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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Health_Professional_Shortage_Areas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Health_Professional_Shortage_Areas.jpg/300px-Health_Professional_Shortage_Areas.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Health_Professional_Shortage_Areas.jpg/450px-Health_Professional_Shortage_Areas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Health_Professional_Shortage_Areas.jpg/600px-Health_Professional_Shortage_Areas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>These measurements of healthcare service levels for specific areas of the U.S. came out in June 2020 through the <a href="/wiki/Health_Resources_and_Services_Administration" title="Health Resources and Services Administration">Health Resources and Services Administration</a> (HRSA), an agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> (HHS)</figcaption></figure> <p>Concerns of both a current and future shortage of medical doctors due to the <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply and demand</a> for <a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_the_United_States" title="Physicians in the United States">physicians in the United States</a> have come from multiple entities including <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">professional bodies</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> (AMA).<sup id="cite_ref-AMA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AMA itself has been criticized for creating the shortage in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subject has been analyzed as well by the <a href="/wiki/News_media_in_the_United_States" title="News media in the United States">American news media</a> in publications such as <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Eric_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2010s, a study released by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Medical_Colleges" title="Association of American Medical Colleges">Association of American Medical Colleges</a> (AAMC) titled <i>The Complexities of Physician Supply and Demand: Projections From 2019 to 2034</i> specifically projected a shortage of between 37,800 and 124,000 individuals within the following two decades, approximately.<sup id="cite_ref-AMA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare in America</a> itself may deteriorate for certain communities inside particular <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> due to such trends, particularly in terms of the lack of access to specialty services in <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural locations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AMA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, a September 2022 report from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_System" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaiʻi System">University of Hawaiʻi System</a> found that <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hawaii" title="List of islands of Hawaii">the collection of islands</a> faces "a severe physician shortage".<sup id="cite_ref-Hawaii_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawaii-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A piece published that same month by <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_News#Spectrum_News_1_(Ohio)" title="Spectrum News">Spectrum News 1 - Ohio</a> described the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern state</a> as featuring a shortage "that's expected to hit rural areas the hardest."<sup id="cite_ref-Ohio_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">structural inequality</a> in the U.S. affect its national health due to <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">past and current discrimination</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">efforts to set people apart</a> based on Americans' <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">racial identities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaskin_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaskin-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the broader context of evaluating peoples' <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> across the whole planet, worries over a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor shortage">doctor shortage</a> have occurred in multiple countries besides the U.S. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) found in 2006 that "an estimated shortage of almost 4.3 million doctors, midwives, nurses and support workers [exists] worldwide".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_trends">Background and trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg/250px-Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg/375px-Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg/500px-Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2589" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Memorial_Hospital" title="Jackson Memorial Hospital">Jackson Memorial Hospital</a> (MJMH) complex in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, which serves as the primary teaching <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Miller_School_of_Medicine" title="Miller School of Medicine">Miller School of Medicine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On September 30, 1980, the Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee (GMENAC) sent a statement titled "Summary Report of The Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" to the Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> (<a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a> at the time), which "estimates a surplus of 70,000 physicians by 1990". </p><p>This led to an eventual nationwide voluntary medical school moratorium that would last from 1980 to 2005, intended to prevent a surplus of physicians in the U.S. The moratorium called for the halt of the creation of new medical schools and a reduction or freeze of medical school enrollment. The moratorium was successful, as the number of M.D. annual entrants never surpasses 16,660 (1981) nor did it fall below 15,800 (1989). Additionally, only three new M.D. schools were established during the moratorium.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2010, the news-magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> published in a report that the "annual number of American medical students who go into primary care has dropped by more than half since 1997" to the point where it had gotten "hard to get an appointment with the doctors who remain". The journal also commented that "as many as half of primary-care providers have stopped taking new patients."<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a 2010s study released by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Medical_Colleges" title="Association of American Medical Colleges">Association of American Medical Colleges</a> (AAMC) titled <i>The Complexities of Physician Supply and Demand: Projections From 2019 to 2034</i> specifically projected a shortage of between 37,800 and 124,000 individuals within the following two decades, approximately.<sup id="cite_ref-AMA_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Known for serving as president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Family_Physicians" title="American Academy of Family Physicians">American Academy of Family Physicians</a> (AAFP), Sterling Ransone Jr., M.D., has commented that the <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographics</a> of medical professionals in the U.S. will generate noticeable effects as time passes. "By 2032, the U.S. population's going to grow by about 10%, but those of us who are age 65 or older, we’re going to grow by about 47%," he has remarked, adding that by "that same year... probably about one-third of active physicians are going to be over age 65, so our physicians— we’re aging as well". Dr. Ransone has highlighted his <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">specific discipline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">family medicine</a> as already affected by these difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-AMA_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> (AMA), a <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">professional body</a> in the U.S., has cited increasing costs of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">higher education in the country</a> as a barrier to adequate growth in physician supply. In a 2022 article, the organization stated that "[m]edical school graduates typically finish school with about $200,000 in medical student-loan debt, which is often seen as an influential factor in specialty choice." The discussion of anticipated financial burdens from schooling itself can also result in a <a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">self-fulfilling prophecy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AMA_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare in America</a> itself may deteriorate for certain communities due to the shortage of medical professionals; the potential harm caused by the lack of access to specialty services in <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural locations</a> has garnered specific attention. The AMA has reported shortages already causing <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">stress</a> among U.S. patients.<sup id="cite_ref-AMA_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2021, an article from the financial publication <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> argued that the "lack of funding for residency slots to expand the pool of physicians in the U.S. has been an issue for more than two decades."<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When evaluating specific <a href="/wiki/State_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (United States)">states</a> inside of the U.S., a September 2022 report from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_System" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaiʻi System">University of Hawaiʻi System</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hawaii" title="List of islands of Hawaii">the collection of islands</a> "has a severe physician shortage" to the point that "statistics show the deficit is at least 750 full-time providers, with primary care specialties... [having] the greatest need."<sup id="cite_ref-Hawaii_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawaii-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A piece published that same month by <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_News#Spectrum_News_1_(Ohio)" title="Spectrum News">Spectrum News 1 - Ohio</a> relayed that the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern state</a> features a shortage "that's expected to hit rural areas the hardest." The article noted that the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ohio_Medical_University" title="Northeast Ohio Medical University">Northeast Ohio Medical University</a> "estimates there are 11.7 physicians per a population of 10,000 in the Buckeye state compared to 38.9 physicians for that same population in a metropolitan area."<sup id="cite_ref-Ohio_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_of_history_and_effects_from_discrimination">Influence of history and effects from discrimination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influence of history and effects from discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:We_want_white_tenants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/We_want_white_tenants.jpg/300px-We_want_white_tenants.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/We_want_white_tenants.jpg/450px-We_want_white_tenants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/We_want_white_tenants.jpg/600px-We_want_white_tenants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5974" data-file-height="4753" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">Racial segregation in the U.S.</a>, expressed by <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activists</a> such as those in <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit, Michigan</a> who erected signs such as these, has significantly affected the distribution of healthcare services for decades.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts in the United States</a></div> <p>Mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">structural inequality</a> in the U.S. affect its national health due to <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">past and current discrimination</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">efforts to set people apart based on</a> Americans' <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">racial identities</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Health_Services_Research_(journal)" title="Health Services Research (journal)">Health Services Research</a></i> published a 2012 study by Darrell J. Gaskin, Ph.D. and a team of other analysts that reported how "[r]acial and ethnic disparities in primary care are well documented" given that "[d]isparities in health care may be caused by higher proportions of minorities living in 'medical deserts,' that is, communities with limited health care resources." In short, their "findings indicate that residential segregation matters" as "African[-]American segregation was negatively associated with the availability of physician services." As the U.S. doctor shortage worsens the natures of these <a href="/wiki/Medical_desert" title="Medical desert">'deserts'</a>, in their view, the analysts advised policymakers to focus on "[e]xpanding community health centers and [also] subsidies programs for physicians to serve in underserved areas".<sup id="cite_ref-Gaskin_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaskin-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American scholars have theorized more broadly that, as detailed in the aforementioned <i>Health Services Research</i> report, aspects of <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">cultural status</a> such as "money, power, prestige, and social connectedness" influence medicine across the country. Thus, "those with the most access and control over resources are in a better position to avoid risks, diseases, and the consequences of disease."<sup id="cite_ref-Gaskin_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaskin-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_and_proposed_actions">Issues and proposed actions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Issues and proposed actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Socio-political news-magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i> has argued in an article that a <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market-oriented system</a> in the U.S., with its "<a href="/wiki/Fee-for-service_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Fee-for-service healthcare">fee-for-service framework</a>", "remains embedded in American health care and endures as its dominant underlying driver" in a way that "places value on specialized services rather than on primary care". Thus, the whole framework serves as "a crucial factor behind the worsening shortage of primary-care doctors", according to the publication. Specifically, <i>The Nation</i> has asserted that the financial methodology "compensates doctors, clinics, and hospitals based upon number and type of visits involved in a patient's care, creating incentives for unnecessary procedures, excessive clinic appointments, and the mountains of paperwork that have become the bane of American doctors’ daily lives."<sup id="cite_ref-Eric_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analyzing the possibility of expanded <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration to America</a> to enhance the nation's workface, a piece from the general interest news-magazine <i>Newsweek</i> has reported, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"There's one more group of people, foreign medical graduates, who could theoretically fill in for the missing primary-care providers. The trouble is, they're already doing that. More than a quarter of primary-care doctors currently practicing in the United States have gotten their diplomas abroad. Increasing their numbers would be problematic for both the left (which might object to poaching doctors from developing countries that need them) and the right (which would surely object to recruiting non-Americans to do a job that reliably pulls in six figures, especially when unemployment is high)."<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A study by the <a href="/wiki/Niskanen_Center" title="Niskanen Center">Niskanen Center</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> based out of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, has found that the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. federal government's</a> administrative processes within <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> and other programs make the doctor shortage worse. "Medicare's residency funding was designed around the naïve assumption that private insurers would contribute their fair share to training" such that "funding is based solely on the number of Medicare patients a hospital sees", according to Niskanen analyst Robert Orr, with a structure coming about that "shortchanges geographic locations and facilities with fewer elderly patients". This still occurs, in Orr's analysis, "while separate programs exist to deliver funds to children's hospitals and rural clinics, [since] Medicare dwarfs them."<sup id="cite_ref-Orr_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proposed efforts to change the viewpoints of medical students have received academic study. For example, an analysis explored in a Society of Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM) conference held in 2010 inside <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a> received wider distribution afterwards, with Dr. Julie Phillips of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_College_of_Human_Medicine" title="Michigan State University College of Human Medicine">Michigan State University College of Human Medicine</a> (MSUCHM) and other scholars detailing what a 2006 to 2008 survey of approximately a thousand students at three different schools found. The experts observed broadly that "contemporary physicians struggle to meet the high expectations set by patients and their profession with limited time and resources." Specifically, results indicated that only 145 survey respondents (14.8%) leaned towards having a career in primary care. Furthermore, 11.2% of first-year students expressed interest in that medical focus in contrast to how 10.8% of second-year students showed interest. In addition, third-year and fourth-year students expressed more interest in having a career in primary care, at 18.3% and 21.0%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same study, those senior students rejected the widespread stereotypes about primary care. They did not believe that time constraints in medicine, such as short appointments, lead to poor doctor-patient relationships, which was most likely due to their increased first-hand experience with patients and doctors. Experts hypothesize that more student exposure to the life of physicians via shadowing may prevent prejudices and false assumptions about primary care. This study points out that junior and senior medical students are aware of the drawbacks associated with primary care, such as the relatively low salary, but what is more important to them is their interest in a particular specialty.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These students relied less on the known perception of primary care and more on their own personal value that they attached to it. The more exposure that medical students have to primary care, the more likely they are to become interested in it as an invaluable gateway to medical treatment. This data suggests that the combination of earlier introduction to primary care and an emphasis on its value would propel medical students to choose a career in preventative care. Such proposals, however, would require the participation of numerous stakeholders. </p><p>Increasing medical students’ experience in primary care relies on the participation of stakeholders, including medical schools. They can create initiatives that may include increasing the number of internships revolving around primary care. From a financial perspective, medical schools can alleviate their cost of schooling through scholarships, so that a medical student's selection of a specialty is not swayed by salary.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Offering opportunities to become involved in this specialty, while providing financial support, would address two problems of recruiting primary care physicians: it would provide students with more ways to experience what it is like to specialize in preventative care; and it would allow students to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the school, instead of focusing on the financial aspect of medical school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit 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title="Primary care service area">Primary care service area</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Medical education in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Medical education in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medical education in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medical_education_in_the_United_States105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Medical education in the United States">Medical education in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-medical" title="Pre-medical">Pre-medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_States" title="Medical school in the United States">Medical school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_clerkship" title="Clinical clerkship">Clerkship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-internship" title="Sub-internship">Sub-internship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_medical_education" title="Graduate medical education">Graduate medical education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internship_(medicine)" title="Internship (medicine)">Internship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_(medicine)" title="Fellowship (medicine)">Fellowship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_certification" title="Board certification">Board certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_license" title="Medical license">Licensure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_medical_education" title="Continuing medical education">Continuing medical education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pathways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Medicine (MD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic Medicine (DO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_medical_graduate" title="International medical graduate">International medical graduate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">MBBS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Degrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MD_and_DO_in_the_United_States" title="Comparison of MD and DO in the United States">Comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_College_Admission_Test" title="Medical College Admission Test">MCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Medical_Licensing_Examination" title="United States Medical Licensing Examination">USMLE</a> <ul><li>Step: <a href="/wiki/USMLE_Step_1" title="USMLE Step 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USMLE_Step_2_Clinical_Knowledge" title="USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge">2CK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USMLE_Step_2_Clinical_Skills" title="USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills">2CS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USMLE_Step_3" title="USMLE Step 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">COMLEX</a> <ul><li>Level: <a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">2CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">2PE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulatory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Medical_Colleges" title="Association of American Medical Colleges">Association of American Medical Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine">American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Resident_Matching_Program" title="National Resident Matching Program">National Resident Matching Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Graduate_Medical_Education" title="Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education">Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_Committee_on_Medical_Education" title="Liaison Committee on Medical Education">Liaison Committee on Medical Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Osteopathic_College_Accreditation" title="Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation">Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Continuing_Medical_Education" title="Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education">Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">American Osteopathic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_Commission_for_Foreign_Medical_Graduates" title="Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates">Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_United_States" title="List of medical schools in the United States">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_specialty_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="List of medical specialty colleges in the United States">Specialty colleges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Flexner" title="Abraham Flexner">Abraham Flexner</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flexner_Report" title="Flexner Report">Flexner Report</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">William Osler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stewart_Halsted" title="William Stewart Halsted">William Stewart Halsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Taylor_Still" title="Andrew Taylor Still">Andrew Taylor Still</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Issues in higher education in the United States">Issues in higher education inside the U.S.</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Physician shortage inside the U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States&oldid=1265264527">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States&oldid=1265264527</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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