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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Парижки парламент – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парижки парламент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BEsk%C3%BD_parlament" title="Pařížský parlament – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pařížský parlament" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement_de_Paris" title="Parlement de Paris – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parlement de Paris" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Parlamento de París – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parlamento de París" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_de_Parizo" title="Parlamento de Parizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parlamento de Parizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisko_Parlamentua" title="Parisko Parlamentua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parisko Parlamentua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement_de_Paris" title="Parlement de Paris – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parlement de Paris" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_di_Parigi" title="Parlamento di Parigi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parlamento di Parigi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პარიზის პარლამენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პარიზის პარლამენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1rizsi_parlament" title="Párizsi parlament – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Párizsi parlament" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement_van_Parijs" title="Parlement van Parijs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parlement van Parijs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_de_Paris" title="Parlamento de Paris – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parlamento de Paris" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Парижский парламент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парижский парламент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Париски парламент – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Париски парламент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisparlamentet" title="Parisparlamentet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parisparlamentet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Parlamentosu" title="Paris Parlamentosu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paris Parlamentosu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Паризький парламент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паризький парламент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Parlement+of+Paris%22">"Parlement of Paris"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Parlement+of+Paris%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Parlement+of+Paris%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Parlement+of+Paris%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Parlement+of+Paris%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Parlement+of+Paris%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_lit_de_justice_du_12_septembre_1715.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Le_lit_de_justice_du_12_septembre_1715.jpg/220px-Le_lit_de_justice_du_12_septembre_1715.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Le_lit_de_justice_du_12_septembre_1715.jpg/330px-Le_lit_de_justice_du_12_septembre_1715.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Le_lit_de_justice_du_12_septembre_1715.jpg/440px-Le_lit_de_justice_du_12_septembre_1715.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1393" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Lit_de_justice" title="Lit de justice">Lit de justice</a></i> held by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV of France</a> at the Parlement of Paris in 1715</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Parlement of Paris</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Parlement de Paris</i>) was the oldest <i><a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">parlement</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>, formed in the 14th century. Parlements were judicial, rather than legislative bodies, composed of magistrates. Though not representative bodies in the present sense of the word, they had procedural and authorities that could delay the otherwise unchecked power of the King. Because of its location and history, the Parlement of Paris was the most significant. The Parlement of Paris was established under <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cobham_Brewer_1878,_p._68_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobham_Brewer_1878,_p._68-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1302. The Parlement of Paris would hold sessions inside the medieval royal palace on the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a>, which today is the site of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Hall_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Hall of Justice">Paris Hall of Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlement_of_Paris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: should include fourteenth, fifteenth centuries; will also benefit from further discussion of how the Parlement's limitations played a role in the French Revolution. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parlement_of_Paris&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1589, Paris was effectively in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a>. To escape, <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a> summoned the parlement of Paris to meet at Tours, but only a small faction of its parliamentarians accepted the summons. (Henry also held a parliament at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne" title="Châlons-en-Champagne">Châlons</a>, a town remaining faithful to the king, known as the Parliament of Châlons.) Following the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a> by the Dominican lay brother <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment" title="Jacques Clément">Jacques Clément</a>, the "Parliament of Tours" continued to sit during the first years of Henry IV's reign. The royalist members of the other provincial parlements also split off—the royalist members of the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Rouen" title="Parlement of Rouen">Parlement of Rouen</a> seceded to <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, those in the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Toulouse" title="Parlement of Toulouse">Parlement of Toulouse</a> to <a href="/wiki/Carcassonne" title="Carcassonne">Carcassonne</a>, and those of Parlement of Dijon to <a href="/wiki/Semur-en-Auxois" title="Semur-en-Auxois">Semur</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Flavigny-sur-Ozerain" title="Flavigny-sur-Ozerain">Flavigny</a>. </p><p>The Parlement of Paris played a major role in stimulating the nobility to resist the expansion of royal power by military force in the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Fronde" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Fronde">Parliamentary Fronde</a>, 1648–1649. In the end, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> won out and the nobility was humiliated.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remontrances_du_Parlement_de_Paris_au_Roy_-_1731.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Remontrances_du_Parlement_de_Paris_au_Roy_-_1731.jpeg/170px-Remontrances_du_Parlement_de_Paris_au_Roy_-_1731.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Remontrances_du_Parlement_de_Paris_au_Roy_-_1731.jpeg/255px-Remontrances_du_Parlement_de_Paris_au_Roy_-_1731.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Remontrances_du_Parlement_de_Paris_au_Roy_-_1731.jpeg/340px-Remontrances_du_Parlement_de_Paris_au_Roy_-_1731.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_leading_to_the_French_Revolution">Role leading to the French Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlement_of_Paris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role leading to the French Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Denis_Martin_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pierre-Denis_Martin_003.jpg/220px-Pierre-Denis_Martin_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pierre-Denis_Martin_003.jpg/330px-Pierre-Denis_Martin_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pierre-Denis_Martin_003.jpg/440px-Pierre-Denis_Martin_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="1528" /></a><figcaption>Louis XV leaving the Parlement of Paris on 12 September 1715</figcaption></figure> <p>At a session of the parlement of Paris on 3 March 1766 known as <i>la Séance de la Flagellation</i> ("the Flagellation Session"), <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> asserted that sovereign power resided in his person. </p><p>The beginning of the proposed radical changes began with the protests of the Parlement of Paris addressed to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> in March 1776, in which the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Second Estate</a>, the nobility, resisted the beginning of certain reforms that would remove their privileges, notably their exemption from taxes. The objections were made in reaction to the essay, <i>Réflexions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses</i> ("Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth") by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Anne Robert Jacques Turgot</a>. The Second Estate reacted to the essay with anger to convince the king that the nobility still served a very important role and still deserved the same privileges of tax exemption as well as for the preservation of the guilds and corporations put in place to restrict trade, both of which were eliminated in the reforms proposed by Turgot.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their remonstrance against the edict suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> (March 1776), the Parlement of Paris—afraid that a new tax would replace the corvée, and that this tax would apply to all, introducing equality as a principle—dared to remind the king: </p> <blockquote><p>The personal service of the clergy is to fulfill all the functions relating to education and religious observances and to contribute to the relief of the unfortunate through its alms. The noble dedicates his blood to the defense of the state and assists the sovereign with his counsel. The last class of the nation, which cannot render such distinguished service to the state, fulfills its obligation through taxes, industry, and physical labor.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Second Estate (the nobility) consisted of approximately 1.5% of France's population, and was exempt from almost all taxes, including the Corvée Royale, which was a mandatory service through which roads were repaired and built by those subject to the corvée. In practice, anyone who paid a small fee could escape the corvée, so this burden of labor fell only to the poorest in France. The Second Estate was also exempt from the <i><a href="/wiki/Gabelle" title="Gabelle">gabelle</a></i>, which was the unpopular tax on salt, and also the <i><a href="/wiki/Taille" title="Taille">taille</a></i>, a land tax paid by peasants, and the oldest form of taxation in France.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Second Estate feared they would have to pay the tax replacing the suppressed corvée. The nobles saw this tax as especially humiliating and below them, as they took great pride in their titles and their lineage, many of whom had died in defense of France. They saw this elimination of tax privilege as the gateway for more attacks on their rights and urged Louis XVI throughout the protests of the Parlement of Paris not to enact the proposed reforms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These exemptions, as well as the right to wear a sword and their coat of arms, encouraged the idea of a natural superiority over the commoners that was common among members of the Second Estate, and as long as any noble was in possession of a fiefdom, they could collect a feudal dues from the Third Estate, which would allegedly be for the Third Estate's protection (this only applied to serfs and tenants of farmland owned by the nobility). Overall, the Second Estate had vast privileges that the Third Estate did not possess, which in effect protected the Second Estate's wealth and property, while hindering the Third Estate's ability to advance. The reforms proposed by Turgot and argued against in the protests of the Parlement of Paris conflicted with the Second Estate's interests to keep their hereditary privileges, and was the first step toward reform that seeped into the political arena. Turgot's reforms were unpopular among the commoners as well, who saw the parlements as their best defense against the power of the monarchy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlement_of_Paris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cobham_Brewer_1878,_p._68-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cobham_Brewer_1878,_p._68_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCobham_Brewer1878" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Cobham_Brewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Cobham Brewer">Cobham Brewer</a> (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PuJBAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Political, Social, and Literary History of France</i></a>. London. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Literary+History+of+France&rft.place=London&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Cobham+Brewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPuJBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParlement+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J._H._Shennan" title="J. H. Shennan">J. H. Shennan</a>, "The Parliament of Paris" <i>History Today</i> (May 1960), 10#5 pp 342–348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoote1971" class="citation book cs1">Moote, A. Lloyd (1971). <i>The Revolt of the Judges: the Parliament of Paris and the Fronde, 1643–1652</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolt+of+the+Judges%3A+the+Parliament+of+Paris+and+the+Fronde%2C+1643%E2%80%931652&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Moote&rft.aufirst=A.+Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParlement+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doyle, "The parlements of France and the Breakdown of the Old Regime 1771–1788."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_W._Boyer_and_Keith_M._Baker1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John W. Boyer and Keith M. Baker, ed. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MB5zuyyQ4rMC&pg=PA120"><i>University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization</i></a>. Vol. 7: The Old Regime and the French Revolution. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 119–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226069500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226069500"><bdi>978-0226069500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=University+of+Chicago+Readings+in+Western+Civilization&rft.pages=119-121&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0226069500&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMB5zuyyQ4rMC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParlement+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <i>Pays d'État</i>, the <i>taille</i> was called <i>réelle</i>, based on land ownership, and determined by a council; in the <i>Pays d'Élection</i> the taille was called <i>personnelle</i>, based on the global capacity to pay, and assessed by the Intendant. In both cases, the tax was often considered arbitrary.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlement_of_Paris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1898" class="citation journal cs1">Prothero, G. W. (1898). "The Parlement of Paris". <i>English Historical Review</i>. <b>13</b> (50): 229–241. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/547224">547224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Parlement+of+Paris&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=229-241&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F547224%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParlement+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogister2002" class="citation book cs1">Rogister, John (2002). <i>Louis XV and the Parlement of Paris, 1737–55</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XV+and+the+Parlement+of+Paris%2C+1737%E2%80%9355&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Rogister&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParlement+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShennan1965" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._H._Shennan" title="J. H. Shennan">Shennan, J. H.</a> (1965). "The Political Role of the Parlement of Paris, 1715–23". <i>Historical Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 179–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00026959">10.1017/S0018246X00026959</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020457">3020457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Political+Role+of+the+Parlement+of+Paris%2C+1715%E2%80%9323&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-200&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00026959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3020457%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shennan&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParlement+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShennan1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._H._Shennan" title="J. H. Shennan">Shennan, J. H.</a> (1998). <i>The Parlement of Paris</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parlement+of+Paris&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Shennan&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParlement+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1981" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Bailey (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/99031216/the-parlement-of-paris-1774-1789"><i>The Parlement of Paris, 1774–1789</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parlement+of+Paris%2C+1774%E2%80%931789&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Bailey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F99031216%2Fthe-parlement-of-paris-1774-1789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParlement+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwann1995" class="citation book cs1">Swann, Julian (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsparlemen0000swan"><i>Politics and the Parlement of Paris under Louis XV, 1754–1774</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48362-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48362-9"><bdi>978-0-521-48362-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+the+Parlement+of+Paris+under+Louis+XV%2C+1754%E2%80%931774&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48362-9&rft.aulast=Swann&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsparlemen0000swan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParlement+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2040225-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50000737">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118761821">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118761821">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35098646">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90207214">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810615881505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261105305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058508944806706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="France. 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