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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Succession to Mourad II Bey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_to_Mourad_II_Bey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_of_Muhammad_al-Hafsi_Pasha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_of_Muhammad_al-Hafsi_Pasha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Revolution of Muhammad al-Hafsi Pasha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_of_Muhammad_al-Hafsi_Pasha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammad_Bey_al-Muradi's_return_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad_Bey_al-Muradi's_return_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Muhammad Bey al-Muradi's return to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad_Bey_al-Muradi's_return_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_of_Murad_III_Bey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_of_Murad_III_Bey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Revolution of Murad III Bey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_of_Murad_III_Bey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup_d'état_of_Ibrahim_Sharif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_d'état_of_Ibrahim_Sharif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Coup d'état of Ibrahim Sharif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_d'état_of_Ibrahim_Sharif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1675–1705 period of civil wars in Ottoman Tunisia</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulf_and_Island_of_Djerba_by_Piri_Reis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gulf_and_Island_of_Djerba_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/220px-Gulf_and_Island_of_Djerba_by_Piri_Reis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gulf_and_Island_of_Djerba_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/330px-Gulf_and_Island_of_Djerba_by_Piri_Reis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gulf_and_Island_of_Djerba_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/440px-Gulf_and_Island_of_Djerba_by_Piri_Reis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman navigation chart of the 16th century, depicting the southeastern coast of Tunisia</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Revolutions of Tunis</b> or the <b>Muradid War of Succession</b> was a period of troubles and <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil wars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Ottoman Tunisia</a>. It ran from the death of the <a href="/wiki/Muradid_dynasty" title="Muradid dynasty">Muradid</a> sovereign <a href="/wiki/Murad_II_Bey" title="Murad II Bey">Murad II Bey</a> in 1675 until the seizure of power by the <a href="/wiki/Husainid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Husainid Dynasty">Husainid</a> sovereign <a href="/wiki/Al-Husayn_I_ibn_Ali_at-Turki" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Husayn I ibn Ali at-Turki">Al-Husayn I ibn Ali at-Turki</a> in 1705. The belligerents were Ali Bey al-Muradi and <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bey_El_Mouradi" title="Mohamed Bey El Mouradi">Muhammad Bey al-Muradi</a> (sons of Murad II Bey), their uncle Muhammad al-Hafsi al-Muradi (Pasha of Tunis), several <a href="/wiki/Dey_of_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dey of Tunis">Deys of Tunis</a>, the Turkish militia in Tunis and the <a href="/wiki/Dey_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dey of Algiers">Dey of Algiers</a>. </p><p>Historians agree that the revolutions originated from the constant power conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Muradid_dynasty" title="Muradid dynasty">Muradid dynasty</a>, which attempted to detach itself from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> control and the Turkish militia in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> (headed by the <a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">divan</a>), which challenged the primacy of the Beys and refused to submit to their increasingly monarchical rule.<sup id="cite_ref-raymond_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raymond-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Deys of Tunis found themselves in the middle of the storm, sometimes on the side of the militia if they could gain the confidence of the divan and sometimes on the side of the Muradids, who attempted more than once to place one of their proteges in charge of the divan.<sup id="cite_ref-raymond_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raymond-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutions_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Ottoman Tunisia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunis_-_1646.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tunis_-_1646.jpg/220px-Tunis_-_1646.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tunis_-_1646.jpg/330px-Tunis_-_1646.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tunis_-_1646.jpg/440px-Tunis_-_1646.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="1539" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Tunis in the middle of the 17th century, the gardens and palace of Bardo are in the foreground</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Ottoman conquest of 1574</a>, the regency of Tunis had been organised so that the power of the Beys (the Muradids throughout the period in question) was counterbalanced by the divan of the Turkish militia, who elected the Dey, the <i>de facto</i> master of the country, since the <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pasha</a> was limited to a purely honorific role. This system was undermined by <a href="/wiki/Murad_II_Bey" title="Murad II Bey">Murad II Bey</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Hammuda_Pasha_Bey" title="Hammuda Pasha Bey">Hammuda Pasha Bey</a>, who had forced the Dey and the divan of the Turkish militia to recognise him as Bey before his death. Murad II seized prerogatives of the divan, such as the election of the Dey, acts avoided by his predecessors, who had respected the separation of powers established over the previous century of Ottoman rule in Tunis. </p><p>At the death of Murad II in 1675, the divan and the Dey attempted to rid themselves of a master to whom they had to submit and obey; they decided they would no longer allow what they considered to be an usurpation of power by the Muradid Beys.<sup id="cite_ref-rousseau_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rousseau-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession_to_Mourad_II_Bey">Succession to Mourad II Bey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutions_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Succession to Mourad II Bey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new Bey in 1675, as recognised before Murad II's death, was <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bey_El_Mouradi" title="Mohamed Bey El Mouradi">Muhammad Bey al-Muradi</a>. However, a few weeks after he assumed the position, he exiled his uncle Muhammad al-Hafsi, whom the divan had acquired for their cause and elected as Dey in order to counterbalance his brother Murad II. In protocol he became the superior of his nephew, while he enjoyed the prestige that came with being the son of Hammuda Pasha Bey, who had been more popular than Murad II.<sup id="cite_ref-rousseau_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rousseau-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Img435.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Img435.jpg/220px-Img435.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Img435.jpg/330px-Img435.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Img435.jpg/440px-Img435.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="1391" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walls_of_Kairouan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walls of Kairouan (page does not exist)">Walls of Kairouan</a>, whither Muhammad Bey al-Muradi fled in 1677</figcaption></figure> <p>Murad II's second son, Ali Bey, disappointed by his share in the division of power had sought refuge with the Bey of <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>; he brought the tribes of northwest Tunisia over to his side with promises of gold and silver. Muhammad Bey al-Muradi left Tunis before the troops of Ali and fled to <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>. Ali besieged the city but Muhammad responded to his brother's call to battle. The Battle of El Kerima, which took place on the plain of <a href="/wiki/El_Fahs" title="El Fahs">Fahs</a> in 1677 was won by Ali. He had his troops besiege Kairouan and returned to Tunis to be recognised as Bey in place of his brother who remained under siege in Kairouan.<sup id="cite_ref-rousseau_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rousseau-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad al-Hafsi Pasha returned from his exile in Ottoman lands with newly recruited troops and allied with his nephew Muhammad Bey al-Muradi against Ali Bey. After mediation by the <a href="/wiki/Dey_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dey of Algiers">Dey of Algiers</a>, a treaty was signed on 10 December 1679 between the three Muradid princes and the divan of the milia: Ali remained Bey of Tunis, his brother Muhammad became <a href="/wiki/Qaid" title="Qaid">qaid</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sandjak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandjak">sandjaks</a> of the interior and Muhammad al-Hafsi remained Pasha of Tunis.<sup id="cite_ref-rousseau_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rousseau-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution_of_Muhammad_al-Hafsi_Pasha">Revolution of Muhammad al-Hafsi Pasha</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutions_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revolution of Muhammad al-Hafsi Pasha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The purely honorary and powerless role of pasha did not please Muhammad al-Hafsi. He secretly plotted with his nephew Muhammad to dethrone the Dey of Tunis, ally to Ali Bey. But he failed and was sent into exile to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> again - this time for good. The equilibrium between them broken, the two brothers Ali and Muhammad revived their conflict and fought in the mountains in the centre of the country. At this point, the divan and militia bypassed the two brothers and elected their own Dey, Ahmed Chelebi, who was very popular among the Turks. He appointed a new Bey, his <a href="/wiki/Mameluke" class="mw-redirect" title="Mameluke">mameluke</a> Muhammad Manyout. The two brothers, realising that they were in danger of losing power for good, made a truce and united against the Dey and his new Bey. They additionally obtained the support of the Dey of Algiers, Ahmed Khodja, who feared that the revolutionary spirit might spread to the Turkish soldiers in Algiers. </p><p>Tunis was sacked in May 1686 by the armies of the Dey of Algiers. Muhammad Bey suspected his brother of plotting with the Algerians to take power after the conquest of Tunis. He therefore had Ali assassinated and seized sole power in Tunis. Muhammad Ben Cheker, commander of the northwest tribes rallied by the Algerians, had remained in Tunis to monitor the Bey on behalf of the Dey of Algiers. Muhammad Bey al-Muradi attempted to bring Ben Cheker over to his side by offering him his daughter in marriage, but Ben Cheker desired the Beylik for himself. He could find no support in Tunis: the militia hated him because of the earlier collusion among the Muradid Beys. Ben Cheker left Tunis and rallied the forces of the Dey of Algiers whom he encouraged to seize Tunis. After a long siege which was excruciating for the populace and the flight of Muhammad Bey al-Muradi to southern Tunisia, Tunis fell into the hands of the Dey of Algiers, Chaabane Khodja, and of Ben Cheker for a second time on 12 November 1694.<sup id="cite_ref-rousseau_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rousseau-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muhammad_Bey_al-Muradi's_return_to_power"><span id="Muhammad_Bey_al-Muradi.27s_return_to_power"></span>Muhammad Bey al-Muradi's return to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutions_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Muhammad Bey al-Muradi's return to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This time, the people of Tunis were fed up with the extractions of the Turks of Algiers and the tribes of Ben Cheker who had pillaged and despoiled the markets of Tunis. Their anger was encouraged by the supporters of Muhammad Bey al-Muradi and they rose against the occupying authorities with the Turco-Tunisian militia at their head. Muhammad Bey, with the assistance of Ottoman reinforcements and some other regiments from the tribes, managed to attack Ben Cheker when he was isolated from his Algerian allies. The battle took place beneath the walls of <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> on 1 May 1695;<sup id="cite_ref-rousseau_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rousseau-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the troops of Ben Cheker were cut to pieces and he fled to the <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif" title="Ismail Ibn Sharif">Ismail Ibn Sharif</a>. After this, Muhammad Bey al-Muradi came to Tunis during the month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, the people opened the gates of Tunis and he entered the city amid acclamation to be recognised once more as Bey on 5 May 1695. The Dey of Tunis, abandoned by the Dey of Algiers, Chaabane Khodja, sought refuge in the citadel of the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">kasbah</a> but was found and lynched by the people for the crimes committed during his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-rousseau_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rousseau-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad Bey al-Muradi restored peace to the rest of the country and carried out reconstruction work in Tunis, which had been damaged by the two sieges. He died in 1696 and his children were judged to be too young to rule by the divan. Romdhane, youngest son of Murad II Bey and a mediocre lieutenant to his brother Muhammad Bey was appointed Bey instead.<sup id="cite_ref-rousseau_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rousseau-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution_of_Murad_III_Bey">Revolution of Murad III Bey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutions_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Revolution of Murad III Bey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djebel_Ousselat,_Tun%C3%ADsia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Djebel_Ousselat%2C_Tun%C3%ADsia.jpg/220px-Djebel_Ousselat%2C_Tun%C3%ADsia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Djebel_Ousselat%2C_Tun%C3%ADsia.jpg/330px-Djebel_Ousselat%2C_Tun%C3%ADsia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Djebel_Ousselat%2C_Tun%C3%ADsia.jpg/440px-Djebel_Ousselat%2C_Tun%C3%ADsia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Djebel Ousselat seen from the plain of the <a href="/wiki/Sahel,_Tunisia" title="Sahel, Tunisia">Sahel</a>, place of refuge of Murad III Bey</figcaption></figure> <p>Incapable of ruling, <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadan Bey">Ramadan Bey</a> placed the government of the beylik in the hands of Madhul, his mameluke and musician, originally from <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. Discontent began to rise in the populace and the militia, as a result of the Florentine's mismanagement. He directed the suspicions of the Bey against his nephew Murad, who was summonsed to <a href="/wiki/Dar_El_Bey" title="Dar El Bey">Dar El Bey</a> and accused of conspiracy and sedition. Ramadan Bey condemned him to have his eyes gouged out, but Murad escaped and went to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Djebel_Ousselat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djebel Ousselat (page does not exist)">Djebel Ousselat</a> to raise a revolt against his uncle. The Turkish garrisons in the centre of the country and along the coast took the part of Murad, who also gathered the tribes of Arab cavalry. Ramadan Bey became fearful and attempted to flee, but was captured by his nephew's executioners and decapitated in 1699.<sup id="cite_ref-rousseau_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rousseau-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Murad_III_Bey" title="Murad III Bey">Murad III Bey</a> re-entered Tunis and was proclaimed Bey at the age of eighteen. Revealing his violent and bloody side, he had all the old supporters of his uncle savagely murdered and took the opportunity to eliminate the plotters in the pay of the Dey of Algiers who attempted to use the disorder to seize control of Tunis once more. Murad III Bey gathered the divan which was keen to get revenge on the Algerians and happily declared war on Algiers. Murad III penetrated to <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> with a strong contingent of the Tunis militia and a detachment of allies from the militia of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> commanded by Khalil Bey. The Dey of Algiers, Ali Khodja, was defeated outside the walls of the city in 1698. The divan of Algiers seized power, gathered all its forces and counter-attacked, forcing Murad III Bey to abandon the siege of Constantine and return to Tunis.<sup id="cite_ref-rousseau_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rousseau-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coup_d'état_of_Ibrahim_Sharif"><span id="Coup_d.27.C3.A9tat_of_Ibrahim_Sharif"></span>Coup d'état of Ibrahim Sharif</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutions_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coup d'état of Ibrahim Sharif"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Murad III Bey revived hostilities with the Dey of Algiers and the Bey of Constantine three years later. He invited <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Sharif_of_Tunis" title="Ibrahim Sharif of Tunis">Ibrahim Sharif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agha_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha (Ottoman Empire)">agha</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">janissaries</a> of Tunis, to recruit troops in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. There Ibrahim was commanded to bring an end to hostilities between Tunis and Algiers by any means necessary. Nevertheless, ships full of Anatolian recruits arrived at <a href="/wiki/Ghar_El_Melh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghar El Melh">Ghar El Melh</a> and Murad III Bey led them to the Algerian border in 1702. Ibrahim Sharif plotted against him with the other lieutenants of Murad III Bey, including the agha of the <a href="/wiki/Sipahis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipahis">sipahis</a> (commander of cavalry), the future <a href="/wiki/Al-Husayn_I_ibn_Ali_at-Turki" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Husayn I ibn Ali at-Turki">Husayn I Bey</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BorjElLazarith.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/BorjElLazarith.JPG/220px-BorjElLazarith.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/BorjElLazarith.JPG/330px-BorjElLazarith.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/BorjElLazarith.JPG/440px-BorjElLazarith.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Fort of Ghar El Melh where Ibrahim Sharif was finally assassinated by the agents of Husayn I Bey</figcaption></figure> <p>Murad III Bey was assassinated on the banks of the Wadi Zarga on 8 June 1702;<sup id="cite_ref-raymond_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raymond-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibrahim Sharif was riding with him towards Constantine and fired his <a href="/wiki/Blunderbuss" title="Blunderbuss">blunderbuss</a> at the Bey who fled bleeding and was quickly surrounded by his other officers; he was held still while one of them chopped off his head with a sabre. </p><p>Ibrahim returned and assassinated all the other princes: Hassan the brother of Murad II and his cousins including a son only four years old. He returned to Tunis with the army to announce the end of the reign of the century-old Muradid rule to a shocked populace. He was named as Bey of Tunis but unable to brook any opposition, had himself elected Dey as well and announced the abolition of that title.<sup id="cite_ref-raymond_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raymond-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibrahim Sharif became very unpopular among the Turks on account of his massacre of the Muradid family and especially because of his accumulation of power. The weakness of his authority attracted the attention of the Dey of Algiers, who was keen for revenge . Ibrahim Sharif successfully combatted the Bey of Tripoli in the south of the country, but was defeated by the Dey of Algiers near Kef on 10 July 1705.<sup id="cite_ref-raymond_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raymond-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captured, he was taken away to Algiers. A few days later, the Agha of the Sipahis returned to Tunis with the remnants of the army of Ibrahim Sharif. This Agha, once <i>Khaznadar</i> (treasurer) to Murad III, was the son of the governor of Kef, Ali at-Turki. </p><p>He had himself recognised as Bey by the divan of Tunis on 15 July 1705, inaugurating a new dynasty of Beys, the <a href="/wiki/Husainid_dynasty" title="Husainid dynasty">Husainids</a>, with the name <a href="/wiki/Al-Husayn_I_ibn_Ali_at-Turki" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Husayn I ibn Ali at-Turki">Husayn I Bey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-raymond_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raymond-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutions_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other revolts on the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> in the same period: </p><p><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odjak_of_Algiers_Revolution" title="Odjak of Algiers Revolution">Odjak of Algiers Revolution</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1711_Karamanli_coup" title="1711 Karamanli coup">1711 Karamanli coup</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutions_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-raymond-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raymond_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raymond_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raymond_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raymond_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raymond_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raymond_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">André Raymond, <i>Tunis sous les Mouradites : la ville et ses habitants au XVII<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, éd. Cérès, Tunis, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rousseau-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rousseau_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rousseau_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rousseau_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rousseau_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rousseau_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rousseau_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rousseau_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rousseau_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rousseau_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rousseau_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alphonse Rousseau, <i>Annales tunisiennes ou aperçu historique sur la régence de Tunis</i>, éd. Bastide, Alger, 1864</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolutions_of_Tunis&oldid=1259114696">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolutions_of_Tunis&oldid=1259114696</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muradid_dynasty" title="Category:Muradid dynasty">Muradid dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Tunisia" title="Category:Wars involving Tunisia">Wars involving Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Category:Ottoman Tunisia">Ottoman Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_of_succession_involving_the_states_and_peoples_of_Africa" title="Category:Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Africa">Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1700s_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:1700s in the Ottoman Empire">1700s in the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1690s_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:1690s in the Ottoman Empire">1690s in the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1680s_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:1680s in the Ottoman Empire">1680s in the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1670s_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:1670s in the Ottoman Empire">1670s in the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1675" title="Category:Conflicts in 1675">Conflicts in 1675</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1705" title="Category:Conflicts in 1705">Conflicts in 1705</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1700s_conflicts" title="Category:1700s conflicts">1700s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1690s_conflicts" title="Category:1690s conflicts">1690s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1680s_conflicts" title="Category:1680s conflicts">1680s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1670s_conflicts" title="Category:1670s conflicts">1670s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th_century_in_Africa" title="Category:17th century in Africa">17th century in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Tunis" title="Category:Military history of Tunis">Military history of Tunis</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 12:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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