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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1960 book by Swami Vishnudevananda</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Illustrated+Book+of+Yoga&rft.author=%5B%5BSwami+Vishnudevananda%5D%5D&rft.date=1960&rft.pub=Bell+Publishing%2FJulian+Press&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=359+pp&rft_id=info:oclcnum/32442598"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga_cover_1st_ed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ea/Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga_cover_1st_ed.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="290" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="290" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">First edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vishnudevananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vishnudevananda">Swami Vishnudevananda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">Bell Publishing/Julian Press</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1960</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">Hardback</a> & <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">Paperback</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">359 pp</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32442598">32442598</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</b></i> is a 1960 book by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vishnudevananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vishnudevananda">Swami Vishnudevananda</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Yoga_Vedanta_Centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres">Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres</a>. It is an introduction to <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a>, describing the <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></i>. It is said to have sold over a million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-Quebec_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quebec-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contributed to the incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Surya_Namaskar" class="mw-redirect" title="Surya Namaskar">Surya Namaskar</a> (salute to the sun) into <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga as exercise</a>. While some of its subject matter is the traditional philosophy of yoga, its detailed photographs of Vishnudevananda performing the asanas is modern, <a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_advertising" title="Yoga in advertising">helping to market</a> the Sivananda yoga brand to a global audience. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book was one of the first three reference works on <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> (yoga postures) in the development of <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga as exercise</a> in the mid-20th century, the other two being Selvarajan Yesudian and Elisabeth Haich's 1941 <i>Sport és Jóga</i> (in Spanish: an English version appeared in 1953) and <a href="/wiki/Theos_Bernard" class="mw-redirect" title="Theos Bernard">Theos Bernard</a>'s 1944 <i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_a_Personal_Experience" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain201569_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain201569-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its author, Vishnudevananda, was a student of <a href="/wiki/Sivananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivananda">Sivananda</a>'s and the founder of <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivananda Yoga">Sivananda Yoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016329–331_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016329–331-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1965 filming of <i><a href="/wiki/Help!_(film)" title="Help! (film)">Help!</a></i> in the Bahamas, <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> met Vishnudevananda, who gave each of the four of them a signed copy of the book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavezzoli2006173_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavezzoli2006173-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book">Book</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publication_history">Publication history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publication history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book was published in 1960 by Bell Publishing/<a href="/wiki/Julian_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Press">Julian Press</a> in both hardcover and paperback. It was reprinted in paperback by <a href="/wiki/Harmony_Books" title="Harmony Books">Harmony Books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press" title="Three Rivers Press">Three Rivers Press</a>/<a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> in 1988. It has been translated into at least thirteen languages,<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCat_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCat-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is said to have sold over a million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-Quebec_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quebec-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</i> first introduces the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of yoga">philosophy of yoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CIBY 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It then covers the three bodies of man, divided into the <a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">koshas</a> (sheaths),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CIBY 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and describes and illustrates the <a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">shatkarmas</a> (purifications of the body).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CIBY 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It describes the differences between the exercises of <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">hatha yoga</a> and physical exercise, explaining how yogic exercises can in Vishnudevananda's view "conquer" old age; this chapter describes over 100 <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> (yoga postures) with 136 large monochrome photographs, all of Vishnudevananda, each image occupying most of a page.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CIBY 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It then describes relaxation in <a href="/wiki/Shavasana" title="Shavasana">Shavasana</a>, corpse pose.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CIBY 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A chapter covers the <a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">sattvic diet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CIBY 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pranayama (yoga breathing) is described as one of the <a href="/wiki/Eight_limbs_of_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight limbs of yoga">eight limbs of classical yoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CIBY 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book ends with accounts of the astral body,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CIBY 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the absolute,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CIBY 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the self as being, knowledge, and bliss (<a href="/wiki/Satchitananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchitananda">satchitananda</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CIBY 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally the conquest of death.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CIBY 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mahavidya website of scholarly resources on Hinduism notes that the book states (on page x) that yoga "balances, harmonizes, purifies, and strengthens the Body, Mind, and Soul of the practitioner", through what Vishnudevananda considered the five basic principles of yoga, namely proper exercise, proper breathing, proper relaxation, proper diet, and positive thinking and meditation (on page xi).<sup id="cite_ref-Mahavidya_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahavidya-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illustrations">Illustrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Illustrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book is illustrated with 146 large monochrome photographs of Vishnudevananda performing the shatkarmas and the asanas; a frontispiece shows him meditating in Padmasana (<a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus position</a>). The book contains also five full-page "charts", line drawings of the body and the <a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">subtle body</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakras</a>. An appendix provides six tables of training schedules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The yoga <a href="/wiki/Scholar_practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar practitioner">scholar-practitioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Mark Singleton</a> writes that "it is of course Vishnu-devananda, author of <i>The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</i>, who is generally credited as the <i>asana</i> pioneer within Sivananda-inspired yoga".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010219_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010219-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The yoga scholar-practitioner <a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Norman Sjoman</a> notes in his analysis of <a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">modern yoga</a> that the asanas of <a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i> were already published in <i>The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</i> "with different names".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoman199939_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoman199939-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sjoman comments that Vishnudevananda was a student of Sivananda, "a <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidian</a> belonging to the Diksitar family, the traditional custodians of the <a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Nataraja_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Chidambaram Nataraja Temple">Cidambaram temple</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoman199939_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoman199939-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and suggests that the book must have been describing those inherited traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoman199939_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoman199939-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sjoman analyses the origins of the asanas in the book, comparing them to Iyengar's and to those of the <a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Palace" title="Mysore Palace">Mysore Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoman199987–89_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoman199987–89-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian of modern yoga <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea Jain">Andrea Jain</a> writes in her 2015 book <i><a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga">Selling Yoga</a></i> that Vishnudevananda and other students of Sivananda were among the first to build yoga brands and to <a href="/wiki/Mass_marketing" title="Mass marketing">mass-market</a> these to a global audience, effectively tying yoga to methods for achieving <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical fitness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain201576_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain201576-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian of modern yoga <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Goldberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliott Goldberg">Elliott Goldberg</a> writes that the book "proclaimed in print" a "new utilitarian conception of <a href="/wiki/Surya_Namaskar" class="mw-redirect" title="Surya Namaskar">Surya Namaskar</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016329–331_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016329–331-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the salute to the sun) which Sivananda had originally promoted as a health cure through sunlight. Goldberg notes that Vishnudevananda modelled the positions of Surya Namaskar for photographs in the book, and that he recognised the sequence "for what it mainly is: not <a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga for therapeutic purposes">treatment for a host of diseases</a> but fitness exercise."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016329–331_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016329–331-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i> - B. K. S. Iyengar's encyclopedic 1966 yoga reference book</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These references are supplied to indicate the parts of the <i>Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</i> text being discussed. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVishnudevananda1988">Vishnudevananda 1988</a>, p. 3 ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVishnudevananda1988">Vishnudevananda 1988</a>, p. 12 ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVishnudevananda1988">Vishnudevananda 1988</a>, p. 19 ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVishnudevananda1988">Vishnudevananda 1988</a>, p. 46 ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVishnudevananda1988">Vishnudevananda 1988</a>, p. 199 ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVishnudevananda1988">Vishnudevananda 1988</a>, p. 204 ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVishnudevananda1988">Vishnudevananda 1988</a>, p. 220 ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVishnudevananda1988">Vishnudevananda 1988</a>, p. 256 ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVishnudevananda1988">Vishnudevananda 1988</a>, p. 286 ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVishnudevananda1988">Vishnudevananda 1988</a>, p. 300 ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVishnudevananda1988">Vishnudevananda 1988</a>, p. 308 ff</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Quebec-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quebec_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quebec_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSivananda_Ashram,_Quebec1989" class="citation journal cs1">Sivananda Ashram, Quebec (January 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5-sDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10">"A Mini Yoga Library for Your Home"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i>: 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yoga+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Mini+Yoga+Library+for+Your+Home&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1989-01&rft.au=Sivananda+Ashram%2C+Quebec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5-sDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplete+Illustrated+Book+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain201569-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain201569_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJain2015">Jain 2015</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016329–331-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016329–331_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016329–331_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2016329–331_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldberg2016">Goldberg 2016</a>, pp. 329–331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavezzoli2006173-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavezzoli2006173_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLavezzoli2006">Lavezzoli 2006</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldCat-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WorldCat_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Complete+Illustrated+Book+of+Yoga&fq=dt%3Abks&dblist=638&fc=ln:_25&qt=show_more_ln%3A">"The complete illustrated book of yoga"</a>. WorldCat. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/368900">368900</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+complete+illustrated+book+of+yoga&rft.pub=WorldCat&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F368900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DThe%2BComplete%2BIllustrated%2BBook%2Bof%2BYoga%26fq%3Ddt%253Abks%26dblist%3D638%26fc%3Dln%3A_25%26qt%3Dshow_more_ln%253A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplete+Illustrated+Book+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahavidya-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahavidya_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2012" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Michaela (18 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mahavidya.ca/2012/06/18/swami-vishnu-devananda/">"Swami Vishnu-devananda"</a>. Mahavidya<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swami+Vishnu-devananda&rft.pub=Mahavidya&rft.date=2012-06-18&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Michaela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahavidya.ca%2F2012%2F06%2F18%2Fswami-vishnu-devananda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplete+Illustrated+Book+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010219-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010219_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingleton2010">Singleton 2010</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoman199939-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoman199939_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoman199939_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoman199939_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSjoman1999">Sjoman 1999</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoman199987–89-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoman199987–89_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSjoman1999">Sjoman 1999</a>, pp. 87–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain201576-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain201576_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJain2015">Jain 2015</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Goldberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliott Goldberg">Goldberg, Elliott</a> (2016). <i>The Path of Modern Yoga : the history of an embodied spiritual practice</i>. Inner Traditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62055-567-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62055-567-5"><bdi>978-1-62055-567-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/926062252">926062252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+of+Modern+Yoga+%3A+the+history+of+an+embodied+spiritual+practice&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F926062252&rft.isbn=978-1-62055-567-5&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplete+Illustrated+Book+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea Jain">Jain, Andrea</a> (2015). <i>Selling Yoga : from Counterculture to Pop culture</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939024-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939024-3"><bdi>978-0-19-939024-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878953765">878953765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selling+Yoga+%3A+from+Counterculture+to+Pop+culture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878953765&rft.isbn=978-0-19-939024-3&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplete+Illustrated+Book+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavezzoli2006" class="citation book cs1">Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC"><i>The Dawn of Indian Music in the West</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1815-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1815-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-1815-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Indian+Music+in+the+West&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1815-9&rft.aulast=Lavezzoli&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOSZKCXtx-wEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplete+Illustrated+Book+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingleton2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Singleton, Mark</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Body" title="Yoga Body"><i>Yoga Body : the origins of modern posture practice</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539534-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539534-1"><bdi>978-0-19-539534-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318191988">318191988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Body+%3A+the+origins+of+modern+posture+practice&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318191988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539534-1&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplete+Illustrated+Book+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjoman1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Sjoman, Norman E.</a> (1999) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BU2WI8wMpcC"><i>The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</i></a> (2nd ed.). Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-389-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-389-2"><bdi>81-7017-389-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Tradition+of+the+Mysore+Palace&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-7017-389-2&rft.aulast=Sjoman&rft.aufirst=Norman+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BU2WI8wMpcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplete+Illustrated+Book+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVishnudevananda1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vishnudevananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vishnudevananda">Vishnudevananda</a> (1988) [1960]. <i>The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</i>. New York: Three Rivers Press/Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-88431-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-88431-3"><bdi>0-517-88431-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32442598">32442598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Illustrated+Book+of+Yoga&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press%2FRandom+House&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32442598&rft.isbn=0-517-88431-3&rft.au=Vishnudevananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplete+Illustrated+Book+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Template:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Template talk:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoga_as_exercise" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asanas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_postures" title="Meditative postures">Meditation seats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_pose" title="Tree pose">Tree pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadrasana" title="Virabhadrasana">Warrior</a></li> <li>Accompaniments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_teacher_training" title="Yoga teacher training">Teacher training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Standards <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Wheel_of_Yoga" title="British Wheel of Yoga">British Wheel of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_of_Yoga" title="European Union of Yoga">European Union of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Van_Lysebeth" title="André Van Lysebeth">André Van Lysebeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Alliance" title="Yoga Alliance">Yoga Alliance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga for therapeutic purposes">Therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Yoga using props</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Accessible_yoga" title="Accessible yoga">Accessible yoga</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Trauma-sensitive_yoga" title="Trauma-sensitive yoga">Trauma-sensitive yoga</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Restorative_Yoga" title="Restorative Yoga">Restorative Yoga</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Yoga_nidra" title="Yoga nidra">Yoga nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Richard Miller (psychologist)">International Association of Yoga Therapists • Richard Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_yoga" title="Competitive yoga">Competitive yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_brick" title="Yoga brick">Yoga brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_mat" title="Yoga mat">Yoga mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Farmer" title="Angela Farmer">Angela Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugger_Mugger_Yoga_Products" title="Hugger Mugger Yoga Products">Hugger Mugger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_pants" title="Yoga pants">Yoga pants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica" title="Lululemon Athletica">Lululemon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/80px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/120px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/160px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_yoga" title="Early modern yoga">Early modern yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li>1896 <i><a href="/wiki/Raja_Yoga_(book)" title="Raja Yoga (book)">Raja Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Gymnastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic Gymnastics">Harmonial gymnastics/yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Agniel" title="Marguerite Agniel">Marguerite Agniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh" title="Bishnu Charan Ghosh">B. C. Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Iyer" title="K. V. Iyer">K. V. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seetharaman_Sundaram" title="Seetharaman Sundaram">Seetharaman Sundaram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi" title="Autobiography of a Yogi">Autobiography of a Yogi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_yoga" title="Hot yoga">Hot yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_yoga" title="Science of yoga">Science of yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_by_yoga_gurus" title="Sexual abuse by yoga gurus">Sexual abuse by yoga gurus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Remski" title="Matthew Remski">Matthew Remski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_and_cultural_appropriation" title="Yoga and cultural appropriation">Yoga and cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_advertising" title="Yoga in advertising">In advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_children" title="Yoga for children">For children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">For women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geeta_Iyengar" title="Geeta Iyengar">Geeta Iyengar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Naked_yoga" title="Naked yoga">Naked yoga</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Jude_Boccio" title="Frank Jude Boccio">Frank Jude Boccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cushman" title="Anne Cushman">Anne Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyndi_Lee" title="Cyndi Lee">Cyndi Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Moffitt" title="Phillip Moffitt">Phillip Moffitt</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Acroyoga" title="Acroyoga">Acroyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doga_(yoga)" title="Doga (yoga)">Doga</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Paddleboard_Yoga" title="Paddleboard Yoga">Paddleboard Yoga</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Aerial_yoga" title="Aerial yoga">Aerial yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_yoga" title="Beer yoga">Beer yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga in America">America</a> <ul><li>1961 <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hittleman" title="Richard Hittleman">Yoga for Health</a></i></li> <li>1970 <i><a href="/wiki/Lilias,_Yoga_and_You" title="Lilias, Yoga and You">Lilias, Yoga and You</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain" title="Yoga in Britain">Britain</a> <ul><li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Marshall" title="Lyn Marshall">Lyn Marshall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_France" title="Yoga in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Germany" title="Yoga in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_yoga_in_India" title="Postural yoga in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Italy" title="Yoga in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Russia" title="Yoga in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Sweden" title="Yoga in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Brathen" title="Rachel Brathen">Rachel Brathen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Selvarajan_Yesudian" title="Selvarajan Yesudian">Selvarajan Yesudian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1996 <i><a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</a></i></li> <li>2004 <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alter" title="Joseph Alter">Yoga in Modern India</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Modern_Yoga" title="A History of Modern Yoga">A History of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2005 <i><a href="/wiki/Positioning_Yoga" title="Positioning Yoga">Positioning Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2010 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Body" title="Yoga Body">Yoga Body</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Subtle_Body" title="The Subtle Body">The Subtle Body</a></i></li> <li>2015 <i><a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga">Selling Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2016 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Path_of_Modern_Yoga" title="The Path of Modern Yoga">The Path of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2017 <i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Yoga" title="Roots of Yoga">Roots of Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2019 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain:_Stretching_Spirituality_and_Educating_Yogis" title="Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis">Yoga in Britain</a></i></li> <li>2020 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Yoga" title="The Story of Yoga">The Story of Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <i><a href="/wiki/Guru_(2006_film)" title="Guru (2006 film)">Guru</a></i></li> <li>2009 <i><a href="/wiki/Enlighten_Up!" title="Enlighten Up!">Enlighten Up!</a></i></li> <li>2012 <i><a href="/wiki/Breath_of_the_Gods" title="Breath of the Gods">Breath of the Gods</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">Schools</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Gurus</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1918 <a href="/wiki/The_Yoga_Institute" title="The Yoga Institute">The Yoga Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Shri Yogendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa_Yogendra" title="Hansa Yogendra">Hansa Yogendra</a></li></ul></li> <li>1924 <a href="/wiki/Kaivalyadhama_Health_and_Yoga_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center">Kaivalyadhama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Kuvalayananda" title="Swami Kuvalayananda">Swami Kuvalayananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1934 <a href="/wiki/Viniyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniyoga">Viniyoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya">Tirumalai Krishnamacharya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Makaranda" title="Yoga Makaranda">Yoga Makaranda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._V._Desikachar" title="T. K. V. Desikachar">T. K. V. Desikachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Scaravelli" title="Vanda Scaravelli">Vanda Scaravelli</a></li></ul></li> <li>c. 1948 <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_vinyasa_yoga" title="Ashtanga vinyasa yoga">Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Pattabhi_Jois" title="K. Pattabhi Jois">K. Pattabhi Jois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_style" title="Mysore style">Mysore style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(yoga_teacher)" title="Tim Miller (yoga teacher)">Tim Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_MacGregor" title="Kino MacGregor">Kino MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Schultz" title="Larry Schultz">Larry Schultz</a></li></ul></li> <li>1959 <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Bihar_School_of_Yoga" title="Bihar School of Yoga">Bihar School of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyananda_Saraswati" title="Satyananda Saraswati">Satyananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1965 <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Yoga" title="Ananda Yoga">Ananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kriyananda" title="Kriyananda">Kriyananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Integral_Yoga_(Satchidananda)" title="Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)">Integral Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satchidananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchidananda Saraswati">Satchidananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Kripalu_Center" title="Kripalu Center">Kripalu Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Desai" title="Amrit Desai">Amrit Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cope" title="Stephen Cope">Stephen Cope</a></li></ul></li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Institute_of_Yoga_Science_and_Philosophy" title="Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy">Himalayan Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga">Bikram Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_the_Iyengar_Way" title="Yoga the Iyengar Way">Yoga the Iyengar Way</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Mittra" title="Dharma Mittra">Dharma Mittra</a></li> <li>c. 1975 <a href="/wiki/Yin_Yoga" title="Yin Yoga">Yin Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulie_Zink" title="Paulie Zink">Paulie Zink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grilley" title="Paul Grilley">Paul Grilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Powers" title="Sarah Powers">Sarah Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Yoga" title="Forrest Yoga">Forrest Yoga</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Jivamukti_Yoga" title="Jivamukti Yoga">Jivamukti Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Gannon" title="Sharon Gannon">Sharon Gannon</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Power_Yoga" title="Power Yoga">Power Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryl_Bender_Birch" title="Beryl Bender Birch">Beryl Bender Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Kest" title="Bryan Kest">Bryan Kest</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Anusara_School_of_Hatha_Yoga" title="Anusara School of Hatha Yoga">Anusara Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Friend_(yogi)" title="John Friend (yogi)">John Friend</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Core_Strength_Vinyasa_Yoga" title="Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga">Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga (Sadie Nardini)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-lineage_yoga" title="Post-lineage yoga">Post-lineage yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Asanas" title="Template:Asanas">Asanas (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yoga_teachers" title="Category:Yoga teachers">Yoga teachers (category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Yoginis" title="Template:Modern Yoginis">Modern Yoginis (template)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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