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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fan_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fan_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fan culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fan_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celebrities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Celebrities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Musicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Musicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Otaku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otaku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Otaku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otaku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_wrestling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_wrestling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Professional wrestling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_wrestling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Science fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fan_psychology_and_motives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fan_psychology_and_motives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fan psychology and motives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fan_psychology_and_motives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fan psychology and motives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fan_psychology_and_motives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loyalty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loyalty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Loyalty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loyalty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Stan"_fans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Stan"_fans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>"Stan" fans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Stan"_fans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrity_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrity_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Celebrity reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrity_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_stereotypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_stereotypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gender stereotypes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gender_stereotypes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gender stereotypes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gender_stereotypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Societal_gender_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societal_gender_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Societal gender roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societal_gender_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discrimination_against_females" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_against_females"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Discrimination against females</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_against_females-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination_against_males" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_against_males"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Discrimination against males</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_against_males-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fangirl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fangirl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Fangirl</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fangirl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immaturity_in_fangirls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immaturity_in_fangirls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Immaturity in fangirls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immaturity_in_fangirls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fanboy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fanboy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Fanboy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fanboy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immaturity_in_fanboys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immaturity_in_fanboys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Immaturity in fanboys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immaturity_in_fanboys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fan (person)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A8" title="معجب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معجب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%95" title="সমর্থক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমর্থক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A1u-i%C3%BA" title="Siáu-iú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siáu-iú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Заўзятар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заўзятар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Заўзятар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Заўзятар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan" title="Fan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanou%C5%A1ek" title="Fanoušek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fanoušek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan" title="Fan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan" title="Fan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan" title="Fan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fervora_subtenanto" title="Fervora subtenanto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fervora subtenanto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan" title="Fan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="هوادار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوادار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(admirateur)" title="Fan (admirateur) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fan (admirateur)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(persoan)" title="Fan (persoan) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fan (persoan)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan" title="Fan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%AC" title="팬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penggemar" title="Penggemar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penggemar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan" title="Fan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%93_(%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98)" title="אוהד (ספורט) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוהד (ספורט)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жанкүйер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жанкүйер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fans" title="Fans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan" title="Fan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanas" title="Fanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peminat" title="Peminat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Peminat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan" title="Fan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3" title="ファン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilhenger_(person)" title="Tilhenger (person) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tilhenger (person)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan" title="Fan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A3" title="Fã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fan (person)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan%C3%BA%C5%A1ik" title="Fanúšik – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fanúšik" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taageeraha_ciyaaraha" title="Taageeraha ciyaaraha – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Taageeraha ciyaaraha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fani" title="Fani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fan (person)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99" title="แฟน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฟน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayran" title="Hayran – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hayran" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фанат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фанат" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The fans" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Fan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Fan (disambiguation)">The Fan (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Fan (disambiguation)">Fan (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FANS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="FANS (disambiguation)">FANS (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugiesische_Fans_bei_der_Euro_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Portugiesische_Fans_bei_der_Euro_2004.jpg/220px-Portugiesische_Fans_bei_der_Euro_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Portugiesische_Fans_bei_der_Euro_2004.jpg/330px-Portugiesische_Fans_bei_der_Euro_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Portugiesische_Fans_bei_der_Euro_2004.jpg/440px-Portugiesische_Fans_bei_der_Euro_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Fans of the <a href="/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team" title="Portugal national football team">Portugal national football team</a> at the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2004" title="UEFA Euro 2004">2004 European Championship</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>fan</b> or <b>fanatic</b>, sometimes also termed an <b>aficionado</b>, <b>stan</b> or <b>enthusiast</b>, is a person who exhibits strong interest or admiration for something or somebody, such as a <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrity</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sports_team" title="Sports team">sports team</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie">movie</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> or an entertainer. Collectively, the fans of a particular object or person constitute its fanbase or <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">fandom</a>. They may show their <a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">enthusiasm</a> in a variety of ways, such as by promoting the object of their interest, being members of a related <a href="/wiki/Fan_club" title="Fan club">fan club</a>, holding or participating in <a href="/wiki/Fan_convention" title="Fan convention">fan conventions</a> or writing <a href="/wiki/Fan_mail" title="Fan mail">fan mail</a>. They may also engage in creative activities ("<a href="/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">fan labor</a>") such as creating <a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">fanzines</a>, writing <a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">fan fiction</a>, making <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">memes</a> or drawing <a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">fan art</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Merriam-Webster, the Oxford dictionary and other sources define "fan" as a shortened version of the word <i><a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">fanatic</a></i>. <i>Fanatic</i> itself, introduced into English around 1550, means "marked by excessive enthusiasm and often intense uncritical devotion". It comes from the Modern <a href="/wiki/Latin_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin (language)">Latin</a> <i>fanaticus</i>, meaning "insanely but divinely inspired".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word originally pertained to a <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> or sacred place [Latin <i>fanum</i>, poetic English <i>fane</i>]. The modern sense of "extremely zealous" dates from around 1647; the use of <i>fanatic</i> as a noun dates from 1650. However, the term "fancy" for an intense liking of something (a usage attested by 1545),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while being of a different etymology, coincidentally carries a less intense but somewhat similar connotation to "fanatic". </p><p>Use of "the fancy" to mean avid sports enthusiasts emerged as an <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">Americanism</a> in the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCblog_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCblog-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Dickson Baseball Dictionary</i> cites William Henry Nugent's work asserting that it was derived from <i>the fancy</i>, a term referring to the fans of a specific hobby or sport from the early 18th century to the 19th, especially to the followers of <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to that theory, it was originally shortened to <i>fance</i> then just to the homonym <i>fans</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2018)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>The Great American Baseball Scrapbook</i> attributes the term to <a href="/wiki/Chris_Von_der_Ahe" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Von der Ahe">Chris Von der Ahe</a>, owner of the Saint Louis Brown Stockings in 1882. Von der Ahe sold tickets for 25 cents, hoping the many patrons would purchase his beer; the low ticket price helped him lead the stats in attendance. He called the fanatics filling his stands "fans".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Supporter</i> is a synonym to "fan" that predates the latter term and is still commonly used in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially to denote fans of <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sports</a> teams. However, the term "fan" has become popular throughout the English-speaking world, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. The term <i>supporter</i> is also used in a <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> sense in the United States, to a fan of a <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a>, and a controversial issue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beliebers_wants_to_see_Justin_Bieber_(7317015488).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Beliebers_wants_to_see_Justin_Bieber_%287317015488%29.jpg/220px-Beliebers_wants_to_see_Justin_Bieber_%287317015488%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Beliebers_wants_to_see_Justin_Bieber_%287317015488%29.jpg/330px-Beliebers_wants_to_see_Justin_Bieber_%287317015488%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Beliebers_wants_to_see_Justin_Bieber_%287317015488%29.jpg/440px-Beliebers_wants_to_see_Justin_Bieber_%287317015488%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1453" /></a><figcaption>"Beliebers", the fans of <a href="/wiki/Justin_Bieber" title="Justin Bieber">Justin Bieber</a>, gathering around the hotel where Bieber is supposed to be inside in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo, Norway</a> on 30 May 2012.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fans usually have a strong enough interest that some changes in their <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyles</a> are made to accommodate devotion to the focal object.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fans have a desire for external involvement – they are motivated to demonstrate their involvement with the area of interest through certain behaviors (attending <a href="/wiki/Fan_convention" title="Fan convention">conventions</a>, posting online, displaying team banners outside their homes, etc.). Fans often have a "wish to acquire" material objects related to the area of interest, such as a baseball hit by a famous slugger or a used <a href="/wiki/Guitar_pick" title="Guitar pick">guitar pick</a> from their musical hero. As well, some fans have a desire for <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a> with other fans.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This again may take many forms, from casual conversation, e-mail, chat rooms, and electronic mailing lists to regular face-to-face meetings such as fan club meetings and organized conventions. </p><p>There are several groups of fans that can be differentiated by the intensity level of their level of involvement or interest in the hobby (level of <a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">fanaticism</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-TB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The likelihood for a subject of interest to be elevated to the level of fandom appears to be dictated by its complexity. Complexity allows further involvement of fans for a longer period of time because of the time needed to work the subject of interest 'out.' It also contributes to a greater sense of belonging because of the mental effort invested in the subject.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fan_culture">Fan culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fan culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">Fandom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">Fanzine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fan_magazine" title="Fan magazine">Fan magazine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celebrities">Celebrities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Celebrities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tobey_Maguire_greets_fans_at_Spiderman_3_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tobey_Maguire_greets_fans_at_Spiderman_3_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Tobey_Maguire_greets_fans_at_Spiderman_3_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tobey_Maguire_greets_fans_at_Spiderman_3_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Tobey_Maguire_greets_fans_at_Spiderman_3_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tobey_Maguire_greets_fans_at_Spiderman_3_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Tobey_Maguire_greets_fans_at_Spiderman_3_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tobey_Maguire" title="Tobey Maguire">Tobey Maguire</a> greets fans at <i><a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_3" title="Spider-Man 3">Spider-Man 3</a></i> premiere.</figcaption></figure> <p>These fans will often hold a crush on a major <a href="/wiki/Movie_star" title="Movie star">movie star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athlete" title="Athlete">athlete</a> or <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrity</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Teen_idol" title="Teen idol">teen idol</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Groupie" title="Groupie">groupie</a> is an example, a fan of a particular band or musician, who will follow them on concert tours. The degree of devotion to celebrities can range from a simple crush to the <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">deluded</a> belief that they have a <a href="/wiki/Parasocial_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasocial relationship">special relationship</a> with the star which does not exist. In extreme cases, this can lead to <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_worship_syndrome" title="Celebrity worship syndrome">celebrity worship syndrome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">stalking</a> behavior. This can easily switch to <a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">hatred</a> of the previously loved celebrity, and result in attempts at violent attacks; one notable incident being the death of <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Schaeffer" title="Rebecca Schaeffer">Rebecca Schaeffer</a> by a stalking fan, <a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Bardo" title="Robert John Bardo">Robert John Bardo</a>, in 1989. </p><p>The latter is somewhat related to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Parasocial_interaction" title="Parasocial interaction">parasocial interaction</a> where audiences develop one-sided relationships with media personalities and celebrities. </p><p>Not all fans have a crush on their idols. There are also fans who want to become their friends or respect an idol's relationship. In fact, there are fans who idolize a celebrity couples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaming">Gaming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gamers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamers">Gamers</a></div> <p>Gaming fans, or "gamers", are fans focused on playing non-sport games, usually <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miniature_wargame" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniature wargame">miniature wargames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collectible_card_game" title="Collectible card game">collectible card games</a> or <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Music_fan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Music_fan.jpg/220px-Music_fan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Music_fan.jpg/330px-Music_fan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Music_fan.jpg/440px-Music_fan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_pop" title="Cowboy pop">cowboy pop</a> fan shows off a rare CD at a <a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">music festival</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Music fans can differ somewhat from fans of particular musicians, in that they may focus on a genre of music. Many of the trade journals around music, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>, were created by music fans. A notable music fan was groupie <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Plaster_Caster" title="Cynthia Plaster Caster">Cynthia Plaster Caster</a>, famous for making numerous plaster casts of rock stars' penises. Another was <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Des_Barres" title="Pamela Des Barres">Pamela Des Barres</a>, author of the book <i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_with_the_Band:_Confessions_of_a_Groupie" title="I'm with the Band: Confessions of a Groupie">I'm With The Band</a></i>. Fans who are not <a href="/wiki/Groupie" title="Groupie">groupies</a> prefer the term <i>supporter</i>. In the 1960s, the extreme frenzy of music fans surrounding <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> became known as <a href="/wiki/Beatlemania" title="Beatlemania">Beatlemania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> observed that popular musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Tyler,_the_Creator" title="Tyler, the Creator">Tyler, the Creator</a> had leveraged the power of fans to drive digital downloads using merchandise bundles.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <i><a href="/wiki/GQ" title="GQ">GQ</a></i> recognized <a href="/wiki/Vampire_Weekend" title="Vampire Weekend">Vampire Weekend</a> for their commitment to extensive band merchandising for dedicated fans.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Musicals">Musicals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Musicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Popular <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musicals</a> have their own particular sets of fans. <i><a href="/wiki/Rent_(musical)" title="Rent (musical)">Rent</a></i> has boasted a sizable number of 'Rentheads' since its Broadway debut.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, fans devoted to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(1986_musical)" title="The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)">The Phantom of the Opera</a></i> have been dubbed 'Phans'.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, <i><a href="/wiki/Playbill" title="Playbill">Playbill</a></i> included <i>The Phantom of the Opera</i> in its list of the "Top 10 Musical Fandoms" of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Otaku">Otaku</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Otaku"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">Otaku</a></div> <p><i>Otaku</i> is a Japanese term for people with obsessive interests. In Japan, the term is normally derogatory, a connotation lacking in English, where it generally refers to people in the <a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom" title="Anime and manga fandom">anime and manga fandom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People who approve of or associate themselves with certain <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politicians</a> or political groups are generally called "supporters" rather than "fans", although there are politicians with official or unofficial "fan clubs". Intense and organized support for a politician may be referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a>, particularly in authoritarian or totalitarian regimes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_wrestling">Professional wrestling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Professional wrestling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fans of <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a> can be divided into two groups: <a href="/wiki/Mark_(professional_wrestling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark (professional wrestling)">marks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smark_(professional_wrestling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smark (professional wrestling)">smarks</a>. Derived from the same term for the prey of <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">conmen</a>, a mark is a fan who believes that everything associated with professional wrestling is real. In contrast, a "smark" is a fan who recognizes that they are witnessing a stage-managed work ("<a href="/wiki/Kayfabe" title="Kayfabe">kayfabe</a>"), but appreciates it nonetheless, including its backstage aspects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_fiction">Science fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Science fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Science fiction fandom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_Trek_cosplayers_in_Dragon_Con_Parade_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="People wearing Star Trek: the Next Generation uniforms in a parade." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Star_Trek_cosplayers_in_Dragon_Con_Parade_2010.jpg/220px-Star_Trek_cosplayers_in_Dragon_Con_Parade_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Star_Trek_cosplayers_in_Dragon_Con_Parade_2010.jpg/330px-Star_Trek_cosplayers_in_Dragon_Con_Parade_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Star_Trek_cosplayers_in_Dragon_Con_Parade_2010.jpg/440px-Star_Trek_cosplayers_in_Dragon_Con_Parade_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3683" data-file-height="2543" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> fans cosplaying at Atlanta Dragon Con 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 1920s, an increasingly elaborate sub-culture of organized <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">science fiction fandom</a> has arisen, initially among correspondents to the <a href="/wiki/Letter_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter column">letter columns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">science fiction magazines</a>. This non-centralized movement has given birth to <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fanzines" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction fanzines">science fiction fanzines</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Amateur_press_associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur press associations">amateur press associations</a>), <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction conventions">science fiction conventions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo Awards">Hugo Awards</a> (and various imitators/derivatives), <a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">filk music</a>, "fan funds" such as the <a href="/wiki/Trans_Atlantic_Fan_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans Atlantic Fan Fund">Trans Atlantic Fan Fund</a>, and a variety of other institutions, jargon and customs. It has nurtured writers and artists such as <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenny_Kaye" title="Lenny Kaye">Lenny Kaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trina_Robbins" title="Trina Robbins">Trina Robbins</a>; and has generated such spin-offs as comic book fandom, <a href="/wiki/Media_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media fandom">media fandom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Creative_Anachronism" title="Society for Creative Anachronism">Society for Creative Anachronism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">gaming</a> fandom, and <a href="/wiki/Furry_fandom" title="Furry fandom">furry fandom</a>, sometimes collectively referred to as "fringe fandoms". </p><p>Science fiction fandom developed its own slang, known as <a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">fanspeak</a> after the "Newspeak" of the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-four" class="mw-redirect" title="Nineteen Eighty-four">Nineteen Eighty-four</a></i>. Fanspeak is made up of <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronyms</a>, blended words, obscure in-jokes, <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">puns</a>, coinages from science fiction novels or films, and archaic or standard English words used in specific ways relevant or amusing to the science fiction community. Some fanspeak terms, like <a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">fanzine</a> have become standard English. Some fanspeak terms relate to fans themselves: </p> <ul><li>An <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/actifan" class="extiw" title="wikt:actifan">Actifan</a> is a fan involved in "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fanac" class="extiw" title="wikt:fanac">fanac</a>" (fan activity), such as producing a fanzine or running a convention. The opposite is a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/passifan" class="extiw" title="wikt:passifan">Passifan</a>, who enjoys the subject of the fandom and is not directly involved in the fandom.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Big_Name_Fan" title="Big Name Fan">Big Name Fan</a> (BNF) is a fan who has become well known within fandom for their contributions of various sorts, such as chairing a <a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a> or contributing to the genre itself.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fanne" class="extiw" title="wikt:fanne">Fanne</a> was used in early fandom as a feminine equivalent to "fan".</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fen#Etymology_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:fen">Fen</a> was used within fandom as the plural of the word "fan", by analogy with "men" as the plural of "man". This extended to other fanspeak terms, resulting in actifen, passifen, trufen, and so forth.</li> <li>A <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trufan" class="extiw" title="wikt:trufan">Trufan</a> is a very active and dedicated fan.</li></ul> <p>Specific sub-groups of science fiction fandom are often known by a collection term. For example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trekkie" title="Trekkie">Trekkies</a> are fans focused on the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> franchise. Arising out of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">science fiction fandom</a> they, to some extent, have served as a template for other organized fandoms in the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction television">science fiction television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">film</a> genres. Some "Trekkies" prefer to be referred to as "Trekkers" as they feel the term "Trekkies" was used in the past as a derogatory name for them and they hope to avoid the traditional stigma sometimes associated with being known as a "Trekkie". Many "old school" fans of the <i>Star Trek</i> universe defiantly, and proudly, refer to themselves, and other <i>Star Trek</i> fans, as "Trekkies" rather than the kinder, gentler "Trekkers" name used by many of the newer generations of <i>Star Trek</i> fans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (October 2022)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who_fandom" title="Doctor Who fandom">Whovians</a> are fans of the BBC series <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fenerbah%C3%A7e_SK_fans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_SK_fans.jpg/220px-Fenerbah%C3%A7e_SK_fans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_SK_fans.jpg/330px-Fenerbah%C3%A7e_SK_fans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_SK_fans.jpg/440px-Fenerbah%C3%A7e_SK_fans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K." title="Fenerbahçe S.K.">Fenerbahçe S.K.</a> club fan mother with child and pet</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sociology of sport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_fandom" title="Category:Sports fandom">Category:Sports fandom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">Sports radio</a></div> <p>A sports fan can be an enthusiast for a particular athlete, team, sport, or all of organized sports as a whole. Sports fans often attend sporting events in <a href="/wiki/Stadiums" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadiums">stadiums</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sports_bars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports bars">sports bars</a>, or watch them at home on television, and follow news through newspapers, websites, and social media.<sup id="cite_ref-understanding_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-understanding-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mentality of the sports fan is often such that they will experience a game, or event while living vicariously through players or teams whom the fan favors.<sup id="cite_ref-fandom1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fandom1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This behavior manifests itself in a number of different ways, depending on the venue. At a stadium or arena, sports fans will voice their pleasure with a particular incident, player, or team by <a href="/wiki/Cheering" title="Cheering">cheering</a>, which consists of clapping, fist-pumping, or shouting positive exclamations toward the field of play and ultimately, the favorable object. Likewise, displeasure toward a particular incident, player, or team may be met by fans with booing, shouting of expletives, and sometimes throwing of objects onto the field. This violent type of fan reaction is often called <a href="/wiki/Hooliganism" title="Hooliganism">hooliganism</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shea_Crowded.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Shea_Crowded.jpg/220px-Shea_Crowded.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Shea_Crowded.jpg/330px-Shea_Crowded.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Shea_Crowded.jpg/440px-Shea_Crowded.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Shea Stadium filled with fans prior to the start of a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">New York Mets</a> game in 2008. The stadium had the best attendance in the <a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a> that year, garnering over 53,000 fans per game on average.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lighter, more harmless objects are also occasionally thrown onto certain fields of play as a form of celebration of a favorable sports feat. This is most common when a member of the home team scores a <a href="/wiki/Hat_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat trick">hat trick</a> in hockey. Other, more mild forms of displeasure shown by sports fans at sporting events involve simple groans of disappointment, and silence. These actions often denote that the favored home team is being outperformed by, or has lost to the much less-favored road team. </p><p>In North America, extremely enthusiastic fans are often called "superfans": fans who dress up in outrageous and ostentatious costumes or outfits showing their devotion. Fanbases well known for their tenacious love and undying support are called <i><a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabid</a> fans</i> or fanatics. These fans often congregate hours before kickoff in what is known as a <a href="/wiki/Tailgation" title="Tailgation">tailgation</a> or tailgating. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">sports bars</a>, sports fans will gather together, often while consuming food and alcoholic beverages, with the purpose of following a particular sporting event on television as a group. Sports bars often advertise in hopes of drawing fans of a particular player or team to watch together to increase bonds between fans and prevent fights. This can create the sense of unity in a sports bar as all cheers and boos will appear to be synchronized due to similar feelings and reactions by nearly all fans at the fortunes and misfortunes of the favored team or athlete. Due to the level of devotion and intensity of feeling towards the favored team or athlete by sports bar patrons, as well as partially due to the alcohol being served, behavior that would be seen as unruly or fanatical outside a sports bar is generally more common inside of one. The intensity of cheering and jeering at a sports bar by sports fans can often range from equal to stronger than that of fans actually at the sporting event for particularly significant games and matches. </p><p>At home, sports fans may have few fellow fans but also more freedom. This is sometimes where the most intense cheering or jeering will take place. In the fan's own home, unbridled and lengthy screaming, crying, acts of destruction to household objects, and other manifestations of joy or anguish, are perhaps seen as most acceptable in comparison to the sports bar or sporting venue simply because such acts taken to such an extreme can be seen as disruptive to a large number of fellow fans even if they share the same sentiment if it is of less intensity. The greatest variables of the reaction of a sports fan in their own home are the intensity of the fan's desire to see their team win or perform well, and the presence of another: often a wife, children, or friends who may be significantly less ardent sports fans or not sports fans at all, which may significantly temper the fan's reaction to a highly positive or negative moment due to the fear of causing a scene or scaring those close to the fan, or alienating themselves from said others. Often sports fans will invite other fans of relatively similar rooting intensity over to their house to experience a sporting event together so that all involved can voice pleasure or displeasure to their heart's content and increase <a href="/wiki/Male_bonding" title="Male bonding">shared bonds</a> in the process. It is becoming common for this type of bonding to take place over sports-related <a href="/wiki/Social_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networks">social networks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fan_psychology_and_motives">Fan psychology and motives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fan psychology and motives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_2">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fan_de_hockey_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fan_de_hockey_01.jpg/220px-Fan_de_hockey_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fan_de_hockey_01.jpg/330px-Fan_de_hockey_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fan_de_hockey_01.jpg/440px-Fan_de_hockey_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Representation of a hockey fan</figcaption></figure> <p>The drivers that make people fans, and in particular sports fans, have been studied by psychologists, such as Dan Wann at <a href="/wiki/Murray_State_University" title="Murray State University">Murray State University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wann_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wann-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and communication scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_Earnheardt" title="Adam Earnheardt">Adam Earnheardt</a> at <a href="/wiki/Youngstown_State_University" title="Youngstown State University">Youngstown State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-earnheardt1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earnheardt1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-earnheardt2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earnheardt2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They attribute people becoming fans to the following factors:<sup id="cite_ref-Conrad_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conrad-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One element is entertainment, because sports spectatorship is a form of leisure. Sports is also a form of escapism, and being a fan gives one an excuse to yell at something, an activity that may be constrained in other areas of one's life. Fan activities give participants a combination of euphoria and stress (about the potential for their team to lose) for which they coin the name "<a href="/wiki/Eustress" title="Eustress">eustress</a>". Fans experience euphoria during moments when play is going well for their team, and stress when play is going against their team. This tension between the two emotions generates an unusual sense of pleasure or heightened sensations.<sup id="cite_ref-motives_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motives-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aesthetics are another draw for some fans, who appreciate the precision or skill of play, or of the coordinated movement of the players during a pre-planned "play".<sup id="cite_ref-motives_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motives-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Family bonding is a reason for some fan activities. Some families watch televised sports on a regular basis and go to sports games as a family outing to watch events and form a <a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">psychological bond</a> with one another and as a family. Others with no biological relations may view the team and fanbase as their family as <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_F.C." title="Arsenal F.C.">Arsenal</a> fan <a href="/wiki/Maria_Petri" title="Maria Petri">Maria Petri</a> stated.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Going to sports events can create a borrowed sense of self-esteem if fans identify with their teams to the extent that they consider themselves to be successful when their teams have been successful (e.g., as seen in the phrase "we have won").<sup id="cite_ref-motives_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motives-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a fan identifies strongly with a favorite team, they will respond to the performance of the team as if team success were a personal success and team failure a personal failure.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loyalty">Loyalty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Loyalty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fan_loyalty" title="Fan loyalty">Fan loyalty</a></div> <p><b>Fan loyalty</b> is the loyalty felt and expressed by a fan towards the object of their fanaticism. Allegiances can be strong or weak. The loyalties of sports fans have been studied by psychologists and have often been reviewed. </p><p>Fangirls and fanboys in fandoms sometimes, with various meanings, consider their fandom to be their "family", and feel very loyal to it, usually. </p><p>According to a study by <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologists</a> from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a>, the more that people publicly express admiration for a <a href="/wiki/Public_figure" title="Public figure">public figure</a>, the more likely it is that the fans' faith in the public figure will remain unaffected following "moral violations" by the adored person.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Stan"_fans"><span id=".22Stan.22_fans"></span>"Stan" fans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: "Stan" fans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stan_Twitter" title="Stan Twitter">Stan Twitter</a></div> <p>A <b>stan</b> is an excessively avid fan and supporter of a <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrity</a>, TV show, group, musical artist, film or film series. The object of the stan's affection is often called "bias" (or "fave", although that is an outdated term). The term comes from the 2000 song "<a href="/wiki/Stan_(song)" title="Stan (song)">Stan</a>" by American rapper <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a>, which tells the story of an obsessive and delusional fan.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has frequently been used to describe artist devotees whose <a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">fanaticism</a> matches the severity of the obsessive character in the song. The word is sometimes described as a portmanteau of "stalker" and "fan", but this has never been confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A website known as "Stan Wars" or "stanipedia" sprouted up to host discussions and <a href="/wiki/Flame_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Flame war">flame wars</a> between rival fanbases.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Korean equivalent for a stan is a <a href="/wiki/Sasaeng_fan" title="Sasaeng fan">sasaeng</a>. Stan culture has been criticized for being toxic and <a href="/wiki/Parasocial_interaction" title="Parasocial interaction">parasocial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Usage">Usage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fandom_names" title="List of fandom names">List of fandom names</a></div> <p>Colloquially, the term can be used as both a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stans of a particular artist are often given more detailed names, such as "Arianators" for fans of <a href="/wiki/Ariana_Grande" title="Ariana Grande">Ariana Grande</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Directioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Directioner">Directioner</a>" for fans of <a href="/wiki/One_Direction" title="One Direction">One Direction</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Swifties" title="Swifties">Swifties</a>" for fans of <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a>. Some artists, however, do not have specific titles attributed to their stans; fans of <a href="/wiki/Kylie_Minogue" title="Kylie Minogue">Kylie Minogue</a> have been called Kylie Stans.<sup id="cite_ref-popdust_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popdust-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even for fandoms with specific titles, the "artist stan" formula still applies.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of these monikers are almost universally known and used by fans of the artists as well as outsiders. Other nicknames are not commonly used, neither by outsiders nor by the concerning fan-base, such as <a href="/wiki/Kylie_Minogue" title="Kylie Minogue">Kylie Minogue</a>'s "Kylie Stans", <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>'s "Madonna Fans", <a href="/wiki/Maroon_5" title="Maroon 5">Maroon 5</a>'s "Maroon 5 Stans" or <a href="/wiki/Nick_Jonas" title="Nick Jonas">Nick Jonas</a>'s so called "Nick Jonas Fans", usually appearing on <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> networks such as Twitter and <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "stan" is also used to describe fans of K-pop.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The term is not to be confused with Sasaeng fans, which are overly obsessed fans who stalk and sometimes bring harm to idols.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The term was added to the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Celebrity_reaction">Celebrity reaction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Celebrity reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Celebrities have positively reacted to their "stan" followings. Notably, English singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Jessie_J" title="Jessie J">Jessie J</a> had this to say about her stans, "They support me and buy my albums and singles, and they stand outside hotels, and they come to shows, and they get tattoos of my lyrics and they cut their hair like me. You have to love your fans. That's why I call them my Heartbeats, because without them I wouldn't be here".<sup id="cite_ref-jessiej_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jessiej-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, after Jessie J broke her leg, a stan broke her own leg to emulate the injury. The fan tracked down Jessie J's personal address and sent her a photograph of the self-inflicted injury. The singer was horrified and decided to increase her security.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Lorde" title="Lorde">Lorde</a> has a different opinion on the matter of giving her followers a nickname. She discouraged it by saying "I find it grating to lump everyone into a really awkward, pun-centric name" and affirmed she will never name her fanbase.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_stereotypes">Gender stereotypes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gender stereotypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Fan_(person)#Fanboys/-girls_&_fluidity_of_gender_terminology" title="Talk:Fan (person)">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Societal_gender_roles">Societal gender roles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Societal gender roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discrimination_against_females">Discrimination against females</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Discrimination against females"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women tend to be "more restricted in their leisure choices and opportunities than men,"<sup id="cite_ref-sports_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sports-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their experiences within fandoms are typically demeaned to a more sexualized, emotional, or bodily experience, as opposed to intellectual interests.<sup id="cite_ref-groupies_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groupies-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-music_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-music-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hockey_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hockey-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in music, women are more predominant, and accepted, within pop music fandoms, which Diane Railton describes as evoking an emotional and physical response, in contrast with the 'masculine' rock music, which is defined as 'serious' music with a 'meaning', focusing on political, cultural, and psychological discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-music_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-music-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this, women are rarely given space or voice within the intellectual realm of music.<sup id="cite_ref-music_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-music-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>, "men come to hear the music and chicks come for the sex thrills,"<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implying that women's involvement in fan communities is purely sexual, and that they are incapable of displaying intellectual or artistic interest in the music itself.<sup id="cite_ref-music_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-music-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who do manage to become involved within the world of 'serious' music are often relegated to the realm of a 'groupie'.<sup id="cite_ref-groupies_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groupies-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A groupie, according to Cheryl Cline, is </p> <blockquote><p>[A] person (a woman, usually), who 'chases after' rock stars, as my mother would say. But 'groupie' is also used more or less synonymously with 'girl Rock fan', 'female journalist', and 'woman Rock musician'; it's used to mean anyone working in the music field who isn't actually a Rock musician; it's used as an all-purpose insult and a slut on one's professionalism; it's used as a cute term for 'hero worship'; and it's used interchangeably with 'fan'.<sup id="cite_ref-groupies_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groupies-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In other words, the term 'groupie' (used synonymously with the term 'fan' or 'fangirl') is frequently used to shame women involved within the music community, restricting their involvement to sexual relations with band members or worshipping male rock stars.<sup id="cite_ref-groupies_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groupies-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This trend can also be observed within other fan communities, such as comic book fandoms, where women are frequently portrayed as "Fake Geek Girls", only interested in comic books to impress guys or to view the attractive men present within their content,<sup id="cite_ref-geek_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geek-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or sports communities, where women are often made uncomfortable at live sporting events due to the overt sexism and aggressive masculinity displayed by male spectators, and then labelled as 'inauthentic' for viewing the games via television instead.<sup id="cite_ref-sports_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sports-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within hockey, female fans are often called "Puck Bunnies", defined as, </p> <blockquote><p>[S]omeone who hangs around the players, always on the lookout for the chance to get that autograph / photograph / quick pint [drink] / quick knee trem-bler round the back of the Arena from the player or players (or even coach) of their choice, heck let's face it even the water carrier is in with a chance here.<sup id="cite_ref-hockey_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hockey-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Such discrimination against female fans can become violent at times in an effort to police "authenticity".<sup id="cite_ref-fridge_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fridge-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recent events known as <a href="/wiki/GamerGate" class="mw-redirect" title="GamerGate">GamerGate</a> provide a good example of such attacks, whereby multiple women working within the gaming industry were victims of sexual harassment and violent threats, some even forced to leave their homes for fear of a physical confrontation.<sup id="cite_ref-anita_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anita-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fangirls', often stereotyped as female, so-called 'hysteria' is described as the product of sexual repression.<sup id="cite_ref-beatles_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beatles-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while it is expected for women to be involved in certain fandoms for physical or sexual reasons, this is also viewed as undesirable and driven by hormonal changes. </p><p>These acts of adoration are societally limited to adolescent youth, or menopausal women, in both instances blaming "these two periods of hormonal lunacy" on the irrational, overtly sexual behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-groupies_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groupies-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Cheryl Cline, in her text entitled "Essays from Bitch: The Women's Rock Newsletter with Bite", discusses how women need to keep their interests hidden once they pass adolescence.<sup id="cite_ref-groupies_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groupies-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her own words, "[i]t's a sign of maturity to pack up all the posters, photos, magazines, scrapbooks, and unauthorized biographies you so lovingly collected and shove them in the back of the closet.<sup id="cite_ref-groupies_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groupies-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These conflicting accounts of fangirl behaviour are due to the belief that women are not supposed to express such sexual fantasies unless influenced by some hormonal induced craziness, while for men it is normal to be sexual regardless of age.<sup id="cite_ref-groupies_42-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groupies-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Cheryl Cline summarizes, </p> <blockquote><p>It's much easier for a man to be indulgent about the crushes of teenage girls than it is for him to be fair-minded about the sexual fantasies of the woman he loves when they're about someone else. And the same guy who'll leave <i>Penthouse</i> in the bathroom will yell, 'No woman of mine is gonna hang a poster of Prince naked to the waist on the inside of the closet of the spare room where no one will see it!' […] [U]ntil you reach the age when everybody thinks you're crazy anyway, so why not admit to an intense hankering to run your fingers through Willie Nelson's whiskers?<sup id="cite_ref-groupies_42-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groupies-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discrimination_against_males">Discrimination against males</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Discrimination against males"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Katz" title="Jackson Katz">Jackson Katz</a> in the documentary <i>Tough Guise 2</i>, boys are taught early on that to be "real men" they need to be tough and not to show their feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-TG2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>[Men] can't show any emotion except anger. We can't think too much or seem too intellectual. We can't back down when someone disrespects us. We have to show we're tough enough to inflict physical pain and take it in turn. We're supposed to be sexually aggressive with women. And then we're taught that if we step out of this box, we risk being seen as soft, weak, feminine, or gay.<sup id="cite_ref-TG2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He later elaborates, stating that, </p> <blockquote><p>Qualities like compassion, caring, empathy, intellectual curiosity, fear, vulnerability, even love – basic human qualities that boys have inside them every bit as much as girls do – get methodically driven out of them by a sexist and homophobic culture that labels these things as 'unmanly,' 'feminine,' 'womanly,' and 'gay,' and teaches boys to avoid them at all costs. And, most importantly, they're taught that real men turn to violence not as a last resort, but as the go-to method of resolving disputes – and also as a primary means of winning respect and establishing masculine credibility.<sup id="cite_ref-TG2_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the predecessor to this documentary, <i>Tough Guise</i>, Katz also addresses the issue of body image, using multiple movies, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Terminator" title="The Terminator">Terminator</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rambo_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambo (film series)">Rambo</a></i>, as well as action figures like <a href="/wiki/G.I._Joe" title="G.I. Joe">G.I. Joe</a>, to illustrate how 'real men' are defined as big, strong, and muscular.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_man_with_a_Madonna_tattoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_man_with_a_Madonna_tattoo.jpg/220px-A_man_with_a_Madonna_tattoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_man_with_a_Madonna_tattoo.jpg/330px-A_man_with_a_Madonna_tattoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_man_with_a_Madonna_tattoo.jpg/440px-A_man_with_a_Madonna_tattoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="3016" /></a><figcaption>A man with a tattoo of <a href="/wiki/Madonna_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna singer">Madonna</a> on his back pushing a bicycle with a "Madonna" sticker. On his shoulder is a tattoo of the words "<a href="/wiki/Possibly_Maybe" title="Possibly Maybe">possibly maybe</a>", which is the title of a song by <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fanboy portrayals, by definition, do not fit into this mold of a 'real man', with the exception of sports fans. In a study by Gerard Jones on comic book fans, he described the comic book fanboys as "small, anxious, withdrawn, and terrified of the opposite sex."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quite the opposite of the 'real man' previously described by Katz. Their interests may also be considered as a deviation from societal gender roles, according to Noah Berlastsky, such as playing <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i> instead of football.<sup id="cite_ref-bully_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bully-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lack of traditional masculine traits warrants them much teasing from peers, parental figures, coaches, or older male role models for not conforming to these ideas of masculinity.<sup id="cite_ref-TG2_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bully_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bully-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A popular example of such treatment in mainstream media is shown on the sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory" title="The Big Bang Theory">The Big Bang Theory</a></i>, where, multiple times throughout the show's run, the four main characters, portrayed as 'nerdy fanboys', are humiliated by larger 'real men'. For instance, in the show pilot, the two main characters, Leonard and Sheldon, get their pants taken by the main female character's ex-boyfriend, who is portrayed as big, strong, tough, confident, and successful with women.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, fanboys also deal with issues of gender discrimination in relation to their fandom interests. For example, <a href="/wiki/Bronies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronies">Bronies</a>, a group of young men enthralled by the TV show <i><a href="/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic" title="My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic">My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic</a></i>, a show typically geared towards young girls, are often the target of ridicule. Their interest in a 'feminine' media item can be the cause of great shame, causing many to become 'private' bronies, enjoying the show in secret out of fear.<sup id="cite_ref-bronies_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bronies-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fangirl">Fangirl</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Fangirl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fangirl" and "Fangirls" redirect here. For the novel by Rainbow Rowell, see <a href="/wiki/Fangirl_(novel)" title="Fangirl (novel)">Fangirl (novel)</a>. For the musical by Yve Blake, see <a href="/wiki/Fangirls_(musical)" title="Fangirls (musical)">Fangirls (musical)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: unbiased point of view. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Fangirls are often portrayed as teenagers obsessed with something to a frightening degree. The term is often used in a demeaning, derogatory fashion and is said to describe the fans that give "normal" fans a bad name. In fact, the term "fangirling" is used to describe anyone who obsessively follows a certain <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">fandom</a> to the point where it interferes with their daily lives. Such a trend of 'authentic' versus 'inauthentic' fan is common within fan communities, and is particularly pertinent to gender discrimination and misogynistic ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-fridge_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fridge-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on the other hand of the spectrum, some fangirls have embraced the title, considering it a compliment rather than a derogatory term. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immaturity_in_fangirls">Immaturity in fangirls</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Immaturity in fangirls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: unbiased point of view. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In terms of their involvement within fandoms, fangirls are typically portrayed as losing all control, fainting, sobbing, and dashing about in mobs.<sup id="cite_ref-beatles_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beatles-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, while describing the phenomenon of Beatlemania, fan activity is described by stating that: </p> <blockquote><p>The appropriate reaction to contact with [the Beatles] – such as occupying the same auditorium or city block – was to sob uncontrollably while screaming, 'I'm gonna die, I'm gonna die,' or, more optimistically, the name of a favorite Beatle, until the onset of either unconsciousness or laryngitis. Girls peed in their pants, fainted, or simply collapsed from the emotional strain.<sup id="cite_ref-beatles_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beatles-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Furthermore, while discussing Beatlemania and the crazed Beatles fangirl behaviour, Barbara Ehrenreich, Elizabeth Heiss, and Gloria Jacobs mention how the 'only cure' for what was at the time considered an affliction was age, and that similarly to "the girls who had screamed for Frank Sinatra," the Beatles fangirls would "[grow] up to be responsible, settled "<sup id="cite_ref-beatles_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beatles-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> individuals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fanboy">Fanboy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fanboy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fanboy" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fanboy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fanboy (disambiguation)">Fanboy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: unbiased point of view. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Berlin_Fan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Union_Berlin_Fan.JPG/170px-Union_Berlin_Fan.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Union_Berlin_Fan.JPG/255px-Union_Berlin_Fan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Union_Berlin_Fan.JPG/340px-Union_Berlin_Fan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Young <a href="/wiki/1._FC_Union_Berlin" title="1. FC Union Berlin">1. FC Union Berlin</a> supporter</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_en_Parque_Roca_(6796076495).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rock_en_Parque_Roca_%286796076495%29.jpg/170px-Rock_en_Parque_Roca_%286796076495%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rock_en_Parque_Roca_%286796076495%29.jpg/255px-Rock_en_Parque_Roca_%286796076495%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rock_en_Parque_Roca_%286796076495%29.jpg/340px-Rock_en_Parque_Roca_%286796076495%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Fans at a recital in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fanboys are frequently portrayed as "angry nerds", over-aggressive, derogatory, and protective of the object of their obsession,<sup id="cite_ref-verge_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as bespectacled, geekoid, obsessive fans. The term <b><a href="/wiki/Nerd" title="Nerd">nerd</a></b>, defined as "[an] insignificant, foolish, or socially inept person; a person who is boringly conventional or studious; a person who pursues an unfashionable or highly technical interest with obsessive or exclusive dedication,"<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the term <b><a href="/wiki/Geek" title="Geek">geek</a></b>, defined as "[a] person […] who is regarded as foolish, offensive, worthless; an overly diligent, unsociable student; any unsociable person obsessively devoted to a particular pursuit,"<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are often used to describe stereotypical fanboys. In regards to chosen fandoms, they are typically associated with comic books, video games, science fiction movies or television series, or technology (such as computer or smartphone brands).<sup id="cite_ref-verge_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An exception to this portrayal is the sports fan, who is expected to be overtly sexual, and aggressive.<sup id="cite_ref-sports_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sports-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This portrayal is particularly dominant within the sports arena, which provides a legitimate site for people to act in hypermasculinized ways.<sup id="cite_ref-sports_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sports-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Williams,</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Unclear who Williams is (January 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "Many [men] want to be overtly sexist and racist. They need to have this exaggerated sense of their sexuality to defend themselves from potential accusations that they are not real men."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immaturity_in_fanboys">Immaturity in fanboys</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Immaturity in fanboys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crowd_abuse" title="Crowd abuse">Crowd abuse</a></div> <p>Fanboys are often portrayed as quite angry, violent, and offensive while defending the objects of their affection, such as the smartphone fanboys who frequently verbally attack anybody saying anything the slightest bit offensive about their chosen technological product through online anonymous sites.<sup id="cite_ref-verge_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_activism" title="Fan activism">Fan activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">Fan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_club" title="Fan club">Fan club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansite" title="Fansite">Fansite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_studies" title="Fan studies">Fan studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooliganism" title="Hooliganism">Hooliganism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDas" class="citation web cs1">Das, Anaisha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewildcattribune.com/13938/opinion/gatekeeping-ruins-fandoms/">"Gatekeeping ruins fandoms"</a>. <i>The Wildcat Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wildcat+Tribune&rft.atitle=Gatekeeping+ruins+fandoms&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Anaisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewildcattribune.com%2F13938%2Fopinion%2Fgatekeeping-ruins-fandoms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFan+%28person%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/68026">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'fancy, v.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>OED Online</i>. Oxford University Press. July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OED+Online&rft.atitle=%27fancy%2C+v.%27&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F68026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFan+%28person%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCblog-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCblog_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-34298659">"The Vocabularist: Are fans fanatical or fanciful?"</a>. BBC News. September 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vocabularist%3A+Are+fans+fanatical+or+fanciful%3F&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2015-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fblogs-magazine-monitor-34298659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFan+%28person%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Harper" class="citation web cs1">Douglas Harper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=fan&allowed_in_frame=0">"Fan (n.2)"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Fan+%28n.2%29&rft.au=Douglas+Harper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dfan%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFan+%28person%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuehsdorf1978" class="citation book cs1">Suehsdorf (1978). <i>The Great American Baseball Scrapbook</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-50253-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-50253-1"><bdi>0-394-50253-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+American+Baseball+Scrapbook&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-394-50253-1&rft.au=Suehsdorf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFan+%28person%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2021" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Rebecca S. (February 3, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mUcdEAAAQBAJ&dq=Supporter+is+a+synonym+to+%22fan%22&pg=PA180"><i>Crime and Madness in Modern Austria: Myth, Metaphor and Cultural Realities</i></a>. 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Oxford University Press, September 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, A. <i>One of the Lads: Women who Follow Football.</i> London: Harper Collins, 1997. Print.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_L._WannMerrill_J._MelnickGordon_W._RussellDale_G._Pease2001" class="citation book cs1">Daniel L. Wann; Merrill J. Melnick; Gordon W. Russell; Dale G. Pease (2001). <i>SportFans: The Psychology and Social Impact of Spectators</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92463-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92463-4"><bdi>0-415-92463-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SportFans%3A+The+Psychology+and+Social+Impact+of+Spectators&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-92463-4&rft.au=Daniel+L.+Wann&rft.au=Merrill+J.+Melnick&rft.au=Gordon+W.+Russell&rft.au=Dale+G.+Pease&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFan+%28person%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tucker, Bob. <i>The Neo-Fan's Guide To Science Fiction Fandom</i>. 8th Edition, 1996. KaCSFFS Press. No ISBN listed.</li> <li>Fuschillo, Gregorio (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1469540518773822">Fans, fandoms, or fanaticism</a>?. Journal of Consumer Culture, 20(3), 347–365.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_(person)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stan" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:stan">stan</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-w.com/dictionary/fan">Merriam-Webster: fan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041214082729/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/fan_2?view=uk">Oxford Dictionary: fan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peterlorrecompanion.com/notes-on-fandom.html">Notes on fandom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015205321/http://www.peterlorrecompanion.com/notes-on-fandom.html">Archived</a> October 15, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fandoms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fandom" title="Template talk:Fandom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fandom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fandom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fandoms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">Fandoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fantasy fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furry_fandom" title="Furry fandom">Furry fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Science fiction fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom">Yaoi fandom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom" title="Anime and manga fandom">Anime and manga fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliophilia" title="Bibliophilia">Bibliophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinephilia" title="Cinephilia">Cinephilia</a></li> <li>Disney fandom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney_adult" title="Disney adult">Disney adults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneyland_social_club" title="Disneyland social club">Disneyland social club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donaldism" title="Donaldism">Donaldism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamer" title="Gamer">Gamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports fan">Sports fan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lego_fandom" title="Lego fandom">AFOL</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire_fandom" title="A Song of Ice and Fire fandom">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatlemania" title="Beatlemania">Beatlemania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadhead" title="Deadhead">Deadhead</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who_fandom" title="Doctor Who fandom">Doctor Who</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EarthBound_fandom" title="EarthBound fandom">EarthBound</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/James_Bond_fandom" title="James Bond fandom">James Bond</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janeite" title="Janeite">Janeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggalo" title="Juggalo">Juggalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_fandom" title="Michael Jackson fandom">Moonwalker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic_fandom" title="My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom">MLP: FIM</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MST3K" class="mw-redirect" title="MST3K">MST3K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrothead" class="mw-redirect" title="Parrothead">Parrothead</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_fandom" title="Sherlock Holmes fandom">Sherlock Holmes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Star_Wars" title="Cultural impact of Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stargate_fandom" title="Stargate fandom">Stargate</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrek_fandom" title="Shrek fandom">Shrek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swifties" title="Swifties">Swiftie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trekkie" title="Trekkie">Trekkie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_fandom" title="Twilight fandom">Twilight</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorak_(slang)" title="Anorak (slang)">Anorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fan" title="Anti-fan">Anti-fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_worship_syndrome" title="Celebrity worship syndrome">Celebrity worship syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_following" title="Cult following">Cult following</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fursona" title="Fursona">Furry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemon%C4%81" title="Kemonā">Kemonā</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geek" title="Geek">Geek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupie" title="Groupie">Groupie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerd" title="Nerd">Nerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">Otaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasaeng_fan" title="Sasaeng fan">Sasaeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_(fan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stan (fan)">Stan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifosi" title="Tifosi">Tifosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultras" title="Ultras">Ultras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waifu" class="mw-redirect" title="Waifu">Waifu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_press_association" title="Amateur press association">Amateur press association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_club" title="Car club">Car club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boy_racer" title="Boy racer">Boy racer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruising_(driving)" title="Cruising (driving)">Cruising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import_scene" title="Import scene">Import scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rodding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kustom_Kulture" title="Kustom Kulture">Kustom Kulture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider_Club" title="Lowrider Club">Lowrider Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar_Season" title="Supercar Season">Supercar Season</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_club" title="Fan club">Fan club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_convention" title="Fan convention">Fan convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fandom_names" title="List of fandom names">Fandom names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Game club">Game club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action_role-playing_game" title="Live action role-playing game">Live action role-playing game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_club" title="Motorcycle club">Motorcycle club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harley_Owners_Group" title="Harley Owners Group">Harley Owners Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railfan" title="Railfan">Railfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Twitter" title="Stan Twitter">Stan Twitter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications<br />and activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autograph_collecting" title="Autograph collecting">Autograph collecting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujin" title="Doujin">Doujin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_music" title="Doujin music"><i>Doujin</i> music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">Fan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_edit" title="Fan edit">Fan edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">Fan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">Fan labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_mail" title="Fan mail">Fan mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_rice" title="Fan rice">Fan rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">Fan translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanac" title="Fanac">Fanac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft"><i>Doujin</i> soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Mod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansite" title="Fansite">Fansite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_wiki" title="Fan wiki">Fan wiki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fan_wikis" title="List of fan wikis">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">Fanzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_person_fiction" title="Real person fiction">Real person fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidding" title="Vidding">Vidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">Zine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fan_convention" title="Fan convention">Conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime convention">Anime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anime conventions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_convention" title="Comic book convention">Comic book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_book_conventions" title="List of comic book conventions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_convention" title="Doujinshi convention"><i>Doujinshi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furry_convention" title="Furry convention">Furry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_convention" title="Gaming convention">Gaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gaming_conventions" title="List of gaming conventions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multigenre_conventions" title="List of multigenre conventions">Multigenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_conventions" title="List of professional wrestling conventions">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_conventions" title="List of science fiction conventions">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fan_conventions_by_date_of_founding" title="List of fan conventions by date of founding">by date of establishment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autograph" title="Autograph">Autograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_loyalty" title="Fan loyalty">Fan loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_service" title="Fan service">Fan service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odagiri_effect" title="Odagiri effect">Odagiri effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_character" title="Original character">Original character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_(fandom)" title="Shipping (fandom)">Shipping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_discourse" title="Shipping discourse">Shipping discourse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sport" title="Template:Sport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sport" title="Template talk:Sport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_sport" title="Individual sport">Individual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sports" title="Military sports">Military sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-professional_sports" title="Semi-professional sports">Semi-professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">Amateur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_science" title="Sports science">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">Exercise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_biomechanics" title="Sports biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_(learning_method)" title="Practice (learning method)">Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_periodization" title="Sports periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_physiology" title="Exercise physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">Strength training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">Athletic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_chiropractic" title="Sports chiropractic">Chriopractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_injury" title="Sports injury">Injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_physician" title="Team physician">Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_nutrition" title="Sports nutrition">Nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_drink" title="Sports drink">Sports drink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_pedagogy" title="Sport pedagogy">Pedagogy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">Physical activity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_rating_system" title="Sports rating system">Rating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_club" title="Sports club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">Governing bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_league" title="Sports league">Leagues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Season_(sports)" title="Season (sports)">Season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playoffs" title="Playoffs">Postseason</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_school" title="Sports school">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_team" title="Sports team">Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_management" title="Sport management">Business</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_agent" title="Sports agent">Agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_economics" title="Sports economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_industry" title="Sport industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_marketing" title="Sports marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_(sports)" title="Trade (sports)">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_manager" title="General manager">General managers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Journalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_magazine" title="Sports magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_podcast" title="Sports podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promoters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_betting" title="Sports betting">Betting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheerleaders" title="List of cheerleaders">Cheerleaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sport" title="History of sport">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_memorabilia" title="Sports memorabilia">Memorabilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_(sports)" title="Name (sports)">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sportspeople_with_nicknames" title="List of sportspeople with nicknames">Nicknames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_(sports)" title="Number (sports)">Numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympism" title="Olympism">Olympic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_sport" title="Philosophy of sport">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_rivalries" title="List of sports rivalries">Rivalries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_in_sports" title="Violence in sports">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_equipment" title="Sports equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_turf" title="Artificial turf">Artificial turf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball" title="Ball">Balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving_equipment" title="Caving equipment">Caving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_equipment" title="Exercise equipment">Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisbee" title="Frisbee">Flying disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportswear" title="Sportswear">Sportswear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_sports" title="Politics and sports">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">National sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_sport" title="Regulation of sport">Regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Africa" title="Sport in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Asia" title="Sports in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">South Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_North_America" title="Sports in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Oceania" title="Sport in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_America" title="Sport in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Western world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/16px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/24px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/32px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sports" title="Category:Sports">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sports" title="Outline of sports">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193432#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4131020-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85047108">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fans"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133198778">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fans"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133198778">BnF 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