Uncle!" title="Yes, Uncle!">Yes, Uncle!</a> (1917)</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_the_Mountains" title="The Maid of the Mountains">The Maid of the Mountains</a></i> (1917, the second longest-running Edwardian musical, with 1,352 performances). Audiences wanted light and uplifting entertainment during the war, and these shows delivered it.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_M._Cohan" title="George M. Cohan">George M. Cohan</a>'s sentimental <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Nellie_Kelly_(musical)" title="Little Nellie Kelly (musical)">Little Nellie Kelly</a></i> (1922) was considered a late example of Edwardian musical comedy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwardian_musical_comedy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-left"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Music from <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stuart" title="Leslie Stuart">Leslie Stuart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owen_Hall" title="Owen Hall">Owen Hall</a>'s <i>Florodora</i> (1899)</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Florodora_-_In_the_shade_of_the_palm.ogg" title="File:Florodora - In the shade of the palm.ogg">In the shade of the palm</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="124" data-mwtitle="Florodora_-_In_the_shade_of_the_palm.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Florodora_-_In_the_shade_of_the_palm.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Florodora_-_In_the_shade_of_the_palm.ogg/Florodora_-_In_the_shade_of_the_palm.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Circa 1902 <a href="/wiki/Edison_Records" title="Edison Records">Edison Records</a> recording by Frank C. Stanley</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-noimage listen-left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Florodora_-_Tell_me_pretty_maiden.ogg" title="File:Florodora - Tell me pretty maiden.ogg">Tell me pretty maiden</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="123" data-mwtitle="Florodora_-_Tell_me_pretty_maiden.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Florodora_-_Tell_me_pretty_maiden.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Florodora_-_Tell_me_pretty_maiden.ogg/Florodora_-_Tell_me_pretty_maiden.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Circa 1908 Edison Records recording by the "Edison Sextette" (<a href="/wiki/Ada_Jones" title="Ada Jones">Ada Jones</a>, George S. Lenox, Corinne Morgan, Grace Nelson, Bob Roberts and Frank C. Stanley)</div></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwardian_musical_comedy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ganzl56-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl56_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl56_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl56_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGänzl1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%A4nzl" title="Kurt Gänzl">Gänzl, Kurt</a> (1995). <i>Musicals</i>. London: Carlton. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7475-2381-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7475-2381-9"><bdi>0-7475-2381-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musicals&rft.place=London&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Carlton&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7475-2381-9&rft.aulast=G%C3%A4nzl&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwardian+musical+comedy" class="Z3988"></span>; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hyman" title="Alan Hyman">Hyman, Alan</a>, <i>The Gaiety Years</i>, London: Cassell (1975), p. 64 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-29372-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-29372-5">0-304-29372-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Traubner" title="Richard Traubner">Traubner, Richard</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cyC-YCK7FigC&pg=PA198"><i>Operetta: A Theatrical History</i></a>, pp. 198–219, Routledge, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96641-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96641-8">0-415-96641-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AL1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AL1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/Gaiety.htm">"Gaiety Theatre"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080104132022/http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/Gaiety.htm">Archived</a> 4 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ArthurLloyd theatre site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlayInvent-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PlayInvent_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlayInvent_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peopleplayuk.org.uk/guided_tours/musicals_tour/first_musicals/musical_comedy.php">"Musical Comedy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070517163242/http://www.peopleplayuk.org.uk/guided_tours/musicals_tour/first_musicals/musical_comedy.php">Archived</a> 2007-05-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Musicals Tour at PeoplePlayUK theatre site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lamb_(writer)" title="Andrew Lamb (writer)">Lamb, Andrew</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3052183">"From Pinafore to Porter: United States-United Kingdom Interactions in Musical Theater, 1879–1929"</a>, <i>American Music</i>, vol. 4, no. 1, British-American Musical Interactions (Spring, 1986), pp. 34–49, University of Illinois Press, retrieved 18 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newlinetheatre.com/musicalcomedy.html">"Curtain Up, Light the Lights: 1874–1900"</a>, New Line Theatre, 2008, accessed 7 July 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Coward, Noël</a>. Foreword to <i>Musical Comedy</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mander_and_Mitchenson" title="Mander and Mitchenson">Raymond Mander and Joe Mitchenson</a> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1969), pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Richards" title="Jeffrey Richards">Richards, Jeffrey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-YJUbPSBT94C&pg=PA266"><i>Imperialism and Music: Britain, 1876–1953</i></a>, pp. 262–266, Manchester University Press (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6143-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-6143-1">0-7190-6143-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Royal Adelphi Theatre", <i>The Times</i>, 7 November 1910, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGänzl199572-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGänzl199572_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGänzl1995">Gänzl (1995)</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-theatres.com/longruns.html#longruns.london.html">Compilation of longest-running plays in history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100402061014/http://world-theatres.com/longruns.html">Archived</a> 2010-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stagebeauty.net/th-frames.html?http&&&www.stagebeauty.net/th-longr.html">List of longest-running plays in London and New York</a> from 1875 to 1920</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peopleplayuk.org.uk/guided_tours/musicals_tour/first_musicals/chu_chin_chow.php"><i>Chu Chin Chow</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704171007/http://www.peopleplayuk.org.uk/guided_tours/musicals_tour/first_musicals/chu_chin_chow.php">Archived</a> 2008-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Musical Theatre Guided Tour (PeoplePlay UK), accessed 3 October 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Little Nellie Kelly" in Thomas Hischak, ed., <i>The Oxford Companion to the American Musical</i> (Oxford University Press, 2009)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li>Charlton, Fraser. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/fraser.charlton/edmuscom/page12/edmuscom_what.html">Article on the rise of Edwardian musical comedy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070517163242/http://www.peopleplayuk.org.uk/guided_tours/musicals_tour/first_musicals/musical_comedy.php">Description of Edwardes' musicals</a> at PeoplePlayUK.org</li> <li>Kenrick, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicals101.com/usafter.htm">Info about American productions</a> at Musicals101.com, The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre, Films and Television</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929175855/http://www.hobbyist.co.uk/postcards/earlybritishmusicals/index.htm">Description of books about Edwardian musicals and people associated with them</a> at Hobbyist.co.uk</li> <li>Wearing, J. P. <i>The London Stage, 1910–1919: A Calendar of Players and Plays</i>, Scarecrow Press (1982) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-1596-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-1596-6">0-8108-1596-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwardian_musical_comedy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsarchive.net/british">British Musical Theatre</a> – biographies, synopses and MIDI files</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dgillan.screaming.net/stage/th-main.html">Stage Beauty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630005207/http://www.dgillan.screaming.net/stage/th-main.html">Archived</a> 2018-06-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Extensive information about female stars from Edwardian musical theatre</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726051655/http://www.geocities.com/the_gaiety/biblio.html">British musical theatre publication <i>The Gaiety</i> and related publications, available articles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsarchive.net/british/musicals.html#b">British musicals and light opera site</a>, MIDI files, cast lists, and usually also lyrics, of approximately 200 musicals</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/fraser.charlton/edmuscom/index.html">Synopses, libretti and MIDI files of Edwardian Musical Comedies</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwardian_musical_comedy&oldid=1248849148">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwardian_musical_comedy&oldid=1248849148</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musical_theatre" title="Category:Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Victorian_culture" title="Category:Victorian culture">Victorian culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edwardian_era" title="Category:Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2024">Use dmy dates from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_October_2024" title="Category:EngvarB from October 2024">EngvarB from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 October 2024, at 19:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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