Thorium: The mineralogy of Thorium

<!DOCTYPE html> <html><head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.mindat.org:80/element/Thorium","20161026074101","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1477467661"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <link rel="SHORTCUT ICON" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/favicon.ico"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20161026074101cs_/http://www.mindat.org/mindat.css?revision=2016102501" type="text/css"> <title>Thorium: The mineralogy of Thorium</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=4.0"/> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074101/http://zh.mindat.org/element/Thorium"/> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Thorium"/> <link href="/web/20161026074101cs_/http://www.mindat.org/js/jqueryui/jquery-ui.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link href="/web/20161026074101cs_/http://www.mindat.org/js/jqueryui/jquery-ui.theme.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074101js_/https://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.2.4.min.js" integrity="" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script src="/web/20161026074101js_/http://www.mindat.org/js/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/20161026074101js_/http://www.mindat.org/js/jjquery.cookie-modified.js"></script> <script src="/web/20161026074101js_/http://www.mindat.org/js/jquery.autocomplete-min.js"></script> <script src="/web/20161026074101js_/http://www.mindat.org/cform/cform_client.js"></script>  <script> if (parent.frames.length > 0) parent.location.href = self.document.location; </script> <script> $(window).ready(function(){ if(!$("#ndtitlearea").is(":visible")) { $("#ndtitlearea").html("<b>You are running an adblocker on mindat - please disable your adblocker on mindat for full compatibility</b>").show(); } }); </script> </head> <body> <div id="ndtitlearea"> <div id="ndtitlebar"> <a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/"><img id="mindatlogo" src="/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/img/16years.png" alt="Mindat Logo - 16th Anniversary"></a> <div id="ndusermenu"> <a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/campaign.php">Help mindat.org</a><span class="vbar">|</span><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/login.php">Log In</a><span class="vbar">|</span><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/register.php">Register</a><span class="vbar">|</span> <div id="languageselector"> <label for="langsel">Language:</label> <select name="langsel"> <option value="en" selected>English</option><option value="zh">中文</option></select> <script> var newurl; $("#languageselector SELECT").change( function() { switch($(this).val()) { case 'en': newurl="www.mindat.org"; break; default: newurl=$(this).val()+".mindat.org"; break; } window.location.href='http://'+newurl; }); </script> </div> </div> <div id="ndmainmenu"> <a id="aboutmenuctrl" href="javascript:openexpander('aboutmenu','');">About Mindat</a><a id="supportmenuctrl" href="javascript:openexpander('supportmenu','');">Support Mindat</a><a id="photomenuctrl" href="javascript:openexpander('photomenu','');">Photos</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/forum.php">Messageboard</a><a id="searchmenuctrl" href="javascript:openexpander('searchmenu','');">Advanced Search</a><a id="moremenuctrl" href="javascript:openexpander('moremenu','');">More</a> <form method="get" action="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/search.php"> <input type="text" placeholder="Search Mindat" id="ndsearchmin" name="search"> <input type="submit" value="Go"> </form> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> </div> <div id="mainwrap"> <script> function openexpander(nm,suf) { if($("#"+nm+suf+"ctrl").hasClass("expandselect"+suf)) return; $(".expandselect"+suf).removeClass("expandselect"+suf); $("#"+nm+suf+"ctrl").addClass("expandselect"+suf); /* if(suf=='') { var topshift = "45px"; if(nm=="searchmenu") topshift="250px"; if($(".centerer").css("padding-top")!=topshift) { $(".centerer").animate({ "padding-top": topshift},500); } } else { $("#expanderarea"+suf).animate({ "padding-top": "45px"},500); } */ $(".expandmenu"+suf).hide(); $("#"+nm).fadeIn(500); } </script> <div class="expandmenu" id="aboutmenu"> <a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/">Home Page</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/newslist.php">Mindat News</a><a target="blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074101/http://manual.mindat.org/">The Mindat Manual</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/article.php/1026/Mindat.org+-+10+years+online+today">History of Mindat</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/copyrights.php">Copyright Status</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/management_list.php">Management Team</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/contact.php">Contact Us</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/directory_upgrade.php">Advertise on Mindat</a></div> <div class="expandmenu" id="supportmenu"> <a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/donate.php">Donate to Mindat</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/article.php/308/Sponsorship">Sponsor a Page</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/sponsored.php">Sponsored Pages</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/topforsponsor.php">Top Available Pages</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/advertisers.php">Mindat Advertisers</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/directory_upgrade.php">Advertise on Mindat</a><a target="blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074101/http://store.mindat.org/">The Mindat Store</a></div> <div class="expandmenu" id="searchmenu"> <a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/fullsearch.php">Minerals by Properties</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php">Minerals by Chemistry</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/randommin.php">Random Mineral</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/minid.php">Search by minID</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/nearestlocs.php">Localities Near Me</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/glossary.php">Search Glossary</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/searchmenu.php">More Search Options</a><div id="searchmenuform"> <script> function usearch(ctrl) { var ctla = document.getElementById("fpsearcha"); var ctlb = document.getElementById("fpsearchb"); var ctlc = document.getElementById("fpsearchc"); switch(ctrl.value) { case "1": ctla.style.display=""; ctlb.style.display="none"; ctlc.style.display="none"; break; case "2": ctla.style.display="none"; ctlb.style.display=""; ctlc.style.display="none"; break; case "3": ctla.style.display=""; ctlb.style.display=""; ctlc.style.display="none"; break; case "5": case "6": case "7": case "8": case "9": ctla.style.display="none"; ctlb.style.display="none"; ctlc.style.display=""; break; default: ctla.style.display=""; ctlb.style.display=""; ctlc.style.display=""; break; } } </script> <form method="get" action="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/newsearch.php"> <div class="smfblock"> <b>Search For:</b> <select class="smfsel" style="width: 200px;" name="type" onchange="usearch(this)"> <option value="0">- Any -</option> <option value="1">Mineral / Rock / Gem</option> <option value="2">Locality</option> <option value="3">Minerals in Region</option> <option value="4">Photo</option> <option value="8">Glossary</option> <option value="6">Messageboard</option> <option value="9">Articles</option> <option value="7">Site Search</option> </select> </div> <div class="smfblock" id="fpsearcha"><b>Mineral Name:</b> <input class="smftxt" type="text" name="name"> </div> <div class="smfblock" id="fpsearchb"><b>Locality Name:</b> <input class="smftxt" type="text" name="loc"> </div> <div class="smfblock" id="fpsearchc"><b>Keyword(s):</b> <input class="smftxt" type="text" name="kwds"> </div> <div class="smfblock"><b> </b> <input class="smfsubmit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> </form> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="expandmenu" id="addeditmenu"> <a target="blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074101/http://manual.mindat.org/">The Mindat Manual</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photoupload.php">Add a New Photo</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/revpicssel.php">Rate Photos</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/lsearchrec.php">Locality Edit Report</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/coordinateleague.php">Coordinate Completion Report</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/glossedit.php">Add Glossary Item</a></div> <div class="expandmenu" id="moremenu"> <a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/stats.php">Statistics</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/elements.php">The Elements</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/listusers.php">Member List</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/mindat_books.php">Books & Magazines</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/eventlist.php">Mineral Shows & Events</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/directory.php">The Mindat Directory</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/howtolink.php">How to Link to Mindat</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/device_settings.php">Device Settings</a></div> <div class="expandmenu" id="photomenu"> <a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photoscroll.php">Photo Search</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/gallery_list.php">Photo Galleries</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/gallery.php?d=2016-10-26">New Photos Today</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/gallery.php?d=2016-10-25">New Photos Yesterday</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/picusers.php">Members' Photo Galleries</a><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/gallery.php?potd=1">Past Photo of the Day Gallery</a></div> <div class="centerer whitecenterer"> <div id="topmainbanner"></div> <div id="topmainbannertablet"></div> <div id="topmainbannerphone"></div> <div class="fpbox720p"><h1 class="bignwide">The Mineralogy of Thorium</h1><div id="elementdataarea"><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th class="eleh2" colspan="2">General Properties</th></tr><tr><th>Symbol:</th><td>Th</td></tr><tr><th>Atomic Number:</th><td>90</td></tr><tr><th>Standard atomic weight (A<sub>r</sub>):</th><td>232.03806(2) </td></tr><tr><th>Electron configuration:</th><td>[<a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Radon">Rn</a>] 6d<sup>2</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup></td></tr></table><script> var hpicarr = new Array(); var hpicdesc = new Array(); var hpicid = new Array(); var hpicnt = 0; hpicarr.push("0075279001266989631.jpg"); hpicdesc.push("Thorite - <span>Th(SiO<sub>4</sub>)</span>"); hpicid.push("288916"); function hpnext() { $("#elepic_"+hpicnt).fadeOut(400); hpicnt++; if(hpicnt==1) hpicnt=0; $("#elepic_"+hpicnt).fadeIn(400); $("#elephotodesc").html(hpicdesc[hpicnt]); $("#elephotoblock a").attr('href','/photo-'+hpicid[hpicnt]+'.html'); } function hpprev() { $("#elepic_"+hpicnt).fadeOut(400); hpicnt--; if(hpicnt<0) hpicnt=0; $("#elepic_"+hpicnt).fadeIn(400); $("#elephotodesc").html(hpicdesc[hpicnt]); $("#elephotoblock a").attr('href','/photo-'+hpicid[hpicnt]+'.html'); } </script><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2" colspan="3">Photos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><div id="elephotoblock"><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photo-288916.html"><img id="elepic_0" style="display: block;" src="/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/element_head_0075279001266989631.jpg" alt=""/></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><div id="elephotodesc">Thorite - <span>Th(SiO<sub>4</sub>)</span></div></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Atomic Properties</th></tr><tr><th>Electronegativity (Pauling scale):</th><td>1.3</td></tr><tr><th>Atomic Radius:</th><td>179.8 pm</td></tr><tr><th>Ionic Radius:</th><td>94 pm (+4)</td></tr><tr><th>1st Ionization energy:</th><td>587 kJ/mol</td></tr><tr><th>Oxidation States:</th><td>2,3,4</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Physical Properties</th></tr><tr><th>Standard State:</th><td>solid</td></tr><tr><th>Bonding Type:</th><td>metallic</td></tr><tr><th>Melting Point:</th><td>2023 K</td></tr><tr><th>Boiling Point:</th><td>5093 K</td></tr><tr><th>Density:</th><td>11.72 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th>Metal/Non-Metal:</th><td>actinoid</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2" colspan="5">Main isotopes of Thorium</th></tr><tr><th>Isotope</th><th>% in Nature</th><th>Half Life</th><th>Decay type</th><th>Decay product</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>227</sup>Th</td><td rowspan="1">trace</td><td rowspan="1">18.68d</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>228</sup>Th</td><td rowspan="1">trace</td><td rowspan="1">1.9116y</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>229</sup>Th</td><td rowspan="1">trace</td><td rowspan="1">7340y</td><td>α</td><td><sup>225</sup><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Radium">Ra</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>230</sup>Th</td><td rowspan="1">trace</td><td rowspan="1">75400y</td><td>α</td><td><sup>226</sup><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Radium">Ra</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>231</sup>Th</td><td rowspan="1">trace</td><td rowspan="1">25.5h</td><td>β−</td><td><sup>231</sup><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Protactinium">Pa</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>232</sup>Th</td><td rowspan="1">100%</td><td rowspan="1">1.405x10<sup>10</sup>y</td><td>α</td><td><sup>228</sup><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Radium">Ra</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>234</sup>Th</td><td rowspan="1">trace</td><td rowspan="1">24.1d</td><td>β−</td><td><sup>234</sup><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Protactinium">Pa</a></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2" colspan="5">Main ions of Thorium</th></tr><tr><th>Name</th><th>Ion</th><th>Example minerals</th></tr><tr><td>thorium(IV)</td><td><span class="newformula">Th<sub class="newformsub newformabs"></sub><sup class="newformsup">4+</sup></span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><span class="newformula">[Th(H<sub class="newformsub">2</sub>O)<sub class="newformsub">9</sub>]<sub class="newformsub newformabs"></sub><sup class="newformsup">4+</sup></span></td><td></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Other Information</th></tr><tr><th>Year Discovered:</th><td>1829</td></tr><tr><th>Discovered By:</th><td><div class="userbigpicture " style="margin: auto; width: 245px;"><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photo-249913.html"><img width="245" src="/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/245-0271755001252164533.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b>Jöns Jakob Berzelius</b></div></div></td></tr><tr><th>Named For:</th><td><div class="userbigpicture " style="margin: auto; width: 245px;"><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photo-711184.html"><img width="245" src="/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/245-09060360014449468815281.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b>Thor, the Norse god of thunder</b></div></div></td></tr><tr><th>External Links:</th><td><a target="_blank" style="display: block" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/click.php?enc=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvVGhvcml1bQ%3D%3D">Wikipedia</a><a target="_blank" style="display: block" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/click.php?enc=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cud2ViZWxlbWVudHMuY29tL3Rob3JpdW0v">WebElements</a><a target="_blank" style="display: block" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/click.php?enc=aHR0cDovL3BlcmlvZGljLmxhbmwuZ292LzkwLnNodG1s">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a><a target="_blank" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/click.php?enc=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5wZXJpb2RpY3RhYmxlLmNvbS9FbGVtZW50cy8wOTAvaW5kZXguaHRtbA%3D%3D">Theodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com</a></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50" id="elementabundance"><tr> <th colspan="5" class="eleh2">Simple Compounds and Mineral Names</th></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Nitrides</th><td>thorium nitride</td><td><span>ThN</span></td><td>+3</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="3">Sulfides</th><td>thorium sulphide</td><td><span>ThS</span></td><td>+2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>thorium disulphide</td><td><span>ThS<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dithorium trisulphide</td><td><span>Th<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub></span></td><td>+3</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Selenides</th><td>thorium diselenide</td><td><span>ThSe<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Hydrides</th><td>thorium dihydride</td><td><span>ThH<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>+2</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="2">Fluorides</th><td>thorium trifluoride</td><td><span>ThF<sub>3</sub></span></td><td>+3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>thorium tetrafluoride</td><td><span>ThF<sub>4</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Chlorides</th><td>thorium tetrachloride</td><td><span>ThCl<sub>4</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="3">Iodides</th><td>thorium diiodide</td><td><span>ThI<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>+2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>thorium triiodide</td><td><span>ThI<sub>3</sub></span></td><td>+3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>thorium tetraiodide</td><td><span>ThI<sub>4</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Oxides</th><td>thorium dioxide</td><td><span>ThO<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-3944.html">Thorianite</a></td></tr><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Mineral Diversity of Thorium</th><tr><tr><th>4. Oxides </th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Th%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&class=4&sub=Search+for+Minerals">2 valid mineral species</a></td></tr><tr><th>5. Carbonates </th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Th%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&class=5&sub=Search+for+Minerals">2 valid mineral species</a></td></tr><tr><th>8. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates</th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Th%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&class=8&sub=Search+for+Minerals">5 valid mineral species</a></td></tr><tr><th>9. Silicates </th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Th%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&class=9&sub=Search+for+Minerals">8 valid mineral species</a></td></tr><tr><th>Total:</th><td><b><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Th%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals">17 valid species containing essential Thorium</a></b></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Geochemistry of Thorium</th></tr><tr><th>Goldschmidt classification:</th><td>Lithophile</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><span>Th<sup>4+</sup></span> is commonly concentrated in residual soils and sediments.</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50" id="elementabundance"><tr><th colspan="3" class="eleh2">Elemental Abundance for Thorium</th></tr><tr><th>Crust (CRC Handbook)</th><td>9.6 x 10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Crust (Kaye & Laby)</th><td>5.8 x 10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Crust (Greenwood)</th><td>8.1 x 10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)</th><td>3.500 x 10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Crust (Ahrens/Weaver)</th><td>5.700 x 10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Upper Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)</th><td>1.0700 x 10<sup>-5</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Upper Crust (Ahrens/Shaw)</th><td>1.0000 x 10<sup>-5</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Sea Water (CRC Handbook)</th><td>1 x 10<sup>-12</sup></td><td>mass per volume fraction, kg/L</td></tr><tr><th>Sea Water (Kaye & Laby)</th><td>1.5 x 10<sup>-12</sup></td><td>mass per volume fraction, kg/L</td></tr><tr><th>The Sun (Kaye & Laby)</th><td>5.0 x 10<sup>-8</sup></td><td>atom mole fraction relative to Si=1</td></tr><tr><th>Solar System (Kaye & Laby)</th><td>4.5 x 10<sup>-8</sup></td><td>atom mole fraction relative to Si=1</td></tr><tr><th>Solar System (Ahrens)</th><td>3.35 x 10<sup>-8 </sup> (5.7%)</td><td>atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty)</td></tr></table><script src="/web/20161026074101js_/http://www.mindat.org/js/sorttable.js"></script><div class="nosplitme"><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="4" class="eleh2">Element association of Thorium in the Mineral World</th><tr><tr><td colspan="4">This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Thorium and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. <b>Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements.</b><br><br>The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Thorium and the element listed for that row.<br><br>The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Thorium. <br><br>The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row.<br><br><b>Click on a heading to sort.</b></td></tr></table><table style="margin-top: -5px;" class="mindattable ele50 th2 sortable"><tr><th>Element</th><th class="sorttable_numeric">Valid Minerals listed with element and Thorium</th><th class="sorttable_numeric">% of Th minerals</th><th class="sorttable_numeric">Relative to % in all minerals</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Oxygen">Oxygen</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=O%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="48">48 minerals with Th and O</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffd500" sorttable_customkey="100">100.00%</td><td style="background-color: #e4ffe4" sorttable_customkey="1267">26.72% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=H%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="29">29 minerals with Th and H</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffe565" sorttable_customkey="60.4166666667">60.42%</td><td style="background-color: #f6fff6" sorttable_customkey="1087">8.70% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Calcium">Calcium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ca%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="27">27 minerals with Th and Ca</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffe770" sorttable_customkey="56.25">56.25%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="2212">121.27% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Silicon">Silicon</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Si%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="21">21 minerals with Th and Si</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffec8f" sorttable_customkey="43.75">43.75%</td><td style="background-color: #caffca" sorttable_customkey="1525">52.54% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cerium">Cerium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ce%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="20">20 minerals with Th and Ce</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffed95" sorttable_customkey="41.6666666667">41.67%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="12209">1,120.97% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Iron">Iron</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Fe%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="13">13 minerals with Th and Fe</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff3ba" sorttable_customkey="27.0833333333">27.08%</td><td style="background-color: #f0fff0" sorttable_customkey="1148">14.85% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Titanium">Titanium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ti%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="13">13 minerals with Th and Ti</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff3ba" sorttable_customkey="27.0833333333">27.08%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="3797">279.75% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Niobium">Niobium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Nb%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="12">12 minerals with Th and Nb</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff4bf" sorttable_customkey="25">25.00%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="7164">616.48% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Uranium">Uranium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=U%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="11">11 minerals with Th and U</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff5c5" sorttable_customkey="22.9166666667">22.92%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="4633">363.31% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Sodium">Sodium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Na%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="10">10 minerals with Th and Na</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff6ca" sorttable_customkey="20.8333333333">20.83%</td><td style="background-color: #f8fff8" sorttable_customkey="1065">6.54% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=P%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="10">10 minerals with Th and P</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff6ca" sorttable_customkey="20.8333333333">20.83%</td><td style="background-color: #acffac" sorttable_customkey="1826">82.63% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=La%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="9">9 minerals with Th and La</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff7cf" sorttable_customkey="18.75">18.75%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="10630">963.04% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Yttrium">Yttrium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Y%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="9">9 minerals with Th and Y</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff7cf" sorttable_customkey="18.75">18.75%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="6936">593.62% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Fluorine">Fluorine</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=F%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="7">7 minerals with Th and F</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff9da" sorttable_customkey="14.5833333333">14.58%</td><td style="background-color: #b9ffb9" sorttable_customkey="1694">69.41% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Aluminium">Aluminium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Al%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="6">6 minerals with Th and Al</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffadf" sorttable_customkey="12.5">12.50%</td><td style="background-color: #ffd7d7" sorttable_customkey="609">39.07% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neodymium">Neodymium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Nd%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="4">4 minerals with Th and Nd</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffbea" sorttable_customkey="8.33333333333">8.33%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="8358">735.90% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tantalum">Tantalum</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ta%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="4">4 minerals with Th and Ta</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffbea" sorttable_customkey="8.33333333333">8.33%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="5954">495.43% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Potassium">Potassium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=K%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="4">4 minerals with Th and K</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffbea" sorttable_customkey="8.33333333333">8.33%</td><td style="background-color: #ffeeee" sorttable_customkey="832">16.73% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Boron">Boron</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=B%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="4">4 minerals with Th and B</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffbea" sorttable_customkey="8.33333333333">8.33%</td><td style="background-color: #c4ffc4" sorttable_customkey="1586">58.64% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Carbon">Carbon</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=C%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="3">3 minerals with Th and C</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffcef" sorttable_customkey="6.25">6.25%</td><td style="background-color: #ffecec" sorttable_customkey="817">18.30% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Barium">Barium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ba%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="3">3 minerals with Th and Ba</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffcef" sorttable_customkey="6.25">6.25%</td><td style="background-color: #e0ffe0" sorttable_customkey="1304">30.40% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Mn%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="3">3 minerals with Th and Mn</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffcef" sorttable_customkey="6.25">6.25%</td><td style="background-color: #ffcfcf" sorttable_customkey="523">47.67% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Strontium">Strontium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Sr%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="2">2 minerals with Th and Sr</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffdf4" sorttable_customkey="4.16666666667">4.17%</td><td style="background-color: #d4ffd4" sorttable_customkey="1429">42.98% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Mo%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="2">2 minerals with Th and Mo</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffdf4" sorttable_customkey="4.16666666667">4.17%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="3505">250.54% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lithium">Lithium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Li%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Th and Li</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffefa" sorttable_customkey="2.08333333333">2.08%</td><td style="background-color: #fff4f4" sorttable_customkey="898">10.19% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lead">Lead</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Pb%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Th and Pb</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffefa" sorttable_customkey="2.08333333333">2.08%</td><td style="background-color: #ffb0b0" sorttable_customkey="210">78.94% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Zirconium">Zirconium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Zr%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Th and Zr</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffefa" sorttable_customkey="2.08333333333">2.08%</td><td style="background-color: #ffeeee" sorttable_customkey="835">16.41% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Gd%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Th and Gd</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffefa" sorttable_customkey="2.08333333333">2.08%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="18111">1,711.11% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Yb%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Th and Yb</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffefa" sorttable_customkey="2.08333333333">2.08%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="18111">1,711.11% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Beryllium">Beryllium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Be%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Th and Be</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffefa" sorttable_customkey="2.08333333333">2.08%</td><td style="background-color: #fff5f5" sorttable_customkey="905">9.44% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Arsenic">Arsenic</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=As%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Th and As</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffefa" sorttable_customkey="2.08333333333">2.08%</td><td style="background-color: #ffacac" sorttable_customkey="176">82.30% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Sulfur">Sulfur</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=S%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Th and S</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffefa" sorttable_customkey="2.08333333333">2.08%</td><td style="background-color: #ffa5a5" sorttable_customkey="103">89.68% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Pr%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Th and Pr</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffefa" sorttable_customkey="2.08333333333">2.08%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="54333">5,333.33% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Magnesium">Magnesium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Mg%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Th and Mg</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffefa" sorttable_customkey="2.08333333333">2.08%</td><td style="background-color: #ffa9a9" sorttable_customkey="146">85.35% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Samarium">Samarium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Sm%2CTh%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Th and Sm</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffefa" sorttable_customkey="2.08333333333">2.08%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="18111">1,711.11% higher</td></tr></tr></table></div><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2">Periodic Table</th></tr><tr><td><div id="chemtdesc"></div> <table class="chemtablesmall"> <tr> <td rowspan="11"></td> <td class="elem"><a name="H" title="Hydrogen" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Hydrogen">1<b>H</b></a></td> <td colspan="16"></td> <td class="elem"><a name="He" title="Helium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Helium">2<b>He</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Li" title="Lithium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lithium">3<b>Li</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Be" title="Beryllium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Beryllium">4<b>Be</b></a></td> <td></td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="2"> <input checked name="hideshow" id="hideshow" type="checkbox"/><label for="hideshow">Show/hide current element</label> </td> <td class="elem"><a name="B" title="Boron" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Boron">5<b>B</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="C" title="Carbon" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Carbon">6<b>C</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="N" title="Nitrogen" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Nitrogen">7<b>N</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="O" title="Oxygen" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Oxygen">8<b>O</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="F" title="Fluorine" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Fluorine">9<b>F</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ne" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neon" title="Neon">10<b>Ne</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Na" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Sodium" title="Sodium">11<b>Na</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Mg" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">12<b>Mg</b></a></td> <td></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Al" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">13<b>Al</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Si" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Silicon" title="Silicon">14<b>Si</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="P" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">15<b>P</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="S" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">16<b>S</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cl" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">17<b>Cl</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ar" title="Argon" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Argon">18<b>Ar</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="K" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Potassium" title="Potassium">19<b>K</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ca" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Calcium" title="Calcium">20<b>Ca</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sc" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Scandium" title="Scandium">21<b>Sc</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ti" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Titanium" title="Titanium">22<b>Ti</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="V" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">23<b>V</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cr" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Chromium" title="Chromium">24<b>Cr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Mn" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Manganese" title="Manganese">25<b>Mn</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Fe" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Iron" title="Iron">26<b>Fe</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Co" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">27<b>Co</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ni" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Nickel" title="Nickel">28<b>Ni</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cu" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Copper" title="Copper">29<b>Cu</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Zn" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Zinc" title="Zinc">30<b>Zn</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ga" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Gallium" title="Gallium">31<b>Ga</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ge" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Germanium" title="Germanium">32<b>Ge</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="As" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">33<b>As</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Se" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Selenium" title="Selenium">34<b>Se</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Br" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Bromine" title="Bromine">35<b>Br</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Kr" title="Krypton" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Krypton">36<b>Kr</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Rb" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">37<b>Rb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sr" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Strontium" title="Strontium">38<b>Sr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Y" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">39<b>Y</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Zr" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">40<b>Zr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Nb" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Niobium" title="Niobium">41<b>Nb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Mo" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">42<b>Mo</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Tc" title="Technetium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Technetium">43<b>Tc</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ru" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">44<b>Ru</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Rh" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">45<b>Rh</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pd" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Palladium" title="Palladium">46<b>Pd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ag" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Silver" title="Silver">47<b>Ag</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cd" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">48<b>Cd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="In" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Indium" title="Indium">49<b>In</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sn" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tin" title="Tin">50<b>Sn</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sb" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Antimony" title="Antimony">51<b>Sb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Te" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">52<b>Te</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="I" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Iodine" title="Iodine">53<b>I</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Xe" title="Xenon" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Xenon">54<b>Xe</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Cs" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Caesium" title="Caesium">55<b>Cs</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ba" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Barium" title="Barium">56<b>Ba</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="La" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">57<b>La</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Hf" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">72<b>Hf</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ta" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">73<b>Ta</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="W" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">74<b>W</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Re" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">75<b>Re</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Os" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Osmium" title="Osmium">76<b>Os</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ir" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Iridium" title="Iridium">77<b>Ir</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pt" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Platinum" title="Platinum">78<b>Pt</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Au" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Gold" title="Gold">79<b>Au</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Hg" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Mercury" title="Mercury">80<b>Hg</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Tl" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Thallium" title="Thallium">81<b>Tl</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pb" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lead" title="Lead">82<b>Pb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Bi" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">83<b>Bi</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Po" title="Polonium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Polonium">84<b>Po</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="At" title="Astatine" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Astatine">85<b>At</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Rn" title="Radon" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Radon">86<b>Rn</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Fr" title="Francium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Francium">87<b>Fr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ra" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Radium" title="Radium">88<b>Ra</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ac" title="Actinium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Actinium">89<b>Ac</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Rf" title="Rutherfordium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rutherfordium">104<b>Rd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Db" title="Dubnium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Dubnium">105<b>Db</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sg" title="Seaborgium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Seaborgium">106<b>Sg</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Bh" title="Bohrium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Bohrium">107<b>Bh</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Hs" title="Hassium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Hassium">108<b>Hs</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Mt" title="Meitnerium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Meitnerium">109<b>Mt</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ds" title="Darmstadtium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Darmstadtium">110<b>Ds</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Rg" title="Roentgenium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Roentgenium">111<b>Rg</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cn" title="Copernicium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Copernicium">112<b>Cn</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Uut" title="Ununtrium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ununtrium">113<b>Uut</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Fl" title="Flerovium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Flerovium">114<b>Fl</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Uup" title="Ununpentium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ununpentium">115<b>Uup</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Lv" title="Livermorium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Livermorium">116<b>Lv</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Uus" title="Ununseptium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ununseptium">117<b>Uus</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Uuo" title="Ununoctium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ununoctium">118<b>Uuo</b></a></td> </tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2"></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ce" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cerium" title="Cerium">58<b>Ce</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pr" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">59<b>Pr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Nd" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">60<b>Nd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pm" title="Promethium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Promethium">61<b>Pm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sm" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Samarium" title="Samarium">62<b>Sm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Eu" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Europium" title="Europium">63<b>Eu</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Gd" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">64<b>Gd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Tb" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Terbium" title="Terbium">65<b>Tb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Dy" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">66<b>Dy</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ho" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Holmium" title="Holmium">67<b>Ho</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Er" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Erbium" title="Erbium">68<b>Er</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Tm" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Thulium" title="Thulium">69<b>Tm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Yb" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">70<b>Yb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Lu" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">71<b>Lu</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Th" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Thorium" title="Thorium">90<b>Th</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pa" title="Protactinium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Protactinium">91<b>Pa</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="U" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Uranium" title="Uranium">92<b>U</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Np" title="Neptunium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neptunium">93<b>Np</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pu" title="Plutonium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Plutonium">94<b>Pu</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Am" title="Americium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Americium">95<b>Am</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cm" title="Curium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Curium">96<b>Cm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Bk" title="Berkelium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Berkelium">97<b>Bk</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cf" title="Californium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Californium">98<b>Cf</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Es" title="Einsteinium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Einsteinium">99<b>Es</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Fm" title="Fermium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Fermium">100<b>Fm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Md" title="Mendelevium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Mendelevium">101<b>Md</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="No" title="Nobelium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Nobelium">102<b>No</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Lr" title="Lawrencium" href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lawrencium">103<b>Lr</b></a></td> </tr> </table> <script> var permode = "Default"; var peropts = { "Default": { "key": { "Listed in minerals": "#fcfcfc", "Not listed": "#ccc" }, "desc": [ "<h2>Periodic Table<\/h2>Click on any element to navigate to the page on that element. Click on a button below the table to view other data mapped to this table view. This view simply shows all elements that are listed in a mineral formula in mindat.org. Other elements may be found in smaller levels in some minerals but are not listed in any formula." ], "default": "#ccc", "H": "#fcfcfc", "Li": "#fcfcfc", "Be": "#fcfcfc", "B": "#fcfcfc", "C": "#fcfcfc", "N": "#fcfcfc", "O": "#fcfcfc", "F": "#fcfcfc", "Na": "#fcfcfc", "Mg": "#fcfcfc", "Al": "#fcfcfc", "Si": "#fcfcfc", "P": "#fcfcfc", "S": "#fcfcfc", "Cl": "#fcfcfc", "K": "#fcfcfc", "Ca": "#fcfcfc", "Sc": "#fcfcfc", "Ti": "#fcfcfc", "V": "#fcfcfc", "Cr": "#fcfcfc", "Mn": "#fcfcfc", "Fe": "#fcfcfc", "Co": "#fcfcfc", "Ni": "#fcfcfc", "Cu": "#fcfcfc", "Zn": "#fcfcfc", "Ga": "#fcfcfc", "Ge": "#fcfcfc", "As": "#fcfcfc", "Se": "#fcfcfc", "Br": "#fcfcfc", "Rb": "#fcfcfc", "Sr": "#fcfcfc", "Y": "#fcfcfc", "Zr": "#fcfcfc", "Nb": "#fcfcfc", "Mo": "#fcfcfc", "Ru": "#fcfcfc", "Rh": "#fcfcfc", "Pd": "#fcfcfc", "Ag": "#fcfcfc", "Cd": "#fcfcfc", "In": "#fcfcfc", "Sn": "#fcfcfc", "Sb": "#fcfcfc", "Te": "#fcfcfc", "I": "#fcfcfc", "Cs": "#fcfcfc", "Ba": "#fcfcfc", "La": "#fcfcfc", "Ce": "#fcfcfc", "Pr": "#fcfcfc", "Nd": "#fcfcfc", "Sm": "#fcfcfc", "Gd": "#fcfcfc", "Dy": "#fcfcfc", "Yb": "#fcfcfc", "Hf": "#fcfcfc", "Ta": "#fcfcfc", "W": "#fcfcfc", "Re": "#fcfcfc", "Os": "#fcfcfc", "Ir": "#fcfcfc", "Pt": "#fcfcfc", "Au": "#fcfcfc", "Hg": "#fcfcfc", "Tl": "#fcfcfc", "Pb": "#fcfcfc", "Bi": "#fcfcfc", "Th": "#fcfcfc", "U": "#fcfcfc", "": "#fcfcfc" }, "Categories": { "key": { "Alkali Metal": "#F6A9BF", "Alkaline Earth": "#FFDCA9", "Transition Metal": "#FAF8D9", "Basic Metal": "#D4EBD8", "Semimetal": "#93D9F5", "Nonmetal": "#BFD6EF", "Halogen": "#E0E0F0", "Noble Gas": "#E1CFE5", "Lanthanides": "#E7DAD4", "Actinides": "#F4DCD4" }, "desc": "<h2>Element Groups<\/h2>This table shows the elements coloured based on their element groups. ", "default": "#FAF8D9", "H": "#BFD6EF", "C": "#BFD6EF", "N": "#BFD6EF", "O": "#BFD6EF", "P": "#BFD6EF", "S": "#BFD6EF", "Se": "#BFD6EF", "Li": "#F6A9BF", "Na": "#F6A9BF", "K": "#F6A9BF", "Rb": "#F6A9BF", "Cs": "#F6A9BF", "Fr": "#F6A9BF", "Be": "#FFDCA9", "Mg": "#FFDCA9", "Ca": "#FFDCA9", "Sr": "#FFDCA9", "Ba": "#FFDCA9", "Ra": "#FFDCA9", "Al": "#D4EBD8", "Ga": "#D4EBD8", "In": "#D4EBD8", "Sn": "#D4EBD8", "Tl": "#D4EBD8", "Pb": "#D4EBD8", "Bi": "#D4EBD8", "Uut": "#D4EBD8", "Fl": "#D4EBD8", "Uup": "#D4EBD8", "Lv": "#D4EBD8", "B": "#93D9F5", "Si": "#93D9F5", "Ge": "#93D9F5", "As": "#93D9F5", "Sb": "#93D9F5", "Te": "#93D9F5", "Po": "#93D9F5", "F": "#E0E0F0", "Cl": "#E0E0F0", "Br": "#E0E0F0", "I": "#E0E0F0", "At": "#E0E0F0", "Uus": "#E0E0F0", "He": "#E1CFE5", "Ne": "#E1CFE5", "Ar": "#E1CFE5", "Kr": "#E1CFE5", "Xe": "#E1CFE5", "Rn": "#E1CFE5", "Uuo": "#E1CFE5", "La": "#E7DAD4", "Ce": "#E7DAD4", "Pr": "#E7DAD4", "Nd": "#E7DAD4", "Pm": "#E7DAD4", "Sm": "#E7DAD4", "Eu": "#E7DAD4", "Gd": "#E7DAD4", "Tb": "#E7DAD4", "Dy": "#E7DAD4", "Ho": "#E7DAD4", "Er": "#E7DAD4", "Tm": "#E7DAD4", "Yb": "#E7DAD4", "Lu": "#E7DAD4", "Ac": "#F4DCD4", "Th": "#F4DCD4", "Pa": "#F4DCD4", "U": "#F4DCD4", "Np": "#F4DCD4", "Pu": "#F4DCD4", "Am": "#F4DCD4", "Cm": "#F4DCD4", "Bk": "#F4DCD4", "Cf": "#F4DCD4", "Es": "#F4DCD4", "Fm": "#F4DCD4", "Md": "#F4DCD4", "No": "#F4DCD4", "Lr": "#F4DCD4" }, "CPK": { "key": [], "desc": "<h2>CPK Coloring<\/h2>A popular colour convention for distinguishing atoms of the different elements in molecular models. Named after the original system derived by Robert Corey and Linus Pauling from Caltech, later improved by Walter Koltun.", "default": "#fcfcfc", "H": "#FFFFFF", "He": "#D9FFFF", "Li": "#CC80FF", "Be": "#C2FF00", "B": "#FFB5B5", "C": "#909090", "N": "#3050F8", "O": "#FF0D0D", "F": "#1FF01F", "Ne": "#B3E3F5", "Na": "#AB5CF2", "Mg": "#8AFF00", "Al": "#BFA6A6", "Si": "#F0C8A0", "P": "#FF8000", "S": "#FFFF30", "Cl": "#1FF01F", "Ar": "#80D1E3", "K": "#8F40D4", "Ca": "#3DFF00", "Sc": "#E6E6E6", "Ti": "#BFC2C7", "V": "#A6A6AB", "Cr": "#8A99C7", "Mn": "#9C7AC7", "Fe": "#E06633", "Co": "#F090A0", "Ni": "#50D050", "Cu": "#C88033", "Zn": "#7D80B0", "Ga": "#C28F8F", "Ge": "#668F8F", "As": "#BD80E3", "Se": "#FFA100", "Br": "#A62929", "Kr": "#5CB8D1", "Rb": "#702EB0", "Sr": "#00FF00", "Y": "#94FFFF", "Zr": "#94E0E0", "Nb": "#73C2C9", "Mo": "#54B5B5", "Tc": "#3B9E9E", "Ru": "#248F8F", "Rh": "#0A7D8C", "Pd": "#006985", "Ag": "#C0C0C0", "Cd": "#FFD98F", "In": "#A67573", "Sn": "#668080", "Sb": "#9E63B5", "Te": "#D47A00", "I": "#940094", "Xe": "#429EB0", "Cs": "#57178F", "Ba": "#00C900", "La": "#70D4FF", "Ce": "#FFFFC7", "Pr": "#D9FFC7", "Nd": "#C7FFC7", "Pm": "#A3FFC7", "Sm": "#8FFFC7", "Eu": "#61FFC7", "Gd": "#45FFC7", "Tb": "#30FFC7", "Dy": "#1FFFC7", "Ho": "#00FF9C", "Er": "#006E75", "Tm": "#00D452", "Yb": "#00BF38", "Lu": "#00AB24", "Hf": "#4DC2FF", "Ta": "#4DA6FF", "W": "#2194D6", "Re": "#267DAB", "Os": "#266696", "Ir": "#175487", "Pt": "#D0D0E0", "Au": "#FFD123", "Hg": "#B8B8D0", "Tl": "#A6544D", "Pb": "#575961", "Bi": "#9E4FB5", "Po": "#AB5C00", "At": "#754F45", "Rn": "#428296", "Fr": "#420066", "Ra": "#007D00", "Ac": "#70ABFA", "Th": "#00BAFF", "Pa": "#00A1FF", "U": "#008FFF", "Np": "#0080FF", "Pu": "#006BFF", "Am": "#545CF2", "Cm": "#785CE3", "Bk": "#8A4FE3", "Cf": "#A136D4", "Es": "#B31FD4", "Fm": "#B31FBA", "Md": "#B30DA6", "No": "#BD0D87", "Lr": "#C70066", "Rf": "#CC0059", "Db": "#D1004F", "Sg": "#D90045", "Bh": "#E00038", "Hs": "#E6002E", "Mt": "#EB0026", "Ds": "#", "Rg": "#", "Cn": "#", "Uut": "#", "Fl": "#", "Uup": "#", "Lv": "#", "Uus": "#", "Uuo": "#" }, "Electronegativity": { "key": { "0.70 - 0.99": "#797fd7", "1.00 - 1.49": "#79b7d7", "1.50 - 1.99": "#79d79c", "2.00 - 2.49": "#b0d779", "2.50 - 2.99": "#d7d679", "3.00 - 3.49": "#d79f79", "3.50 - 3.99": "#d7797b", "None\/Not recorded": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Electronegativity<\/h2>Pauling Scale.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#b0d779", "He": "#ccc", "Li": "#797fd7", "Be": "#79d79c", "B": "#b0d779", "C": "#d7d679", "N": "#d79f79", "O": "#d79f79", "F": "#d7797b", "Ne": "#ccc", "Na": "#797fd7", "Mg": "#79b7d7", "Al": "#79d79c", "Si": "#79d79c", "P": "#b0d779", "S": "#d7d679", "Cl": "#d79f79", "Ar": "#ccc", "K": "#797fd7", "Ca": "#79b7d7", "Sc": "#79b7d7", "Ti": "#79d79c", "V": "#79d79c", "Cr": "#79d79c", "Mn": "#79d79c", "Fe": "#79d79c", "Co": "#79d79c", "Ni": "#79d79c", "Cu": "#79d79c", "Zn": "#79d79c", "Ga": "#79d79c", "Ge": "#b0d779", "As": "#b0d779", "Se": "#d7d679", "Br": "#d7d679", "Kr": "#ccc", "Rb": "#797fd7", "Sr": "#797fd7", "Y": "#79b7d7", "Zr": "#79b7d7", "Nb": "#79d79c", "Mo": "#b0d779", "Tc": "#79d79c", "Ru": "#b0d779", "Rh": "#b0d779", "Pd": "#b0d779", "Ag": "#79d79c", "Cd": "#79d79c", "In": "#79d79c", "Sn": "#79d79c", "Sb": "#b0d779", "Te": "#b0d779", "I": "#d7d679", "Xe": "#ccc", "Cs": "#797fd7", "Ba": "#797fd7", "La": "#79b7d7", "Ce": "#79b7d7", "Pr": "#79b7d7", "Nd": "#79b7d7", "Pm": "#79b7d7", "Sm": "#79b7d7", "Eu": "#79b7d7", "Gd": "#79b7d7", "Tb": "#79b7d7", "Dy": "#79b7d7", "Ho": "#79b7d7", "Er": "#79b7d7", "Tm": "#79b7d7", "Yb": "#79b7d7", "Lu": "#79b7d7", "Hf": "#79b7d7", "Ta": "#79d79c", "W": "#b0d779", "Re": "#79d79c", "Os": "#b0d779", "Ir": "#b0d779", "Pt": "#b0d779", "Au": "#d7d679", "Hg": "#b0d779", "Tl": "#b0d779", "Pb": "#b0d779", "Bi": "#b0d779", "Po": "#b0d779", "At": "#b0d779", "Rn": "#ccc", "Fr": "#797fd7", "Ra": "#797fd7", "Ac": "#79b7d7", "Th": "#79b7d7", "Pa": "#79d79c", "U": "#79b7d7", "Np": "#79b7d7", "Pu": "#79b7d7", "Am": "#79b7d7", "Cm": "#79b7d7", "Bk": "#79b7d7", "Cf": "#79b7d7", "Es": "#79b7d7", "Fm": "#79b7d7", "Md": "#79b7d7", "No": "#79b7d7", "Lr": "#79b7d7", "Rf": "#ccc", "Db": "#ccc", "Sg": "#ccc", "Bh": "#ccc", "Hs": "#ccc", "Mt": "#ccc", "Ds": "#ccc", "Rg": "#ccc", "Cn": "#ccc", "Uut": "#ccc", "Fl": "#ccc", "Uup": "#ccc", "Lv": "#ccc", "Uus": "#ccc", "Uuo": "#ccc" }, "Atomic Radius": { "key": { "up to 79 pm": "#797fd7", "80 - 129 pm": "#79b7d7", "130 - 179 pm": "#79d79c", "180 + pm": "#b0d779", "Not recorded": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Atomic Radius<\/h2>In picometers.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#797fd7", "He": "#797fd7", "Li": "#79d79c", "Be": "#79b7d7", "B": "#79b7d7", "C": "#797fd7", "N": "#797fd7", "O": "#797fd7", "F": "#797fd7", "Ne": "#797fd7", "Na": "#b0d779", "Mg": "#79d79c", "Al": "#79b7d7", "Si": "#79b7d7", "P": "#79b7d7", "S": "#79b7d7", "Cl": "#797fd7", "Ar": "#797fd7", "K": "#b0d779", "Ca": "#b0d779", "Sc": "#b0d779", "Ti": "#79d79c", "V": "#79d79c", "Cr": "#79d79c", "Mn": "#79d79c", "Fe": "#79d79c", "Co": "#79d79c", "Ni": "#79d79c", "Cu": "#79d79c", "Zn": "#79d79c", "Ga": "#79d79c", "Ge": "#79b7d7", "As": "#79b7d7", "Se": "#79b7d7", "Br": "#79b7d7", "Kr": "#79b7d7", "Rb": "#b0d779", "Sr": "#b0d779", "Y": "#b0d779", "Zr": "#b0d779", "Nb": "#b0d779", "Mo": "#b0d779", "Tc": "#b0d779", "Ru": "#79d79c", "Rh": "#79d79c", "Pd": "#79d79c", "Ag": "#79d79c", "Cd": "#79d79c", "In": "#79d79c", "Sn": "#79d79c", "Sb": "#79d79c", "Te": "#79b7d7", "I": "#79b7d7", "Xe": "#79b7d7", "Cs": "#b0d779", "Ba": "#b0d779", "La": "#79d79c", "Ce": "#b0d779", "Pr": "#b0d779", "Nd": "#b0d779", "Pm": "#b0d779", "Sm": "#b0d779", "Eu": "#b0d779", "Gd": "#b0d779", "Tb": "#b0d779", "Dy": "#b0d779", "Ho": "#b0d779", "Er": "#b0d779", "Tm": "#b0d779", "Yb": "#b0d779", "Lu": "#b0d779", "Hf": "#b0d779", "Ta": "#b0d779", "W": "#b0d779", "Re": "#b0d779", "Os": "#b0d779", "Ir": "#b0d779", "Pt": "#79d79c", "Au": "#79d79c", "Hg": "#79d79c", "Tl": "#79d79c", "Pb": "#79d79c", "Bi": "#79d79c", "Po": "#79d79c", "At": "#79b7d7", "Rn": "#79b7d7", "Fr": "#ccc", "Ra": "#ccc", "Ac": "#ccc", "Th": "#79d79c", "Pa": "#79d79c", "U": "#79d79c", "Np": "#79d79c", "Pu": "#79d79c", "Am": "#79d79c", "Cm": "#79d79c", "Bk": "#79d79c", "Cf": "#ccc", "Es": "#ccc", "Fm": "#ccc", "Md": "#ccc", "No": "#ccc", "Lr": "#ccc", "Rf": "#ccc", "Db": "#ccc", "Sg": "#ccc", "Bh": "#ccc", "Hs": "#ccc", "Mt": "#ccc", "Ds": "#79d79c", "Rg": "#79d79c", "Cn": "#79d79c", "Uut": "#79d79c", "Fl": "#b0d779", "Uup": "#b0d779", "Lv": "#b0d779", "Uus": "#79d79c", "Uuo": "#79d79c" }, "Lowest Oxidation": { "key": { " -4": "#797fd7", " -3": "#79b7d7", " -2": "#79d79c", " -1": "#b0d779", " +1": "#d7d679", " +2": "#d79f79", " +3": "#d7797b", " +4": "#d7457e", "None\/Not recorded": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Lowest Oxidation Number<\/h2>The lowest recorded oxidation number for each element.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#b0d779", "He": "#ccc", "Li": "#d7d679", "Be": "#d79f79", "B": "#d7d679", "C": "#797fd7", "N": "#79b7d7", "O": "#79d79c", "F": "#b0d779", "Ne": "#ccc", "Na": "#b0d779", "Mg": "#d7d679", "Al": "#d7d679", "Si": "#797fd7", "P": "#79b7d7", "S": "#79d79c", "Cl": "#b0d779", "Ar": "#ccc", "K": "#d7d679", "Ca": "#d79f79", "Sc": "#d7d679", "Ti": "#b0d779", "V": "#b0d779", "Cr": "#79d79c", "Mn": "#79b7d7", "Fe": "#79d79c", "Co": "#b0d779", "Ni": "#b0d779", "Cu": "#d7d679", "Zn": "#d79f79", "Ga": "#d7d679", "Ge": "#797fd7", "As": "#79b7d7", "Se": "#79d79c", "Br": "#b0d779", "Kr": "#d79f79", "Rb": "#d7d679", "Sr": "#d79f79", "Y": "#d7d679", "Zr": "#d7d679", "Nb": "#b0d779", "Mo": "#79d79c", "Tc": "#79b7d7", "Ru": "#79d79c", "Rh": "#b0d779", "Pd": "#d79f79", "Ag": "#d7d679", "Cd": "#d79f79", "In": "#d7d679", "Sn": "#797fd7", "Sb": "#79b7d7", "Te": "#79d79c", "I": "#b0d779", "Xe": "#d79f79", "Cs": "#d7d679", "Ba": "#d79f79", "La": "#d79f79", "Ce": "#d79f79", "Pr": "#d79f79", "Nd": "#d79f79", "Pm": "#d7797b", "Sm": "#d79f79", "Eu": "#d79f79", "Gd": "#d7d679", "Tb": "#d7d679", "Dy": "#d79f79", "Ho": "#d7797b", "Er": "#d7797b", "Tm": "#d79f79", "Yb": "#d79f79", "Lu": "#d7797b", "Hf": "#d79f79", "Ta": "#b0d779", "W": "#79d79c", "Re": "#79b7d7", "Os": "#79d79c", "Ir": "#79b7d7", "Pt": "#d79f79", "Au": "#b0d779", "Hg": "#d7d679", "Tl": "#d7d679", "Pb": "#797fd7", "Bi": "#79b7d7", "Po": "#79d79c", "At": "#b0d779", "Rn": "#d79f79", "Fr": "#d7d679", "Ra": "#d79f79", "Ac": "#d7797b", "Th": "#d79f79", "Pa": "#d7797b", "U": "#d7797b", "Np": "#d7797b", "Pu": "#d7797b", "Am": "#d79f79", "Cm": "#d7797b", "Bk": "#d7797b", "Cf": "#d79f79", "Es": "#d79f79", "Fm": "#d79f79", "Md": "#d79f79", "No": "#d79f79", "Lr": "#d7797b", "Rf": "#d7457e", "Db": "#ccc", "Sg": "#ccc", "Bh": "#ccc", "Hs": "#ccc", "Mt": "#ccc", "Ds": "#ccc", "Rg": "#ccc", "Cn": "#ccc", "Uut": "#ccc", "Fl": "#ccc", "Uup": "#ccc", "Lv": "#ccc", "Uus": "#ccc", "Uuo": "#ccc" }, "Highest Oxidation": { "key": { " -1": "#797fd7", " +1": "#79b7d7", " +2": "#79d79c", " +3": "#b0d779", " +4": "#d7d679", " +5": "#d79f79", " +6": "#d7797b", " +7": "#d7457e", " +8": "#f465c2", "None\/Not recorded": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Highest Oxidation Number<\/h2>The highest recorded oxidation number for each element.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#79b7d7", "He": "#ccc", "Li": "#79b7d7", "Be": "#79d79c", "B": "#b0d779", "C": "#d7d679", "N": "#d79f79", "O": "#79d79c", "F": "#797fd7", "Ne": "#ccc", "Na": "#79b7d7", "Mg": "#79d79c", "Al": "#b0d779", "Si": "#d7d679", "P": "#d79f79", "S": "#d7797b", "Cl": "#d7457e", "Ar": "#ccc", "K": "#79b7d7", "Ca": "#79d79c", "Sc": "#b0d779", "Ti": "#d7d679", "V": "#d7d679", "Cr": "#d7797b", "Mn": "#d7457e", "Fe": "#d7797b", "Co": "#d79f79", "Ni": "#d7d679", "Cu": "#d7d679", "Zn": "#79d79c", "Ga": "#b0d779", "Ge": "#d7d679", "As": "#d79f79", "Se": "#d7797b", "Br": "#d7457e", "Kr": "#79d79c", "Rb": "#79b7d7", "Sr": "#79d79c", "Y": "#b0d779", "Zr": "#d7d679", "Nb": "#d79f79", "Mo": "#d7797b", "Tc": "#d7457e", "Ru": "#f465c2", "Rh": "#d7797b", "Pd": "#d7d679", "Ag": "#b0d779", "Cd": "#79d79c", "In": "#b0d779", "Sn": "#d7d679", "Sb": "#d79f79", "Te": "#d7797b", "I": "#d7457e", "Xe": "#f465c2", "Cs": "#79b7d7", "Ba": "#79d79c", "La": "#b0d779", "Ce": "#d7d679", "Pr": "#d7d679", "Nd": "#b0d779", "Pm": "#b0d779", "Sm": "#b0d779", "Eu": "#b0d779", "Gd": "#b0d779", "Tb": "#d7d679", "Dy": "#b0d779", "Ho": "#b0d779", "Er": "#b0d779", "Tm": "#b0d779", "Yb": "#b0d779", "Lu": "#b0d779", "Hf": "#d7d679", "Ta": "#d79f79", "W": "#d7797b", "Re": "#d7457e", "Os": "#f465c2", "Ir": "#d7797b", "Pt": "#d7797b", "Au": "#d79f79", "Hg": "#d7d679", "Tl": "#b0d779", "Pb": "#d7d679", "Bi": "#d79f79", "Po": "#d7797b", "At": "#d79f79", "Rn": "#79d79c", "Fr": "#79b7d7", "Ra": "#79d79c", "Ac": "#b0d779", "Th": "#d7d679", "Pa": "#d79f79", "U": "#d7797b", "Np": "#d7457e", "Pu": "#d7457e", "Am": "#d7797b", "Cm": "#d7d679", "Bk": "#d7d679", "Cf": "#d7d679", "Es": "#b0d779", "Fm": "#b0d779", "Md": "#b0d779", "No": "#b0d779", "Lr": "#b0d779", "Rf": "#d7d679", "Db": "#ccc", "Sg": "#ccc", "Bh": "#ccc", "Hs": "#ccc", "Mt": "#ccc", "Ds": "#ccc", "Rg": "#ccc", "Cn": "#ccc", "Uut": "#ccc", "Fl": "#ccc", "Uup": "#ccc", "Lv": "#ccc", "Uus": "#ccc", "Uuo": "#ccc" }, "Crustal Abundance": { "key": { "10<sup>-1<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#1aff53", "10<sup>-2<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#33ff33", "10<sup>-3<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#79ff4d", "10<sup>-4<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#b3ff66", "10<sup>-5<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#dfff80", "10<sup>-6<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#ffff99", "10<sup>-7<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#ffecb3", "10<sup>-8<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#ffe6cc", "10<sup>-9<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#ffece6", "10<sup>-10<\/sup> or less kg\/kg range": "#ffffff" }, "desc": "<h2>Crustal Abundance<\/h2>Values from the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#79ff4d", "He": "#ffece6", "Li": "#dfff80", "Be": "#ffff99", "B": "#dfff80", "C": "#b3ff66", "N": "#dfff80", "O": "#1aff53", "F": "#b3ff66", "Ne": "#ffece6", "Na": "#33ff33", "Mg": "#33ff33", "Al": "#33ff33", "Si": "#1aff53", "P": "#79ff4d", "S": "#b3ff66", "Cl": "#b3ff66", "Ar": "#ffff99", "K": "#33ff33", "Ca": "#33ff33", "Sc": "#dfff80", "Ti": "#79ff4d", "V": "#b3ff66", "Cr": "#b3ff66", "Mn": "#b3ff66", "Fe": "#33ff33", "Co": "#dfff80", "Ni": "#dfff80", "Cu": "#dfff80", "Zn": "#dfff80", "Ga": "#dfff80", "Ge": "#ffff99", "As": "#ffff99", "Se": "#ffe6cc", "Br": "#ffff99", "Kr": "#ffffff", "Rb": "#dfff80", "Sr": "#b3ff66", "Y": "#dfff80", "Zr": "#b3ff66", "Nb": "#dfff80", "Mo": "#ffff99", "Ru": "#ffece6", "Rh": "#ffece6", "Pd": "#ffe6cc", "Ag": "#ffe6cc", "Cd": "#ffecb3", "In": "#ffecb3", "Sn": "#ffff99", "Sb": "#ffecb3", "Te": "#ffece6", "I": "#ffecb3", "Xe": "#ffffff", "Cs": "#ffff99", "Ba": "#b3ff66", "La": "#dfff80", "Ce": "#dfff80", "Pr": "#ffff99", "Nd": "#dfff80", "Sm": "#ffff99", "Eu": "#ffff99", "Gd": "#ffff99", "Tb": "#ffff99", "Dy": "#ffff99", "Ho": "#ffff99", "Er": "#ffff99", "Tm": "#ffecb3", "Yb": "#ffff99", "Lu": "#ffecb3", "Hf": "#ffff99", "Ta": "#ffff99", "W": "#ffff99", "Re": "#ffffff", "Os": "#ffece6", "Ir": "#ffece6", "Pt": "#ffece6", "Au": "#ffece6", "Hg": "#ffe6cc", "Tl": "#ffecb3", "Pb": "#dfff80", "Bi": "#ffece6", "Po": "#ffffff", "Rn": "#ffffff", "Ra": "#ffffff", "Ac": "#ffffff", "Th": "#ffff99", "Pa": "#ffffff", "U": "#ffff99" }, "Goldschmidt": { "key": { "Lithophile": "#ffbb77", "Siderophile": "#ff8ebb", "Chalcophile": "#fff888", "Atmophile": "#bbffff", "Not defined": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Goldschmidt Classification<\/h2>A geochemical classification of elements according to their preferred host phases into lithophile (rock-loving), siderophile (iron-loving), chalcophile (ore loving\/chalcogen loving) or atmophile (gas-loving). This lists the primary classification for each element.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#bbffff", "He": "#bbffff", "Li": "#ffbb77", "Be": "#ffbb77", "B": "#ffbb77", "C": "#bbffff", "N": "#bbffff", "O": "#ffbb77", "F": "#ffbb77", "Ne": "#bbffff", "Na": "#ffbb77", "Mg": "#ffbb77", "Al": "#ffbb77", "Si": "#ffbb77", "P": "#ffbb77", "S": "#fff888", "Cl": "#ffbb77", "Ar": "#bbffff", "K": "#ffbb77", "Ca": "#ffbb77", "Sc": "#ffbb77", "Ti": "#ffbb77", "V": "#ffbb77", "Cr": "#ffbb77", "Mn": "#ff8ebb", "Fe": "#ff8ebb", "Co": "#ff8ebb", "Ni": "#ff8ebb", "Cu": "#fff888", "Zn": "#fff888", "Ga": "#fff888", "Ge": "#fff888", "As": "#fff888", "Se": "#fff888", "Br": "#ffbb77", "Kr": "#bbffff", "Rb": "#ffbb77", "Sr": "#ffbb77", "Y": "#ffbb77", "Zr": "#ffbb77", "Nb": "#ffbb77", "Mo": "#ff8ebb", "Tc": "#ffbb77", "Ru": "#ff8ebb", "Rh": "#ff8ebb", "Pd": "#ff8ebb", "Ag": "#fff888", "Cd": "#fff888", "In": "#fff888", "Sn": "#fff888", "Sb": "#fff888", "Te": "#fff888", "I": "#ffbb77", "Xe": "#bbffff", "Cs": "#ffbb77", "Ba": "#ffbb77", "La": "#ffbb77", "Ce": "#ffbb77", "Pr": "#ffbb77", "Nd": "#ffbb77", "Pm": "#ffbb77", "Sm": "#ffbb77", "Eu": "#ffbb77", "Gd": "#ffbb77", "Tb": "#ffbb77", "Dy": "#ffbb77", "Ho": "#ffbb77", "Er": "#ffbb77", "Tm": "#ffbb77", "Yb": "#ffbb77", "Lu": "#ffbb77", "Hf": "#ffbb77", "Ta": "#ffbb77", "W": "#ffbb77", "Re": "#ff8ebb", "Os": "#ff8ebb", "Ir": "#ff8ebb", "Pt": "#ff8ebb", "Au": "#ff8ebb", "Hg": "#fff888", "Tl": "#fff888", "Pb": "#fff888", "Bi": "#fff888", "Po": "#fff888", "At": "#ffbb77", "Rn": "#bbffff", "Fr": "#ffbb77", "Ra": "#ffbb77", "Ac": "#ffbb77", "Th": "#ffbb77", "Pa": "#ffbb77", "U": "#ffbb77", "Np": "#ffbb77", "Pu": "#ffbb77" }, "Mineral Species": { "desc": "<h2>Mineral Species<\/h2>The number of minerals containing each element compared.", "key": { "3000+ minerals": "#ff8c80", "1000-2999 minerals": "#ffc266", "500-999 minerals": "#f0ff66", "100-499 minerals": "#75ff1a", "50-99 minerals": "#33ffcf", "20-49 minerals": "#99e4ff", "1-19 minerals": "#b3b8ff", "No minerals with element": "#ccc" }, "default": "#ccc", "H": "#ffc266", "Li": "#75ff1a", "Be": "#75ff1a", "B": "#75ff1a", "C": "#75ff1a", "N": "#75ff1a", "O": "#ff8c80", "F": "#75ff1a", "Na": "#ffc266", "Mg": "#f0ff66", "Al": "#ffc266", "Si": "#ffc266", "P": "#f0ff66", "S": "#ffc266", "Cl": "#75ff1a", "K": "#f0ff66", "Ca": "#ffc266", "Sc": "#b3b8ff", "Ti": "#75ff1a", "V": "#75ff1a", "Cr": "#33ffcf", "Mn": "#f0ff66", "Fe": "#ffc266", "Co": "#33ffcf", "Ni": "#75ff1a", "Cu": "#f0ff66", "Zn": "#75ff1a", "Ga": "#b3b8ff", "Ge": "#99e4ff", "As": "#f0ff66", "Se": "#75ff1a", "Br": "#b3b8ff", "Rb": "#b3b8ff", "Sr": "#75ff1a", "Y": "#75ff1a", "Zr": "#75ff1a", "Nb": "#75ff1a", "Mo": "#33ffcf", "Ru": "#b3b8ff", "Rh": "#b3b8ff", "Pd": "#33ffcf", "Ag": "#75ff1a", "Cd": "#99e4ff", "In": "#b3b8ff", "Sn": "#33ffcf", "Sb": "#75ff1a", "Te": "#75ff1a", "I": "#99e4ff", "Cs": "#99e4ff", "Ba": "#75ff1a", "La": "#33ffcf", "Ce": "#75ff1a", "Pr": "#b3b8ff", "Nd": "#33ffcf", "Sm": "#b3b8ff", "Gd": "#b3b8ff", "Dy": "#b3b8ff", "Yb": "#b3b8ff", "Hf": "#b3b8ff", "Ta": "#33ffcf", "W": "#99e4ff", "Re": "#b3b8ff", "Os": "#b3b8ff", "Ir": "#99e4ff", "Pt": "#99e4ff", "Au": "#99e4ff", "Hg": "#33ffcf", "Tl": "#33ffcf", "Pb": "#f0ff66", "Bi": "#75ff1a", "Th": "#99e4ff", "U": "#75ff1a", "": "#ff8c80" }, "Minerals with Th": { "desc": "<h2>Mineral Species<\/h2>Compared with the total number of minerals listed with Th we show how many of these minerals also contain each other element. A stronger shade of yellow indicates a greater percentage of Th minerals listed with the indicated element.", "key": { "Low number of Th minerals with element": "#fcfcfc", "Higher number of Th minerals with element": "#fcfc40", "No minerals with element and Th": "#ccc" }, "default": "#ccc", "O": "#ffd500", "H": "#ffe565", "Ca": "#ffe770", "Si": "#ffec8f", "Ce": "#ffed95", "Fe": "#fff3ba", "Ti": "#fff3ba", "Nb": "#fff4bf", "U": "#fff5c5", "Na": "#fff6ca", "P": "#fff6ca", "La": "#fff7cf", "Y": "#fff7cf", "F": "#fff9da", "Al": "#fffadf", "Nd": "#fffbea", "Ta": "#fffbea", "K": "#fffbea", "B": "#fffbea", "C": "#fffcef", "Ba": "#fffcef", "Mn": "#fffcef", "Sr": "#fffdf4", "Mo": "#fffdf4", "Li": "#fffefa", "Pb": "#fffefa", "Zr": "#fffefa", "Gd": "#fffefa", "Yb": "#fffefa", "Be": "#fffefa", "As": "#fffefa", "S": "#fffefa", "Pr": "#fffefa", "Mg": "#fffefa", "Sm": "#fffefa" }, "Relative Frequency": { "desc": [ "<h2>Relative Frequency<\/h2>Comparing the ratio of the number of mineral species listed with each element + Th with the ratio of all minerals listed with the element shows us which elements have a closer association with Th. See the 'Element Association' table to view raw data." ], "key": { "Lower ratio of Th minerals with element": "#fc4040", "Average ratio Th minerals with element": "#fcfcfc", "Higher ratio of Th minerals with element": "#40fc40", "No minerals with element and Th": "#ccc" }, "default": "#ccc", "O": "#e4ffe4", "H": "#f6fff6", "Ca": "#9cff9c", "Si": "#caffca", "Ce": "#9cff9c", "Fe": "#f0fff0", "Ti": "#9cff9c", "Nb": "#9cff9c", "U": "#9cff9c", "Na": "#f8fff8", "P": "#acffac", "La": "#9cff9c", "Y": "#9cff9c", "F": "#b9ffb9", "Al": "#ffd7d7", "Nd": "#9cff9c", "Ta": "#9cff9c", "K": "#ffeeee", "B": "#c4ffc4", "C": "#ffecec", "Ba": "#e0ffe0", "Mn": "#ffcfcf", "Sr": "#d4ffd4", "Mo": "#9cff9c", "Li": "#fff4f4", "Pb": "#ffb0b0", "Zr": "#ffeeee", "Gd": "#9cff9c", "Yb": "#9cff9c", "Be": "#fff5f5", "As": "#ffacac", "S": "#ffa5a5", "Pr": "#9cff9c", "Mg": "#ffa9a9", "Sm": "#9cff9c" } }; $(function() {eleactivate(permode); }); var timtam; $("#hideshow").change(function(){ if($(this).is(":checked")) { $("A[name=Th]").addClass('eleselected'); } else { $("A[name=Th]").removeClass('eleselected'); } }) function eleactivate(key) { var ele; var keydesc; var col; var def = peropts[key]["default"]; if(!def) def="#f8f8f8"; $("#chemtdesc").fadeOut(500,function() { $(this).html(peropts[key]["desc"]); $(this).fadeIn(500); }); $(".ptkey").fadeOut(500,function() { var cont = "<h2>Key</h2>"; // "key"=>array("Found in minerals"=>"#fcfcfc","Not found"=>"#ccc"), var keys = Object.keys(peropts[key]["key"]); for(keydes in peropts[key]["key"]) { col=peropts[key]["key"][keydes]; cont+="<div class='keyentry'><span style='background-color: "+col+"; '></span>"+keydes+"</div>"; } $(this).html(cont); $(this).fadeIn(500); }) if(timtam) clearTimeout(timtam); $(".elem A").each(function(index) { ele = $(this).attr('name'); col = peropts[key][ele]; $(this).css('-webkit-transition', 'background 0.5s linear'); $(this).css('-o-transition', 'background 0.5s linear'); $(this).css('-mozilla-transition', 'background 0.5s linear'); $(this).css('transition', 'background 0.5s linear'); if(col) $(this).css('background-color',col); else $(this).css('background-color',def); }); timtam = setTimeout(function() { $(".elem A").css('-webkit-transition', 'none !important'); $(".elem A").css('-o-transition', 'none !important'); $(".elem A").css('-mozilla-transition', 'none !important'); $(".elem A").css('transition', 'none !important'); },1000); } $("A[name=Th]").addClass('eleselected'); </script> <div class="ptkey"><div></div></div><div class="ptbuttons"><span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Default")">Default</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Categories")">Categories</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("CPK")">CPK</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Electronegativity")">Electronegativity</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Atomic Radius")">Atomic Radius</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Lowest Oxidation")">Lowest Oxidation</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Highest Oxidation")">Highest Oxidation</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Crustal Abundance")">Crustal Abundance</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Goldschmidt")">Goldschmidt</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Mineral Species")">Mineral Species</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Minerals with Th")">Minerals with Th</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Relative Frequency")">Relative Frequency</span> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Actinium">Actinium</a> << <b>Thorium</b> >> <a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/element/Protactinium">Protactinium</a></td></tr></table></div><div class="clearer"></div><br><br><table class="mindattable elebh2" style="width: 100%"><tr><th class="eleh3">Most widespread minerals containing Thorium</th><tr><tr><td>This list of minerals containing Thorium is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Thorium mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species.</td></tr><table class="mindattable" style="width: 100%"><tr><th>Name</th><th>Formula</th><th>Crystal System</th><th>Mindat Localities</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-3946.html">Thorite</a></td><td><span>Th(SiO<sub>4</sub>)</span></td><td>Tetragonal</td><td>843</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-3944.html">Thorianite</a></td><td><span>ThO<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>Isometric</td><td>181</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-1955.html">Huttonite</a></td><td><span>ThSiO<sub>4</sub></span></td><td>Monoclinic</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-1361.html">Ekanite</a></td><td><span>Ca<sub>2</sub>ThSi<sub>8</sub>O<sub>20</sub></span></td><td>Tetragonal</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-1743.html">Grayite</a></td><td><span>(Th,Pb,Ca)(PO<sub>4</sub>) · H<sub>2</sub>O</span></td><td>Hexagonal</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-3754.html">Steacyite</a></td><td><span>K<sub>0.3</sub>(Na,Ca)<sub>2</sub>ThSi<sub>8</sub>O<sub>20</sub></span></td><td>Tetragonal</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-3942.html">Thorbastnäsite</a></td><td><span>ThCa(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub> · 3H<sub>2</sub>O</span></td><td></td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-3951.html">Thorutite</a></td><td><span>(Th,U,Ca)Ti<sub>2</sub>(O,OH)<sub>6</sub></span></td><td>Monoclinic</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-7345.html">Turkestanite</a></td><td><span>(K,◻)(Ca,Na)<sub>2</sub>ThSi<sub>8</sub>O<sub>20</sub> · nH<sub>2</sub>O</span></td><td>Tetragonal</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-4092.html">Umbozerite</a></td><td><span>Na<sub>3</sub>Sr<sub>4</sub>Th[Si(O,OH)<sub>3-4</sub>]<sub>8</sub></span></td><td>Amorphous</td><td>6</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable elephotostrip" style="width: 100%"><tr><th>Photos</th></tr><tr><td><div class="newpicbox hidetablet hidephone"><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 242px;"><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photo-455174.html"><img width="242" height="194" src="/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/242h194-0833448001333151482.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-3946.html">Thorite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-6387.html">Kemp prospect, Cardiff Township, Haliburton Co., Ontario, Canada</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 194px;"><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photo-15363.html"><img width="194" height="194" src="/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/194h194-0842859001078104616.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-3944.html">Thorianite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-58234.html">Amboasary District, Anosy Region, Tuléar Province, Madagascar</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 259px;"><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photo-95162.html"><img width="259" height="194" src="/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/259h194-0553559001173527948.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-1955.html">Huttonite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-1860.html">Laach lake volcanic complex, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 268px;"><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photo-137309.html"><img width="268" height="194" src="/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/268h194-0318157001196843331.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-1361.html">Ekanite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-8305.html">Case Collina, Pitigliano, Grosseto Province, Tuscany, Italy</a></div></div><div class="clearer"></div></div><div class="newpicbox hidephone hidepc"><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 161px;"><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photo-455174.html"><img width="161" height="129" src="/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/242h194-0833448001333151482.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-3946.html">Thorite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-6387.html">Kemp prospect, Cardiff Township, Haliburton Co., Ontario, Canada</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 129px;"><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photo-15363.html"><img width="129" height="129" src="/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/194h194-0842859001078104616.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-3944.html">Thorianite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-58234.html">Amboasary District, Anosy Region, Tuléar Province, Madagascar</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 173px;"><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photo-95162.html"><img width="173" height="129" src="/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/259h194-0553559001173527948.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-1955.html">Huttonite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-1860.html">Laach lake volcanic complex, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 179px;"><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photo-137309.html"><img width="179" height="129" src="/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/268h194-0318157001196843331.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-1361.html">Ekanite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-8305.html">Case Collina, Pitigliano, Grosseto Province, Tuscany, Italy</a></div></div><div class="clearer"></div></div><div class="newpicbox hidepc hidetablet"><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 287px;"><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photo-455174.html"><img width="287" src="/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/287-0833448001333151482.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-3946.html">Thorite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-6387.html">Kemp prospect, Cardiff Township, Haliburton Co., Ontario, Canada</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 287px;"><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photo-15363.html"><img width="287" src="/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/287-0842859001078104616.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-3944.html">Thorianite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-58234.html">Amboasary District, Anosy Region, Tuléar Province, Madagascar</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 287px;"><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photo-95162.html"><img width="287" src="/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/287-0553559001173527948.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-1955.html">Huttonite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-1860.html">Laach lake volcanic complex, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 287px;"><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/photo-137309.html"><img width="287" src="/web/20161026074101im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/287-0318157001196843331.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/min-1361.html">Ekanite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-8305.html">Case Collina, Pitigliano, Grosseto Province, Tuscany, Italy</a></div></div><div class="clearer"></div></div></td></tr></table><br/><table class="mindattable elebh2" style="width: 100%;"><tr><th class="eleh2">Localities with greatest number of different Thorium mineral species</th></tr><tr><td><div id="elegmap2">map should go here</div><table id="diffminlocs"><tr><th><b>1</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-599.html">Poudrette quarry (Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Desourdy quarry; Carrière Mont Saint-Hilaire), Mont Saint-Hilaire, La Vallée-du-Richelieu RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>5</strong> Th minerals</td></tr><tr><th><b>2</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-25769.html">Água de Pau Volcano (Fogo Volcano), Água de Pau Massif, San Miguel Island, Azores District, Portugal</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>4</strong> Th minerals</td></tr><tr><th><b>3</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-2814.html">Murunskii Massif, Chara and Tokko Rivers Confluence, Aldan Shield, Sakha Republic (Saha Republic; Yakutia), Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>4</strong> Th minerals</td></tr><tr><th><b>4</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-1799.html">Thelenberg, Niedermendig, Mendig, Laach lake volcanic complex, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>4</strong> Th minerals</td></tr><tr><th><b>5</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-71520.html">In den Dellen quarries, Niedermendig, Mendig, Laach lake volcanic complex, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>4</strong> Th minerals</td></tr><tr><th><b>6</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-6927.html">Pumice quarries, Wingertsberg, Niedermendig, Mendig, Laach lake volcanic complex, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>4</strong> Th minerals</td></tr><tr><th><b>7</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-30503.html">Punta de Su Seinargiu (Su Seinargiu; Su Senargiu), Sarroch, Cagliari Province, Sardinia, Italy</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>4</strong> Th minerals</td></tr><tr><th><b>8</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/loc-2170.html">San Vito quarry, San Vito, Ercolano, Monte Somma, Somma-Vesuvius Complex, Naples Province, Campania, Italy</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>3</strong> Th minerals</td></tr></table><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074101js_/http://maps.google.com/maps/api/js"></script> <script> var map2; $(function() { var c = new google.maps.LatLng(0,0); var bounds2 = new google.maps.LatLngBounds(); var myOptions = { scrollwheel: false, center: c, zoom: 1, mapTypeId: google.maps.MapTypeId.ROADMAP } map2 = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById("elegmap2"), myOptions); var pnt = new google.maps.Point(3,30); var image = '/js/markers/purpleblank.png'; var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(45.5627777778,-73.1416666667); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker1 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "1"}, title: 'Poudrette quarry (Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Desourdy quarry; Carrière Mont Saint-Hilaire), Mont Saint-Hilaire, La Vallée-du-Richelieu RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada'}); var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(37.7627777778,-25.4738888889); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker2 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "2"}, title: 'Água de Pau Volcano (Fogo Volcano), Água de Pau Massif, San Miguel Island, Azores District, Portugal'}); var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(58.3666666667,118.883333333); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker3 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "3"}, title: 'Murunskii Massif, Chara and Tokko Rivers Confluence, Aldan Shield, Sakha Republic (Saha Republic; Yakutia), Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia'}); var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(50.3816666667,7.26777777778); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker4 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "4"}, title: 'Thelenberg, Niedermendig, Mendig, Laach lake volcanic complex, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany'}); var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(50.3947222222,7.28694444444); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker5 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "5"}, title: 'In den Dellen quarries, Niedermendig, Mendig, Laach lake volcanic complex, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany'}); var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(50.3919444444,7.27194444444); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker6 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "6"}, title: 'Pumice quarries, Wingertsberg, Niedermendig, Mendig, Laach lake volcanic complex, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany'}); var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(39.0813888889,8.97694444444); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker7 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "7"}, title: 'Punta de Su Seinargiu (Su Seinargiu; Su Senargiu), Sarroch, Cagliari Province, Sardinia, Italy'}); var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(40.8166666667,14.3833333333); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker8 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "8"}, title: 'San Vito quarry, San Vito, Ercolano, Monte Somma, Somma-Vesuvius Complex, Naples Province, Campania, Italy'}); map2.fitBounds(bounds2); }); </script> </td></tr></table><div class="clearer"></div><div id="element_smallprint"><br><br><b>Spotted a mistake/omission?</b> - These pages are a work in progress, so please send all comments/corrections to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074101/mailto:jolyon@mindat.org">jolyon@mindat.org</a>. Thank you.</br><br> Constants and physical property data from:<br><br> David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005).<br> Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements<br> A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997)<br> Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.), Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants, American Geophysical Union (1995)<br> L.B. Railsback, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions : Geology 31:9 p737-740 (2003)<br> Emsley, J. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York: Oxford University Press (2001) </div></div><div id="backdropad" class="hidetablet hidephone"></div> <div id="backdroptext" class="hidetablet hidephone"></div> <div id="backdropadt" class="hidephone hidepc"></div> <div id="backdroptextt" class="hidephone hidepc"></div> <div id="backdropadm" class="hidetablet hidepc"></div> <div id="backdroptextm" class="hidetablet hidepc"></div> <video id="backdropvid"></video> <div id="backdropfade"></div> </div><div id="bformblock"> <form class="flatform" method="get" action="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/nsearch.php"> Mineral <input name="name" style="width: 137px;"/> and/or Locality <input name="loc" style="width: 137px;"> <input type="submit" value="Search"/> </form> </div> <div id="footertext"> Mindat.org is an outreach project of the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization.<br>Copyright © mindat.org and the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy 1993-2016, except where stated. Mindat.org relies on the contributions of thousands of members and supporters. <br/><a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/privacy.php">Privacy Policy</a> - <a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/terms.php">Terms & Conditions</a> - <a href="/web/20161026074101/http://www.mindat.org/contact.php">Contact Us</a> <span style="float: right">Current server date and time: October 26, 2016 08:41:01 </span> <div class="clearer"></div><div><a href="javascript:scroll(0,0)">Go to top of page</a></div> </div> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,'script','//web.archive.org/web/20161026074101/http://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-41671786-1', 'mindat.org'); ga('send', 'pageview'); $(function() { $(".refsrc").each(function(index) { var i = index + 1; var srcid=$(this).attr('id'); var bits = srcid.split('_'); var refid = bits[1]; $("#refsrc_"+refid).html("<a name='refanc_"+refid+"' class='refanchort'>["+i+"]</a>"); $(".reflink_"+refid).each(function() { var con = $(this).html(); var out = i; if (con!='') { out+=" - "+con; } $(this).html("<a href='#refanc_"+refid+"' class='refanchor'>["+out+"]</a>"); }); }); }); jQuery.fn.centerhz = function () { // this.css("position","absolute"); var newleft = Math.max(0, (($(window).width() - $(this).outerWidth()) / 2) + $(window).scrollLeft()); var oldleft = $(this).offset().left; this.css("margin-left", (newleft - oldleft) + "px"); return this; } </script> </div></body></html>

CINXE.COM

Thorium: The mineralogy of Thorium