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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-记录类型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#记录类型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>记录类型</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-记录类型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-传输协议" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#传输协议"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>传输协议</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-传输协议-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关传输协议子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-传输协议-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DNS_over_UDP/TCP/53_（Do53）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNS_over_UDP/TCP/53_（Do53）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>DNS over UDP/TCP/53 （Do53）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNS_over_UDP/TCP/53_（Do53）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNS_over_TLS_（DoT）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNS_over_TLS_（DoT）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>DNS over TLS （DoT）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNS_over_TLS_（DoT）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNS_over_QUIC_（DoQ）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNS_over_QUIC_（DoQ）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>DNS over QUIC （DoQ）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNS_over_QUIC_（DoQ）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNS_over_HTTPS_（DoH）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNS_over_HTTPS_（DoH）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>DNS over HTTPS （DoH）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNS_over_HTTPS_（DoH）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oblivious_DNS_和_Oblivious_DoH" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oblivious_DNS_和_Oblivious_DoH"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Oblivious DNS 和 Oblivious DoH</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oblivious_DNS_和_Oblivious_DoH-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNS_over_Tor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNS_over_Tor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>DNS over Tor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNS_over_Tor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNSCrypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNSCrypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>DNSCrypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNSCrypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-技术实现" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#技术实现"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>技术实现</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-技术实现-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关技术实现子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-技术实现-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-概述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>概述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-软件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#软件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>软件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-软件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-国际化域名" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国际化域名"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>国际化域名</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-国际化域名-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-域名解析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#域名解析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>域名解析</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-域名解析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WHOIS（域名数据库查询）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WHOIS（域名数据库查询）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>WHOIS（域名数据库查询）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WHOIS（域名数据库查询）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>其他</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相关条目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相关条目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>相关条目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相关条目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">域名系统</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。80种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domeinnaamstelsel" title="Domeinnaamstelsel – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Domeinnaamstelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نظام أسماء النطاقات – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام أسماء النطاقات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سيسطيم تاع سميات الضومينات – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سيسطيم تاع سميات الضومينات" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_nomes_de_dominiu" title="Sistema de nomes de dominiu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sistema de nomes de dominiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE" title="ডোমেইন নেম সিস্টেম – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডোমেইন নেম সিস্টেম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سیستمی ناوی پاوان – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیستمی ناوی پاوان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9F%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Σύστημα Ονοματοδοσίας Διαδικτύου – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύστημα Ονοματοδοσίας Διαδικτύου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%ACni_(inform%C3%A0tica)" title="Domìni (informàtica) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Domìni (informàtica)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domajna_nomsistemo" title="Domajna nomsistemo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Domajna nomsistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_nombres_de_dominio" title="Sistema de nombres de dominio – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema de nombres de dominio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domeeninimede_s%C3%BCsteem" title="Domeeninimede süsteem – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Domeeninimede süsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87" title="سامانه نام دامنه – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه نام دامنه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80" title="ડોમેન નામ પ્રણાલી – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ડોમેન નામ પ્રણાલી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="डोमेन नाम प्रणाली – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डोमेन नाम प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustav_domenskih_imena" title="Sustav domenskih imena – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sustav domenskih imena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_Penamaan_Domain" title="Sistem Penamaan Domain – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem Penamaan Domain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemo_di_domeno-nomi" title="Sistemo di domeno-nomi – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sistemo di domeno-nomi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafna%C3%BEj%C3%B3nn" title="Nafnaþjónn – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nafnaþjónn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Домендік атау жүйесі – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Домендік атау жүйесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B8_%EB%84%A4%EC%9E%84_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C" title="도메인 네임 시스템 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도메인 네임 시스템" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Домен аталыштар системасы – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Домен аталыштар системасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mui%C5%BEvuordu_sistema" title="Muižvuordu sistema – 拉特加萊文" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Muižvuordu sistema" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="拉特加萊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_(protokols)" title="DNS (protokols) – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="DNS (protokols)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Доменски именски систем – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Доменски именски систем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82" title="ഡൊമെയിൻ നെയിം സിസ്റ്റം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡൊമെയിൻ നെയിം സിസ്റ്റം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Домэйн нэрийн систем – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Домэйн нэрийн систем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_Nama_Domain" title="Sistem Nama Domain – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem Nama Domain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_de_noms_de_domeni" title="Sistèma de noms de domeni – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sistèma de noms de domeni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_Nomes_de_Dom%C3%ADnio" title="Sistema de Nomes de Domínio – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema de Nomes de Domínio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A9m_n%C3%A1zvov_dom%C3%A9n" title="Systém názvov domén – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Systém názvov domén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemi_i_Emrave_t%C3%AB_Domen%C3%ABve" title="Sistemi i Emrave të Domenëve – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sistemi i Emrave të Domenëve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Систем имена домена – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Систем имена домена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A4nnamnssystemet" title="Domännamnssystemet – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Domännamnssystemet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="களப் பெயர் முறைமை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="களப் பெயர் முறைமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="డొమైన్ నేమ్ సిస్టమ్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డొమైన్ నేమ్ సిస్టమ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA" title="ดีเอ็นเอส – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดีเอ็นเอส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Система доменних імен – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Система доменних імен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%88%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="نظام ڈومین نیم – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نظام ڈومین نیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_nome_de_dominio" title="Sistema de nome de dominio – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sistema de nome de dominio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_ph%C3%A2n_gi%E1%BA%A3i_t%C3%AAn_mi%E1%BB%81n" title="Hệ thống phân giải tên miền – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống phân giải tên miền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="域名系统 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="域名系统" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Domain Name System" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8767#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" 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id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-f3e2a619" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-f3e2a619" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="IT"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>「<b>DNS</b>」重定向至此。关于其他用法，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/DNS_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89)" class="mw-disambig" title="DNS (消歧义)">DNS (消歧义)</a></b>」。</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_128_yast_dns.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Crystal_128_yast_dns.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" 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.sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/TCP/IP%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E6%97%8F" title="TCP/IP协议族">網際網路协议套組</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E5%B1%82" title="应用层">應用層</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E7%BD%91%E5%85%B3%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="边界网关协议">BGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E4%B8%BB%E6%9C%BA%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="动态主机设置协议">DHCP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="文件传输协议">FTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="超文本传输协议">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="超文本传输安全协议">HTTPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%91%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="因特网信息访问协议">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BB%E5%9E%8B%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="轻型目录访问协议">LDAP</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="媒體閘道控制協定" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Media Gateway Control Protocol"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E9%96%98%E9%81%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="媒體閘道控制協定（页面不存在）">MGCP</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Gateway_Control_Protocol" class="extiw" title="en:Media Gateway Control Protocol"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Media Gateway Control Protocol</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MQTT" title="MQTT">MQTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%82%B3%E8%BC%B8%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="網路新聞傳輸協定">NNTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="網路時間協定">NTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%B5%E5%B1%80%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="郵局協定">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E9%81%A0%E7%AB%AF%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E5%91%BC%E5%8F%AB" title="開放網路運算遠端程序呼叫">ONC/RPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E6%97%B6%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="实时传输协议">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E4%B8%B2%E6%B5%81%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="即時串流協定">RTSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E5%95%9F%E5%8B%95%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="對話啟動協定">SIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="简单邮件传输协议">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="简单网络管理协议">SNMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E8%BC%B8%E5%B1%A4%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%80%A7%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="傳輸層安全性協定">TLS／SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E5%B1%82%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="Category:应用层协议"><i>更多...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%B1%82" title="传输层">傳輸層</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="传输控制协议">TCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8A%A5%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="用户数据报协议">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8B%A5%E5%A1%9E%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="数据拥塞控制协议">DCCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="流控制传输协议">SCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E9%A2%84%E7%95%99%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="资源预留协议">RSVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%B1%82%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="Category:传输层协议"><i>更多...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="網絡層">網路層</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="网际协议">IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="互联网控制消息协议">ICMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%89%88" title="互联网控制消息协议第六版">ICMPv6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E5%BC%8F%E6%8B%A5%E5%A1%9E%E9%80%9A%E7%9F%A5" title="显式拥塞通知">ECN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%84%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="因特网组管理协议">IGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%BC%8F%E6%9C%80%E7%9F%AD%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%84%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88" title="开放式最短路径优先">OSPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="路由信息协议">RIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%B1%82%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="Category:网络层协议"><i>更多...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90%E5%B1%A4" title="連結層">連結層</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="地址解析协议">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%BB%E5%B1%85%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="邻居发现协议">NDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A7%E9%81%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="隧道协议">Tunnels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B1%82%E9%9A%A7%E9%81%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="第二层隧道协议">L2TP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E5%AF%B9%E7%82%B9%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="点对点协议">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="介质访问控制">MAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%AA%E7%BD%91" title="以太网">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%BA%BF%E8%B7%AF" title="数字用户线路">DSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E4%B8%9A%E5%8A%A1%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%BD%91" title="综合业务数字网">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BA%A4%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3" title="光纤分布式数据接口">FDDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%93%BE%E8%B7%AF%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="Category:链路协议"><i>更多...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="Template:网络协议"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="Template talk:网络协议"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:网络协议"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="互联网">互联网</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024_-_transparent,_inverted.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Visualization of Internet routing paths"><img alt="Visualization of Internet routing paths" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/150px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/225px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/300px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">2005年<a href="/wiki/Opte%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Opte项目">Opte项目</a>互联网一部分的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1" title="路由">路由</a>路径可视化</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">概况</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E5%AD%98%E5%8F%96" title="網際網路存取">存取</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5" title="互联网审查">审查</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="电子民主">民主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="網路主權">主權</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%AE%9E%E5%90%8D%E5%88%B6" title="网络实名制">實名制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E8%90%BD%E5%B7%AE" title="數位落差">数字鸿沟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9" title="數位權利">数字權利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="信息自由">信息自由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="互联网历史">互联网历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E7%88%86%E7%B4%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="網路爆紅列表">网络爆紅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B8%AD%E7%AB%8B%E6%80%A7" title="网络中立性">网络中立性</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="互联网先驱者列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Internet pioneers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%85%88%E9%A9%B1%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="互联网先驱者列表（页面不存在）">先驱者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" class="extiw" title="en:List of Internet pioneers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Internet pioneers</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E9%9A%90%E7%A7%81" title="网络隐私">隐私</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="網際網路社會學">社会学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%8E%87" title="全球網際網路使用率">使用率</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86" title="互联网治理">治理</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8C%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" title="区域互联网注册管理机构">区域互联网注册管理机构</a>（<span lang="en-us">NRO</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%8F%B7%E7%A0%81%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E5%B1%80" title="互联网号码分配局">互联网号码分配局</a>（<span lang="en-us">IANA</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0%E4%B8%8E%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" title="互联网名称与数字地址分配机构">互联网名称与数字地址分配机构</a> （<span lang="en-us">ICANN</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1%E7%BB%84" title="互联网工程任务组">互联网工程任务组</a>（<span lang="en-us">IETF</span>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="互联网治理论坛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internet Governance Forum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E5%9D%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="互联网治理论坛（页面不存在）">互联网治理论坛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" class="extiw" title="en:Internet Governance Forum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internet Governance Forum</span></a></span>）</span></span> （<span lang="en-us">IGF</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" title="互联网协会">互联网协会</a>（<span lang="en-us">ISOC</span>）</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD" title="信息基础设施">信息基础设施</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">域名系统</a>（<span lang="en-us">DNS</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="超文本传输协议">超文本传输协议</a>（<span lang="en-us">HTTP</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="互联网交换中心">互联网交换中心</a>（<span lang="en-us">IXP</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCP/IP%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E6%97%8F" title="TCP/IP协议族">TCP/IP协议族</a>（<span lang="en-us">IPS</span>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="网际协议">网际协议</a>（<span lang="en">IP</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="传输控制协议">传输控制协议</a>（<span lang="en">TCP</span>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%95%86" title="互联网服务供应商">互联网服务供应商</a>（<span lang="en-us">ISP</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80" title="IP地址">IP地址</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%91%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="因特网信息访问协议">因特网信息访问协议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="简单邮件传输协议">简单邮件传输协议</a>（<span lang="en-us">SMTP</span>）</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">服务</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%AA%8C" title="網誌">博客</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%8D%9A" class="mw-disambig" title="微博">微博</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6" title="电子邮件">电子邮件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BC%A0%E7%9C%9F" title="网络传真">传真</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB" title="檔案分享">文件共享</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%82%B3%E8%BC%B8" title="文件傳輸">文件傳輸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="网络游戏">游戏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" title="即時通訊">即時通訊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%AD%E5%AE%A2" title="播客">播客</a>（<span lang="en-us">Podcast</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E8%B4%AD%E7%89%A9" title="网络购物">购物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86" title="网络电视">电视</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoIP" title="VoIP">網際協議通話技術</a>（<span lang="en-us">VoIP</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E7%BB%B4%E7%BD%91" title="万维网">万维网</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E6%93%8E" title="网络搜索引擎">搜索</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">指南</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基百科图书"><img alt="维基百科图书" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Internet" class="extiw" title="en:Book:Internet">书</a></b></li> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="列表级条目"><img alt="列表级条目" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="互联网有关的文章索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of Internet-related articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="互联网有关的文章索引（页面不存在）">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Internet-related_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of Internet-related articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of Internet-related articles</span></a></span>）</span></span></b></li> <li><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="互联网的纲要" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of the Internet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%B2%E8%A6%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="互联网的纲要（页面不存在）">纲要</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of the Internet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of the Internet</span></a></span>）</span></span></b></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="Portal:互联网">互联网主题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="Template:網際網路"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="Template talk:網際網路"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:網際網路"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>網域名稱系統</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Domain Name System</span>，縮寫：<b>DNS</b>）是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="互联网">互联网</a>的一项服务。它作为将<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D" title="域名">域名</a>和<a href="/wiki/IP%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80" title="IP地址">IP地址</a>相互<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A0%E5%B0%84" title="映射">映射</a>的一个<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93" title="分布式数据库">分布式数据库</a>，能够使人更方便地访问<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="互联网">互联网</a>。DNS使用<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="传输控制协议">TCP</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8A%A5%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="用户数据报协议">UDP</a><a href="/wiki/TCP/UDP%E7%AB%AF%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="TCP/UDP端口列表">端口</a>53<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。当前，对于每一级域名长度的限制是63个字符，域名总长度则不能超过253个字符。 </p><p>开始时，域名的字符仅限于<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>字符的一个子集。2008年，<a href="/wiki/ICANN" class="mw-redirect" title="ICANN">ICANN</a>通过一项决议，允许使用其它语言作为互联网顶级域名的字符。使用基于<a href="/wiki/Punycode" class="mw-redirect" title="Punycode">Punycode</a>码的<a href="/wiki/IDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="IDNA">IDNA</a>系统，可以将<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>字符串映射为有效的DNS字符集。因此，诸如“<a href="/wiki/.cn" title=".cn">XXX.中国</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/.tw" title=".tw">XXX.台灣</a>”的域名可以在地址栏直接输入并访问，而不需要安装插件。但是，由于英语的广泛使用，使用其他语言字符作为域名会产生多种问题，例如难以输入、难以在国际推广等。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DNS最早于1983年由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%BE%E4%B9%94%E6%96%AF" title="保罗·莫卡派乔斯">保罗·莫卡派乔斯</a>（Paul Mockapetris）发明；原始的技术规范在882号<a href="/wiki/RFC" title="RFC">因特网标准</a>草案（<a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc882">RFC 882</a>）中发布。1987年发布的第1034和1035号草案修正了DNS技术规范，并废除了之前的第882和883号草案。在此之后对因特网标准草案的修改基本上没有涉及到DNS技术规范部分的改动。 </p><p>早期的域名必须以英文句号<code><span lang="en">.</span></code>结尾。例如，当用户访问維基百科的<a href="/wiki/HTTP" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>服务时必须在地址栏中输入：<code>http://www.wikipedia.org.</code>，这样DNS才能够进行域名解析。如今DNS服务器已经可以自动补上结尾的句号。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="记录类型"><span id=".E8.AE.B0.E5.BD.95.E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B"></span>记录类型</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：记录类型"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E4%BC%BA%E6%9C%8D%E5%99%A8%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%84%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="域名伺服器記錄類型列表">域名伺服器記錄類型列表</a></div> <p>DNS系统中，常见的资源记录类型有： </p> <ul><li>主机记录（A记录）：<a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035">RFC 1035</a>定义，A记录是用于名称解析的重要记录，它将特定的主机名映射到对应主机的IP地址上。</li> <li>别名记录（CNAME记录）: <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035">RFC 1035</a>定义，CNAME记录用于将某个别名指向到某个A记录上，这样就不需要再为某个新名字另外创建一条新的A记录。</li> <li>IPv6主机记录（AAAA记录）: <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3596">RFC 3596</a>定义，与A记录对应，用于将特定的主机名映射到一个主机的<a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>地址。</li> <li>服务位置记录（SRV记录）: <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2782">RFC 2782</a>定义，用于定义提供特定服务的服务器的位置，如主机（hostname），端口（port number）等。</li> <li>域名服务器记录（NS记录）：用来指定该域名由哪个DNS服务器来进行解析。您注册域名时，总有默认的DNS服务器，每个注册的域名都是由一个DNS域名服务器来进行解析的，DNS服务器NS记录地址一般以以下的形式出现： ns1.domain.com、ns2.domain.com等。简单的说，NS记录是指定由哪个DNS服务器解析你的域名。</li> <li>NAPTR记录：<a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3403">RFC 3403</a>定义，它提供了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%88%99%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%BC%8F" title="正则表达式">正则表达式</a>方式去映射一个域名。NAPTR记录非常著名的一个应用是用于<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENUM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ENUM（页面不存在）">ENUM</a>查询。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="传输协议"><span id=".E4.BC.A0.E8.BE.93.E5.8D.8F.E8.AE.AE"></span>传输协议</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：传输协议"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNS_over_UDP/TCP/53_（Do53）"><span id="DNS_over_UDP.2FTCP.2F53_.EF.BC.88Do53.EF.BC.89"></span>DNS over UDP/TCP/53 （Do53）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：DNS over UDP/TCP/53 （Do53）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>从 1983 年起源到最近，DNS 主要回答 <a href="/wiki/UDP%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="UDP协议">UDP</a> 端口 53 上的查询。此类查询包括从客户端以单个 UDP 数据包发送的明文请求，响应为从服务器以单个 UDP 数据包发送的明文回复。当应答的长度超过 512 字节并且客户端和服务器都支持 DNS 扩展机制 (EDNS) 时，可能会使用更大的 UDP 数据包。 DNS-over-UDP 的使用受到限制，其中包括缺乏传输层加密、身份验证、可靠传递和消息长度。 1989 年，<a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123">RFC 1123</a> 为 DNS 查询、回复，特别是区域传输指定了可选的 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="传输控制协议">TCP</a> 传输。通过长响应的分段，TCP 允许更长的响应、可靠的传递和重用客户端和服务器之间的长期连接。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNS_over_TLS_（DoT）"><span id="DNS_over_TLS_.EF.BC.88DoT.EF.BC.89"></span>DNS over TLS （DoT）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：DNS over TLS （DoT）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/DNS_over_TLS" title="DNS over TLS">DNS over TLS</a></div> <p>加密 DNS 的 IETF 标准于 2016 年出现，利用<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E8%BC%B8%E5%B1%A4%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%80%A7%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="傳輸層安全性協定">传输层安全</a>（TLS）来保护整个连接，而不仅仅是 DNS 有效负载。DoT 服务器侦听 TCP 端口 853。<a href="/wiki/RFC" title="RFC">RFC</a> <a href="//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7858" class="extiw" title="rfc:7858">7858</a> 指定可以支持机会加密和认证加密，但没有强制服务器或客户端认证。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNS_over_QUIC_（DoQ）"><span id="DNS_over_QUIC_.EF.BC.88DoQ.EF.BC.89"></span>DNS over QUIC （DoQ）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：DNS over QUIC （DoQ）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1%E7%BB%84" title="互联网工程任务组">互联网工程任务组</a>的 RFC 9250 描述了 DNS over <a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNS_over_HTTPS_（DoH）"><span id="DNS_over_HTTPS_.EF.BC.88DoH.EF.BC.89"></span>DNS over HTTPS （DoH）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：DNS over HTTPS （DoH）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/DNS_over_HTTPS" title="DNS over HTTPS">DNS over HTTPS</a></div> <p>2018 年引入了 DNS 查询传输的竞争标准，通过 <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a> 隧道传输 DNS 查询数据（进而通过 TLS 传输 HTTP）。DoH 被推广为对网络更友好的 DNS 替代方案，因为与 DNSCrypt 一样，它在 TCP 端口 443 上传输，因此看起来类似于网络流量<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，尽管它们在实践中很容易区分。 DoH 因相对于 DoT 降低用户匿名性而受到广泛批评<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oblivious_DNS_和_Oblivious_DoH"><span id="Oblivious_DNS_.E5.92.8C_Oblivious_DoH"></span>Oblivious DNS 和 Oblivious DoH</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：Oblivious DNS 和 Oblivious DoH"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oblivious DNS （ODNS）<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="普林斯顿大学">普林斯顿大学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="芝加哥大学">芝加哥大学</a>的研究人员发明和实施的，作为未加密 DNS 的扩展，在 DoH 本身被标准化和广泛部署之前。Apple 和 Cloudflare 随后将该技术部署在 DoH 环境中，称为 Oblivious DoH （ODoH）<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。ODoH 将入口/出口分离（在 ODNS 中发明）与 DoH 的 HTTPS 隧道和 TLS 传输层加密结合在一个协议中。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNS_over_Tor">DNS over Tor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：DNS over Tor"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>与其他 Internet 协议一样，DNS 可以通过 <a href="/wiki/VPN" class="mw-redirect" title="VPN">VPN</a> 和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A7%E9%81%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="隧道协议">隧道</a>运行。 DNS-over-<a href="/wiki/Tor" title="Tor">Tor</a> 自 2019 年以来已经变得足够普遍以保证其自己经常使用的首字母缩略词的一种用途。Oblivious DNS 的隐私效果可以通过使用预先存在的入口和出口节点的 Tor 网络以及 TLS 提供的传输层加密来获得。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNSCrypt">DNSCrypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：DNSCrypt"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/DNSCrypt" title="DNSCrypt">DNSCrypt</a></div> <p>DNSCrypt协议于 2011 年在 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1%E7%BB%84" title="互联网工程任务组">IETF</a> 标准框架之外开发，在递归解析器的下游侧引入了 DNS 加密，其中客户端使用服务器的公钥加密查询有效负载，这些公钥在 DNS 中发布（而不是依赖于第三方方证书颁发机构），进而可能受到 <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95" title="域名系统安全扩展">DNSSEC</a> 签名的保护。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>DNSCrypt 使用 TCP 或 UDP 端口 443，与 HTTPS 加密的网络流量相同的端口。这不仅引入了关于查询内容的隐私，而且还引入了防火墙穿越能力的重要衡量标准。在 2019 年，DNSCrypt 进一步扩展以支持“匿名”模式，类似于提议的“Oblivious DNS”，其中入口节点接收已使用不同服务器的公钥加密的查询，并将其转发给该服务器服务器充当出口节点，执行递归解析。<sup id="cite_ref-Anonymized_DNSCrypt_specification_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anonymized_DNSCrypt_specification-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>创建用户/查询对的隐私，因为入口节点不知道查询的内容，而出口节点不知道客户端的身份。 DNSCrypt 于 2011 年 12 月由 <a href="/wiki/OpenDNS" title="OpenDNS">OpenDNS</a> 首次在生产环境中实现。有几个免费和开源软件实现额外集成了 ODoH<sup id="cite_ref-ODoH_(2022)_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODoH_(2022)-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。它适用于各种操作系统，包括 Unix、Apple iOS、Linux、Android 和 MS Windows。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="技术实现"><span id=".E6.8A.80.E6.9C.AF.E5.AE.9E.E7.8E.B0"></span>技术实现</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：技术实现"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="概述"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.BF.B0"></span>概述</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：概述"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DNS通过允许一个名称服务器把它的一部分名称服务（众所周知的zone）“委托”给子服务器而实现了一种层次结构的名称空间。此外，DNS还提供了一些额外的信息，例如系统别名、联系信息以及哪一个主机正在充当系统组或域的邮件枢纽。 </p><p>任何一个使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="网际协议">IP</a>的计算机网络可以使用DNS来实现它自己的私有名称系统。尽管如此，当提到在公共的<a href="/wiki/Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet">Internet</a> DNS系统上实现的域名时，术语“域名”是最常使用的。 </p><p>这是基于984个全球范围的“<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E7%B6%B2%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%A8%B1%E4%BC%BA%E6%9C%8D%E5%99%A8" title="根網域名稱伺服器">根域名服务器</a>”（分成13组，分别编号为A至M）<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。从这984个根服务器开始，余下的Internet DNS命名空间被委托给其他的DNS服务器，这些服务器提供DNS名称空间中的特定部分。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="软件"><span id=".E8.BD.AF.E4.BB.B6"></span>软件</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：软件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DNS系统是由各式各样的DNS软件所驱动的，例如： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BIND" title="BIND">BIND</a>（Berkeley Internet Name Domain），使用最廣的DNS软件</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="DJBDNS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="djbdns"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DJBDNS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DJBDNS（页面不存在）">DJBDNS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/djbdns" class="extiw" title="en:djbdns"><span lang="en" dir="auto">djbdns</span></a></span>）</span></span>（Dan J Bernstein's DNS implementation）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="MaraDNS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="MaraDNS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MaraDNS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MaraDNS（页面不存在）">MaraDNS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MaraDNS" class="extiw" title="en:MaraDNS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">MaraDNS</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Name Server Daemon" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="NSD"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Name_Server_Daemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Name Server Daemon（页面不存在）">Name Server Daemon</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSD" class="extiw" title="en:NSD"><span lang="en" dir="auto">NSD</span></a></span>）</span></span>（Name Server Daemon）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerDNS" title="PowerDNS">PowerDNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnsmasq" title="Dnsmasq">Dnsmasq</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="国际化域名"><span id=".E5.9B.BD.E9.99.85.E5.8C.96.E5.9F.9F.E5.90.8D"></span>国际化域名</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：国际化域名"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/Punycode" class="mw-redirect" title="Punycode">Punycode</a></div> <p><b>Punycode</b>是一個根據RFC 3492標準而製定的編碼系統，主要用於把<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D" title="域名">域名</a>從地方語言所採用的<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>編碼轉換成為可用於DNS系統的編碼。而該編碼是根據<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/">域名相異字表</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201130034926/http://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（由<a href="/wiki/IANA" class="mw-redirect" title="IANA">IANA</a>制定），Punycode可以防止所謂的<a href="/wiki/IDN%E6%AC%BA%E9%A8%99" title="IDN欺騙">IDN欺騙</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="域名解析"><span id=".E5.9F.9F.E5.90.8D.E8.A7.A3.E6.9E.90"></span>域名解析</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：域名解析"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>举一个例子，<i>zh.wikipedia.org</i> 作为一个域名就和IP地址<i>198.35.26.96</i> 相对应。DNS就像是一个自动的电话号码簿，我们可以直接拨打<i>198.35.26.96</i> 的名字<i>zh.wikipedia.org</i> 来代替电话号码（IP地址）。DNS在我们直接呼叫<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99" class="mw-redirect" title="网站">网站</a>的名字以后就会将像<i>zh.wikipedia.org</i> 一样便于人类使用的名字转化成像<i>198.35.26.96</i> 一样便于机器识别的IP地址。 </p><p>DNS查询有两种方式：<b>递归</b>和<b>迭代</b>。DNS客户端设置使用的DNS服务器一般都是递归服务器，它负责全权处理客户端的DNS查询请求，直到返回最终结果。而DNS服务器之间一般采用迭代查询方式。 </p><p>以查询 zh.wikipedia.org 为例： </p> <ul><li>客户端发送查询报文"query zh.wikipedia.org"至DNS服务器，DNS服务器首先检查自身缓存，如果存在记录则直接返回结果。</li> <li>如果记录老化或不存在，则： <ol><li>DNS服务器向<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E7%B6%B2%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%A8%B1%E4%BC%BA%E6%9C%8D%E5%99%A8" title="根網域名稱伺服器">根域名服务器</a>发送查询报文"query zh.wikipedia.org"，根域名服务器返回<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E7%B4%9A%E5%9F%9F" title="頂級域">顶级域</a> .org 的顶级域名服务器地址。</li> <li>DNS服务器向 .org 域的顶级域名服务器发送查询报文"query zh.wikipedia.org"，得到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E5%9F%9F" title="二级域">二级域</a> .wikipedia.org 的权威域名服务器地址。</li> <li>DNS服务器向 .wikipedia.org 域的权威域名服务器发送查询报文"query zh.wikipedia.org"，得到主机 zh 的A记录，存入自身缓存并返回给客户端。</li></ol></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WHOIS（域名数据库查询）"><span id="WHOIS.EF.BC.88.E5.9F.9F.E5.90.8D.E6.95.B0.E6.8D.AE.E5.BA.93.E6.9F.A5.E8.AF.A2.EF.BC.89"></span><a href="/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS">WHOIS</a>（域名数据库查询）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：WHOIS（域名数据库查询）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一个域名的<b>所有者</b>可以通过查询WHOIS数据库<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而被找到；对于大多数<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B9%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E4%BC%BA%E6%9C%8D%E5%99%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="根域名伺服器列表（页面不存在）">根域名伺服器</a>，基本的WHOIS由<a href="/wiki/ICANN" class="mw-redirect" title="ICANN">ICANN</a>维护，而WHOIS的细节则由控制那个域的域注册机构维护。 </p><p>对于240多个国家代码顶级域名（ccTLDs），通常由该域名权威注册机构负责维护WHOIS。例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="中国互联网络信息中心">中国互联网络信息中心</a>（China Internet Network Information Center）负责.CN域名的WHOIS维护，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2%E8%A8%BB%E5%86%8A%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="香港互聯網註冊管理有限公司">香港互聯網註冊管理有限公司</a>（Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Limited）负责.HK域名的WHOIS维护，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="台灣網路資訊中心">台灣網路資訊中心</a>（Taiwan Network Information Center）负责.TW域名的WHOIS维护。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="其他"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96"></span>其他</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：其他"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>此外，一些黑客通过伪造DNS服务器将用户引向错误网站，以达到窃取用户隐私信息的目的。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相关条目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.85.B3.E6.9D.A1.E7.9B.AE"></span>相关条目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：相关条目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="Portal:互联网">互联网主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IP%E4%BD%8D%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="IP位址">IP位址</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D" title="域名">域名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosts%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6" title="Hosts文件">Hosts文件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E4%BC%BA%E6%9C%8D%E5%99%A8%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%84%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="域名伺服器記錄類型列表">域名伺服器記錄類型列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D" class="mw-disambig" title="中文域名">中文域名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E6%90%B6%E6%B3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="域名搶注">域名搶注</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8BDNS" title="動態DNS">动态DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICANN" class="mw-redirect" title="ICANN">ICANN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E4%BC%BA%E6%9C%8D%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="根域名伺服器">根域名服务器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1" title="公共域名解析服务">公共域名解析服务</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Public_DNS" title="Google Public DNS">Google Public DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDNS" title="OpenDNS">OpenDNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1.1.1.1" title="1.1.1.1">1.1.1.1</a></li></ul></li> <li>解决<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E5%8A%AB%E6%8C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="域名劫持">域名劫持</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8%E7%BC%93%E5%AD%98%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="域名服务器缓存污染">域名伺服器緩存污染</a>的方法 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNSSEC" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSSEC">DNSSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNS_over_HTTPS" title="DNS over HTTPS">DNS over HTTPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNS_over_TLS" title="DNS over TLS">DNS over TLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNS_over_QUIC" title="DNS over QUIC">DNS over QUIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNSCrypt" title="DNSCrypt">DNSCrypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNSCurve" title="DNSCurve">DNSCurve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation web">P. Mockapetris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035">RFC 1035 - DOMAIN NAMES - IMPLEMENTATION AND SPECIFICATION</a>: Page 32. 1987-11 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-04-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110212121620/http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035">存档</a>于2011-02-12）. <q>The Internet supports name server access using TCP [RFC-793] on server port 53 (decimal) as well as datagram access using UDP [RFC-768] on UDP port 53 (decimal).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&rft.au=P.+Mockapetris&rft.btitle=RFC+1035+-+DOMAIN+NAMES+-+IMPLEMENTATION+AND+SPECIFICATION&rft.date=1987-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=Page+32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc1035&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Csikor, Levente; Divakaran, Dinil Mon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cslev/doh_ml/main/DNS_over_HTTPS_identification.pdf">Privacy of DNS-over-HTTPS: Requiem for a Dream?</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. National University of Singapore. February 2021 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-10-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315053724/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cslev/doh_ml/main/DNS_over_HTTPS_identification.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2023-03-15）. <q>We investigate whether DoH traffic is distinguishable from encrypted Web traffic. To this end, we train a machine learning model to classify HTTPS traffic as either Web or DoH. With our DoH identification model in place, we show that an authoritarian ISP can identify ~97.4% of the DoH packets correctly while only misclassifying 1 in 10,000 Web packets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&rft.au=Divakaran%2C+Dinil+Mon&rft.aufirst=Levente&rft.aulast=Csikor&rft.btitle=Privacy+of+DNS-over-HTTPS%3A+Requiem+for+a+Dream%3F&rft.date=2021-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+University+of+Singapore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fcslev%2Fdoh_ml%2Fmain%2FDNS_over_HTTPS_identification.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Posch, Maya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hackaday.com/2019/10/21/dns-over-https-is-the-wrong-partial-solution/">DNS-over-HTTPS is the Wrong Partial Solution</a>. Hackaday. 21 October 2019 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-10-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314223338/https://hackaday.com/2019/10/21/dns-over-https-is-the-wrong-partial-solution/">存档</a>于2023-03-14）. <q>DoH removes options for network operators (private and corporate) to secure their own network, as one of the architects behind DNS, Paul Vixie, pointed out on Twitter last year. DoH is essentially DNS-over-HTTP-over-TLS, resulting in its own mime Media Type of application/dns-message and significant added complexity. By mixing DoH in with existing protocols, it means that every DNS request and response goes through an HTTPS stack. For embedded applications this is a nightmare scenario, but it is also incompatible with nearly every piece of existing security hardware. When rogue apps like Firefox circumvent the system's DoT-based DNS and use its own DNS resolver over DoH instead, this makes for a highly opaque security situation. That DNS resolving would move into individual applications, as we see happening now, seems like a massive step backwards.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft.aulast=Posch&rft.btitle=DNS-over-HTTPS+is+the+Wrong+Partial+Solution&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Hackaday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhackaday.com%2F2019%2F10%2F21%2Fdns-over-https-is-the-wrong-partial-solution%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schmitt, Paul; Edmundson, Anne; Feamster, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://petsymposium.org/2019/files/papers/issue2/popets-2019-0028.pdf">Oblivious DNS: Practical Privacy for DNS Queries</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Privacy Enhancing Technologies. 2019, <b>2019</b> (2): 228–244 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-10-14</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44126163"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 44126163</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fpopets-2019-0028"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2478/popets-2019-0028</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315043318/https://petsymposium.org/2019/files/papers/issue2/popets-2019-0028.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2023-03-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&rft.atitle=Oblivious+DNS%3A+Practical+Privacy+for+DNS+Queries&rft.au=Edmundson%2C+Anne&rft.au=Feamster%2C+Nick&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.date=2019&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Privacy+Enhancing+Technologies&rft.pages=228-244&rft.volume=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44126163&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpetsymposium.org%2F2019%2Ffiles%2Fpapers%2Fissue2%2Fpopets-2019-0028.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fpopets-2019-0028&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/noise-lab/oblivious-dns-deployed-by-cloudflare-and-apple-1522ccf53cab">Oblivious DNS Deployed by Cloudflare and Apple</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2022]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306143707/https://medium.com/noise-lab/oblivious-dns-deployed-by-cloudflare-and-apple-1522ccf53cab">存档</a>于2023-03-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&rft.btitle=Oblivious+DNS+Deployed+by+Cloudflare+and+Apple&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fnoise-lab%2Foblivious-dns-deployed-by-cloudflare-and-apple-1522ccf53cab&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Pauly, Tommy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-pauly-dprive-oblivious-doh/">Oblivious DNS Over HTTPS</a>. IETF. 2 September 2021 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-10-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524120534/https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-pauly-dprive-oblivious-doh/">存档</a>于2022-05-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&rft.aufirst=Tommy&rft.aulast=Pauly&rft.btitle=Oblivious+DNS+Over+HTTPS&rft.date=2021-09-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=IETF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fdraft-pauly-dprive-oblivious-doh%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Muffett, Alec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/dnspriv21-03-paper.pdf"><span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>No Port 53, Who Dis?" A Year of DNS over HTTPS over Tor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Network and Distributed System Security Symposium. February 2021 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-10-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306205841/https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/dnspriv21-03-paper.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2023-03-06）. <q>DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) obviates many but not all of the risks, and its transport protocol (i.e. HTTPS) raises concerns of privacy due to (e.g.) 'cookies.' The Tor Network exists to provide TCP circuits with some freedom from tracking, surveillance, and blocking. Thus: In combination with Tor, DoH, and the principle of "Don't Do That, Then" (DDTT) to mitigate request fingerprinting, I describe DNS over HTTPS over Tor (DoHoT).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft.aulast=Muffett&rft.btitle=%22No+Port+53%2C+Who+Dis%3F%22+A+Year+of+DNS+over+HTTPS+over+Tor&rft.date=2021-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Network+and+Distributed+System+Security+Symposium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndss-symposium.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fdnspriv21-03-paper.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ulevitch, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umbrella.cisco.com/blog/dnscrypt-critical-fundamental-and-about-time">DNSCrypt – Critical, fundamental, and about time.</a>. Cisco Umbrella. 6 December 2011. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701221715/https://umbrella.cisco.com/blog/dnscrypt-critical-fundamental-and-about-time">存档</a>于1 July 2020） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">（美国英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&rft.atitle=DNSCrypt+%E2%80%93+Critical%2C+fundamental%2C+and+about+time.&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Ulevitch&rft.date=2011-12-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cisco+Umbrella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fumbrella.cisco.com%2Fblog%2Fdnscrypt-critical-fundamental-and-about-time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anonymized_DNSCrypt_specification-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anonymized_DNSCrypt_specification_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-protocol/master/ANONYMIZED-DNSCRYPT.txt">Anonymized DNSCrypt specification</a>. <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. DNSCrypt. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025094649/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-protocol/master/ANONYMIZED-DNSCRYPT.txt">存档</a>于25 October 2019）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&rft.atitle=Anonymized+DNSCrypt+specification&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2FDNSCrypt%2Fdnscrypt-protocol%2Fmaster%2FANONYMIZED-DNSCRYPT.txt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODoH_(2022)-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODoH_(2022)_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki/Oblivious-DoH">Oblivious DoH · DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy Wiki</a>. GitHub. DNSCrypt project. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306143025/https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki/Oblivious-DoH">存档</a>于2023-03-06） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&rft.atitle=Oblivious+DoH+%C2%B7+DNSCrypt%2Fdnscrypt-proxy+Wiki&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FDNSCrypt%2Fdnscrypt-proxy%2Fwiki%2FOblivious-DoH&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824002054/http://root-servers.org/">Root Server Technical Operations Assn</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2014年1月28日]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://root-servers.org/">原始内容</a>存档于2017年8月24日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&rft.btitle=Root+Server+Technical+Operations+Assn&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froot-servers.org%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whois.net/">Whois.net</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-08-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120104147/https://whois.net/">存档</a>于2021-01-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&rft.btitle=Whois.net&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhois.net%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">JORDAN ROBERTSON. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217154630/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ifrgeDBfUGAvXtLH_vgVrKcm0s_wD8UPLR8O1">Use of Rogue DNS Servers on Rise</a>. The Associated Press. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-02-18</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ifrgeDBfUGAvXtLH_vgVrKcm0s_wD8UPLR8O1">原始内容</a>存档于2008-02-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&rft.atitle=Use+of+Rogue+DNS+Servers+on+Rise&rft.au=JORDAN+ROBERTSON&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fap.google.com%2Farticle%2FALeqM5ifrgeDBfUGAvXtLH_vgVrKcm0s_wD8UPLR8O1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol> <ul><li><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc882">RFC 882</a></li> <li><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc883">RFC 883</a></li> <li><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" 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