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<span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Content subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shiksha_Valli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shiksha_Valli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Shiksha Valli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shiksha_Valli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_student's_promise_–_First_Anuvāka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_student's_promise_–_First_Anuvāka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>A student's promise – First Anuvāka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_student's_promise_–_First_Anuvāka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonetics_and_the_theory_of_connecting_links_–_Second_and_Third_Anuvāka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetics_and_the_theory_of_connecting_links_–_Second_and_Third_Anuvāka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Phonetics and the theory of connecting links – Second and Third Anuvāka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetics_and_the_theory_of_connecting_links_–_Second_and_Third_Anuvāka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_teacher's_prayer_–_Fourth_Anuvāka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_teacher's_prayer_–_Fourth_Anuvāka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>A teacher's prayer – Fourth Anuvāka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_teacher's_prayer_–_Fourth_Anuvāka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_theory_of_Oneness_and_holy_exclamations_–_Fifth_and_Sixth_Anuvāka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_theory_of_Oneness_and_holy_exclamations_–_Fifth_and_Sixth_Anuvāka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>A theory of Oneness and holy exclamations – Fifth and Sixth Anuvāka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_theory_of_Oneness_and_holy_exclamations_–_Fifth_and_Sixth_Anuvāka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallelism_in_knowledge_and_what_is_Om_–_Seventh_and_Eighth_Anuvāka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallelism_in_knowledge_and_what_is_Om_–_Seventh_and_Eighth_Anuvāka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Parallelism in knowledge and what is Om – Seventh and Eighth Anuvāka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallelism_in_knowledge_and_what_is_Om_–_Seventh_and_Eighth_Anuvāka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_duties_of_human_beings_–_Ninth_Anuvāka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_duties_of_human_beings_–_Ninth_Anuvāka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Ethical duties of human beings – Ninth Anuvāka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_duties_of_human_beings_–_Ninth_Anuvāka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenth_Anuvāka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenth_Anuvāka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.7</span> <span>Tenth Anuvāka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenth_Anuvāka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convocation_address_to_graduating_students,_living_ethically_Eleventh_Anuvāka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convocation_address_to_graduating_students,_living_ethically_Eleventh_Anuvāka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.8</span> <span>Convocation address to graduating students, living ethically Eleventh Anuvāka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convocation_address_to_graduating_students,_living_ethically_Eleventh_Anuvāka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graduating_student's_acknowledgment_–_Twelfth_Anuvāka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graduating_student's_acknowledgment_–_Twelfth_Anuvāka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.9</span> <span>Graduating student's acknowledgment – Twelfth Anuvāka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graduating_student's_acknowledgment_–_Twelfth_Anuvāka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ananda_Valli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ananda_Valli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ananda Valli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ananda_Valli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annamaya_–_First_and_Second_Anuvāka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annamaya_–_First_and_Second_Anuvāka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Annamaya – First and Second Anuvāka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annamaya_–_First_and_Second_Anuvāka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranamaya_–_Third_Anuvāka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranamaya_–_Third_Anuvāka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Pranamaya – Third Anuvāka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranamaya_–_Third_Anuvāka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manomaya_–_Fourth_Anuvāka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manomaya_–_Fourth_Anuvāka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Manomaya – Fourth Anuvāka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manomaya_–_Fourth_Anuvāka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vijñãnamaya_–_Fifth_Anuvāka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vijñãnamaya_–_Fifth_Anuvāka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Vijñãnamaya – Fifth Anuvāka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vijñãnamaya_–_Fifth_Anuvāka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anandamaya_Sixth,_Seventh,_Eighth_and_Ninth_Anuvāka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anandamaya_Sixth,_Seventh,_Eighth_and_Ninth_Anuvāka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Anandamaya Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Anuvāka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anandamaya_Sixth,_Seventh,_Eighth_and_Ninth_Anuvāka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhṛgu_Vallī" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhṛgu_Vallī"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bhṛgu Vallī</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhṛgu_Vallī-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Taittiriya Upanishad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6" title="তৈত্তিরীয় উপনিষদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তৈত্তিরীয় উপনিষদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittiriya-Upanishad_(Hinduismus)" title="Taittiriya-Upanishad (Hinduismus) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Taittiriya-Upanishad (Hinduismus)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taitiriya-upanishad" title="Taitiriya-upanishad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Taitiriya-upanishad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="اوپانیشاد تیتریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوپانیشاد تیتریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Taittiriya Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittir%C4%ABya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Taittirīya Upaniṣad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Taittirīya Upaniṣad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ತೈತ್ತಿರೀಯೋಪನಿಷತ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತೈತ್ತಿರೀಯೋಪನಿಷತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taitiryja_Upani%C5%A1ada" title="Taitiryja Upanišada – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Taitiryja Upanišada" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="തൈത്തിരീയോപനിഷത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തൈത്തിരീയോപനിഷത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D)" title="तैत्तिरीय (उपनिषद्) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तैत्तिरीय (उपनिषद्)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%83%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="タイッティリーヤ・ウパニシャッド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タイッティリーヤ・ウパニシャッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Тайттирия-упанишада – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тайттирия-упанишада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Divisions</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Rig vedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Sama vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Yajur vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Atharva vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Brahma puranas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#FFC569;">Taittiriya</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Screenshot_Taittiriya_Upanishad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Screenshot_Taittiriya_Upanishad.jpg/250px-Screenshot_Taittiriya_Upanishad.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Screenshot_Taittiriya_Upanishad.jpg/375px-Screenshot_Taittiriya_Upanishad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Screenshot_Taittiriya_Upanishad.jpg/500px-Screenshot_Taittiriya_Upanishad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1802" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Taittiriya Upanishad'</i>, verses 1.1 to 1.2, (Sanskrit, Devanagari script )</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data">तैत्तिरीय</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Taittirīya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">1st millennium BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mukhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya">Mukhya Upanishad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Linked <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Veda</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Yajurveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna Yajurveda">Krishna Yajurveda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Linked <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Brahmana">Taittiriya Brahmana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Linked <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Aranyaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Aranyaka">Taittiriya Aranyaka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commented by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Taittiriya Upanishad</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद्</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Taittīriyopaniṣad</i></span></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> era <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text, embedded as three chapters (<i>adhyāya</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a>. It is a <i><a href="/wiki/Mukhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya">mukhya</a></i> (primary, principal) <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a>, and likely composed about 6th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Taittirīya Upanishad is associated with the Taittirīya school of the Yajurveda, attributed to the pupils of sage Vaishampayana.<sup id="cite_ref-aweber_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aweber-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lists as number 7 in the <a href="/wiki/Muktika" class="mw-redirect" title="Muktika">Muktika</a> canon of 108 Upanishads. </p><p>The Taittirīya Upanishad is the seventh, eighth and ninth chapters of <i>Taittirīya <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ra%E1%B9%87yaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Āraṇyaka">Āraṇyaka</a></i>, which are also called, respectively, the <i>Śikṣāvallī</i>, the <i>Ānandavallī</i> and the <i>Bhṛguvallī</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Upanishad is classified as part of the "black" Yajurveda, with the term "black" implying "the un-arranged, motley collection" of verses in Yajurveda, in contrast to the "white" (well arranged) Yajurveda where <i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha Upanishad</a></i> are embedded.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Upanishad includes verses that are partly prayers and benedictions, partly instruction on phonetics and praxis, partly advice on ethics and morals given to graduating students from ancient Vedic <i><a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">gurukula</a></i>-s (schools), partly a treatise on allegory, and partly philosophical instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Taittiriya</i> is a Sanskrit word that means "from Tittiri". The root of this name has been interpreted in two ways: "from Vedic <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Shakha" title="Taittiriya Shakha">sage Tittiri</a>", who was the student of <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81ska" title="Yāska">Yāska</a>; or alternatively, it being a collection of verses from mythical students who became "<a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">partridges</a>" (birds) in order to gain knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-aweber_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aweber-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later root of the title comes from the nature of Taittriya Upanishad which, like the rest of "dark or black Yajur Veda", is a motley, confusing collection of unrelated but individually meaningful verses.<sup id="cite_ref-aweber_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aweber-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each chapter of the Taittiriya Upanishad is called a <i>Valli</i> (वल्ली), which literally means a medicinal <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vine</a>-like climbing plant that grows independently yet is attached to a main tree. Paul Deussen states that this symbolic terminology is apt and likely reflects the root and nature of the Taittiriya Upanishad, which too is largely independent of the liturgical Yajur Veda, and is attached to the main text.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chronology of Taittiriya Upanishad, along with other Vedic era literature, is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-stephenphillips_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All opinions rest on scanty evidence, assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.<sup id="cite_ref-stephenphillips_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stephen Phillips<sup id="cite_ref-stephenphillips_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that Taittiriya Upanishad was likely one of the early Upanishads, composed in the 1st half of 1st millennium BCE, after Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, and Isha, but before Aitareya, Kaushitaki, Kena, Katha, Manduka, Prasna, Svetasvatara and Maitri Upanishads, as well as before the earliest Buddhist Pali and Jaina canons.<sup id="cite_ref-stephenphillips_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ranade<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shares the view of Phillips in chronologically sequencing Taittiriya Upanishad with respect to other Upanishads. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Winternitz,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hold a similar view as that of Phillips, but place Taittiriya before Isha Upanishad, but after Brihadaranyaka Upanishad and Chandogya Upanishad. </p><p>According to a 1998 review by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a>, the Taittiriya Upanishad was composed in a pre-Buddhist period, possibly 6th to 5th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Olivelle1998p12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olivelle1998p12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Taittiriya Upanishad has three chapters: the <i>Siksha Valli</i>, the <i>Ananda Valli</i> and the <i>Bhrigu Valli</i>. The first chapter Siksha Valli includes twelve <i>Anuvaka</i> (lessons). The second chapter <i>Ananda Valli</i>, sometimes called <i>Brahmananda Valli</i> includes nine verses.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerbv_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerbv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third chapter <i>Bhrigu Valli</i> consists of ten verses.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some ancient and medieval Hindu scholars have classified the Taittiriya Upanishad differently, based on its structure. For example, Sãyana in his <i>Bhasya</i> (review and commentary) calls the Shiksha Valli (seventh chapter of the Aranyaka) as Sãmhitī-upanishad, and he prefers to treat the Ananda Valli and Bhrigu Valli (eighth and ninth Prapãthakas) as a separate Upanishad and calls it the Vārunya Upanishad.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerbv_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerbv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Upanishad is one of the earliest known texts where an index was included at the end of each section, along with the main text, as a structural layout of the book. At the end of each Vallĩ in Taittiriya Upanishad manuscripts, there is an index of the Anuvakas which it contains. The index includes the initial words and final words of each <i>Anuvaka</i>, as well as the number of sections in that <i>Anuvaka</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerbv_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerbv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the first and second Anuvakas of <i>Shiksha Valli</i> state in their indices that there are five sections each in them, the fourth Anuvaka asserts there are three sections and one paragraph in it, while the twelfth Anuvaka states it has one section and five paragraphs.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerbv_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerbv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Ananda Valli</i>, according to the embedded index, state each chapter to be much larger than currently surviving texts. For example, the 1st Anuvaka lists <i>pratika</i> words in its index as <i>brahmavid</i>, <i>idam</i>, <i>ayam</i>, and states the number of sections to be twenty one. The 2nd Anuvaka asserts it has twenty six sections, the 3rd claims twenty two, the 4th has eighteen, the 5th has twenty two, the 6th Anuvaka asserts in its index that it has twenty eight sections, 7th claims sixteen, 8th states it includes fifty one sections, while the 9th asserts it has eleven. Similarly, the third Valli lists the <i>pratika</i> and <i>anukramani</i> in the index for each of the ten <i>Anuvakas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerbv_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerbv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Divisions</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Rig vedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Sama vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Yajur vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Atharva vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Brahma puranas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shiksha_Valli">Shiksha Valli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shiksha Valli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Siksha Valli chapter of Taittiriya Upanishad derives its name from <a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a> (Sanskrit: शिक्षा), which literally means "instruction, education".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The various lessons of this first chapter are related to education of students in ancient Vedic era of India, their initiation into a school and their responsibilities after graduation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It mentions lifelong "pursuit of knowledge", includes hints of "Self-knowledge", but is largely independent of the second and third chapter of the Upanishad which discuss <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> and Self-knowledge. Paul Deussen states that the <i>Shiksha Valli</i> was likely the earliest chapter composed of this Upanishad, and the text grew over time with additional chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussensv_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussensv-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Siksha Valli includes promises by students entering the Vedic school, an outline of basic course content, the nature of advanced courses and creative work from human relationships, ethical and social responsibilities of the teacher and the students, the role of breathing and proper pronunciation of Vedic literature, the duties and ethical precepts that the graduate must live up to post-graduation.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussensv_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussensv-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_student's_promise_–_First_Anuvāka"><span id="A_student.27s_promise_.E2.80.93_First_Anuv.C4.81ka"></span>A student's promise – First Anuvāka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: A student's promise – First Anuvāka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <i>anuvaka</i> (lesson) of Taittiriya Upanishad starts with benedictions, wherein states <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, major Vedic deities are proclaimed to be manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (Cosmic Self, the constant Universal Principle, Unchanging Reality).<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerbv_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerbv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adishankaratu111_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adishankaratu111-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the benedictions, the first anuvaka includes a prayer and promise that a student in Vedic age of India was supposed to recite. Along with benedictions to Vedic deities, the recitation stated,<sup id="cite_ref-sharvanandatu_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharvanandatu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>The right will I will speak,<br /> and I will speak the true,<br /> May That (Brahman) protect me; may That protect the teacher.<br /> Om! Peace! Peace! Peace! </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Taittiriya Upanishad, Translated by Swami Sharvananda<sup id="cite_ref-sharvanandatu_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharvanandatu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Adi Shankara comments that the "Peace" phrase is repeated thrice, because there are three potential obstacles to the gain of Self-knowledge by a student: one's own behavior, other people's behavior, and the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a>; these sources are exhorted to peace.<sup id="cite_ref-adishankaratu111_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adishankaratu111-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonetics_and_the_theory_of_connecting_links_–_Second_and_Third_Anuvāka"><span id="Phonetics_and_the_theory_of_connecting_links_.E2.80.93_Second_and_Third_Anuv.C4.81ka"></span>Phonetics and the theory of connecting links – Second and Third Anuvāka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonetics and the theory of connecting links – Second and Third Anuvāka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second anuvaka highlights <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a> as an element of the Vedic instruction. The verse asserts that the student must master the principles of sound as it is created and as perceived, in terms of the structure of linguistics, vowels, consonants, balancing, accentuation (stress, meter), speaking correctly, and the connection of sounds in a word from articulatory and auditory perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussentu112_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussentu112-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taittirĩya Upanishad emphasizes, in its later anuvakas, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">svādhyāya</i></span></i>, a practice that served as the principal tool for the oral preservation of the Vedas in their original form for over two millennia. <a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a> as a part of student's instruction, involved understanding the linguistic principles coupled with recitation practice of Indian scriptures, which enabled the mastering of entire chapters and books with accurate pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-gavinflood_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gavinflood-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Indian studies of linguistics and recitation tradition, as mentioned in the second anuvaka of Taittiriya Upanishad, helped transmit and preserve the extensive Vedic literature from 2nd millennium BCE onwards, long before the methods of mass printing and book preservation were developed. <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._J._Witzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael E. J. Witzel">Michael Witzel</a> explains it as follows,<sup id="cite_ref-gavinflood_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gavinflood-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalized early on. This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to the classical texts of other cultures; it is, in fact, something like a <i>tape-recording</i>.... Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-gavinflood_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gavinflood-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The third anuvaka of <i>Shiksha Valli</i> asserts that everything in the universe is connected. In its theory of "connecting links", it states that letters are joined to form words and words are joined to express ideas, just like earth and heavens are forms causally joined by space through the medium of <i>Vayu</i> (air), and just like the fire and the sun are forms causally connected through lightning with the medium of clouds. It asserts that it is knowledge that connects the teacher and the student through the medium of exposition, while the child is the connecting link between the father and the mother through the medium of procreation.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussentu112_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussentu112-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speech (expression) is the joining link between upper and lower jaw, and it is speech which connects people.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_teacher's_prayer_–_Fourth_Anuvāka"><span id="A_teacher.27s_prayer_.E2.80.93_Fourth_Anuv.C4.81ka"></span>A teacher's prayer – Fourth Anuvāka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: A teacher's prayer – Fourth Anuvāka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fourth anuvaka of Shiksha Valli is a prayer of the teacher,<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussentu114_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussentu114-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>Students, may they come to me! Svaha! (liturgy exclamation)<br /> Students, may they flock to me! Svaha!<br /> Students, may they rush to me! Svaha!<br /> Students, may they be controlled! Svaha!<br /> Students, may they be tranquil! Svaha!<br /> (...)<br /> As waters flow down the slope;<br /> And the months with the passing of the days;<br /> So, O Creator, from everywhere,<br /> May students come to me! Svaha!<br /> You are a neighbor!<br /> Shine on me!<br /> Come to me! </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Taittirĩya Upanishad, I.4.2<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The structure of the fourth anuvaka is unusual because it starts as a metered verse but slowly metamorphoses into a rhythmic Sanskrit prose. Additionally, the construction of the verse has creative elements that permits multiple translations.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussentu114_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussentu114-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth anuvaka is also structured as a liturgical text, with many parts rhythmically ending in <a href="/wiki/Svaha" title="Svaha">Svāhā</a>, a term used when oblations are offered during <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-ssastri142_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssastri142-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_theory_of_Oneness_and_holy_exclamations_–_Fifth_and_Sixth_Anuvāka"><span id="A_theory_of_Oneness_and_holy_exclamations_.E2.80.93_Fifth_and_Sixth_Anuv.C4.81ka"></span>A theory of Oneness and holy exclamations – Fifth and Sixth Anuvāka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: A theory of Oneness and holy exclamations – Fifth and Sixth Anuvāka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fifth anuvaka declares that "Bhūr! Bhuvaḥ! Svar!" are three holy exclamations, then adds that <i>Bhur</i> is the breathing out, <i>Bhuvah</i> is the breathing in, while <i>Svar</i> is the intermediate step between those two. It also states that "Brahman is <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman (Self)</a>, and all deities and divinities are its limbs", that "Self-knowledge is the Eternal Principle", and the human beings who have this Oneness and Self-knowledge are served by the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second part of the sixth anuvaka of <i>Shiksha Valli</i> asserts that the "Atman (Self) exists" and when an individual Self attains certain characteristics, it becomes one with Brahman (Cosmic Self, Eternal Reality). These characteristics are listed as follows in verse 1.6.2 : </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>He (the self) obtains sovereignty and becomes the lord of the mind, the lord of speech, the lord of sight, the lord of hearing, and the lord of perception. And thereafter, this is what he becomes — the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> whose body is space, whose self is truth (<a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">satya</a>), whose pleasure ground is the lifebreath (<a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a>), and whose joy is the mind; the Brahman who is completely tranquil and immortal. O Pracinayogya, venerate it in this manner! </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Taittirĩya Upanishad, I.6.2<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The sixth anuvaka ends with exhortation to meditate on this Oneness principle, during <i>Pracina yogya</i> (प्राचीन योग्य, ancient yoga),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it one of the earliest mentions of the practice of meditative <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> as existent in ancient India.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parallelism_in_knowledge_and_what_is_Om_–_Seventh_and_Eighth_Anuvāka"><span id="Parallelism_in_knowledge_and_what_is_Om_.E2.80.93_Seventh_and_Eighth_Anuv.C4.81ka"></span>Parallelism in knowledge and what is Om – Seventh and Eighth Anuvāka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parallelism in knowledge and what is Om – Seventh and Eighth Anuvāka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/140px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/210px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/280px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>The eighth anuvaka of Taittiriya Upanishad's first chapter discusses what is Aum?</figcaption></figure> <p>The seventh anuvaka of Shiksha Valli is an unconnected lesson asserting that "everything in this whole world is fivefold" – sensory organs, human anatomy (skin, flesh, sinews, bones, marrow), breathing, energy (fire, wind, sun, moon, stars), space (earth, aerial space, heavens, poles, intermediate poles).<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Deussen_page_227_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Deussen_page_227-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This section does not contextually fit with the sixth or eighth lesson. It is the concluding words of the seventh anuvaka that makes it relevant to the Taittiriya Upanishad, by asserting the idea of fractal nature of existence where the same hidden principles of nature and reality are present in macro and micro forms, there is parallelism in all knowledge. Paul Deussen states that these concluding words of the seventh lesson of Shiksha Valli assert, "there is parallelism between man and the world, microcosm and macrocosm, and he who understands this idea of parallelism becomes there through the macrocosm itself".<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Deussen_page_226_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Deussen_page_226-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>What is <span style="font-size:120%">ॐ</span>?</b> </p><p>The eighth anuvaka, similarly, is another seemingly unconnected lesson. It includes an exposition of the syllable word <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a> (ॐ, sometimes spelled <i>Aum</i>), stating that this word is inner part of the word <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, it signifies the Brahman, it is this whole world states the eight lesson in the first section of the Taittiriya Upanishad. The verse asserts that this syllable word is used often and for diverse purposes, to remind and celebrate that Brahman. It lists the diverse uses of <i>Om</i> in ancient India, at invocations, at <i>Agnidhra</i>, in songs of the <i>Samans</i>, in prayers, in <i>Sastras</i>, during sacrifices, during rituals, during meditation, and during recitation of the Vedas.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Deussen_page_227_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Deussen_page_227-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethical_duties_of_human_beings_–_Ninth_Anuvāka"><span id="Ethical_duties_of_human_beings_.E2.80.93_Ninth_Anuv.C4.81ka"></span>Ethical duties of human beings – Ninth Anuvāka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ethical duties of human beings – Ninth Anuvāka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ninth anuvaka of Shiksha Valli is a rhythmic recitation of ethical duties of all human beings, where <i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">svādhyāya</a></i> is the "perusal of oneself" (study yourself), and the <i>pravacana</i> (प्रवचन, exposition and discussion of Vedas)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is emphasized.<sup id="cite_ref-ssastri191_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssastri191-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussentu191_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussentu191-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p><br /> ऋतं च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च । सत्यं च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च । तपश्च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च । दमश्च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च । शमश्च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च । अग्नयश्च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च । अग्निहोत्रं च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च । अतिथयश्च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च । मानुषं च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च । प्रजा च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च । प्रजनश्च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च । प्रजातिश्च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च । सत्यमिति सत्यवचा राथीतरः । तप इति तपोनित्यः पौरुशिष्टिः । स्वाध्यायप्रवचने एवेति नाको मौद्गल्यः । तद्धि तपस्तद्धि तपः ॥<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <br /> Justice with <i>svādhyāya</i> and <i>pravacana</i> (must be practiced),<br /> Truth with <i>svādhyāya</i> and <i>pravacana</i>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapas (Sanskrit)">Tapas</a> with <i>svādhyāya</i> and <i>pravacana</i>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a> with <i>svādhyāya</i> and <i>pravacana</i>,<br /> Tranquility and forgiveness with <i>svādhyāya</i> and <i>pravacana</i>,<br /> Fire rituals with <i>svādhyāya</i> and <i>pravacana</i>,<br /> Oblations during fire rituals with <i>svādhyāya</i> and <i>pravacana</i>,<br /> Hospitality to one's guest to the best of one's ability with <i>svādhyāya</i> and <i>pravacana</i>,<br /> Kind affability with all human beings with <i>svādhyāya</i> and <i>pravacana</i>,<br /> Procreation with <i>svādhyāya</i> and <i>pravacana</i>,<br /> Sexual intercourse with <i>svādhyāya</i> and <i>pravacana</i>,<br /> Raising children to the best of one's ability with <i>svādhyāya</i> and <i>pravacana</i>,<br /> Truthfulness opines (sage) Satyavacā Rāthītara,<br /> <i>Tapas</i> opines (sage) Taponitya Pauruśiṣṭi,<br /> <i>Svādhyāya</i> and <i>pravacana</i> opines (sage) Naka Maudgalya<br /> – because that is <i>tapas</i>, that is <i>tapas</i>. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Taittirīya Upanishad, I.9.1<sup id="cite_ref-ssastri191_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssastri191-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussentu191_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussentu191-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tenth_Anuvāka"><span id="Tenth_Anuv.C4.81ka"></span>Tenth Anuvāka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tenth Anuvāka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tenth anuvaka is obscure, unrelated lesson, likely a corrupted or incomplete surviving version of the original, according to Paul Deussen. It is rhythmic with <i>Mahabrihati Yavamadhya</i> meter, a mathematical "8+8+12+8+8" structure.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a> translates it as an affirmation of one's Self as a capable, empowered blissful being.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller10_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller10-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tenth anuvaka asserts, "I am he who shakes the tree. I am glorious like the top of a mountain. I, whose pure light (of knowledge) has risen, am that which is truly immortal, as it resides in the sun. I (Self) am the treasure, wise, immortal, imperishable. This is the teaching of the Veda, by sage Trisanku."<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller10_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller10-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shankara states<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the tree is a metaphor for the empirical world, which is shaken by knowledge and realization of Atman-Brahman (Self, eternal reality and hidden invisible principles). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Convocation_address_to_graduating_students,_living_ethically_Eleventh_Anuvāka"><span id="Convocation_address_to_graduating_students.2C_living_ethically_Eleventh_Anuv.C4.81ka"></span>Convocation address to graduating students, living ethically Eleventh Anuvāka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Convocation address to graduating students, living ethically Eleventh Anuvāka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eleventh anuvaka of Shiksha Valli is a list of golden rules which the Vedic era teacher imparted to the graduating students as the ethical way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-ssastri1112_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssastri1112-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussentu1112-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verses ask the graduate to take care of themselves and pursue <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a> to the best of their abilities. Parts of the verses in section 1.11.1, for example, state<sup id="cite_ref-ssastri1112_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssastri1112-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>Never err from Truth,<br /> Never err from Dharma,<br /> Never neglect your well-being,<br /> Never neglect your health,<br /> Never neglect your prosperity,<br /> Never neglect <i>Svādhyāya</i> (study of oneself) and <i>Pravacana</i> (exposition of Vedas). </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Taittirĩya Upanishad, I.11.1<sup id="cite_ref-ssastri1112_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssastri1112-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussentu1112-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The eleventh anuvaka of <i>Shiksha Valli</i> list behavioral guidelines for the graduating students from a <i>gurukula</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-roberthume_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthume-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p><br /> मातृदेवो भव । पितृदेवो भव ।<br /> आचार्यदेवो भव । अतिथिदेवो भव ।<br /> यान्यनवद्यानि कर्माणि तानि सेवितव्यानि । नो इतराणि ।<br /> यान्यस्माकँ सुचरितानि तानि त्वयोपास्यानि । नो इतराणि ॥ २ ॥<br /> <br /> Be one to whom a mother is as god, be one to whom a father is as god,<br /> Be one to whom an <i>Acharya</i> (spiritual guide, scholars you learn from) is as god, be one to whom a guest is as god.<sup id="cite_ref-roberthume_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthume-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Let your actions be uncensurable, none else.<br /> Those acts that you consider good when done to you, do those to others, none else. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Taittirĩya Upanishad, I.11.2<sup id="cite_ref-ssastri1112_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssastri1112-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussentu1112-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The third section of the eleventh anuvaka lists charity and giving, with faith, sympathy, modesty and cheerfulness, as ethical precept for the graduating students.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussentu1112-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have debated whether the guidelines to morality in this Taittiriya Upanishad anuvaka are consistent with the "Know yourself" spirit of the Upanishads. Adi Shankara states that they are, because there is a difference between theory and practice, learning the need for Self-knowledge and the ethics that results from such Self-knowledge is not same as living practice of the same. Ethical living accelerates Self-knowledge in the graduate.<sup id="cite_ref-ssastri1112_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssastri1112-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussentu1112-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Graduating_student's_acknowledgment_–_Twelfth_Anuvāka"><span id="Graduating_student.27s_acknowledgment_.E2.80.93_Twelfth_Anuv.C4.81ka"></span>Graduating student's acknowledgment – Twelfth Anuvāka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Graduating student's acknowledgment – Twelfth Anuvāka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last <i>anuvaka</i> (lesson) of Taittiriya Upanishad, just like the first anuvaka, starts with benedictions, wherein Vedic deities are once again proclaimed to be manifestations of Brahman (Cosmic Self, Unchanging Reality).<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerbv_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerbv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adishankaratu1121_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adishankaratu1121-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the benedictions, the last anuvaka includes an acknowledgment that mirrors the promise in first anuvaka,<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussentu1121_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussentu1121-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>I have proclaimed you,<br /> And you alone as the visible <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>!<br /> I have proclaimed you as the right!<br /> I have proclaimed you as the true!<br /> It has helped me.<br /> It has helped the teacher.<br /> Yes, it has helped me.<br /> And it has helped the teacher.<br /> Om, Peace! Peace! Peace! </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Taittirĩya Upanishad, I.12.1, Translated by Patrick Olivelle<sup id="cite_ref-patrickolivelle_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patrickolivelle-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ananda_Valli">Ananda Valli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ananda Valli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Panchakosha" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchakosha">panchakosha</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:26em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>ॐ<br /> सह नाववतु ।<br /> सह नौ भुनक्तु । सह वीर्यं करवावहै ।<br /> तेजस्वि नावधीतमस्तु मा विद्विषावहै ।<br /> ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः ॥<br /> <br /> Om!<br /> May it (Brahman) protect us both (teacher and student)!<br /> May we both enjoy knowledge! May we learn together!<br /> May our study be brilliant! May we never quarrel!<br /> Om! Peace! peace! peace! </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Taittiriya Upanishad, Anandavalli Invocation<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The second chapter of Taittiriya Upanishad, namely Ananda Valli and sometimes called <i>Brahmananda Valli</i>, focuses like other ancient Upanishads on the theme of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self). It asserts that "Atman exists", it is <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, and realizing it is the highest, empowering, liberating knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenavintro_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenavintro-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ananda Valli asserts that knowing one's Self is the path to freedom from all concerns, fears and to a positive state of blissful living.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenavintro_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenavintro-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ananda Valli is remarkable for its <i>Kosha</i> (Sanskrit: कोष) theory (or <i><a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Layered Maya</a></i> theory), expressing that man reaches his highest potential and understands the deepest knowledge by a process of learning the right and unlearning the wrong. Real deeper knowledge is hidden in layers of superficial knowledge, but superficial knowledge is easier and simplistic. The Ananda Valli classifies these as concentric layers (sheaths) of knowledge-seeking.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outermost layer it calls <i>Annamaya</i> which envelops and hides <i>Pranamaya</i>, which in turn envelops <i>Manomaya</i>, inside which is <i>Vijnanamaya</i>, and finally the <i>Anandamaya</i> which the Upanishad states is the innermost, deepest layer.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenavintro_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenavintro-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eliotdeutsch_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eliotdeutsch-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ananda Valli asserts that Self-knowledge is "not" attainable by cultic worship of God or gods motivated by egoistic cravings and desires (<i>Manomaya</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenavintro_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenavintro-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Vijnanamaya</i> or one with segregated knowledge experiences the deeper state of existence but it too is insufficient. The complete, unified and blissful state of Self-knowledge is, states Ananda Valli, that where one becomes one with all reality, there is no separation between object and subject, I and we, Atman and Brahman. Realization of Atman is a deep state of absorption, oneness, communion.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenavintro_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenavintro-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ananda valli is one of the earliest known theories in history on the nature of man and knowledge, and resembles but pre-dates the Hellenistic Hermetic and Neoplatonic theories recorded in different forms about a millennium later, such as those expressed in the Corpus <a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermetica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eliotdeutsch_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eliotdeutsch-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Annamaya_–_First_and_Second_Anuvāka"><span id="Annamaya_.E2.80.93_First_and_Second_Anuv.C4.81ka"></span>Annamaya – First and Second Anuvāka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Annamaya – First and Second Anuvāka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first anuvaka commences by stating the premise and a summary of the entire Ananda Valli.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenavintro_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenavintro-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> ब्रह्मविदाप्नोति परम् । तदेषाऽभ्युक्ता । सत्यं ज्ञानमनन्तं ब्रह्म । </p><p>One who knows Brahman, reaches the highest. <a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> (reality, truth) is Brahman, <i>Jnana</i> (knowledge) is Brahman, <i>Ananta</i> (infinite) is Brahman. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Taittiriya Upanishad, 2.1.1<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenavintro_48-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenavintro-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Paul Deussen notes that the word <i>Ananta</i> in verse 1 may be vulgate, and a related term <i>Ananda</i>, similarly pronounced, is more consistent with the teachings of other Upanishads of Hinduism, particularly one of its central premise of Atman being <i>sat-chit-ananda</i>. In Deussen's review and translation, instead of "Brahman is infinite", an alternative expression would read "Brahman is bliss".<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenavintro_48-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenavintro-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second anuvaka of Ananda Valli then proceeds to explain the first layer of man's nature and knowledge-seeking to be about "material man and material nature", with the metaphor of food.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen221_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen221-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taittiriya Upanishad asserts that both "material man and material nature" are caused by Brahman, are manifestations of Brahman, are Brahman, but only the outermost shell or sheath of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen221_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen221-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verse offers relational connection between natural elements, asserting that everything is food to something else in universe at the empirical level of existence, either at a given time, or over time.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen221_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen221-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All creatures are born out of this "food provided by nature and food provided by life with time". All creatures grow due to food, and thus are interdependent. All creatures, upon their death, become food in this food-chain, states Ananda Valli's second verse. Learning, knowing and understanding this "food chain" material nature of existence and the interdependence is the first essential, yet outermost incomplete knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen221_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen221-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pranamaya_–_Third_Anuvāka"><span id="Pranamaya_.E2.80.93_Third_Anuv.C4.81ka"></span>Pranamaya – Third Anuvāka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pranamaya – Third Anuvāka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second inner level of nature and knowledge-seeking is about life-force, asserts Ananda Valli's third anuvaka.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen221_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen221-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This life-force is identified by and dependent on breathing. Gods breathe, human beings breathe, animals breathe, as do all beings that exist. Life-force is more than material universe, it includes animating processes inside the being, particularly breathing, and this layer of nature and knowledge is <i>Pranamaya kosha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen221_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen221-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manomaya_–_Fourth_Anuvāka"><span id="Manomaya_.E2.80.93_Fourth_Anuv.C4.81ka"></span>Manomaya – Fourth Anuvāka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Manomaya – Fourth Anuvāka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next inner, deeper layer of nature and knowledge-seeking relates to <i>Manas</i> (mind, thought, will, wish), or <i>Manomaya kosha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen221_54-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen221-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Manas</i>, asserts the fourth anuvaka of Ananda Valli, exists only in individual forms of beings. It is characterized by the power to will, the ability to wish, and the striving for prosperity through actions on the empirical nature, knowledge and beings.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen242_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen242-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verse of fourth anuvaka add that this knowledge is essential yet incomplete, that it the knowledge of Brahman that truly liberates, and one who knows Atman-Brahman "dreads nothing, now and never" and "lives contently, in bliss".<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen242_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen242-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vijñãnamaya_–_Fifth_Anuvāka"><span id="Vij.C3.B1.C3.A3namaya_.E2.80.93_Fifth_Anuv.C4.81ka"></span>Vijñãnamaya – Fifth Anuvāka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vijñãnamaya – Fifth Anuvāka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fifth anuvaka of Ananda Valli states that the "manomaya kosha" (thought, will, wish) envelops a deeper more profound layer of existence, which is the "vijnana-maya kosha" (knowledge, ethics, reason). This is the realm of knowledge observed in all human beings. The vijnana-maya is characterized by faith, justice, truth, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> and <i>mahas</i> (power to perceive and reason). The individual who is aware of vijnana-maya, asserts the verses of Ananda Valli, offers knowledge as the work to others.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen251_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen251-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anandamaya_Sixth,_Seventh,_Eighth_and_Ninth_Anuvāka"><span id="Anandamaya_Sixth.2C_Seventh.2C_Eighth_and_Ninth_Anuv.C4.81ka"></span>Anandamaya Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Anuvāka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Anandamaya Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Anuvāka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sixth, seventh and eighth anuvaka of Ananda Valli states that the "vijnanamaya kosha" (knowledge, ethics, reason) envelops the deepest, hidden layer of existence, which is the "ananda-maya kosha" (bliss, tranquility, contentness). This is the inner most is the realm of Atman-Brahman (Self, spirituality).<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen2678_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen2678-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ananda-maya is characterized by love, joy, cheerfulness, bliss and Brahman. The individuals who are aware of ananda-maya, assert the sixth to eighth verses of Ananda Valli, are those who simultaneously realize the empirical and the spiritual, the conscious and unconscious, the changing and the eternal, the time and the timeless.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen2678_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen2678-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These last anuvakas of the second Valli of Tattiriya Upanishad assert that he who has Self-knowledge is well constituted, he realizes the essence, he is full of bliss. He exists in peace within and without, his is a state of calm joy irrespective of circumstances, he is One with everything and everyone. He fears nothing, he fears no one, he lives his true nature, he is free from pride, he is free from guilt, he is beyond good and evil, he is free from craving desires and thus all the universe is in him and is his.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen2678_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen2678-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His blissful being is Atman-Brahman, and Atman-Brahman is the bliss that is he. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhṛgu_Vallī"><span id="Bh.E1.B9.9Bgu_Vall.C4.AB"></span>Bhṛgu Vallī</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bhṛgu Vallī"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third Valli of Tattiriya Upanishad repeats the ideas of Ananda Valli, through a story about sage Bhrigu. The chapter is also similar in its themes and focus to those found in chapter 3 of Kausitaki Upanishad and chapter 8 of Chandogya Upanishad.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen311_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen311-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bhrigu Valli's theme is the exposition of the concept of Atman-Brahman (Self) and what it means to be a self-realized, free, liberated human being.<sup id="cite_ref-amsastritubhrigu_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amsastritubhrigu-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first six anuvakas of Bhrigu Valli are called <i>Bhargavi Varuni Vidya</i>, which means "the knowledge Bhrigu got from (his father) Varuni". It is in these anuvakas that sage Varuni advises Bhrigu with one of the oft-cited definition of Brahman, as "that from which beings originate, through which they live, and in which they re-enter after death, explore that because that is Brahman".<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen311_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen311-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This thematic, all encompassing, eternal nature of reality and existence develops as the basis for Bhrigu's emphasis on introspection and inwardization, to help peel off the outer husks of knowledge, in order to reach and realize the innermost kernel of spiritual Self-knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen311_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen311-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last four of the ten anuvakas of Bhrigu Valli build on this foundation, but once again like Ananda Valli, use the metaphor of "food" as in Ananda Valli.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen311_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen311-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with Ananda Valli, in Bhrigu Valli, everything and everyone is asserted to be connected and deeply inter-related to everything and everyone else, by being food (of energy, of material, of knowledge). "Food is founded on food", asserts verse 3.9 of Taittiriya Upanishad, which then illustrates the idea with the specific example "earth is founded on (food for) space, and space is founded on (food for) earth".<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen311_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen311-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>Brahman is bliss for clearly,<br /> it is from bliss that these beings are born;<br /> through bliss, once born, do they live; <br /> & into bliss do they pass upon death </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sixth Anuvāka, Bhrigu Valli, Taittiriya Upanishad 3.6, Translated by Patrick Olivelle<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>After discussing the nature of Brahman, the Bhrigu Valli chapter of Taittiriya Upanishad recommends the following maxims and vows:<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerbv_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerbv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen311_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen311-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Never scorn food", which metaphorically means "never scorn anything or anyone".</li> <li>"Increase food", which metaphorically means "increase prosperity of everyone and everything".</li> <li>"Refuse no guest to your house, and share food with everyone including strangers", which metaphorically means "compassionately help everyone, sharing plentiful prosperity and knowledge".</li></ul> <p>The Taittiriya Upanishad closes with the following <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">advaita</a> declaration,<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen311_59-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen311-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amsastritubhrigu_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amsastritubhrigu-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>Ha u! Ha u! Ha u!<br /> I am food! I am food! I am food!<br /> I eat food! I eat food! I eat food!<br /> I set the rhythm! I set the rhythm! I set the rhythm!<br /> <br /> I am the first-born of <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Born before the gods,<br /> in the navel of the immortal.<br /> <br /> The one who gives me<br /> will indeed eat me.<br /> <br /> I am food!<br /> I eat him who eats the food!<br /> I have conquered the whole universe!<br /> I am like the light in the heavens (firmament)!<br /> (And so will) anyone who knows this, that is the hidden teaching (<a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">upanishad</a>) </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bhrigu Valli, Taittiriya Upanishad 3.10<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of commentaries were published on the Taittiriya Upanishad in Sanskrit and Indian languages through the years, including popular ones by Shankara, Sayanana and Ramanuja. Though, the first European translations of the work began to appear in 1805, up to the early 1900s some information on vedas were known to Europeans before. They began to appear in English, German and French, primarily by <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_T._H._Griffith" title="Ralph T. H. Griffith">Griffith</a>, Muir, and Wilson, all of whom were either western academics based in Europe or in colonial India.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taittiriya Upanishad was first translated in Non Indian languages Jacqueline Hirst, in her analysis of Adi Shankara's works, states that Taittiriya Upanishad Bhasya provides one of his key exegesis. Shankara presents Knowledge and Truth as different, non-superimposable but interrelated. Knowledge can be right or wrong, correct or incorrect, a distinction that principles of Truth and Truthfulness help distinguish. Truth cleanses knowledge, helping man understand the nature of empirical truths and hidden truths (invisible laws and principles, Self). Together states Shankara in his Taittiriya Upanishad Bhasya, Knowledge and Truth point to Oneness of all, Brahman as nothing other than Self in every human being.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul Horsch, in his review of the historical development of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> concept and ethics in Indian philosophies, includes Taittiriya Upanishad as among the ancient influential texts.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirkwood makes a similar observation.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bhatta states that Taittiriya Upanishad is one of earliest expositions of education system in ancient Indian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul Deussen, in his preface to Taittiriya Upanishad's translation, states that Ananda Valli chapter of Taittiriya Upanishad is "one of the most beautiful evidences of the ancient Indian's deep absorption in the mystery of nature and of the inmost part of the human being".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Taittiriya Upanishad has been translated into a number of Indian languages as well, by a large number of scholars including <a href="/wiki/Dayanand_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayanand Saraswati">Dayanand Saraswati</a>, Bhandarkar, and in more recent years, by organisations such as the Chinmayananda mission.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atithi_Devo_Bhav" class="mw-redirect" title="Atithi Devo Bhav">Atithi Devo Bhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchakosha" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchakosha">Panchakosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angot, Michel. (2007) <i>Taittiriya-Upanisad avec le commentaire de Samkara</i>, p.7. College de France, Paris. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86803-074-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-86803-074-2">2-86803-074-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aweber-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aweber_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aweber_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aweber_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A Weber, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nsoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA87">History of Indian Literature</a></i>, p. 87, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Trubner & Co, pages 87-91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a>, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 217-219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n61/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> SS Sastri (Translator), The Aitereya and Taittiriya Upanishad, pages 57-192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stephenphillips-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231144858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231144858">978-0231144858</a>, Chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> (1996), The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text & Translation, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, Introduction Chapter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RD Ranade, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926#page/n47/mode/2up">A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy</a>, Chapter 1, pages 13-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/philosophyoftheupa00deusuoft#page/n39/mode/2up">The Philosophy of the Upanishads</a>, pages 22-26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M Winternitz (2010), History of Indian Literature, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120802643" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120802643">978-8120802643</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olivelle1998p12-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olivelle1998p12_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1998" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Olivelle (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4IRDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512435-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512435-4"><bdi>978-0-19-512435-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Upanishads%3A+Annotated+Text+and+Translation&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512435-4&rft.au=Patrick+Olivelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd4IRDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaittiriya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Phillips2009" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Phillips (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uLqrAgAAQBAJ"><i>Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 28–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14485-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14485-8"><bdi>978-0-231-14485-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%2C+Karma%2C+and+Rebirth%3A+A+Brief+History+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=28-30&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14485-8&rft.au=Stephen+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuLqrAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaittiriya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmullerbv-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerbv_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerbv_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerbv_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerbv_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerbv_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerbv_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerbv_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerbv_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, The <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East" title="Sacred Books of the East">Sacred Books of the East</a>, Volume 15, Oxford University Press, Chapter 3: Taittiriya Upanishad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe15/sbe15005.htm">Archived Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original: <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद्">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> (Sanskrit);<br /><b>English Translation</b>: Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 220-246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=zikSA&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0">zikSA</a> Sanskrit English Dictionary, Cologne University, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CP Bhatta (2009), Holistic Personality Development through Education: Ancient Indian Cultural Experiences, Journal of Human Values, vol. 15, no. 1, pages 49-59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussensv-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussensv_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussensv_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 220-231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n61/mode/2up">Aitareya and Taittiriya Upanishads with Shankara Bhashya</a> SA Sastri (Translator), pages 56-192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adishankaratu111-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adishankaratu111_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adishankaratu111_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n61/mode/2up">Aitareya and Taittiriya Upanishads with Shankara Bhashya</a> SA Sastri (Translator), page 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharvanandatu-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sharvanandatu_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharvanandatu_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Swami Sharvananda, Taittiriya Upanishad, Ramakrishna Math, Chennai, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7823-050-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-7823-050-X">81-7823-050-X</a>, page 6-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussentu112-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussentu112_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussentu112_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 222-223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gavinflood-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gavinflood_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gavinflood_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gavinflood_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2003" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackwellcompani00floo"><i>The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</i></a></span>. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackwellcompani00floo/page/n82">68</a>–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-3251-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-3251-5"><bdi>1-4051-3251-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=68-70&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4051-3251-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackwellcompani00floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaittiriya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n61/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> SS Sastri (Translator), The Aitereya and Taittiriya Upanishad, pages 65-67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, Taittiriya Upanishad in The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 15, Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussentu114-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussentu114_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussentu114_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 223-224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation by Patrick Olivelle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf">http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssastri142-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ssastri142_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n73/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> SS Sastri (Translator), The Aitereya and Taittiriya Upanishad, pages 69-71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation by Patrick Olivelle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf">http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit original: इति <b>प्राचीनयोग्यो</b>पास्स्व; <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद्">Wikisource</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n81/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad – Shiksha Valli, Chapter VI</a> SS Sastri (Translator), The Aitereya and Taittiriya Upanishad, page 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_Deussen_page_227-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_Deussen_page_227_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_Deussen_page_227_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_Deussen_page_226-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_Deussen_page_226_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n87/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad Shiksha Valli, Chapter VIII</a> SS Sastri (Translator), The Aitereya and Taittiriya Upanishad, pages 82-84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=pravacana+&trans=Translate&direction=AU">pravacana</a> Sanskrit English Dictionary, Cologne University, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssastri191-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssastri191_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssastri191_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n89/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> SS Sastri (Translator), The Aitereya and Taittiriya Upanishad, pages 84-86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussentu191-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussentu191_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussentu191_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद्">तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद् – शीक्षावल्ली ॥ नवमोऽनुवाकः ॥</a> (Wikisource)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 228-229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller10-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller10_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller10_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 15, Oxford University Press, Chapter 3: Taittiriya Upanishad, see Siksha Valli – Tenth Anuvaka</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n93/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> SS Sastri (Translator), The Aitereya and Taittiriya Upanishad, pages 86-89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssastri1112-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssastri1112_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssastri1112_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssastri1112_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssastri1112_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssastri1112_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n93/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> SS Sastri (Translator), The Aitereya and Taittiriya Upanishad, pages 89-92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussentu1112-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 229-231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roberthume-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n301/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Robert Hume (Translator), pages 281-282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adishankaratu1121-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-adishankaratu1121_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n99/mode/2up">Aitareya and Taittiriya Upanishads with Shankara Bhashya</a> SA Sastri (Translator), pages 94-96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussentu1121-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussentu1121_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 231-232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patrickolivelle-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patrickolivelle_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316083233/http://ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20Early%20Upanisads%20Annotated%20Text%20and%20Translation_Olivelle.pdf">Article title</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Original Sanskrit: <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद्">Taittiriya Upanishad 2.1.1</a> Wikisource;</li> <li><b>Translation 1</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n109/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> SS Sastri (Translator), The Aitereya and Taittiriya Upanishad, pages 104-105</li> <li><b>Translation 2</b>: Max Muller, The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 15, Oxford University Press, Chapter 3: Taittiriya Upanishad, see Ananda Valli Invocation</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussenavintro-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenavintro_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenavintro_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenavintro_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenavintro_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenavintro_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenavintro_48-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenavintro_48-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenavintro_48-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 232-235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PT Raju, The Concept of the Spiritual in Indian Thought, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 4, No. 3, pages 195-213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S Mukerjee (2011), Indian Management Philosophy, in The Palgrave Handbook of Spirituality and Business (Editors: Luk Bouckaert and Laszlo Zsolnai), Palgrave Macmillan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230238312" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230238312">978-0230238312</a>, pages 82-83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eliotdeutsch-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eliotdeutsch_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eliotdeutsch_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eliot Deutsch (1980), Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction, University of Hawaii Press, pages 56-60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/hermet.htm">The Corpus Hermeticum and Hermetic Tradition</a> GRS Mead (Translator); also see The Hymns of Hermes in the same source.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n303/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Robert Hume (Translator), pages 283-284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen221-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen221_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen221_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen221_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen221_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen221_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen221_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen221_54-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 234-236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n109/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> SS Sastri (Translator), The Aitereya and Taittiriya Upanishad, pages 104-112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen242-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen242_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen242_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 233-237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen251-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen251_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen2678-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen2678_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen2678_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen2678_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 237-240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen311-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen311_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen311_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen311_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen311_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen311_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen311_59-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen311_59-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 241-246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amsastritubhrigu-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amsastritubhrigu_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amsastritubhrigu_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/taittiriyaupanis00sankiala#page/698/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> AM Sastri (Translator), GTA Printing Works, Mysore, pages 699-791</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316083233/http://ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20Early%20Upanisads%20Annotated%20Text%20and%20Translation_Olivelle.pdf">Article title</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n175/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> SS Sastri (Translator), The Aitereya and Taittiriya Upanishad, pages 170-192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">right, just, natural order, connecting principle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Olivelle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf">http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/the%20early%20upanisads%20annotated%20text%20and%20translation_olivelle.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1896" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Ralph (1 November 1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104118"><i>The hymns of the Rig Veda</i></a> (2 ed.). Kotagiri, Nilgiris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+hymns+of+the+Rig+Veda&rft.place=Kotagiri%2C+Nilgiris&rft.edition=2&rft.date=1896-11-01&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.104118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaittiriya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacqueline Suthren Hirst (2004), Images of Śaṃkara: Understanding the Other, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1/3 (Jan., 2004), pages 157-181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Horsch, From Creation Myth to World Law: The early history of Dharma, Translated by Jarrod L. Whitaker (2004), Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 32, pages 423–448</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William G. Kirkwood (1989), Truthfulness as a standard for speech in ancient India, Southern Communication Journal, Volume 54, Issue 3, pages 213-234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CP Bhatta (2009), Holistic Personality Development through Education - Ancient Indian Cultural Experiences, Journal of Human Values, January/June 2009, vol. 15, no. 1, pages 49-59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarma" class="citation web cs1">Sarma, RVSN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drsarma.in/files/philosophy/03.%20Vedas%20&%20Upanishads/Purusha%20Sooktam/Purusha%20Suktam%20explained.PDF">"Purusha Suktam - the vedic hymn"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purusha+Suktam+-+the+vedic+hymn&rft.aulast=Sarma&rft.aufirst=RVSN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drsarma.in%2Ffiles%2Fphilosophy%2F03.%2520Vedas%2520%26%2520Upanishads%2FPurusha%2520Sooktam%2FPurusha%2520Suktam%2520explained.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaittiriya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><i>Outlines Of Indian Philosophy</i> by M.Hiriyanna. Motilal Banarasidas Publishers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> Translation of Taittireeya Upanishad by <i>Swami <a href="/wiki/Adidevananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Adidevananda">Adidevananda</a></i> Ramakrishna Mission Publishers.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Taittiriya_Upanishad" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="mul" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/sa:_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" class="extiw" title="oldwikisource:sa: तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद्">तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद् in Sanskrit</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Taittiriya_Upanishad" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-taittiriya-upanishad/index.html">The Taittiriya Upanishad with the commentaries of Śaṅkarāchārya, Sureśvarāchārya and Sāyaṇa (Vidyāraṇya)</a> Translated by AM Sastry (proofread edition with proper unicode diacritics and a glossary); originally scanned at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taittiriyaupanis00sankiala">archive.org</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://estudantedavedanta.net/Taittiriya%20Upanishad%20-%20Swami%20Sarvanand%20%5BSanskrit-English%5D.pdf">Taittiriya Upanishad</a>, Translated by Swami Sharvananda with the original text in Devanagari, transliteration of each shloka, and word-for-word English rendering followed by a running translation and notes based on Shankaracharya's commentary. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7823-050-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-7823-050-X">81-7823-050-X</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaltheosophy.com/legacy/movements/ancient-east/vedic-india/taittiriya-upanishad/">Taittiriya Upanishad</a>, Multiple translations (Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Gambhirananda)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_sa/tait_sa.html">Taittiriya Upanishad</a>, Sanskrit manuscript</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/taitaccent.pdf">Taittiriya Upanishad</a>, Sanskrit manuscript with Vedic accents</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dkprintworld.com/product-detail.php?pid=1280858283">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813120245/http://www.dkprintworld.com/product-detail.php?pid=1280858283">Archived</a> 13 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Vision of Advaita Vedanta in Taittiriya Upanishad</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras"><i>Brahma Sutra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_(Hindu_thought)" title="Dhi (Hindu thought)">Dhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekagrata" title="Ekagrata">Ekagrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitā (page does not exist)">Hitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idam" title="Idam">Idam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikshana" title="Ikshana">Ikshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvaratva" title="Ishvaratva">Ishvaratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatva" title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshetrajna" title="Kshetrajna">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_(Hinduism)" title="Paramananda (Hinduism)">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshashakti" title="Parameshashakti">Parameshashakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinama-vada_(Hindu_thought)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinama-vada (Hindu thought)">Parinama-vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhana" title="Pradhana">Pradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna (Vedic)">Prajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibimbavada" title="Pratibimbavada">Pratibimbavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rājamaṇḍala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">Sakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda_Brahman" title="Shabda Brahman">Shabda Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spho%E1%B9%ADa" title="Sphoṭa">Sphoṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiti" title="Sthiti">Sthiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutram" title="Sutram">Sutram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svātantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecchamrityu_(Iccha-mrityu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Svecchamrityu (Iccha-mrityu)">Iccha-mrityu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taijasa" title="Taijasa">Taijasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajjalan" title="Tajjalan">Tajjalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Tanmatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty%C4%81ga" title="Tyāga">Tyāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upekkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Upekkha">Upekkhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsaha">Utsaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivartavada" title="Vivartavada">Vivartavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Viraj">Viraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Hindu philosophical concepts">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="16px_The_108_Upanishads" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC66C;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Template:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Template talk:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="16px_The_108_Upanishads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_Om_red_dark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/24px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/32px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> The 108 <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Upanishad" title="Brahma Upanishad">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaivalya_Upanishad" title="Kaivalya Upanishad">Kaivalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabala_Upanishad" title="Jabala Upanishad">Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsopanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamsopanishad">Hamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruneya_Upanishad" title="Aruneya Upanishad">Aruneya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbha_Upanishad" title="Garbha Upanishad">Garbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Upanishad" title="Narayana Upanishad">Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahamsa_Upanishad" title="Paramahamsa Upanishad">Paramahamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritabindu_Upanishad" title="Amritabindu Upanishad">Amritabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritanada_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritanada Upanishad">Amritanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvashiras_Upanishad" title="Atharvashiras Upanishad">Atharvashiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvashikha_Upanishad" title="Atharvashikha Upanishad">Atharvashikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihajjabala_Upanishad" title="Brihajjabala Upanishad">Brihajjabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nrisimha_Tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad">Nrisimha Tapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagni_Rudra_Upanishad" title="Kalagni Rudra Upanishad">Kalagni Rudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_Upanishad" title="Maitreya Upanishad">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subala_Upanishad" title="Subala Upanishad">Subala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshurika_Upanishad" title="Kshurika Upanishad">Kshurika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantrika_Upanishad" title="Mantrika Upanishad">Mantrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvasara_Upanishad" title="Sarvasara Upanishad">Sarvasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Upanishad" title="Niralamba Upanishad">Niralamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukarahasya_Upanishad" title="Shukarahasya Upanishad">Shukarahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasuchi_Upanishad" title="Vajrasuchi Upanishad">Vajrasuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejobindu_Upanishad" title="Tejobindu Upanishad">Tejobindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Bindu_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nada Bindu Upanishad">Nadabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyanabindu_Upanishad" title="Dhyanabindu Upanishad">Dhyanabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavidya_Upanishad" title="Brahmavidya Upanishad">Brahmavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogatattva_Upanishad" title="Yogatattva Upanishad">Yogatattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmabodha_Upanishad" title="Atmabodha Upanishad">Atmabodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradaparivrajaka_Upanishad" title="Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad">Naradaparivrajaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trishikhibrahmana_Upanishad" title="Trishikhibrahmana Upanishad">Trishikhi-brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachudamani_Upanishad" title="Yogachudamani Upanishad">Yogachudamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_Upanishad" title="Nirvana Upanishad">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala-brahmana_Upanishad" title="Mandala-brahmana Upanishad">Mandala-brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti_Upanishad" title="Dakshinamurti Upanishad">Dakshinamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharabha_Upanishad" title="Sharabha Upanishad">Sharabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Upanishad" title="Skanda Upanishad">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanarayana_Upanishad" title="Mahanarayana Upanishad">Mahanarayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advayataraka_Upanishad" title="Advayataraka Upanishad">Advayataraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Rahasya_Upanishad" title="Rama Rahasya Upanishad">Rama Rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Rama tapaniya Upanishad">Ramatapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_Upanishad" title="Vasudeva Upanishad">Vasudeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_Upanishad" title="Mudgala Upanishad">Mudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandilya_Upanishad" title="Shandilya Upanishad">Shandilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paingala_Upanishad" title="Paingala Upanishad">Paingala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikshuka_Upanishad" title="Bhikshuka Upanishad">Bhikshuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Upanishad" title="Maha Upanishad">Maha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariraka_Upanishad" title="Sariraka Upanishad">Sariraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogashikha_Upanishad" title="Yogashikha Upanishad">Yogashikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turiyatitavadhuta_Upanishad" title="Turiyatitavadhuta Upanishad">Turiyatita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihat-Sannyasa_Upanishad" title="Brihat-Sannyasa Upanishad">Sannyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahamsa_Parivrajaka_Upanishad" title="Paramahamsa Parivrajaka Upanishad">Paramahamsaparivrajaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshamalika_Upanishad" title="Akshamalika Upanishad">Akshamalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta_Upanishad" title="Avyakta Upanishad">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekakshara_Upanishad" title="Ekakshara Upanishad">Ekakshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Upanishad" title="Annapurna Upanishad">Annapurna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Upanishad" title="Surya Upanishad">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshi_Upanishad" title="Akshi Upanishad">Akshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhyatma_Upanishad" title="Adhyatma Upanishad">Adhyatma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundika_Upanishad" title="Kundika Upanishad">Kundika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Upanishad" title="Savitri Upanishad">Savitri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atma_Upanishad" title="Atma Upanishad">Atma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupatabrahma_Upanishad" title="Pashupatabrahma Upanishad">Pashupatabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabrahma_Upanishad" title="Parabrahma Upanishad">Parabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadhutaka_Upanishad" title="Avadhutaka Upanishad">Avadhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuratapini_Upanishad" title="Tripuratapini Upanishad">Tripuratapini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathashruti_Upanishad" title="Kathashruti Upanishad">Kathashruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana_Upanishad" title="Bhavana Upanishad">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrahridaya_Upanishad" title="Rudrahridaya Upanishad">Rudrahridaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga-Kundalini_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga-Kundalini Upanishad">Yoga-Kundalini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhasmajabala_Upanishad" title="Bhasmajabala Upanishad">Bhasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrakshajabala_Upanishad" title="Rudrakshajabala Upanishad">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapati_Atharvashirsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganapati Atharvashirsa">Ganapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshana_Upanishad" title="Darshana Upanishad">Darshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarasara_Upanishad" title="Tarasara Upanishad">Tarasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavakya_Upanishad" title="Mahavakya Upanishad">Mahavakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancabrahma_Upanishad" title="Pancabrahma Upanishad">Pancabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranagnihotra_Upanishad" title="Pranagnihotra Upanishad">Pranagnihotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Tapani_Upanishad" title="Gopala Tapani Upanishad">Gopala-Tapani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Upanishad" title="Krishna Upanishad">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya_Upanishad" title="Yajnavalkya Upanishad">Yajnavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Upanishad" title="Varaha Upanishad">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatyayaniya_Upanishad" title="Shatyayaniya Upanishad">Shatyayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_Upanishad" title="Hayagriva Upanishad">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya_Upanishad" title="Dattatreya Upanishad">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Upanishad" title="Garuda Upanishad">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali-Sa%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%AD%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad">Kali-Santarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabali_Upanishad" title="Jabali Upanishad">Jabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saubhagyalakshmi_Upanishad" title="Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad">Saubhagyalakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati-rahasya_Upanishad" title="Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad">Sarasvati-rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahvricha_Upanishad" title="Bahvricha Upanishad">Bahvricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">Muktikā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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