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<span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stroud" title="Robert Stroud – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Robert Stroud" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stroud" title="Robert Stroud – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Robert Stroud" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Franklin_Stroud" title="Robert Franklin Stroud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Franklin Stroud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stroud" title="Robert Stroud – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert Stroud" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stroud" title="Robert Stroud – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Stroud" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stroud" title="Robert Stroud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert Stroud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Ρόμπερτ Στράουντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόμπερτ Στράουντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Franklin_Stroud" title="Robert Franklin Stroud – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Franklin Stroud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="رابرت استراد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت استراد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stroud" title="Robert Stroud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Stroud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Franklin_Stroud" title="Robert Franklin Stroud – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert Franklin Stroud" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stroud" title="Robert Stroud – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Stroud" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93" title="רוברט פרנקלין סטראוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט פרנקלין סטראוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF" title="روبرت ستراود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت ستراود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%89" title="ロバート・フランクリン・ストラウド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・フランクリン・ストラウド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stroud" title="Robert Stroud – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Stroud" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Franklin_Stroud" title="Robert Franklin Stroud – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Franklin Stroud" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Страуд, Роберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Страуд, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stroud" title="Robert Stroud – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Stroud" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stroud" title="Robert Stroud – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert Stroud" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Franklin_Stroud" title="Robert Franklin Stroud – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Franklin Stroud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Franklin_Stroud" title="Robert Franklin Stroud – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robert Franklin Stroud" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Роберт Страуд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Страуд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stroud" title="Robert Stroud – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert Stroud" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="罗伯特·斯特劳德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗伯特·斯特劳德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q503110#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stroud" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Robert_Stroud" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Franklin_Stroud&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Franklin Stroud">Robert Franklin Stroud</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American inmate and ornithologist (1890–1963)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Robert Stroud</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Stroud_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Robert_Stroud_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="235" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Stroud in 1951</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Robert Franklin Stroud</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1890-01-28</span>)</span>January 28, 1890<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 21, 1963<span style="display:none">(1963-11-21)</span> (aged 73)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Medical_Center_for_Federal_Prisoners" title="United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners">Medical Center for Federal Prisoners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield, Missouri</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Masonic Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Metropolis,_Illinois" title="Metropolis, Illinois">Metropolis, Illinois</a>, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">The Birdman of Alcatraz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimp">Pimp</a></li><li>Salesman</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithologist</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">6 ft 3 in (191 cm)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Della May Spore</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1931)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal charge</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li>1909  <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a></li> <li>1912  Assault</li> <li>1916  Murder</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Penalty</th><td class="infobox-data">54 yrs overall <dl><dt>Manslaughter</dt> <dd>12 years imprisonment</dd> <dt>Assault</dt> <dd>6 months imprisonment</dd> <dt>Murder</dt> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Death, commuted to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a> with the possibility of parole</div></dd></dl> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Franklin Stroud</b> (January 28, 1890 – November 21, 1963), known as the "<b>Birdman of Alcatraz</b>", was a convicted murderer, American federal prisoner, and author who has been cited as one of the most notorious criminals in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory200837_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory200837-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyanSchlup20062012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyanSchlup20062012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benton_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Penitentiary,_Leavenworth" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth">Leavenworth Penitentiary</a>, he reared and sold birds and became a respected <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithologist</a>. From 1942 to 1959, he was incarcerated at <a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Federal_Penitentiary" title="Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary">Alcatraz</a>, where regulations did not allow him to keep birds. Stroud was never released from the federal prison system; he was imprisoned from 1909 to his death in 1963. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington, Stroud ran away from his abusive father at the age of 13. By the time he was 18, he had become a <a href="/wiki/Pimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimp">pimp</a> in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">Alaska Territory</a>. In January 1909, he shot and killed a bartender who attacked his mistress, a crime for which he was sentenced to 12 years in the federal <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">penitentiary</a> on <a href="/wiki/McNeil_Island" title="McNeil Island">McNeil Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>. Stroud gained a reputation as a dangerous inmate who frequently had confrontations with fellow inmates and staff. In 1916, he stabbed and killed a guard. Stroud was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to death by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a>, but after several trials, his sentence was commuted to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a>. </p><p>In 1920, while in solitary confinement at the federal penitentiary of Leavenworth, Stroud discovered a nest with three injured sparrows in the prison yard. He cared for them and within a few years had acquired a collection of about 300 canaries. He began extensive research into birds after being granted equipment by a prison-reforming warden. Stroud wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_Canaries" title="Diseases of Canaries">Diseases of Canaries</a></i>, which was smuggled out of Leavenworth and published in 1933,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a later edition (1943). He made important contributions to avian <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a>, most notably a cure for the hemorrhagic <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">septicemia</a> family of diseases, gaining much respect and some level of sympathy among ornithologists and farmers. Stroud ran a successful business from inside the prison, but his activities infuriated the prison staff. He was transferred to Alcatraz in 1942 after it was discovered that he had been secretly making alcohol by using some of the equipment in his cell. </p><p>Stroud began serving a 17-year term at Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary on December 19, 1942, and became inmate No. 594. In 1943, he was assessed by <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatrist</a> Romney M. Ritchey, who diagnosed him as a <a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">psychopath</a>, with an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">I.Q.</a> of 112.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stripped of his birds and equipment, he wrote a history of the penal system. </p><p>In what came to be called <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alcatraz" title="Battle of Alcatraz">The Battle of Alcatraz</a> in May 1946, Stroud made efforts to protect other inmates. Then fifty-six years old, Stroud climbed over the third tier railing and lowered himself to the second tier, then dropped onto the floor of D Block. He started closing the front solid steel doors of the six isolation cells to protect the helpless men. Stroud yelled to the Warden, explaining that there were no firearms in D Block and that those involved in violence had retreated to another section of the prison. He made it clear that many innocent men would die if the guards continued to fire into D Block.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (September 2023)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1959, Stroud was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Medical_Center_for_Federal_Prisoners" title="United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners">Medical Center for Federal Prisoners</a> in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield, Missouri</a>, where he remained until his death on November 21, 1963. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_arrest">Early life and arrest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stroud&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and arrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stroud was born in Seattle, the eldest child of Elizabeth Jane (née McCartney, 1860–1938) and Benjamin Franklin Stroud. His mother had two daughters from a previous marriage. His father was an abusive alcoholic, and Stroud ran away from home at the age of 13. </p><p>At 18, in <a href="/wiki/Cordova,_Alaska" title="Cordova, Alaska">Cordova, Alaska</a>, Stroud met 36-year-old Kitty O'Brien, a prostitute and dance-hall entertainer, for whom he pimped in <a href="/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska" title="Juneau, Alaska">Juneau</a>. On January 18, 1909, barman F. K. "Charlie" von Dahmer allegedly failed to pay O'Brien for her services and beat her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdier1982210_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdier1982210-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199466_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199466-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stroud confronted von Dahmer, and after a struggle shot him to death. Stroud surrendered himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199466_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199466-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to police reports, he knocked von Dahmer unconscious and then shot him. </p><p>As Alaska was then a <a href="/wiki/United_States_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="United States territory">United States territory</a>, Stroud was prosecuted in the federal courts, where he was found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a> and sentenced to 12 years in <a href="/wiki/McNeil_Island_Corrections_Center" title="McNeil Island Corrections Center">the federal penitentiary at McNeil Island, Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prison_life">Prison life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stroud&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prison life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Stroud_c.1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Robert_Stroud_c.1909.jpg/220px-Robert_Stroud_c.1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Robert_Stroud_c.1909.jpg/330px-Robert_Stroud_c.1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Robert_Stroud_c.1909.jpg/440px-Robert_Stroud_c.1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Stroud c.1912</figcaption></figure> <p>Stroud was one of the most violent prisoners at McNeil Island, frequently feuding with staff and other inmates, and was prone to illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayo2008342_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayo2008342-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reportedly stabbed a fellow prisoner who reported him for stealing food,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199466_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199466-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assaulted a hospital orderly who had reported him to prison administration for attempting to obtain <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> through threats, and reportedly stabbed an inmate.<sup id="cite_ref-Officer_Andrew_Turner_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Officer_Andrew_Turner-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199466_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199466-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912, Stroud was sentenced to an additional six months for the attacks and transferred from McNeil Island to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Penitentiary,_Leavenworth" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth">federal penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas</a>. On March 26, 1916, he stabbed Andrew Turner, a guard at the prison, through the heart after he reprimanded him for a minor rule violation that would have prevented a visit from Stroud's younger brother.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Officer_Andrew_Turner_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Officer_Andrew_Turner-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199466_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199466-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918, after three trials, Stroud was sentenced to be hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199467_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199467-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stroud's mother appealed to President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, who commuted his sentence to life imprisonment. Leavenworth's <a href="/wiki/Prison_warden" title="Prison warden">warden</a>, T. W. Morgan, strongly opposed the decision, given Stroud's reputation for violence. Morgan persuaded the President to stipulate that since Stroud was originally sentenced to await his death sentence in solitary confinement, those conditions should prevail until the halted execution could be carried out. President Wilson's Attorney General, <a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">Alexander Mitchell Palmer</a>, saw to it that Stroud would spend the rest of his life in solitary confinement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellman200857_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellman200857-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leavenworth">Leavenworth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stroud&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leavenworth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Strouod_c.1920s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Robert_Strouod_c.1920s.jpg/220px-Robert_Strouod_c.1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Robert_Strouod_c.1920s.jpg/330px-Robert_Strouod_c.1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Robert_Strouod_c.1920s.jpg/440px-Robert_Strouod_c.1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Stroud c. 1920s</figcaption></figure> <p>While at Leavenworth in 1920, Stroud found a nest with three injured sparrows in the prison yard, and raised them to adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners were sometimes allowed to buy <a href="/wiki/Domestic_canary" title="Domestic canary">canaries</a>, and Stroud had started to add to his collection. He occupied his time raising and caring for his birds, which he could sell for supplies and to help support his mother. According to Stroud, he used a "razor blade and nail for tools" and made his first bird cage out of wooden crates.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress1962_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress1962-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon thereafter, Leavenworth's administration changed, and William Biddle took over as warden. Impressed with the possibility of presenting Leavenworth as a progressive <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">rehabilitation</a> penitentiary,<sup id="cite_ref-Inc1960_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc1960-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biddle furnished Stroud with cages, chemicals, and stationery to conduct his ornithological activities. Visitors were shown Stroud's aviary, and many purchased his canaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, he raised nearly 300 canaries in his cells. He also wrote two books, the 60,000-word treatise <i><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_Canaries" title="Diseases of Canaries">Diseases of Canaries</a></i> (1933), which was smuggled out of Leavenworth,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a later edition, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stroud%27s_Digest_on_the_Diseases_of_Birds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stroud's Digest on the Diseases of Birds (page does not exist)">Stroud's Digest on the Diseases of Birds</a></i> (1943), with updated, specific information. He made several important contributions to avian pathology, most notably a cure for the hemorrhagic <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">septicemia</a> family of diseases. He gained respect and also some level of sympathy in the bird-loving field. </p><p>Stroud's activities created problems for the prison management. According to regulations, each letter sent or received at the prison had to be read, copied, and approved. Stroud was so involved in his business that this alone required a full-time prison secretary. Additionally, most of the time, his birds were permitted to fly freely within his cells, and because of the great number of birds he kept, his cell was filthy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESloate200833_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESloate200833-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Stroud_c.1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Robert_Stroud_c.1930s.jpg/220px-Robert_Stroud_c.1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Robert_Stroud_c.1930s.jpg/330px-Robert_Stroud_c.1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Robert_Stroud_c.1930s.jpg/440px-Robert_Stroud_c.1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Stroud c. late 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1931, an attempt to force Stroud to discontinue his business and get rid of his birds failed after Stroud and one of his mail correspondents, a bird researcher from <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> named Della Mae Jones,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowther198955_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowther198955-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made his story known to newspapers and magazines. A massive letter campaign and a 50,000-signature petition sent to President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> resulted in Stroud being permitted to keep his birds. Despite <a href="/wiki/Prison_overcrowding_in_the_United_States" title="Prison overcrowding in the United States">prison overcrowding</a>, he was even given a second cell to house them. However, his letter-writing privileges were greatly curtailed. Jones and Stroud grew so close that she moved to Kansas in 1931 and started a business with him, selling his avian medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress1962_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress1962-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prison officials, fed up with Stroud's activities and their attendant publicity, intensified their efforts to transfer him from Leavenworth. Stroud discovered a Kansas law that forbade the transfer of prisoners married in Kansas. To this end, he married Jones by proxy, which infuriated the prison's administrators, who would not allow him to correspond with his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress1962_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress1962-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prison officials were not the only ones perturbed with Stroud's marriage; his mother was also incensed. They had a close relationship, but Elizabeth Stroud strongly disapproved of the marriage to Jones, believing women were nothing but trouble for her son. Whereas previously she had been a strong advocate for her son, helping him with legal battles, she now argued against his application for parole and became a major obstacle in his attempts to be released from the prison system. She moved away from Leavenworth and refused any further contact with him. She died in 1938. </p><p>In 1933, Stroud advertised in a publication that he had not received any royalties from the sales of <i>Diseases of Canaries</i>. In retaliation, the publisher complained to the warden and, as a result, proceedings were initiated to transfer Stroud to Alcatraz, where he would not be permitted to keep his birds. In the end, Stroud was able to keep both his birds and canary-selling business at Leavenworth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESloate200833_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESloate200833-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stroud mostly avoided trouble for several more years, until it came to light that some of the equipment Stroud had requested for his lab was in fact being used as a home-made <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillery</a> to manufacture alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESloate200833_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESloate200833-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officials finally had the wedge they needed to drive Stroud out. Citing his "dangerous tendencies" and longstanding concerns about the sanitary conditions of his cell, they initiated proceedings to send him to Alcatraz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alcatraz">Alcatraz</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stroud&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alcatraz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stroud_in_Warden_notebook.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Stroud_in_Warden_notebook.jpeg/220px-Stroud_in_Warden_notebook.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Stroud_in_Warden_notebook.jpeg/330px-Stroud_in_Warden_notebook.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Stroud_in_Warden_notebook.jpeg/440px-Stroud_in_Warden_notebook.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2696" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Stroud's <a href="/wiki/Mug_shot" title="Mug shot">mug shot</a> taken in 1942 and information in the warden's notebook at Alcatraz</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warden%27s_notebook_page,_with_%22mug_shot,%22_of_Robert_Stroud,_594-AZ,_aka_%22The_Birdman_of_Alcatraz.%22_-_NARA_-_296722,_page_2.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Warden%27s_notebook_page%2C_with_%22mug_shot%2C%22_of_Robert_Stroud%2C_594-AZ%2C_aka_%22The_Birdman_of_Alcatraz.%22_-_NARA_-_296722%2C_page_2.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Warden%27s_notebook_page%2C_with_%22mug_shot%2C%22_of_Robert_Stroud%2C_594-AZ%2C_aka_%22The_Birdman_of_Alcatraz.%22_-_NARA_-_296722%2C_page_2.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Warden%27s_notebook_page%2C_with_%22mug_shot%2C%22_of_Robert_Stroud%2C_594-AZ%2C_aka_%22The_Birdman_of_Alcatraz.%22_-_NARA_-_296722%2C_page_2.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Warden%27s_notebook_page%2C_with_%22mug_shot%2C%22_of_Robert_Stroud%2C_594-AZ%2C_aka_%22The_Birdman_of_Alcatraz.%22_-_NARA_-_296722%2C_page_2.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Warden%27s_notebook_page%2C_with_%22mug_shot%2C%22_of_Robert_Stroud%2C_594-AZ%2C_aka_%22The_Birdman_of_Alcatraz.%22_-_NARA_-_296722%2C_page_2.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Warden%27s_notebook_page%2C_with_%22mug_shot%2C%22_of_Robert_Stroud%2C_594-AZ%2C_aka_%22The_Birdman_of_Alcatraz.%22_-_NARA_-_296722%2C_page_2.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2694" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>1942 Warden's notebook continued</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 16, 1942, Stroud was transferred to Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary and became inmate No. 594.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellman200857_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellman200857-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellman200857_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellman200857-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reportedly was not informed in advance that he was to leave Leavenworth and his beloved birds, and was given just 10 minutes' notice of his departure. His birds and equipment were sent to his brother as Alcatraz's strict policies meant that he was unable to continue his avocation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESifakis2002246_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESifakis2002246-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent six years in segregation and another 11 confined to the hospital wing at the penitentiary. </p><p>In 1943, he was assessed by psychiatrist Romney M. Ritchey, who diagnosed him as a psychopath, with an I.Q. of 112 (his initial report in 1942 based on Leavenworth states that he had an I.Q. of 116). While there, he wrote two manuscripts: <i>Bobbie</i>, an autobiography, and <i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Outward" title="Looking Outward">Looking Outward: A History of the U.S. Prison System from Colonial Times to the Formation of the Bureau of Prisons</a></i>. A judge ruled that Stroud had the right to write and keep such manuscripts, but upheld the warden's decision to ban their publication. After Stroud's death, the transcripts were delivered to his lawyer, Richard English. </p><p>Rumors of Stroud's homosexuality were noted at Alcatraz. According to Donald Hurley, whose father was a guard at Alcatraz, "Whenever Stroud was around anyone, which was seldom, he was watched very closely, as prison officials were very aware of his overt homosexual tendencies."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurley199469_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurley199469-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview with Hurley for his book, a former inmate heard Stroud was always in 'dog block' (solitary confinement) or later in the hospital because he was a 'wolf' (aggressive homosexual) who had a bad temper."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurley1994126_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurley1994126-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1963 Stroud met and talked with actor <a href="/wiki/Burt_Lancaster" title="Burt Lancaster">Burt Lancaster</a>, who portrayed him in <i>The Birdman of Alcatraz</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancaster_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancaster-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stroud never got to see the film or read the book it was based on but did share one of the problems that prevented parole, that he was an "admitted homosexual."<sup id="cite_ref-Lancaster_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancaster-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lancaster quoted Stroud as saying, "Let's face it, I am 73 years old. Does that answer your question about whether I would be a dangerous homosexual?"<sup id="cite_ref-Lancaster_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancaster-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his 17-year term at Alcatraz, Stroud was allowed access to the prison library and began studying law. Occasionally, he was permitted to play chess with one of the guards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESloate200834_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESloate200834-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stroud began petitioning the government that his long prison term amounted to <a href="/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishment" title="Cruel and unusual punishment">cruel and unusual punishment</a>. In 1959, with his health failing, Stroud was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Center_for_Federal_Prisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Center for Federal Prisoners">Medical Center for Federal Prisoners</a> in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield, Missouri</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he was never released. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stroud&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 21, 1963, Robert Stroud died at the Springfield Medical Center at the age of 73, having been incarcerated for the last 54 years of his life, of which 42 were spent in solitary confinement. He was interred in the old Masonic Cemetery near <a href="/wiki/Metropolis,_Illinois" title="Metropolis, Illinois">Metropolis, Illinois</a>, after a private funeral ceremony at Aikins-Farmer Funeral Home on November 25.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stroud&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Stroud_c._late_1950s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Robert_Stroud_c._late_1950s.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption>Stroud c. 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>Stroud is considered to be one of the most notorious criminals in American history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory200837_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory200837-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyanSchlup20062012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyanSchlup20062012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benton_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Niemi" title="Robert Niemi">Robert Niemi</a> states that Stroud had a "superior intellect," and became a "first-rate ornithologist and author," but was an "extremely dangerous and menacing psychopath, disliked and distrusted by his jailers and fellow inmates."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by his last years, Stroud's behavior had improved and he was viewed more favorably; Judge Becker considered Stroud to be modest, no longer a danger to society, and as having a genuine love for birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Administration1991_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Administration1991-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given his level of notoriety, the crimes he committed were unremarkable,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayo2008342_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayo2008342-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially as the assaults he committed had a clear cause. Carl Sifakais considers Stroud to have been a "brilliant self-taught expert on birds, and possibly the best-known example of self-improvement and rehabilitation in the U.S. prison system."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESifakis2002246_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESifakis2002246-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of Stroud's contributions to the field of ornithology, he gained a large following of thousands of bird breeders and poultry raisers who demanded his release,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESifakis2002246_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESifakis2002246-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for many years a "Committee to Release Robert F. Stroud" campaigned to have Stroud released from prison.<sup id="cite_ref-Administration1991_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Administration1991-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because Stroud had killed a federal officer, his punishment in solitary confinement remained intact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESifakis2002246_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESifakis2002246-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, Richard M. English, a young lawyer who had campaigned for <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in California, took to the cause of securing Stroud's release. He met with former President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> to enlist support, but Truman declined. He also met with senior Kennedy administration officials who were studying the subject. </p><p>English took the last photo of Stroud, in which he is shown with a green visor. The warden of the prison attempted to have English prosecuted for bringing something into the prison he did not take out: unexposed film. The authorities declined to take any action. Upon Stroud's death, his personal property, including original manuscripts, was delivered to English, as his last legal representative, who later turned over some of the possessions to the <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Audubon Society">Audubon Society</a>. </p><p>Stroud became the subject of a 1955 book by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Gaddis" title="Thomas E. Gaddis">Thomas E. Gaddis</a>, <i>Birdman of Alcatraz</i>. Gaddis, who strongly advocated rehabilitation in the prisons, portrayed Stroud in favorable light.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was adapted by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Trosper" title="Guy Trosper">Guy Trosper</a> for the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Birdman_of_Alcatraz_(film)" title="Birdman of Alcatraz (film)">film of the same name</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Frankenheimer" title="John Frankenheimer">John Frankenheimer</a>. It starred <a href="/wiki/Burt_Lancaster" title="Burt Lancaster">Burt Lancaster</a> as Stroud, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Malden" title="Karl Malden">Karl Malden</a> as a fictionalized and renamed warden, <a href="/wiki/Thelma_Ritter" title="Thelma Ritter">Thelma Ritter</a> as Stroud's mother and <a href="/wiki/Betty_Field" title="Betty Field">Betty Field</a> as his wife, renamed Stella Johnson in the film.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, former inmates of Alcatraz say that the real Stroud was far more sinister, dangerous and unpleasant than the fictionalized version portrayed in the book and film. One said "he was a vicious killer. I think Burt Lancaster owes us all an apology."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Art_Carney" title="Art Carney">Art Carney</a> played Stroud in the 1980 TV movie <i><a href="/wiki/Alcatraz:_The_Whole_Shocking_Story" title="Alcatraz: The Whole Shocking Story">Alcatraz: The Whole Shocking Story</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Farina" title="Dennis Farina">Dennis Farina</a> played Stroud in the 1987 TV movie <i><a href="/wiki/Six_Against_the_Rock" title="Six Against the Rock">Six Against the Rock</a></i>, a dramatization of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alcatraz" title="Battle of Alcatraz">Battle of Alcatraz</a> of 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabkin1998187_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabkin1998187-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In music, Stroud has been the subject of the instrumental "Birdman of Alcatraz" from <i><a href="/wiki/Rick_Wakeman%27s_Criminal_Record" title="Rick Wakeman's Criminal Record">Rick Wakeman's Criminal Record</a></i> (1977), a <a href="/wiki/Concept_album" title="Concept album">concept album</a> about criminality,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the song "<a href="/wiki/The_Birdman_(song)" title="The Birdman (song)">The Birdman</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_Peace" title="Our Lady Peace">Our Lady Peace</a> is also about him. Several video games such as <i><a href="/wiki/Galerians" title="Galerians">Galerians</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Team_Fortress_2" title="Team Fortress 2">Team Fortress 2</a></i> pay homage to him.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Bryan Christopher Williams, a well-known rapper, adopted the stage name of Birdman (<a href="/wiki/Birdman_(rapper)" title="Birdman (rapper)">Birdman (rapper)</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stroud&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory200837-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory200837_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory200837_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory2008">Gregory 2008</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyanSchlup20062012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyanSchlup20062012_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyanSchlup20062012_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyanSchlup2006">Ryan & Schlup 2006</a>, p. 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benton-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benton_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benton_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenton1998" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Lisa M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UXET61VdMvIC&pg=PA228"><i>The Presidio: From Army Post to National Park</i></a>. UPNE. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-335-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-335-9"><bdi>978-1-55553-335-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidio%3A+From+Army+Post+to+National+Park&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-335-9&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Lisa+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUXET61VdMvIC%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemi2006388_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiemi2006">Niemi 2006</a>, p. 388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notfrisco2.com/alcatraz/documents/npsy594.html">"Alcatraz psychiatric summaries"</a>. <i>Alacatraz – The Warden Johnston years</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alacatraz+%E2%80%93+The+Warden+Johnston+years&rft.atitle=Alcatraz+psychiatric+summaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.notfrisco2.com%2Falcatraz%2Fdocuments%2Fnpsy594.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larsen, Lawrence H. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ktJhlPJIZPwC&pg=PA160">"The Last Days of Robert F. Stroud The Birdman of Alcatraz"</a>. <i>Prologue: The Journal of the National Archives, Volume 23</i>. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. p. 160. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37503255">37503255</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdier1982210-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdier1982210_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdier1982">Odier 1982</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199466-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199466_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199466_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199466_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199466_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199466_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1994">Campbell 1994</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/569568/Robert-Stroud">"Robert Stroud"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robert+Stroud&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F569568%2FRobert-Stroud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayo2008342-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayo2008342_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayo2008342_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayo2008">Mayo 2008</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Officer_Andrew_Turner-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Officer_Andrew_Turner_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Officer_Andrew_Turner_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odmp.org/officer/13504-officer-andrew-f-turner">"Officer Andrew Turner"</a>. ODMP<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Officer+Andrew+Turner&rft.pub=ODMP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odmp.org%2Fofficer%2F13504-officer-andrew-f-turner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bop.gov/about/history/hero_turner.jsp?i=1">"Historical Information: Fallen Heroes"</a>. <i>bop.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bop.gov&rft.atitle=Historical+Information%3A+Fallen+Heroes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bop.gov%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fhero_turner.jsp%3Fi%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199467-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199467_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1994">Campbell 1994</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellman200857-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellman200857_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellman200857_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellman200857_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellman2008">Wellman 2008</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congress1962-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Congress1962_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Congress1962_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Congress1962_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Congress1962" class="citation book cs1">United States. Congress (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HH6M_nCi6RUC"><i>Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 14647–14649.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Record%3A+Proceedings+and+Debates+of+the+...+Congress&rft.pages=14647-14649&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1962&rft.au=United+States.+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHH6M_nCi6RUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inc1960-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inc1960_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presbyterianwayo0000mack"><i>Life</i></a></span>. Time Inc. May 2, 1960. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presbyterianwayo0000mack/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439194034" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439194034"><bdi>978-1439194034</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3019">0024-3019</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Time+Inc&rft.date=1960-05-02&rft.issn=0024-3019&rft.isbn=978-1439194034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresbyterianwayo0000mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESloate200833-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESloate200833_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESloate200833_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESloate200833_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSloate2008">Sloate 2008</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowther198955-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowther198955_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowther1989">Crowther 1989</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroud1943–1962" class="citation book cs1">Stroud, Robert (1943–1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdm17307.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/Stroud/id/501/"><i>Looking Outward Part I: A Voice From the Grave</i></a>. Comstock Editions. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780891740551" title="Special:BookSources/9780891740551"><bdi>9780891740551</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2022</span> – via cdm17307.contentdm.oclc.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+Outward+Part+I%3A+A+Voice+From+the+Grave&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Comstock+Editions&rft.date=1943%2F1962&rft.isbn=9780891740551&rft.aulast=Stroud&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdm17307.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2FStroud%2Fid%2F501%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaddis1989" class="citation book cs1">Gaddis, Thomas (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birdmanofalcatra00thom/page/199/mode/1up?q=1941"><i>Birdman of Alcatraz: the Story of Robert Stroud</i></a>. Comstock Editions. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780891740551" title="Special:BookSources/9780891740551"><bdi>9780891740551</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2021</span> – via Archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birdman+of+Alcatraz%3A+the+Story+of+Robert+Stroud&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Comstock+Editions&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780891740551&rft.aulast=Gaddis&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirdmanofalcatra00thom%2Fpage%2F199%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D1941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabyak1994" class="citation book cs1">Babyak, Jolene (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/birdmanmanyfaces00baby"><i>Birdman</i></a>. Internet Archive. Ariel Vamp Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9618752-2-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9618752-2-0"><bdi>978-0-9618752-2-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birdman&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Ariel+Vamp+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-9618752-2-0&rft.aulast=Babyak&rft.aufirst=Jolene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirdmanmanyfaces00baby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESifakis2002246-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESifakis2002246_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESifakis2002246_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESifakis2002246_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESifakis2002246_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSifakis2002">Sifakis 2002</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurley199469-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurley199469_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurley1994">Hurley 1994</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurley1994126-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurley1994126_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurley1994">Hurley 1994</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancaster-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lancaster_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancaster_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancaster_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Johnny2013" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Johnny (November 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Canseco-earns-MVP-honor-Nov-17-1988-4984217.php">"Chronicle Archives Wayback Machine: Canseco earns MVP honor, Nov. 17, 1988, 1963"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Chronicle+Archives+Wayback+Machine%3A+Canseco+earns+MVP+honor%2C+Nov.+17%2C+1988%2C+1963&rft.date=2013-11-17&rft.au=Miller%2C+Johnny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fentertainment%2Farticle%2FCanseco-earns-MVP-honor-Nov-17-1988-4984217.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESloate200834-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESloate200834_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSloate2008">Sloate 2008</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34107614/robert-stroud-birdman-of-alcatraz/">'Birdman of Alcatraz' buried near Metropolis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Administration1991-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Administration1991_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Administration1991_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Archives1991" class="citation book cs1">National Archives (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UbYXAAAAYAAJ"><i>Prologue: the journal of the National Archives</i></a>. National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. pp. 155–159<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prologue%3A+the+journal+of+the+National+Archives&rft.pages=155-159&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Service%2C+General+Services+Administration&rft.date=1991&rft.au=National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUbYXAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonaldNadel2012" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Donald; Nadel, Ira (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ivs4jv5KCQC&pg=PT243"><i>Alcatraz: History and Design of a Landmark</i></a>. Chronicle Books. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-1310-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-1310-4"><bdi>978-1-4521-1310-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcatraz%3A+History+and+Design+of+a+Landmark&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4521-1310-4&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Nadel%2C+Ira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ivs4jv5KCQC%26pg%3DPT243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/e/a/1996/08/11/METRO12426.dtl&hw=prison&sn=429&sc=257">"Alumni' revisit The Rock</a>, article on sfgate.com, online home of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabkin1998187-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabkin1998187_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabkin1998">Rabkin 1998</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.progarchives.com/album.asp?id=4508">"Rick Wakeman's Criminal Record"</a>. Prog Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rick+Wakeman%27s+Criminal+Record&rft.pub=Prog+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.progarchives.com%2Falbum.asp%3Fid%3D4508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.teamfortress.com/wiki/Bird-Man_of_Aberdeen">"Bird-Man of Aberdeen - Official TF2 Wiki | Official Team Fortress Wiki"</a>. <i>wiki.teamfortress.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.teamfortress.com&rft.atitle=Bird-Man+of+Aberdeen+-+Official+TF2+Wiki+%7C+Official+Team+Fortress+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.teamfortress.com%2Fwiki%2FBird-Man_of_Aberdeen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabyak1994" class="citation book cs1">Babyak, Jolene (1994). <i>Birdman: The Many Faces of Robert Stroud</i>. Ariel Vamp Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0961875224" title="Special:BookSources/0961875224"><bdi>0961875224</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birdman%3A+The+Many+Faces+of+Robert+Stroud&rft.pub=Ariel+Vamp+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0961875224&rft.aulast=Babyak&rft.aufirst=Jolene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1994" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Douglas S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o8NiGZ5_kMQC&pg=PA66"><i>Free Press V. Fair Trial: Supreme Court Decisions Since 1807</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94277-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94277-9"><bdi>978-0-275-94277-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Press+V.+Fair+Trial%3A+Supreme+Court+Decisions+Since+1807&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94277-9&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Douglas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do8NiGZ5_kMQC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowther1989" class="citation book cs1">Crowther, Bruce (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/capturedonfilmpr00crow"><i>Captured On Film: The Prison Movie</i></a></span>. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0713461152" title="Special:BookSources/978-0713461152"><bdi>978-0713461152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captured+On+Film%3A+The+Prison+Movie&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0713461152&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcapturedonfilmpr00crow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2008" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, George H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIEUx4IGqHMC&pg=PA37"><i>Alcatraz Screw: My Years as a Guard in America's Most Notorious Prison</i></a>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1396-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1396-9"><bdi>978-0-8262-1396-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcatraz+Screw%3A+My+Years+as+a+Guard+in+America%27s+Most+Notorious+Prison&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1396-9&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIEUx4IGqHMC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurley1994" class="citation book cs1">Hurley, Donald J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdkHOAAACAAJ"><i>Alcatraz Island: Maximum Security</i></a>. Fog Bell Enterprises. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9620546-2-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9620546-2-4"><bdi>978-0-9620546-2-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcatraz+Island%3A+Maximum+Security&rft.pub=Fog+Bell+Enterprises&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-9620546-2-4&rft.aulast=Hurley&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIdkHOAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayo2008" class="citation book cs1">Mayo, Mike (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EEoU2kOb0OIC&pg=PA342"><i>American Murder: Criminals, Crimes, and the Media</i></a>. Visible Ink Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57859-191-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57859-191-6"><bdi>978-1-57859-191-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Murder%3A+Criminals%2C+Crimes%2C+and+the+Media&rft.pub=Visible+Ink+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57859-191-6&rft.aulast=Mayo&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEEoU2kOb0OIC%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiemi2006" class="citation book cs1">Niemi, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVFhcBcv_X8C&pg=PA388"><i>History in the Media: Film and Television</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-952-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-952-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-952-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+in+the+Media%3A+Film+and+Television&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-952-2&rft.aulast=Niemi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVFhcBcv_X8C%26pg%3DPA388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdier1982" class="citation book cs1">Odier, Pierre (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockhistoryofalc0000odie"><i>The Rock: A History of Alcatraz: The Fort/The Prison</i></a></span>. L'Image Odier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9611632-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9611632-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9611632-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rock%3A+A+History+of+Alcatraz%3A+The+Fort%2FThe+Prison&rft.pub=L%27Image+Odier&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-9611632-0-4&rft.aulast=Odier&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frockhistoryofalc0000odie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabkin1998" class="citation book cs1">Rabkin, Leslie Y. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XpZAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Celluloid Couch: An annotated international filmography of the mental health professional in the movies and television, from the beginning to 1990</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3462-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3462-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-3462-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celluloid+Couch%3A+An+annotated+international+filmography+of+the+mental+health+professional+in+the+movies+and+television%2C+from+the+beginning+to+1990&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-3462-0&rft.aulast=Rabkin&rft.aufirst=Leslie+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XpZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyanSchlup2006" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, James Gilbert; Schlup, Leonard C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-t3Hx4ASLKUC&pg=PA9"><i>Historical Dictionary of The 1940s</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0440-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0440-8"><bdi>978-0-7656-0440-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+The+1940s&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0440-8&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=James+Gilbert&rft.au=Schlup%2C+Leonard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-t3Hx4ASLKUC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSifakis2002" class="citation book cs1">Sifakis, Carl (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ObIQUpJxHZYC&pg=PA246"><i>The Encyclopedia of American Prisons</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2987-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2987-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-2987-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+American+Prisons&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2987-7&rft.aulast=Sifakis&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DObIQUpJxHZYC%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloate2008" class="citation book cs1">Sloate, Susan (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysteriesunwrapp0000sloa_a1j8"><i>The Secrets of Alcatraz</i></a></span>. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysteriesunwrapp0000sloa_a1j8/page/33">33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3591-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3591-2"><bdi>978-1-4027-3591-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secrets+of+Alcatraz&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-3591-2&rft.aulast=Sloate&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmysteriesunwrapp0000sloa_a1j8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellman2008" class="citation book cs1">Wellman, Gregory L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1duAUPaHSgcC&pg=PA57"><i>A History of Alcatraz Island: 1853–2008</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-5815-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-5815-8"><bdi>978-0-7385-5815-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Alcatraz+Island%3A+1853%E2%80%932008&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-5815-8&rft.aulast=Wellman&rft.aufirst=Gregory+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1duAUPaHSgcC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stroud" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stroud&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alcatraz_Island" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alcatraz Island"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcatraz_Island" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Island" title="Alcatraz Island">Alcatraz Island</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcatraz03182006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Alcatraz03182006.jpg/600px-Alcatraz03182006.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Alcatraz03182006.jpg/900px-Alcatraz03182006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Alcatraz03182006.jpg/1200px-Alcatraz03182006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4024" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Citadel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcatraz Citadel">Fort Alcatraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_McPherson_(ship)" title="General McPherson (ship)"><i>General McPherson</i> (ship)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Federal_Penitentiary" title="Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary">Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alcatraz" title="Battle of Alcatraz">Battle of Alcatraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1962_Alcatraz_escape" class="mw-redirect" title="June 1962 Alcatraz escape">June 1962 escape from Alcatraz</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Alcatraz_(book)" title="Escape from Alcatraz (book)">book</a> · <a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Alcatraz_(film)" title="Escape from Alcatraz (film)">film</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Alcatraz" title="Occupation of Alcatraz">Occupation of Alcatraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Island_in_popular_culture" title="Alcatraz Island in popular culture">Alcatraz Island in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Cellhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcatraz Cellhouse">Main Cellhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Dining_Hall" title="Alcatraz Dining Hall">Dining Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Hospital" title="Alcatraz Hospital">Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Library" title="Alcatraz Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warden%27s_House_(Alcatraz_Island)" title="Warden's House (Alcatraz Island)">Warden's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_64" title="Building 64">Building 64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Military_Chapel_(Bachelor_Quarters)" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Military Chapel (Bachelor Quarters)">Former Military Chapel (Bachelor Quarters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Hall_(Alcatraz)" title="Social Hall (Alcatraz)">Social Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Morgue" title="Alcatraz Morgue">Morgue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Industries_Building" title="New Industries Building">New Industries Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Industries_Building" title="Model Industries Building">Model Industries Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Island_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcatraz Island Light">Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_House_(Alcatraz)" title="Power House (Alcatraz)">Power House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Water_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcatraz Water Tower">Water Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Beach_(Alcatraz)" title="Baker Beach (Alcatraz)">Baker Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Alcatraz" title="Little Alcatraz">Little Alcatraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_Yard_(Alcatraz)" title="Recreation Yard (Alcatraz)">Recreation Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Wharf" title="Alcatraz Wharf">Wharf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alcatraz_Island_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Alcatraz Island features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inmates_of_Alcatraz_Federal_Penitentiary" title="List of inmates of Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary">Inmates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alcatraz_escape_attempts" title="List of Alcatraz escape attempts">Escape attempts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alcatraz" title="Battle of Alcatraz">Battle of Alcatraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1962_Alcatraz_escape_attempt" title="June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt">June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fort commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._McPherson" title="James B. McPherson">James B. McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stewart_(Alaska)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Stewart (Alaska)">Joseph Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Winder" title="William A. Winder">William A. Winder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Johnston" title="James A. Johnston">James A. Johnston</a> (1934–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_B._Swope" title="Edwin B. Swope">Edwin B. Swope</a> (1948–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Madigan" title="Paul J. Madigan">Paul J. Madigan</a> (1955–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olin_G._Blackwell" title="Olin G. Blackwell">Olin G. Blackwell</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate wardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_J._Shuttleworth" title="Cecil J. Shuttleworth">Cecil J. Shuttleworth</a> (1934–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Miller_(warden)" title="Edward J. Miller (warden)">Edward J. Miller</a> (1937–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Madigan" title="Paul J. Madigan">Paul J. Madigan</a> (1947–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olin_G._Blackwell" title="Olin G. Blackwell">Olin G. Blackwell</a> (1959–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Dollison" title="Arthur M. Dollison">Arthur M. Dollison</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Willard" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard J. Willard">Richard J. Willard</a> (1962–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable inmates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Bailey" title="Harvey Bailey">Harvey Bailey</a> ("The Dean of American Bank Robbers")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Banghart" title="Basil Banghart">Basil Banghart</a> ("The Owl")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Barker" title="Arthur Barker">Arthur Barker</a> ("Doc")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bates_(criminal)" title="Albert Bates (criminal)">Albert L. Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bowers" title="Joseph Bowers">Joseph Bowers</a> ("Dutch")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitey_Bulger" title="Whitey Bulger">James Bulger</a> ("Whitey")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a> ("Scarface")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Cohen" title="Mickey Cohen">Meyer Cohen</a> ("Mickey")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Cole_and_Ralph_Roe" title="Theodore Cole and Ralph Roe">Theodore Cole</a> ("Ted")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Coy" title="Bernard Coy">Bernard Coy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paul_Cretzer" title="Joseph Paul Cretzer">Joseph Cretzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volney_Davis" title="Volney Davis">Volney Davis</a> ("Curley")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Allen_Farmer" title="Herbert Allen Farmer">Herbert Farmer</a> ("Deafy")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Franklin" title="Rufus Franklin">Rufus Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_K._Giles" title="John K. Giles">John Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumpy_Johnson" title="Bumpy Johnson">Ellsworth Raymond Johnson</a> ("Bumpy")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Karpis" title="Alvin Karpis">Alvin Francis Karpavicz</a> ("Creepy Karpis")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Gun_Kelly_(gangster)" title="Machine Gun Kelly (gangster)">George Kelly Barnes</a> ("Machine Gun Kelly")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Limerick" title="Thomas R. Limerick">Thomas Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Lucas" title="James C. Lucas">James Lucas</a> ("Texas Bank Robber")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Cancel_Miranda" title="Rafael Cancel Miranda">Rafael Cancel Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_McCain" title="Rufus McCain">Rufus McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufe_Persful" title="Rufe Persful">Rufe Persful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Cole_and_Ralph_Roe" title="Theodore Cole and Ralph Roe">Ralph Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Shockley" title="Sam Shockley">Sam Shockley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Stroud</a> ("Birdman of Alcatraz")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Young" title="Henri Young">Henri Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://isni.org/isni/000000006359285X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/16244802">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1428057/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyMmmDPfyVjyWHCd9vT73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1281613584">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86042311">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Stroud, Robert"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna20201090434&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/986056">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/092767648">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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