CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="et" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Anafoor (keeleteadus) – Vikipeedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )etwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","jaanuar","veebruar","märts","aprill","mai","juuni","juuli","august","september","oktoober","november","detsember"],"wgRequestId":"3af6804a-5a66-429e-90d9-5cbb469f60fc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Anafoor_(keeleteadus)","wgTitle":"Anafoor (keeleteadus)","wgCurRevisionId":6711078,"wgRevisionId":6711078,"wgArticleId":669033,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 allikad inglise keeles (en)","CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend","Keeletoimetamist ootavad (aprill 2024)","Keeletoimetamist ootavad","Keeleteadus"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"et","wgPageContentLanguage":"et","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Anafoor_(keeleteadus)","wgRelevantArticleId":669033,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[], "wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"et","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"et"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q156751","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.9"};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.OpenStreetMap","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=et&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=et&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=et&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Anafoor (keeleteadus) – Vikipeedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//et.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anafoor_(keeleteadus)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Muuda" href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Vikipeedia (et)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//et.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anafoor_(keeleteadus)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Vikipeedia Atom-voog" href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Viimased_muudatused&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Anafoor_keeleteadus rootpage-Anafoor_keeleteadus skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Mine sisu juurde</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sait"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peamenüü" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peamenüü</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peamenüü</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">peida</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigeerimine </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Esileht" title="Mine esilehele [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Esileht</span></a></li><li id="n-generaldiscussion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:%C3%9Cldine_arutelu"><span>Üldine arutelu</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Viimased_muudatused" title="Vikis tehtud viimaste muudatuste loend [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Viimased muudatused</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Juhuslik_artikkel" title="Mine juhuslikule leheküljele [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Juhuslik lehekülg</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Juhend:Sisukord" title="Kuidas redigeerida"><span>Juhend</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Kontakteeru_meiega"><span>Kontakt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Trüki või ekspordi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Raamat&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Anafoor+%28keeleteadus%29"><span>Koosta raamat</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:DownloadAsPdf&page=Anafoor_%28keeleteadus%29&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laadi alla PDF-failina</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&printable=yes" title="Selle lehe trükiversioon [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Prinditav versioon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Esileht" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Vikipeedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-et.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-et.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Eri:Otsimine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Otsi vikist [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Otsing</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Otsi Vikipeediast" aria-label="Otsi Vikipeediast" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Otsi vikist [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Eri:Otsimine"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Otsi</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Isiklikud lehed"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Ilme"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Muuda lehekülje kirjasuurust, laiust ja värvust" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ilme" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ilme</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_et.wikipedia.org&uselang=et" class=""><span>Annetused</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Konto_loomine&returnto=Anafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" title="See pole küll kohustuslik, aga sul tasub konto luua ja sisse logida." class=""><span>Loo konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Sisselogimine&returnto=Anafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" title="See pole küll kohustuslik, aga sul tasub sisse logida. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logi sisse</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Veel valikuid" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Isiklikud lehed" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Isiklikud lehed</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Kasutajamenüü" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_et.wikipedia.org&uselang=et"><span>Annetused</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Konto_loomine&returnto=Anafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" title="See pole küll kohustuslik, aga sul tasub konto luua ja sisse logida."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Loo konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Sisselogimine&returnto=Anafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" title="See pole küll kohustuslik, aga sul tasub sisse logida. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logi sisse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sisselogimata kasutaja leheküljed <a href="/wiki/Juhend:Sissejuhatus" aria-label="Lisateave redigeerimise kohta"><span>lisateave</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Minu_kaast%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="Sellelt IP-aadressilt tehtud muudatuste loend [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kaastöö</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Minu_aruteluleht" title="Arutelu sellelt IP-aadressilt tehtud muudatuste kohta [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Arutelu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Epeida\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"et\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size:16px\"\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Cspan title=\"Teadus Vikipeediasse!\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Teadus Vikipeediasse!\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg/90px-Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"90\" height=\"21\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg/135px-Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg/180px-Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"668\" data-file-height=\"154\" /\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/span\u003E Alanud on artiklivõistlus \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Vikipeedia:Teadus_Vikipeediasse_2024\" title=\"Vikipeedia:Teadus Vikipeediasse 2024\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003ETeadus Vikipeediasse\u003C/b\u003E\u003C/a\u003E ning \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Vikipeedia:Teadusfoto_pildikorje_2024\" title=\"Vikipeedia:Teadusfoto pildikorje 2024\"\u003Eteadusfoto pildikorje\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E! \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Cspan title=\"Teadus Vikipeediasse!\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Teadus Vikipeediasse!\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg/90px-Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"90\" height=\"21\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg/135px-Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg/180px-Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"668\" data-file-height=\"154\" /\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\u003Csmall\u003EKuni 10. detsembrini kestab \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Vikipeedia:Terminiv%C3%B5istlus\" title=\"Vikipeedia:Terminivõistlus\"\u003EVikipeedia terminivõistlus\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E!\u003C/small\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sait"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sisukord" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sisukord</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">peida</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Anafoori_ja_katafoori_erinevus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anafoori_ja_katafoori_erinevus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Anafoori ja katafoori erinevus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anafoori_ja_katafoori_erinevus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Otsene_ja_kaudne_anafoor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otsene_ja_kaudne_anafoor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Otsene ja kaudne anafoor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otsene_ja_kaudne_anafoor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lausesisene_ja_lauseväline_anafoor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lausesisene_ja_lauseväline_anafoor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lausesisene ja lauseväline anafoor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lausesisene_ja_lauseväline_anafoor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ellips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ellips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ellips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ellips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anafoor_eesti_keeles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anafoor_eesti_keeles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Anafoor eesti keeles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anafoor_eesti_keeles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anafoorsed_pronoomenid_(asesõnad)_eri_keeltes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anafoorsed_pronoomenid_(asesõnad)_eri_keeltes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Anafoorsed pronoomenid (asesõnad) eri keeltes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anafoorsed_pronoomenid_(asesõnad)_eri_keeltes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anafooride_lahendamine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anafooride_lahendamine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Anafooride lahendamine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anafooride_lahendamine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Anafooride lahendamine"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anafooride_lahendamine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ajalugu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ajalugu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ajalugu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ajalugu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anafoor (keeleteadus)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 28 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaforiezh" title="Anaforiezh – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anaforiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A0fora_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" title="Anàfora (lingüística) – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anàfora (lingüística)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphorik" title="Anaphorik – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anaphorik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics) – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Anaphora (linguistics)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A1fora_(gram%C3%A1tica)" title="Anáfora (gramática) – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anáfora (gramática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaforo_(lingvoscienco)" title="Anaforo (lingvoscienco) – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anaforo (lingvoscienco)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anafora_(gramatika)" title="Anafora (gramatika) – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anafora (gramatika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="ارجاع – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارجاع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphore_(grammaire)" title="Anaphore (grammaire) – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anaphore (grammaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E6%87%89" title="呼應 – kani" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="呼應" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="kani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anafora_(linguistica)" title="Anafora (linguistica) – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anafora (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анафора – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Анафора" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анафора – kirgiisi" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Анафора" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anafora_(kalbotyra)" title="Anafora (kalbotyra) – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anafora (kalbotyra)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anafora_(nyelv%C3%A9szet)" title="Anafora (nyelvészet) – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anafora (nyelvészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анафора – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Анафора" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anafoor_(taalkunde)" title="Anafoor (taalkunde) – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anafoor (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E5%BF%9C" title="照応 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="照応" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anafor_(syntaks)" title="Anafor (syntaks) – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anafor (syntaks)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaf%C3%B2ra_(gramatica)" title="Anafòra (gramatica) – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anafòra (gramatica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A1fora_(lingu%C3%ADstica)" title="Anáfora (linguística) – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anáfora (linguística)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anafor%C4%83_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Anaforă (lingvistică) – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anaforă (lingvistică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Анафора (лингвистика) – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анафора (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анафора – jakuudi" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Анафора" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuudi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anafora" title="Anafora – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Anafora" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Анафора (мовознавство) – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анафора (мовознавство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%8C%87" title="回指 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="回指" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%8C%87" title="回指 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="回指" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q156751#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nimeruumid"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anafoor_(keeleteadus)" title="Vaata sisulehekülge [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arutelu:Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Arutelu selle lehekülje sisu kohta (pole veel kirjutatud) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Arutelu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Muuda keelevarianti" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">eesti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="vaatamisi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anafoor_(keeleteadus)"><span>Vaata</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&veaction=edit" title="Muuda seda lehekülge [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Muuda</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=edit" title="Redigeeri selle lehekülje lähteteksti [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Muuda lähteteksti</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=history" title="Selle lehekülje varasemad redaktsioonid [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Näita ajalugu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lehekülje tööriistad"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tööriistad" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tööriistad</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tööriistad</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">peida</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Veel võimalusi" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Toimingud </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anafoor_(keeleteadus)"><span>Vaata</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&veaction=edit" title="Muuda seda lehekülge [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Muuda</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=edit" title="Redigeeri selle lehekülje lähteteksti [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Muuda lähteteksti</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=history"><span>Näita ajalugu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Üldine </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Lingid_siia/Anafoor_(keeleteadus)" title="Kõik viki leheküljed, mis siia viitavad [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lingid siia</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Seotud_muudatused/Anafoor_(keeleteadus)" rel="nofollow" title="Viimased muudatused lehekülgedel, millele on siit viidatud [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Seotud muudatused</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Erilehek%C3%BCljed" title="Erilehekülgede loend [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Erileheküljed</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&oldid=6711078" title="Püsilink lehekülje sellele redaktsioonile"><span>Püsilink</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=info" title="Lisateave selle lehekülje kohta"><span>Lehekülje teave</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Sellele_lehek%C3%BCljele_viitamine&page=Anafoor_%28keeleteadus%29&id=6711078&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Teave sellele leheküljele viitamise kohta"><span>Viita leheküljele</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fet.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnafoor_%28keeleteadus%29"><span>Hangi lühendatud URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fet.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnafoor_%28keeleteadus%29"><span>Laadi alla QR-kood</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Teistes projektides </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q156751" title="Link andmehoidla seonduva üksuse juurde [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Andmeüksus</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lehekülje tööriistad"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Ilme"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ilme</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">peida</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Allikas: Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><div class="nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6739384">.mw-parser-output th.mbox-text,.mw-parser-output td.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output table.ambox{margin:0 10%;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #1e90ff;background:#fbfbfb}.mw-parser-output table.ambox~table.ambox:not(.mbox-small-left){margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox th.mbox-text,.mw-parser-output .ambox td.mbox-text{padding:0.25em 0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ambox td.mbox-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ambox td.mbox-imageright{padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #1e90ff}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b22222;background:#fee}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}.mw-parser-output table.imbox{margin:4px 10%;border-collapse:collapse;border:3px solid #36c;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output table.cmbox{margin:3px 10%;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#DFE8FF}.mw-parser-output table.ombox{margin:4px 10%;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output table.tmbox{margin:4px 10%;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #c0c090;background:#f8eaba}.mw-parser-output table.fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output table.fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output table.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output table.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cmbox{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cmbox{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}</style></div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Emblem-important.svg/35px-Emblem-important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Emblem-important.svg/53px-Emblem-important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Emblem-important.svg/70px-Emblem-important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>See artikkel</b> <b>ootab <a href="/wiki/Keeletoimetamine" title="Keeletoimetamine">keeletoimetamist</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small><i>(Aprill 2024)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"> <br /><small>Kui oskad, siis palun aita <a class="external text" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=edit">artiklit keeleliselt parandada</a>.</small> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Juhend:Toimetusm%C3%A4rkuste_eemaldamine" title="Juhend:Toimetusmärkuste eemaldamine">Kuidas ja millal see märkus eemaldada?</a>)</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anafoor</b> ehk tagasiviide on asesõna, mis on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaviitelisus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samaviitelisus (pole veel kirjutatud)">samaviiteline</a> mõne juba tekstis esinenud <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B5na" title="Sõna">sõna</a> või <a href="/wiki/Fraas" title="Fraas">fraasiga</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Anafoori eesmärk on vältida sõna või fraasi kordusi ja muuta seeläbi tekst sujuvamaks<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Anafooriks võib olla <a href="/wiki/Ases%C3%B5na" title="Asesõna">asesõna</a> (ehk pronoomen) või <a href="/wiki/Asem%C3%A4%C3%A4rs%C3%B5na" title="Asemäärsõna">asemäärsõna</a> (ehk proadverb)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kuna esmaviitamisel kasutatakse tüüpiliselt <a href="/wiki/Nimis%C3%B5nafraas" title="Nimisõnafraas">nimisõnafraasi</a>, siis üldjuhul asendab anafoor tekstis just nimisõnafraase<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Sõna anafoor pärineb <a href="/wiki/Vanakreeka_keel" title="Vanakreeka keel">vanakreeka keelesest</a> sõnast ἀναφορά, mis omakorda tuleneb sõnadest ἀνά, mis tähendab "tagasi"<i>,</i> ja φέρω, mis tähendab "kandma" ehk lihtsustatult peetakse antud sõna all silmas tagasitoomist või kordust<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anafoori_ja_katafoori_erinevus">Anafoori ja katafoori erinevus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Anafoori ja katafoori erinevus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Anafoori ja katafoori erinevus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anafoori vastandiks on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katafoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katafoor (pole veel kirjutatud)">katafoor</a> ehk edasiviide, mis on asesõna, mis viitab sellele järgnevale sõnale või fraasile<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Seega on katafoori puhul tegemist esmaviitamisega ja anafoori korral kordusviitamisega<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Alati siiski katafoori ja anafoori vahel eristust ei tehta ja sellisel juhul nimetatakse kõiki samaviitelisi pronoomeneid anafoorideks<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Näitelaused anafoori ja katafoori erinevusest: </p> <ol><li>Islandil purskas vulkaan, see põhjustas tõrkeid kogu Euroopa lennuliikluses. - <small>Anafoor <i><b>see</b></i> asendab lauses, sellele eelnevat nimisõnafraasi <i><b>Islandil purskas vulkaan</b></i>.</small></li> <li>See, et buss jäi hiljaks, ei olnud kellegi jaoks üllatus. - <small>Katafoor <i><b>see</b></i> asedab lauses sellele järgnevat nimisõnafraasi <i><b>buss jäi hiljaks</b></i>.</small></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Otsene_ja_kaudne_anafoor">Otsene ja kaudne anafoor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Otsene ja kaudne anafoor"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Otsene ja kaudne anafoor" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eristatakse otsest ja kaudset anafoori: </p><p><b>Otsese anafoori</b> puhul on asendussõna ja viitealuse vaheline seos kas: samasus, sünonüümsus, üldistus või spetsialiseerumine.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <b>Kaudse anafoori</b> alla kuuluvad sellised seosed, kus asendussõna referent on osa mingist tervikust või kuulub mingisse määratud hulka ja viitealus ongi see tervik või määratud hulk. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lausesisene_ja_lauseväline_anafoor"><span id="Lausesisene_ja_lausev.C3.A4line_anafoor"></span>Lausesisene ja lauseväline anafoor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Lausesisene ja lauseväline anafoor"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Lausesisene ja lauseväline anafoor" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anafoor võib olla lausesisene või lauseväline. Lausesisese anafoori korral asub anafoori poolt asendatav sõna või fraas anafooriga samas lauses ja lausevälise anafoori puhul väljaspool anafoori sisaldavat lauset<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Näitelaused lausesisesest ja lausevälisest anafoorist: </p> <ul><li>Emal tuli mõte kooki küpsetada, aga selleks pidi ta kõigepealt poes käima. - <i><b><small>Emal</small></b></i> <small>ja sellele viitav anafoor <i><b>ta</b></i> asuvad samas lauses.</small></li> <li>Kass ronis poisile sülle. Poisi paitamise peale hakkas ta vaikselt nurruma. - <small><i><b>Kass</b></i> ja sellele viitav anafoor <i><b>ta</b></i> asuvad kahes erinevas lauses.</small></li></ul> <p>Üldiselt kehtib reegel, mida rohkem on mingi sõna või fraas tekstis fookuses, seda lühemini saab sellele viidata (nt asesõnadega <i>see</i> ja <i>ta</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sellest tulenevalt saab lausevälise anafoori korral tavaliselt eeldada, et lause või fraas, mida anafoor asendab, ei asu tekstis anafoorist eriti kaugel - nt üldjuhul ei viida tekstiselguse mõttes neid eraldi lõikudesse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ellips">Ellips</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Ellips"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Ellips" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ellipsit on käsitletud asenduse eriliigina – nullasendusena. Ellipsid jagunevad kontekstiellipsiks, grammatiliseks ellipsiks ja situatsiooniellipsiks selle järgi, kust leiab elliptilise elemendi tõlgendamiseks vajaliku lähtevormi. Lähtevormi leidmise kontekstiks võib olla lihtlause, liitlause osalause. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anafoor_eesti_keeles">Anafoor eesti keeles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Anafoor eesti keeles"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Anafoor eesti keeles" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pronominaalse viite asendussõnad eesti keeles on personaalpronoomenid ehk isikulised asesõnad (nt <i>mina, tema</i>), demonstratiivpronoomenid ehk näitavad asesõnad (nt <i>see, too</i>), possessiivpronoomenid ehk omastavad asesõnad (nt <i>enda, oma</i>) ja pronumeraalid ehk asearvsõnad (nt <i>mitmes</i>) <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: Eesti keeles viidatakse sageli 3. isikule (<i>tema</i>) anafoorselt. Personaalpronoomeni saab eesti keeles anafoores viitamise korral lausest välja jätta: <i>Naine kõndis tee peal. Äkki näeb…</i> <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tema</i> ja <i>ta</i> võib eesti keeles viidata nii elusale kui elutule referendile, aga <i>see</i> viitab enamasti elutule referendile. <i>See</i>-d kasutatakse ka definiitse määratlejana siis, kui referenti on juba mainitud. Definiitset määratlejat <i>see</i> kasutatakse, kui referenti on juba varasemas tekstis mainitud (nt <i>Toas oli üks tüdruk. See vaatas aknast välja</i>) <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anafoorsed_pronoomenid_(asesõnad)_eri_keeltes"><span id="Anafoorsed_pronoomenid_.28ases.C3.B5nad.29_eri_keeltes"></span>Anafoorsed pronoomenid (asesõnad) eri keeltes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Anafoorsed pronoomenid (asesõnad) eri keeltes"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Anafoorsed pronoomenid (asesõnad) eri keeltes" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>saksa keeles dies, das, es <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. vene keeles этот, (это, эта), тот, (та, то), он (она, оно) <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anafooride_lahendamine">Anafooride lahendamine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Anafooride lahendamine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Anafooride lahendamine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anafooride lahendamine on <a href="/wiki/Loomuliku_keele_t%C3%B6%C3%B6tlus" title="Loomuliku keele töötlus">loomuliku keele töötluses</a> esinev ülesanne, mille eesmärk on leida, millisele <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B5na" title="Sõna">sõnale</a> või <a href="/wiki/Fraas" title="Fraas">fraasile</a> viitab anafoor<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Anafooride lahendamist peetakse arvutisemantikas keeruliseks ülesandeks, kuna see nõuab nii <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCntaks" title="Süntaks">süntaksi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semantika" title="Semantika">semantika</a> kui ka teksti ümbritseva konteksti analüüsi<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Anafooride lahendamist kasutatakse selliste ülesannete täitmiseks nagu näiteks masintõlge, automaatne sisukokkuvõtte koostamine ja automaatvastamine küsimustele (sh juturobotid)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kuna iga keel on erinev, siis ka sõnadevahelised seosed, sh need, mis seovad anafoore nende poolt viidatud sõnade või fraasidega, on erinevad. Seetõttu on tihti loodud lahendused keele spetsiifilised või nõuavad konfigureerimist üleviimisel ühest keelest teise<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Anafoori automaatset lahendamist jagatakse klassikaliselt kolmeks sammuks<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ol><li>Anafoori leidmine tekstis.</li> <li>Potentsiaalsete kanditaatide tuvastamine, millele anafoor võib viidata.</li> <li>Parima sõna või fraasi valimine eelmisest punktis leitud kandidaatide seast.</li></ol> <p>Esimese sammu puhul peab silmas pidama, et mitte kõik asesõnad ei ole anafoorid. Tegu võib olla katafooriga, asesõnaga, mis teksti jooksul ei täpsustu või <a href="/wiki/Deiksis" title="Deiksis">deiktilise</a> kõnega, millel puudub seda ümbritsev kontekst. </p><p>Näitelaused asesõnadega, mis ei ole anafoorid (tasub märkida, et antud asesõnad võivad muutuda anafoorseteks juhul kui neid sisaldavad laused on osa pikemast tekstist): </p> <ul><li>Miski oli lapse ära hirmutanud. - <small>asesõna <i><b>miski</b></i> jääb täpsustamata.</small></li> <li>Saad sa mulle ulatada taldriku? - <small>asesõna <i><b>sa</b></i> viitab isikule kellega kõneletakse, aga ilma ümbritseva kontekstita ei saa me seda vastavusse viia ühegi kindla isikuga.</small></li></ul> <p>Teise sammu juures on sageli otsinguala skoop piiratud <a href="/wiki/Diskursus" title="Diskursus">diskursuse</a> osaga, mis kirjaliku keele puhul väljendub tavaliselt lõiguna. Juhul kui programm ei erista sisendtekstis lõikusi võidakse määrata ka väärtus n, mis näitab, mitut lauset enne anafoori sisaldavat lauset kaasatakse otsingualasse (otsingualasse kuulub alati ka anafoori sisaldav lause ise). n väärtus võib muutuda vastavalt, sellele, missugusele anafoorile kandidaate otsitakse<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Kolmandas sammus kirjeldatud valiku tegemiseks kandidaatide seast võidakse rakendada erinevaid piirangu ja eelistus reegleid<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Siin tuleb selgelt välja, miks ei ole tihti võimalik ühes keeles rakendatud reegleid teise keelde üle kanda: näiteks soopõhistel keeltel (nt inglise) on üheks oluliseks reegliks, et anafoori ja sellele vastava kandidaadi sood ei oleks konfliktsed<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, kuna kolmanda isiku asesõna "ta" ei erista sugu, siis ei ole seda reeglit võimalik eesti keele peal rakendada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ajalugu">Ajalugu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Töö anafooride lahendamise probleemi kallal hakkas 1960. aastatel. Tollal loodud lahendused, mis olid alamosad suurematest süsteemidest, olid reeglipõhised (ingl <i>rule-based</i>) ja peamiselt töötasid mustrituvastusel ja olid häälestatud valdkonna põhiste teadmistega (ingl <i>knowledge-rich approach</i>). Seetõttu olid need efektiivsed, vaid vastavate programmide spetsiifilisetel sisenditel. Selle vastandina hakati arendama lahendusi, mis ei sõltuks analüüsitava teksti sisust või tausta teadmistest (ingl <i>domain knowledge</i>), vaid lingvistilistest reeglitest (ingl <i>knowledge-poor approach</i>) ja tuleksid toime erinevate sisenditega ning oleks seega universaalsemad. 1990. aastatel hakkasid levima korpusepõhised lähenemised, kus kasutatakse anafooride lahendamiseks statistikat ja/või masinõpet. Korpusepõhiste masinõppemudelite populaarsus on kestnud tänapäevani tänu nende heale skaleeruvusele ja toimetulekule oodatust erinevatel sisenditel. Samuti ühendatakse tihti eri lähenemisi ja nii võib näiteks algoritmi eri osadele olla rakendatud nii reeglipõhiseid kui ka masinõppe põhiseid meetodeid. Milliseid <a href="/wiki/Metoodika" title="Metoodika">metoodikaid</a> kasutada anafoori lahendamise algoritmi koostamisel oleneb palju programmi eesmärgiks ja lõplikust kasutusviisist, seega võib ka tänapäeval spetsiifilistes programmides olla põhjendatud kasutada puhtalt reeglipõhiseid algoritme.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&action=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2">1,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6066747">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFPajusalu2009" class="citation book cs1">Pajusalu, Renate (2009). <i>Sõna ja tähendus</i>. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus. Lk 181–183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%B5na+ja+t%C3%A4hendus&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pages=181-183&rft.pub=Eesti+Keele+Sihtasutus&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Pajusalu&rft.aufirst=Renate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1">2,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2">2,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFPajusalu2017" class="citation book cs1">Pajusalu, Renate (2017). "Viiteseosed". <i>Eesti keele süntaks</i>. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus. Lk 566–567.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Viiteseosed&rft.btitle=Eesti+keele+s%C3%BCntaks&rft.place=Tartu&rft.pages=566-567&rft.pub=Tartu+%C3%9Clikooli+Kirjastus&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Pajusalu&rft.aufirst=Renate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1">3,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFSukthankerPoriaCambriaThirunavukarasu2020" class="citation web cs1">Sukthanker, Rhea; Poria, Soujanya; Cambria, Erik; Thirunavukarasu, Ramkumar (juuli 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566253519303677">"Anaphora and coreference resolution: A review"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 19. jaanuaril 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anaphora+and+coreference+resolution%3A+A+review&rft.date=2020-07&rft.aulast=Sukthanker&rft.aufirst=Rhea&rft.au=Poria%2C+Soujanya&rft.au=Cambria%2C+Erik&rft.au=Thirunavukarasu%2C+Ramkumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1566253519303677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eki.ee/dict/vsl/index.cgi?Q=anafoor">"Võõrsõnade leksikon"</a>. <i>Eesti Keele Instituut</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 19. jaanuaril 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eesti+Keele+Instituut&rft.atitle=V%C3%B5%C3%B5rs%C3%B5nade+leksikon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fdict%2Fvsl%2Findex.cgi%3FQ%3Danafoor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eki.ee/dict/vsl/index.cgi?Q=katafoor">"Võõrsõnade leksikon"</a>. <i>Eesti Keele Instituut</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 19. jaanuaril 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eesti+Keele+Instituut&rft.atitle=V%C3%B5%C3%B5rs%C3%B5nade+leksikon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fdict%2Fvsl%2Findex.cgi%3FQ%3Dkatafoor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFPajusalu2017" class="citation book cs1">Pajusalu, Renate (2017). "Viiteseosed". <i>Eesti keele süntaks</i>. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus. Lk 573–575.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Viiteseosed&rft.btitle=Eesti+keele+s%C3%BCntaks&rft.place=Tartu&rft.pages=573-575&rft.pub=Tartu+%C3%9Clikooli+Kirjastus&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Pajusalu&rft.aufirst=Renate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFMitkov2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mitkov, Ruslan (2007). <i>Anaphora Resolutsion</i> (inglise). Eastbourne, London: Pearson Education, Longman. Lk 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anaphora+Resolutsion&rft.place=Eastbourne%2C+London&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Pearson+Education%2C+Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Mitkov&rft.aufirst=Ruslan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFMitkov2007" class="citation book cs1">Mitkov, Ruslan (2007). <i>Anaphora Resolutsion</i>. Eastbourne, London: Pearson Education, Longman. Lk 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anaphora+Resolutsion&rft.place=Eastbourne%2C+London&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Pearson+Education%2C+Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Mitkov&rft.aufirst=Ruslan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFLakhmaniSinghMathur2014" class="citation web cs1">Lakhmani, Priya; Singh, Smita; Mathur, Pratistha (märts 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701224704/https://warse.org/pdfs/2014/ijacst04332014.pdf">"Gazetteer Method for Resolving Pronominal Anaphora in Hindi Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warse.org/pdfs/2014/ijacst04332014.pdf">Originaali</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> arhiivikoopia seisuga 1. juuli 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 21. jaanuaril 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+Method+for+Resolving+Pronominal+Anaphora+in+Hindi+Language&rft.date=2014-03&rft.aulast=Lakhmani&rft.aufirst=Priya&rft.au=Singh%2C+Smita&rft.au=Mathur%2C+Pratistha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarse.org%2Fpdfs%2F2014%2Fijacst04332014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFMetslang,_Helle;_Erelt,_Mati;_Habicht,_Külli;_Hennoste,_Tiit;_Kasik,_Reet;_Teras,_Pire;_Viht,_Annika;_Asu,_Eva_Liina;_Lindström,_Liina;_Lippus,_Pärtel;_Pajusalu,_Renate;_Plado,_Helen;_Rääbis,_Andriela;_Veismann,_Ann2023" class="citation book cs1">Metslang, Helle; Erelt, Mati; Habicht, Külli; Hennoste, Tiit; Kasik, Reet; Teras, Pire; Viht, Annika; Asu, Eva Liina; Lindström, Liina; Lippus, Pärtel; Pajusalu, Renate; Plado, Helen; Rääbis, Andriela; Veismann, Ann (2023). <i>Eesti grammatika</i>. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus. Lk 802.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eesti+grammatika&rft.place=Tartu&rft.pages=802&rft.pub=Tartu+%C3%9Clikooli+Kirjastus&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Metslang%2C+Helle%3B+Erelt%2C+Mati%3B+Habicht%2C+K%C3%BClli%3B+Hennoste%2C+Tiit%3B+Kasik%2C+Reet%3B+Teras%2C+Pire%3B+Viht%2C+Annika%3B+Asu%2C+Eva+Liina%3B+Lindstr%C3%B6m%2C+Liina%3B+Lippus%2C+P%C3%A4rtel%3B+Pajusalu%2C+Renate%3B+Plado%2C+Helen%3B+R%C3%A4%C3%A4bis%2C+Andriela%3B+Veismann%2C+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Raamatuviide" title="Mall:Raamatuviide">raamatuviide</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_mitu_nime:_autorite_loend" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFPajusalu" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pajusalu, Renate. "Pronouns and reference in Estonian". <i>STUF</i> (inglise). <b>62</b> (1/2): 122–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=STUF&rft.atitle=Pronouns+and+reference+in+Estonian.&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=122-139&rft.aulast=Pajusalu&rft.aufirst=Renate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFLindström" class="citation journal cs1">Lindström, Liina. "Kõnelejale ja kuulajale viitamise vältimise strateegiad eesti keeles". <i>Emakeele Seltsi aastaraamat</i> (55): 88–118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emakeele+Seltsi+aastaraamat&rft.atitle=K%C3%B5nelejale+ja+kuulajale+viitamise+v%C3%A4ltimise+strateegiad+eesti+keeles.&rft.issue=55&rft.pages=88-118&rft.aulast=Lindstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Liina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFPajusalu" class="citation journal cs1">Pajusalu, Renate. "Pronouns and reference in Estonian". <i>STUF</i>. <b>62</b> (1/2): 122–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=STUF&rft.atitle=Pronouns+and+reference+in+Estonian.&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=122-139&rft.aulast=Pajusalu&rft.aufirst=Renate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dipper, Stefanie; Rieger, Christine; Seiss, Melanie; Zinsmeier, Heike. Anaphora Processing and Applications. Abstract Anaphors in German and English, 2011, 96-107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFNørgård‐Sørensen" class="citation journal cs1">Nørgård‐Sørensen, Jens. "Pronouns and their reference in Russian". <i>Scando-Slavica</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 171–186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scando-Slavica&rft.atitle=Pronouns+and+their+reference+in+Russian.&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=171-186&rft.aulast=N%C3%B8rg%C3%A5rd%E2%80%90S%C3%B8rensen&rft.aufirst=Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFGarrod" class="citation web cs1">Garrod, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B0080430767015278">"Anaphora Resolution"</a>. <i>sciencedirect.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 14. jaanuaril 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sciencedirect.com&rft.atitle=Anaphora+Resolution&rft.aulast=Garrod&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FB0080430767015278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFCarbonellBrown1988" class="citation web cs1">Carbonell, J. G.; Brown, R. D. (15. aprill 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aclanthology.org/C88-1021.pdf">"Anaphora Resolution: A Multi.Strategy Approach"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 14. jaanuaril 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anaphora+Resolution%3A+A+Multi.Strategy+Approach&rft.date=1988-04-15&rft.aulast=Carbonell&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.au=Brown%2C+R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faclanthology.org%2FC88-1021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFLiangWu2003" class="citation web cs1">Liang, T.; Wu, D.-S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aclanthology.org/O03-1007.pdf">"Automatic Pronominal Anaphora Resolution in English Texts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>aclanthology.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 14. jaanuaril 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aclanthology.org&rft.atitle=Automatic+Pronominal+Anaphora+Resolution+in+English+Texts&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Wu%2C+D.-S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faclanthology.org%2FO03-1007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFWolnaDurlikWodniecka2022" class="citation web cs1">Wolna, Agata; Durlik, Joanna; Wodniecka, Zofia (11. jaanuar 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0262459">"Pronominal anaphora resolution in Polish: Investigating online sentence interpretation using eye-tracking"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 21. jaanuaril 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pronominal+anaphora+resolution+in+Polish%3A+Investigating+online+sentence+interpretation+using+eye-tracking&rft.date=2022-01-11&rft.aulast=Wolna&rft.aufirst=Agata&rft.au=Durlik%2C+Joanna&rft.au=Wodniecka%2C+Zofia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosone%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0262459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-0">20,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-1">20,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFMitkov2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mitkov, R. (2003). <i>Anaphora Resolution. The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics</i> (inglise). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lk 266–283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anaphora+Resolution.+The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Computational+Linguistics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=266-283&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mitkov&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-0">21,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-1">21,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFPoesioStuckardtVersley2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poesio, Massimo; Stuckardt, Roland; Versley, Yannick (2016). <i>Anaphora Resolution: Algorithms, Resources, and Applications</i> (inglise). Berlin: Heidelberg. Lk 3–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anaphora+Resolution%3A+Algorithms%2C+Resources%2C+and+Applications&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=3-9&rft.pub=Heidelberg&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Poesio&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft.au=Stuckardt%2C+Roland&rft.au=Versley%2C+Yannick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAnafoor+%28keeleteadus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&oldid=6711078">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&oldid=6711078</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Keeleteadus" title="Kategooria:Keeleteadus">Keeleteadus</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Peidetud kategooriad: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_allikad_inglise_keeles_(en)" title="Kategooria:CS1 allikad inglise keeles (en)">CS1 allikad inglise keeles (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_mitu_nime:_autorite_loend" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend">CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Keeletoimetamist_ootavad_(aprill_2024)" title="Kategooria:Keeletoimetamist ootavad (aprill 2024)">Keeletoimetamist ootavad (aprill 2024)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Keeletoimetamist_ootavad" title="Kategooria:Keeletoimetamist ootavad">Keeletoimetamist ootavad</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 18:41, 23. august 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. Täpsemalt vaata <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Wikimedia kasutamistingimustest</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Andmekaitsepõhimõtted</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Tiitelandmed">Tiitelandmed</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:%C3%9Cldine_lahti%C3%BCtlus">Lahtiütlused</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Käitumisjuhis</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Arendajad</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/et.wikipedia.org">Arvandmed</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Küpsiste avaldus</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//et.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anafoor_(keeleteadus)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobiilivaade</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-fkhxb","wgBackendResponseTime":131,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.277","walltime":"0.333","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1070,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":32725,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":61971,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 291.309 1 -total"," 39.40% 114.777 8 Mall:Raamatuviide"," 29.30% 85.364 1 Mall:Keeletoimeta"," 23.61% 68.768 1 Mall:Ambox"," 16.54% 48.193 8 Mall:Netiviide"," 7.43% 21.658 4 Mall:Ajakirjaviide"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.189","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4233270,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-59856bd7d8-znfv7","timestamp":"20241119184335","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Anafoor (keeleteadus)","url":"https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anafoor_(keeleteadus)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q156751","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q156751","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia projektide kaast\u00f6\u00f6lised"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2024-01-22T11:18:40Z","dateModified":"2024-08-23T16:41:00Z"}</script> </body> </html>